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Journal articles on the topic 'Iran – History'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 July 2024

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1

Yakubovich, Azimov Habibullo. "HISTORY AND CURRENT STATE OF IRAQ- IRAN RELATIONS." American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology 6, no. 5 (May 1, 2024): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajpslc/volume06issue05-09.

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From the 1968 Baath Party coup to the 2003 US invasion of Iraq, relations between Baghdad and Tehran have never been good-neighborly or normal. Therefore, the overthrow of Saddam Hussein can be considered as one of the turning points in Iran-Iraq relations. This article elaborates on the Iraq-Iran relationship and the ethnic, religious, sectarian and external forces that influence it.

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2

Milani, Mohsen M. "Iran, the Status Quo Power." Current History 104, no. 678 (January 1, 2005): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2005.104.678.30.

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Iran appears ready to discuss the future of Iraq as well as other security issues with the United States. It remains uncertain for Tehran whether a ‘tactical consensus’ on Iraq could … lead to a marked improvement in US-Iran relations.

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3

Axelgard, Frederick W. "Iraq and the War with Iran." Current History 86, no. 517 (February 1, 1987): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.1987.86.517.57.

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4

Mancini-Lander, Derek J. "A History of Iran." American Journal of Islam and Society 26, no. 4 (October 1, 2009): 121–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v26i4.1371.

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This survey of the history of Iranian civilization from ancient times to thepresent is intended for general audiences with little knowledge of Iranianhistory. The book’s nine chapters consist largely of chronological presentationsof political history, but occasionally make room for sections on religiousmovements, society, and the arts. The first two chapters briskly coverthe ancient period through the Sassanids. The third runs from the Islamicconquests through the fifteenth century and contains a long section on theevolution of Persian verse tradition. The fourth and fifth chapters cover theSafavids’ rise and fall, the development of early modern Twelver Shi`ism,and the tumultuous period leading up to the Qajars. The sixth surveys thelate Qajar period and the constitutional revolution, while the last three chaptersdetail the events of the twentieth century with an emphasis on the 1979Islamic revolution and what has happened since. As nearly a third of thebook deals with the twentieth century, the treatment of the ancient periodsand the first millennium of the Islamic era are comparatively spare.Axworthy’s main project is to trace the history of a sense of “Iranianness”or “Irananian identity” that he claims to have identified in ancientsources and uses to justify composing what he calls “a history of Iran.”Although he does not provide an explicit and comprehensive definition ofthis “Iranian identity,” he states clearly that he is not describing a sense ofnation (pp. xv-xvi and 117). Rather, he implies that this identity is a loosesense of affiliation based on the idea of a common land, language, andshared memory. But when he speaks, for example, of an “Iranian revival” inthe second century or an “Iranian reconquest” in the fourteenth, he uses thevery nation-centered paradigm of history that he seeks to avoid, even if herefrains from invoking a “national” sensibility ...

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5

Babaie, Sussan. "Iran: A Modern History." Iranian Studies 52, no. 3-4 (July 4, 2019): 645–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00210862.2019.1649003.

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6

Matin-Asgari, Afshin. "Iran: A Modern History." Iranian Studies 52, no. 3-4 (July 4, 2019): 653–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00210862.2019.1649004.

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7

Afary, Janet. "Iran: A Modern History." Iranian Studies 52, no. 3-4 (July 4, 2019): 648–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00210862.2019.1649005.

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8

Matthee, Rudi. "Iran: A Modern History." Iranian Studies 52, no. 3-4 (July 4, 2019): 640–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00210862.2019.1652784.

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9

Byrne, Malcolm. "The Iran–Iraq War." Iranian Studies 46, no. 4 (July 2013): 669–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00210862.2013.784533.

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10

Gawrych, George W., and Efraim Karsh. "The Iran-Iraq War: Impact and Implications." Journal of Military History 54, no. 4 (October 1990): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1986100.

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11

Fatoni, Achmad. "Program Pengembangan Nuklir Iran dan Pengaruhnya terhadap Masyarat Iran (1957-2006 M)." Jurnal Studi Sosial dan Politik 3, no. 1 (June 27, 2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.19109/jssp.v3i1.4064.

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This research explain a series of developments relatod Iran's nuclear program that can cause conflict and displeasure particularly when Iran face the westrn country. The research takes two main problems,including the history of the emergence of Iran's nuclear program, and how the dynamics of Iran's nuclear development and the response of Middle Eastern countries. The results of the research that the history of the emergence of Iran's nuclear program in 1957 and in it is collaboration between Mohammad Shah Reza Pahlavi and the United States when Dwight D. Eisenhower become USA president. Then the Iraq-Iran war could affect the spirit to continue Iran's nuclear program. Furthermore, Rasfanjani has focused to the Iranian people welfare and emphasized his nuclear interests to become a fowerfull country and to protect iran country. however, Iran sanctioned by the United States which makes it difficult for Iran to export oil and gas.

