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Journal articles on the topic 'Iran – History'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 July 2024

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1

Yakubovich, Azimov Habibullo. "HISTORY AND CURRENT STATE OF IRAQ- IRAN RELATIONS." American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology 6, no. 5 (2024): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajpslc/volume06issue05-09.

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From the 1968 Baath Party coup to the 2003 US invasion of Iraq, relations between Baghdad and Tehran have never been good-neighborly or normal. Therefore, the overthrow of Saddam Hussein can be considered as one of the turning points in Iran-Iraq relations. This article elaborates on the Iraq-Iran relationship and the ethnic, religious, sectarian and external forces that influence it.

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2

Milani, Mohsen M. "Iran, the Status Quo Power." Current History 104, no. 678 (2005): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2005.104.678.30.

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Iran appears ready to discuss the future of Iraq as well as other security issues with the United States. It remains uncertain for Tehran whether a ‘tactical consensus’ on Iraq could … lead to a marked improvement in US-Iran relations.

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3

Axelgard, Frederick W. "Iraq and the War with Iran." Current History 86, no. 517 (1987): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.1987.86.517.57.

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4

Mancini-Lander, Derek J. "A History of Iran." American Journal of Islam and Society 26, no. 4 (2009): 121–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v26i4.1371.

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This survey of the history of Iranian civilization from ancient times to thepresent is intended for general audiences with little knowledge of Iranianhistory. The book’s nine chapters consist largely of chronological presentationsof political history, but occasionally make room for sections on religiousmovements, society, and the arts. The first two chapters briskly coverthe ancient period through the Sassanids. The third runs from the Islamicconquests through the fifteenth century and contains a long section on theevolution of Persian verse tradition. The fourth and fifth chapters cover theSa

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5

Babaie, Sussan. "Iran: A Modern History." Iranian Studies 52, no. 3-4 (2019): 645–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00210862.2019.1649003.

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6

Matin-Asgari, Afshin. "Iran: A Modern History." Iranian Studies 52, no. 3-4 (2019): 653–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00210862.2019.1649004.

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7

Afary, Janet. "Iran: A Modern History." Iranian Studies 52, no. 3-4 (2019): 648–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00210862.2019.1649005.

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8

Matthee, Rudi. "Iran: A Modern History." Iranian Studies 52, no. 3-4 (2019): 640–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00210862.2019.1652784.

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9

Byrne, Malcolm. "The Iran–Iraq War." Iranian Studies 46, no. 4 (2013): 669–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00210862.2013.784533.

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10

Gawrych, George W., and Efraim Karsh. "The Iran-Iraq War: Impact and Implications." Journal of Military History 54, no. 4 (1990): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1986100.

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11

Fatoni, Achmad. "Program Pengembangan Nuklir Iran dan Pengaruhnya terhadap Masyarat Iran (1957-2006 M)." Jurnal Studi Sosial dan Politik 3, no. 1 (2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.19109/jssp.v3i1.4064.

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This research explain a series of developments relatod Iran's nuclear program that can cause conflict and displeasure particularly when Iran face the westrn country. The research takes two main problems,including the history of the emergence of Iran's nuclear program, and how the dynamics of Iran's nuclear development and the response of Middle Eastern countries. The results of the research that the history of the emergence of Iran's nuclear program in 1957 and in it is collaboration between Mohammad Shah Reza Pahlavi and the United States when Dwight D. Eisenhower become USA president.

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12

Szalontai, Balázs, and Yoo Jinil. "Maneuvering between Baghdad and Tehran: North Korea's Relations with Iraq and Iran during the Cold War." Journal of Cold War Studies 25, no. 2 (2023): 179–247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_01119.

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Abstract This article explores how North Korean leaders tried to maneuver between Iran and Iraq to gain greater leverage in the Cold War. Both of these Middle Eastern countries seemed potentially attractive partners for Pyongyang, but they were often on hostile terms with each other. The article considers how the Iraq-Iran rivalry and domestic changes in Iraq and Iran affected North Korean policy. Even when Pyongyang's cooperation with one or the other of the two states reached a high level, the North Koreans also reached out to the other country, regardless of the position of either state and

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13

Prudnikov, V. V. "SECOND INTERNATIONAL SELJUK HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL SYMPOSIUM: IRAN (II. ULUSLARARASI SELÇUKLU TARIHI COĞRAFYASI İRAN SEMPOZYUMU), October 13–15, 2022." Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no. 2 (24) (2023): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2023-2-131-135.

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The review is devoted to the «Second International Seljuk Historical and Geographical Symposium Iran (II. Uluslararası Selçuklu Tarihi Coğrafyası İran Sempozyumu)», which was held on October 13–15, 2022 in Konya (Republic of Turkey) on the basis of the Center for Research on Seljuk Culture and Civilization of the University of Nacmettin Erbakan (Selçuklu Kültür Ve Medeniyeti Uygulama Ve Araştırma Merkezi Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi) with the support of the Turkish Historical Society (Türk Tarih Kurumu) and the Seljuk Municipality of Konya (Selçuklu Belediyesi, Konya). This event is held reg

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14

Dolanbay, Hadjer. "Modern world history:a look at world events 1975-1984." SCIENTIFIC WORK 61, no. 12 (2020): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/61/18-23.

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In this study, the events that shaped the recent world history were evaluated together with their impact on the foreign political life of Turkey. In the study field, literature was scanned with document analysis. The data collected are presented in a meaningful whole, in a controversial manner. In these years, the oil crisis caused by the Arab-Israeli war has left the countries of the world, especially Turkey, in economic difficulties. In relations with the Middle East, the Camp David treaty, the Israel - Egypt treaty and, the Golan Heights issue are among the important events of the period. I

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15

Ghadiri, Mohammad, and Maryam Rasoulian. "History of Iran Psychiatry Hospital." Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology 23, no. 1 (2017): 118–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18869/nirp.ijpcp.23.1.118.

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16

Russell, J. R., and Richard N. Frye. "The History of Ancient Iran." Journal of the American Oriental Society 108, no. 2 (1988): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/603674.

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17

Sofla, Ebrahim Khoshraftar Somee. "History of Education in