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12

Szalontai, Balázs, and Yoo Jinil. "Maneuvering between Baghdad and Tehran: North Korea's Relations with Iraq and Iran during the Cold War." Journal of Cold War Studies 25, no. 2 (2023): 179–247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_01119.

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Abstract This article explores how North Korean leaders tried to maneuver between Iran and Iraq to gain greater leverage in the Cold War. Both of these Middle Eastern countries seemed potentially attractive partners for Pyongyang, but they were often on hostile terms with each other. The article considers how the Iraq-Iran rivalry and domestic changes in Iraq and Iran affected North Korean policy. Even when Pyongyang's cooperation with one or the other of the two states reached a high level, the North Koreans also reached out to the other country, regardless of the position of either state and of external actors such as the Soviet Union and China. The North Koreans generally avoided taking a public stand on the Iraq-Iran dispute, but on occasion they became more deeply involved. Mainly, the North Korean government sought to maximize the number of its partners, rather than to make a stable commitment to just one state. In turn, both Iraq and Iran eventually came to perceive North Korea as a state that was mostly out to benefit itself rather than helping either of them.

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13

Prudnikov, V. V. "SECOND INTERNATIONAL SELJUK HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL SYMPOSIUM: IRAN (II. ULUSLARARASI SELÇUKLU TARIHI COĞRAFYASI İRAN SEMPOZYUMU), October 13–15, 2022." Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no. 2 (24) (2023): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2023-2-131-135.

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The review is devoted to the «Second International Seljuk Historical and Geographical Symposium Iran (II. Uluslararası Selçuklu Tarihi Coğrafyası İran Sempozyumu)», which was held on October 13–15, 2022 in Konya (Republic of Turkey) on the basis of the Center for Research on Seljuk Culture and Civilization of the University of Nacmettin Erbakan (Selçuklu Kültür Ve Medeniyeti Uygulama Ve Araştırma Merkezi Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi) with the support of the Turkish Historical Society (Türk Tarih Kurumu) and the Seljuk Municipality of Konya (Selçuklu Belediyesi, Konya). This event is held regularly, traditionally receives wide coverage in the Turkish media and every time causes a great public outcry. The previous Symposium (Uluslararası Selçuklu Tarihi Coğrafyası Suriye-Filistin–Irak Sempozyumu) was held on October 25–27, 2019 and was devoted to the study of topical issues in the history of the Seljuks in the regions of Iraq, Syria and Palestine.

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14

Dolanbay, Hadjer. "Modern world history:a look at world events 1975-1984." SCIENTIFIC WORK 61, no. 12 (December 25, 2020): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/61/18-23.

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In this study, the events that shaped the recent world history were evaluated together with their impact on the foreign political life of Turkey. In the study field, literature was scanned with document analysis. The data collected are presented in a meaningful whole, in a controversial manner. In these years, the oil crisis caused by the Arab-Israeli war has left the countries of the world, especially Turkey, in economic difficulties. In relations with the Middle East, the Camp David treaty, the Israel - Egypt treaty and, the Golan Heights issue are among the important events of the period. In Iran, the fall of the Shah's regime and, the establishment of the Islamic Republic in its place are among the events that continue to echo from that period to the present. The overthrow of the Shah in Iran, Soviet Russia's invasion of Afghanistan and finally the Iraq-Iran war were important events that occurred in the early 80s. Although all these events seem to be separate, they are related. After the mentioned events, many countries changed their politics and economic policies. Key words: Modern History, Camp David Treaty, Islamic Revolution in Iran, Iran-Iraq War

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15

Ghadiri, Mohammad, and Maryam Rasoulian. "History of Iran Psychiatry Hospital." Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology 23, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 118–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18869/nirp.ijpcp.23.1.118.

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16

Russell, J. R., and Richard N. Frye. "The History of Ancient Iran." Journal of the American Oriental Society 108, no. 2 (April 1988): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/603674.

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17

Sofla, Ebrahim Khoshraftar Somee. "History of Education in Iran." Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 6, no. 1 (2015): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2321-5828.2015.00008.x.

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18

Berberian, Houri. "A History of Modern Iran." History: Reviews of New Books 37, no. 2 (January 2009): 68–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.2009.10527317.

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19

Hambly, Gavin R. G., and Richard N. Frye. "The History of Ancient Iran." American Historical Review 91, no. 2 (April 1986): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1858154.

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20

Shahshahani, Soheila. "History of anthropology in Iran." Iranian Studies 19, no. 1 (March 1986): 65–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00210868608701669.

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21

Tabatabai, Ariane M., and Annie Tracy Samuel. "What the Iran-Iraq War Tells Us about the Future of the Iran Nuclear Deal." International Security 42, no. 1 (July 2017): 152–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00286.

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The 1980–88 Iran-Iraq War stands as the pivotal event for Iran's national security strategy, especially as it pertains to the country's controversial nuclear program. The “imposed war,” as it is known to Iranians, caused Iran to view itself as isolated and on the defensive, striving for self-reliance and survival in what it continues to perceive as an unjust international order. The war has shaped both Iran's strategic outlook generally and its nuclear policies specifically. It was a decisive factor in determining the nature and scope of Iran's nuclear activities, as well as in Iran's approach to the international negotiations surrounding those activities, which in 2015 produced the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action. Both during those talks and after the implementation of the deal began, Iranian decisionmakers regularly invoked the history and lessons of the war to construe their decisionmaking process and define their bottom lines. Yet the war and its implications for Iran's strategic culture and nuclear thinking remain understudied and misunderstood. If the implementation of the deal and a longer-term resolution of the conflict over Iran's nuclear program are to succeed, the history of the Iran-Iraq War and the vital lessons that Iran has drawn from it must be appreciated.

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22

Selvi̇, Haluk. "İngiltere'nin Musul Politikası Karşısında Osmanlı Devleti ve Bölge Aşiretleri (1918-1920)." Belleten 74, no. 271 (December 1, 2010): 789–832. http://dx.doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2010.789.

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Osmanlı Devleti, Birinci Dünya Savaşı'na dahil olunca İngilizler bu devlet içerisindeki farklı unsurları kullanarak üstünlük elde etmek istemişlerdi. Bu unsurlardan biri de İran, Irak ve Güneydoğu Anadolu bölgesindeki aşiretlerdi. Rusya'da 1917 yılındaki Ekim ihtilalinden sonra İran'da meydana gelen boşluk Osmanlı birlikleri tarafından doldurulmuş, fakat savaş Osmanlı Devleti aleyhine sonuçlanınca bu birlikleri İran ve Irak'tan çekmek zorunda kalmıştı. İngilizler Ortadoğu'da istedikleri düzeni kurabilmek için harekete geçmişler, özellikle Irak ve Güneydoğu Anadolu'yu içerisine alan bir "Kürdistan" kurmak için çalışmalara başlamışlardı. Osmanlı Devleti ve daha sonra Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi Hükümeti bu İngiliz planını sonuçsuz bırakmak için çeşitli tedbirler düşünmüş ve uygulamıştı. Bunlardan birisi, bölgede bulunan aşiretleri Türk Hükümeti safına çekebilmekti. Bunu için VI. Ordu Komutanı Ali İhsan Paşa ve Van Valisi Haydar Bey aşiretlerle irtibata geçmişlerdi. Biz bu çalışmamızda 1919'da Van Valisi ve 1922'de Van Meb'usu Haydar Bey'in İran, Irak ve Güneydoğu Anadolu aşiretleri ile ilgili çalışmalarını arşiv belgeleri ve çeşitli kaynaklar ışığında inceleyeceğiz.

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23

Sevi̇nç, Tahir. "İran'a Elçi Olarak Gönderilen Kesriyeli Ahmet Paşa'nın Sefaret Hazırlığı Ve Yolculuğu (1746-1747)." Belleten 75, no. 273 (August 1, 2011): 407–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2011.407.

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1746 yılında Osmanlı ve İran devletleri siyasi, sosyal ve dini problemlerin çözümü için bir barış anlaşması yapmak üzere elçiler görevlendirmişlerdi. Osmanlı Elçisi Mustafa Nazif Efendi, barış için İran'a gönderilirken, İran Elçisi Fethi Ali Han İstanbul'a gelmişti. Osmanlı ve İran hükümetlerinin diplomatik görüşmeleri neticesinde anlaşmaya varılmıştı. Antlaşma maddelerinin teyidi ve onayı için birbirine eşit rütbede yeni elçilerin görevlendirilmesi gerekliydi. Osmanlı hükümeti anlaşmanın onaylanması için Sivas Valisi Ahmet Paşa'yı seçerken, İran hükümeti Mehdi Mustafa Han'ı görevlendirmişti. Osmanlı hükümeti, 1746 Ekimi'nde İrana gidecek elçinin hazırlığına başlamıştı. Hazırlık çalışmaları; elçilik heyetinin seçilmesi, görevlilere bahşiş ve ücret ödenmesi, mehterhane malzemesi, hediye ve yiyecek tedariki, nakliye vasıtalarının düzenlenmesi şeklinde gerçekleşmişti. Elçilik heyeti 1747 Ocağı'nda törenle İstanbul'dan ayrılarak Anadolu orta-kolu üzerinden İran'a doğru yola çıkmış, 30 Mayıs 1747'de Bağdat'a varmıştı. 27 Haziran'da diplomatik teamüller gereği Osmanlı elçisi Hamedan'a, İran elçisi ise Bağdat'a doğru yola çıkmıştı. Ancak 19 Haziran'da İran'da çıkan karışıklıklar ile Nadir Şah öldürüldüğünden, Osmanlı elçisi Bağdat'a dönerken, İran elçisi Bağdat'a kalarak İstanbul'a gidememişti. Nadir Şah'ın ölümünden sonra İran'da meydana gelen taht mücadeleleri nedeni ile Osmanlı ve İran elçileri uzun süre Bağdat'ta ikamet etmişlerdi. Osmanlı elçisi 1748 yılında Bağdat'ta vefat ederken , İran elçisi 1752 yılında taht mücadelesi için İran'a geçmişti. Osmanlı Devleti, İran'daki taht mücadelelerine karışmadığı gibi, imzalanan anlaşmaya sadık kalmaya çalışmıştı.

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24

Norton, Augustus Richard. "The Middle East's Spreading Morass." Current History 114, no. 776 (December 1, 2015): 355–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2015.114.776.355.

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25

Zietlow, Nina. "The Politics of Monumentalizing Trauma: Visual Use of Martyrdom in the Memorialization of the Iraq-Iran War." Review of Middle East Studies 54, no. 1 (June 2020): 131–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rms.2020.11.

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This poster focuses on three mediums of commemoration: the monument, the memorial, and the museum as tools of state-sanctioned memory creation, and thereby spaces for politicized rituals of memory which further state-building projects. Specifically, during and after The Iran-Iraq war (1980-88) the al-Shaheed Monument (1983), and the Victory Arch (1989) in Baghdad and the Martyrs’ Museum (1996) in Tehran functioned as politically strategic representations of collective trauma. Both the Ba'ath party in Iraq and the emerging Islamic Republic in Iran used these sites to render and politicize memories of violence and loss. Despite obvious differences, the projects in Baghdad and Tehran appealed to a need to address national trauma while bolstering idealized images of statehood. The Ba'athist party under Saddam Hussein capitalized on the collective trauma of the Iraq-Iran war to further a hegemonic Sunni identity, which was both religious and political. The use of immense scale, vulgar displays of power, and Islamic imagery in both the al-Shaheed Monument and Victory Arch linked Sunni and Ba'athist causes and allowed Hussein to characterize the Iran-Iraq War as a sacred project of national and religious vindication. Similarly, the Martyrs’ Museum in Tehran constructs a specific version of history using motifs of the Battle of Karbala, Imam Husayn, martyr and civilian deaths, and blood to tie Iranian national identity to ritualized Shia martyrdom. The Martyrs’ Museum parallels the religification of national identity as seen in Iraq, and configures death as a public, religiopolitical act. Despite Ba'athist Iraq's secular self-image, the strategic harnessing of trauma both Iraq and Iran demonstrates a constructed connection between political state hegemony, religious practice, and rituals of grief. In these ways, state propagated imagery through physical commemorations of the Iran-Iraq War furthered the political – and resulting religious – sectarian divide in the official positions of the two nations.

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26

Ramazani, R. K. "The Iran–Iraq War and the Persian Gulf Crisis." Current History 87, no. 526 (February 1, 1988): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.1988.87.526.61.

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27

Katz, Mark N. "Losing Balance: Russian Foreign Policy toward Iraq and Iran." Current History 102, no. 666 (October 1, 2003): 341–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2003.102.666.341.

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Moscow's balancing act between Washington and Baghdad [has] failed, and its balancing act between Washington and Tehran is becoming increasingly difficult to maintain. … [A] reluctance to establish clear priorities among competing interests threatens to undermine both its relations with the United States and its influence in a region of continuing strategic importance to Russia.

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28

Akramova, Yulduz U. "CONSTITUTIONAL REVOLUTION IN IRAN." International Journal Of History And Political Sciences 03, no. 01 (January 1, 2023): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ijhps/volume03issue01-01.

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The article reveals the essence of the constitutional revolution, which left a huge mark in the history of the Iranian state and lasted for a long time. The mistakes of the Qajar dynasty in domestic and foreign policy; the irreparable blow of foreign countries and capitals to Iran's economy; not only in the economic sphere, but also in management issues, there is talk of increasing dependence on foreign countries. Despite the fact that it was the first revolution in the history of Iran, it was a revolution that spread to a wide area and caused great changes in the life of the state administration. The reasons, results, achievements and shortcomings of this revolution, which achieved great positive growth and changes in the history of Iran during the years 1905-1911, are discussed below.

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Masoud, Tarek E. "Misreading Iran." Current History 97, no. 615 (January 1, 1998): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.1998.97.615.38.

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YAZDI, MOHAMMAD. "THE HISTORY OF MINERALOGY AND GEMOLOGY IN IRAN." Earth Sciences History 40, no. 2 (July 1, 2021): 566–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-40.2.566.

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Iran is home to some of the world’s earliest civilizations. The Ashkanian dynasty (550–330 BCE) unified Iran as a superpower empire. It was the largest empire yet seen and the first world empire where the Great Cyrus ruled from the Balkans to North Africa and Central Asia. Subsequently, Iran was invaded by the Macedonians, Arabs, Turks and the Mongolians over the course of its history. During those times, Iran lost much of its territory until a reduced Iran was formed in the nineteenth century CE. Despite the invasions, Iran did not lose its heritage from its previous civilizations, but rather incorporated aspects of the new civilizations into its cultural fabric. Iran has always played an effective role in the natural sciences, medicine, mathematics, astronomy, philosophy and also in mineralogy and gemology. At times, Iran was at the forefront of science and technology, including mineralogy and gemology, which went through stages of development. The first and second stages occurred before and after the introduction of Islam, respectively. More than 30 books were written about minerals and gems during the ancient and Islamic Iranian periods. Those books can be classified into three main groups where the first group included accounts of precious stones, minerals, gems and metals. The second group of books focused on natural history, chemistry and precious stones. The third group of books discussed medicine, pharma-chemistry and medical properties of minerals. The most famous texts were written by early Iranian scientists such as Avicenna, Biruni, Jabir Ibn Hayan, Kandi and Razi. Iran’s role at the forefront of science and technology (including mineralogy and gemology) declined after the collapse of the Safavid dynasty (1501–1736 CE). But recently, during the past 50 years, Iran has made considerable advances in science and technology through education, training and research. This will open a new age of development for Iran in the twenty-first century in science and technology as well as in mineralogy and gemology

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Khan, Geoffrey. "The Neo-Aramaic dialect spoken by Jews from the region of Arbel (Iraqi Kurdistan)." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 62, no. 2 (June 1999): 213–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00016682.

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Aramaic-speaking Jewish communities used to be found in various towns and villages throughout north-eastern Iraq, north-western Iran and southern Turkey before the mass exodus of Iraqi Jewry to the state of Israel in 1950–51. In Iraq, the Aramaic speakers were found in an area that may be denned as the land lying above a line drawn on a map across the country through the towns of Musil and Kirkuk. Aramaic was not the first language of all Jews of the area. In the large towns of Musil, Kirkuk, Aqra, as well as Arbel, Arabic was the Jewish vernacular. In some villages the Jews spoke Kurdish as their first language. In Iran, Aramaic-speaking Jewish communities were found as far south as Kerend. The northern limits of the Jewish Aramaic area were formed by communities in the region of lake Van in southern Turkey and those around lake Urmia in north-west Iran (Hopkins, 1993: 62–4).

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32

Bakhash, Shaul. "Iran." American Historical Review 96, no. 5 (December 1991): 1479. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2165283.

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33

Obara, Norbert. "Krótka historia politycznej ekonomii Iranu w XX wieku." Studia Orientalne 5, no. 1 (2014): 117–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/so2014106.

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There are five main political and economical events in Iran history and five people who made history.First of all there is time of first iranian constitution and discover and exploration oil in Iran. Iran signed the agreement with British businessman and british government on exploration Iranian oil.It was not good deal for iranian economy.Second is time of Reza Khan who wanted changed Iran country in to modern, secular republic on the based of Ataturk Turkey.Third is time of nationalisation and prime minister Mossadeq who was the hero of Iranian nation. He wanted establish secular, national democratic republic based on independed expolartion Iranian oil and build reach , independent country.Next was time of Reza Pahlavi, who started to rural reform called White Revolution was depended on British and USA support and loans.Economy based on oil and foreign adviser step by step declined.The last period on Iranian political and economic history is Green Revolution and born Islamic Republic of Iran.In spite of dynamic development of Iranian population and schools economy is still in regress because of sanction , state protecion a lot of sectors, war with Iraq and still feudal structure of Iran economy.There is rentier economy in Iran but still with chance based on natural sources like oil and gas.

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34

Filippini, Bianca Maria. "The History of Theater in Iran." Middle Eastern Literatures 18, no. 2 (April 14, 2015): 202–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1475262x.2014.928044.

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35

Hejazi, Mehrdad, Bina Hejazi, and Saba Hejazi. "EVOLUTION OF PERSIAN TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE THROUGH THE HISTORY." Journal of Architecture and Urbanism 39, no. 3 (September 29, 2015): 188–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/20297955.2015.1088415.

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The architecture of Iran is wholly based on the comprehensive use of knowledge of both metaphysical and physical sciences. Architecture and structural engineering in Iran involve a great range of buildings distributed over a vast area from the borders of China to the Mediterranean coastlines. Certain design elements, developed by Iranian architecture and aesthetics, persisted for thousands of years and exerted a marked effect on other successive styles of construction throughout the world. Architecture in Iran solved complicated structural problems and created magnificent architectural masterpieces. In this paper, the evolution of Persian traditional architecture is discussed and a general overview of the paramount virtues of the traditional architecture and historical buildings of Iran with emphasis on structural and scientific features will be presented.

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Arab-Zozani, Morteza, Mobin Sokhanvar, Edris Kakemam, Tahereh Didehban, and Soheil Hassanipour. "History of Health Technology Assessment in Iran." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 36, no. 1 (2020): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462319003489.

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This article describes the characteristics of the health system and reviews the history of health technology assessment (HTA) in Iran, including its inception, processes, challenges, and lessons learned. This study was conducted by analyzing existing documents, reports, and guidelines related to HTA and published articles in the field. HTA in Iran has been established since the late 2000s and was first introduced as a secretariat by the Deputy of Health at the Ministry of Health and Medical Education. The mission of the HTA office is to systematically assess technologies to improve evidence-informed decision making. Despite its 10 years of existence, HTA in Iran still faces some challenges. The most pressing problems currently facing HTA in Iran include conflicts of interest among researchers performing the HTAs, the absence of a systematic structure for identifying and introducing new technologies, the lack of interest in HTA results among high-level policy makers, and the lack of external oversight for HTA projects.

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Davari, Arash. "Writing Iran from Exile." Comparative Islamic Studies 13, no. 1-2 (October 23, 2019): 151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/cis.39190.

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A Social History of Iranian Cinema, vol. 1: The Artisanal Era, 1897-1941. by Hamid Naficy. Duke University Press, 2011. 456pp., Pb. $28.95 ISBN-13: 9780822347750. A Social History of Iranian Cinema, vol. 2: The Industrializing Years, 1941-1978, by Hamid Naficy. Duke University Press, 2011. 560pp., Pb. $29.95. ISBN- 13: 9780822347743. A Social History of Iranian Cinema, vol. 3: The Islamicate Period, 1978-1984. by Hamid Naficy. Duke University Press, 2012. 288pp., Pb. $25.95. ISBN-13: 9780822348771. A Social History of Iranian Cinema, vol. 4: The Globalizing Era, 1984-2010. by Hamid Naficy. Duke University Press, 2012. 664 pp., Pb. $32.95. ISBN-13: 9780822348788.

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Mansouri, Aylar. "The Impact of War on Emergence of Depression and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder on Iranian Veterans of Iran-Iraq War." European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 11, no. 2 (June 10, 2017): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v11i2.p70-82.

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Iran has been involved in many wars throughout its ancient history, a vivid example is the Iran-Iraq war. This imposed war was ongoing during September 1980 – August 1988 (Mohsenian, 2008). ).The main goal of this study was to investigate differences depression and PTSD symptoms in veterans who participated in the Iran-Iraq compared to community sample. The objectives of this research were: 1.Comparing depression in soldiers who are PTSD patients and ordinary people. 2. Comparing PTSD symptoms in soldiers and ordinary people. The research hypotheses were formulated according to the defined objectives. The statistical population included the Iran-Iraq war veterans and the ordinary male individuals within the age range of 25-50 residing in Tehran. . The data analysis for present research was down descriptively. The Foundation of Martyrs and Veterans’ Affairs of the city of Tehran permitted the researcher to select the statistical samples through the families of martyrs and veterans in person. The related questionnaires were handed in to the testees in person. The research objectives and nondisclosure of information were explained to the testees prior to distribution of the questionnaire. The data was collected using a PTSD checklist by Weathers, Litz, Herman, Huska, Kean etal (1993) and the Beck depression inventory. The multivariate effect indicates a significant difference between the depression and PTSD in war veterans and ordinary individuals aged 25-50. Depression and PTSD in Iran-Iraq war veterans it was higher compared to ordinary individuals.

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Ahmed, Yakoob. "Muhammad Husayn Na’ini, Caught between Empires and Nations." Archiv orientální 91, no. 3 (January 29, 2024): 423–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.47979/aror.j.91.3.423-445.

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Ayatollah Mirza Muhammad Husayn Gharawi Na’ini was an Iranian Shia-alim born in Nain, Iran, to a respected scholarly family. He completed his training in religious studies in Iran before moving to the provinces of Ottoman Iraq to study under the famous usuli scholars Mirza Muhammad Hasas Shirazi in Samara and Akhund Mullah Muhammad Kazim Khurasani in Najaf. In Ottoman Iraq, Na’ini then wrote his renowned work on Islamic constitutionalism during the regional revolutionary period in 1909. In 1911, Na’ini supported the call for Muslim unity with the Sunnis of the Ottoman Empire as Italy invaded Libya and Russia invaded Iran. By 1914, the Ottomans were involved in WWI, in which, once again, Na’ini would side with the Ottoman war effort, calling forunity against the Allied forces. Upon the collapse of the Ottomans, Na’ini rejected the new Hashemite Kingdom, which was under the tutelage of the British, and called for a boycott of the elections, which would lead to his exile back to his native Iran. This article will chart the life story of Na’ini as an Iranian alim who was very much Ottoman, whose life and experiences were integrated into the Ottoman world and its intellectual culture. It will chart how his life transitioned from straddling two Muslim Imperial empires to the new reality of the nation-state. Finally, it will show how his life was a struggle of “belonging” and “otherization” as the Ottoman world rapidly changed.

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Schahgaldian, Nikola B. "Iran after Khomeini." Current History 89, no. 544 (February 1, 1990): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.1990.89.544.61.

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Baktiari, Bahman, and Haleh Vaziri. "Iran: Doubting Reform?" Current History 102, no. 660 (January 1, 2003): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2003.102.660.36.

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Çencen, Namık. "Comparing the Turkish and Iranian history textbooks in the sample of us and the otherBiz ve öteki örnekleminde Türk ve İran tarih ders kitaplarının karşılaştırılması." Journal of Human Sciences 14, no. 2 (April 23, 2017): 1327. http://dx.doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v14i2.4521.

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The work of "us and the other" in the history textbook researches is one of the topics that attracted the attention of the researchers recently. In this research, “Us and the other” sample tried to determine how Iran and relations with Iran are explained in high school history textbooks taught in Turkey and how Turks and relations with Turks are explained in the high school history text book which was taught in Iran. The study was a qualitative research and document and record examination methods and techniques were used. The texts in Turkish history textbooks and Iranian history textbooks were examined using "Historical Abuse Methods". In the content of the texts in the history textbook titled "Iran and World History", which was taught in the 3rd grade class in General High School in Iran, the historical abuse methods with the Turks and relations with Turks was processed by using misleading, jumping and denying methods. Secondary education in Turkey "History 9th grade", "History 10th grade" “Contemporary Turkish and World History "textbooks on Iranian History and Iranian history textbooks were explored by using the jump method from historical abuse methods. ÖzetTarih ders kitapları araştırmalarında “biz ve öteki” çalışmaları son dönemlerde araştırmacıların ilgisini çeken konulardan biridir. Bu araştırmada biz ve öteki örnekleminde İran’da okutulan lise tarih ders kitabında Türkler ve Türklerle olan ilişkiler ile Türkiye’de okutulan lise tarih ders kitaplarında İran ve İranla olan ilişkilerin nasıl anlatıldığı tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Çalışma nitel bir araştırma olup doküman ve belge incelemesi yöntem ve teknikleri kullanılmıştır. Türk tarih ders kitapları ile İran tarih ders kitaplarında yer alan metinler “Tarihi Kötüye Kullanma Yöntemleri” kullanılarak incelenmiştir. İran’da Genel Lise III. sınıf Edebiyat bölümünde okutulan “İran ve Dünya Tarihi” adlı tarih ders kitabındaki metinlerin içeriklerinde Türkler ve Türklerle İlişkiler tarihi kötüye kullanma yöntemlerinden yanıltma, atlama ve yadsıma yöntemi kullanılarak işlenmiştir. Türkiye’de ortaöğretim “Tarih 9. Sınıf”, “Tarih 10. Sınıf” ve “12. Sınıf Çağdaş Türk ve Dünya Tarihi” ders kitaplarındaki metin içeriklerinde İran Tarihi ve İranla ilişkiler tarihi kötüye kullanma yöntemlerinden atlama yöntemi kullanılarak işlenmiştir.

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Hoseinpour, Bagher, and Sibel Kalaycioglu. "An inquiry into the Milan tribe with an introduction to nomadism in Iran." Laplage em Revista 7, no. 1 (December 8, 2020): 104–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24115/s2446-6220202171250p.104-121.

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Iran with its unique geographically most suitable for animal husbandry and has always been a home for myriad of tribes who have played a significant role in its socio-political history. Milan, among the many, is one of the largest nomadic Kurdish tribes in West Azarbaijan province, about which no information except for few is available. Applying qualitative method and semi-in-depth structural interviews and reviewing historical documents, we examined the historical roots of Milan and its socio-economic life in Iran. The findings show that Milan is originally a large Kurdish confederacy in northern parts of Iraq that was forced to move to Turkish borders with Iran during the Ottoman period to counter the Safavid regime's attacks. Due to fertility of lands, Milan resided there forever and then after, some branches migrated to Iran and settled down in its northwestern parts.

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Mahmoudi, Vahid. "Poverty Changes during the Three Recent Development Plans in Iran (1995-2007)." African and Asian Studies 10, no. 2-3 (2011): 157–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156921011x587013.

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AbstractThe purpose of this study is to analyse the degree of poverty in Iran and how it changed over time during the second, third and fourth (first three years) five-year national development plans (1995-2007). It does this by documenting overall poverty levels and poverty within regional subgroups, using the micro-level data set of household expenditure survey conducted by the Statistical Centre of Iran (SCI) in 1995, 1999, 2004 and 2007. I have found an increase in all poverty measures in rural regions and a decrease in urban areas during the second development plan (1995-1999). The country as a whole also experienced a considerable poverty reduction over the third development plan (1999-2004) under Khatami’s presidency. However, all poverty measures suggest that during Ahmadinejad Administration (2004-2007) poverty has risen. This paper also examines the distribution of poverty breakdown by the regional status of households in Iran. The incidence, intensity and severity of poverty are higher in rural than urban areas in Iran. Regional decompositions show that although poverty was spread throughout the country, the intensity of poverty in some provinces such as Systan-Balochestan, Kermanshah, Kordestan, Hamadan and Ilam was more pronounced. The results also suggest that the contribution of the “southeast” and “west” regions (including above mentioned provinces) to the national poverty were increased during the second, third and fourth plans. This might be attributed to the fact that these provinces were more affected by eight-year long Iran-Iraq war, immigration of refuges from neighbours countries and drought.

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45

Assadoorian, Alice. "Targetting Iran." Iran and the Caucasus 12, no. 2 (2008): 401–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338408x406155.

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Lecours, Francine. "L’URSS face à la guerre du Golfe, une stratégie singulière." Études internationales 17, no. 4 (April 12, 2005): 785–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/702087ar.

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Soon after the opening of hostilities between Iran and Iraq in September 1980, the Soviet Union offered military assistance to Tehran while simultaneously suspending arms deliveries to Baghdad, a formerly faithful client. Following Iran s refusal of assistance, and possibly in reaction to a percieved threat from the spreading of Iran's Islamic revolution, Moscow re-opened arms shipments to Iraq. This ambivalent behavior on the part of the Soviet Union is partially explained by the history of its interests in the region. The Soviet Union has long Had strategic ambitions to bring Iran under its influence. Moscow welcomed any opportunity to increase economic and political des with Tehran even if in the short term the results were only partial. On the other hand, Iraq is an influential member of the Arab community - a useful relationship for the USSR, and one that while mutually1987 advantageous for both parties, has not required extensive commitments. One cannot ignore the possibility that important events in the Gulf War will cause an abrupt shift in Soviet attitudes and actions in the region.

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Alterman, Jon B. "Iran: Came the Revolution." Current History 100, no. 642 (January 1, 2001): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2001.100.642.27.

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Long-time watchers of Iranian politics [believe] Iran is moving away from the politics of Islamic revolution and toward the traditional politics of Iran. … [But] authoritarianism is a recurring theme in Iranian history, and some Iranian scholars openly wonder whether the reformists will be any less authoritarian than the conservative clerics.

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Seddigh, Ruohollah, and Somayeh Azarnik. "History of Contemporary Cultural Psychiatry in Iran." Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology 26, no. 4 (January 1, 2021): 524–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/ijpcp.26.3.2117.1.

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Cultural psychiatry is one of the relatively new trends in psychiatry that has received much attention today. During the last century, many Iranian psychiatrists have taken steps to introduce various aspects of cultural psychiatry from the field of epidemiology to the cultural conceptualization of psychiatric disorders. This narrative review article tries to refer to the history of contemporary cultural psychiatry and the efforts have been made in this field by Iranian psychiatrists between 1936 and 2019. It seems that the introduction of these efforts as educational resources to residents and students can help to further explain and develop this area and a deeper understanding of psychiatric disorders. However, there are still shortcomings in documenting, compiling, and integrating these services, which require special attention from researchers in this field.

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Marcinkowski, Christoph. "Ervand Abrahamian, A History of Modern Iran." ICR Journal 2, no. 2 (January 15, 2011): 406–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.52282/icr.v2i2.661.

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Ervand Abrahamian, the author of this well-written book and a member of Iran’s ethnic Armenian minority, is Distinguished Professor of History at Baruch College and Graduate Center of City University of New York. His previous publications, among them The Iranian Mojahedin (1989), Khomeinism (1993) and Tortured Confessions (1999), feature more or less the left-wing political perspective of their author - especially in terms of socio-political and socio-economic analysis.

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Chehabi, H. E. "A political history of football in Iran." Iranian Studies 35, no. 4 (September 2002): 371–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00210860208702025.

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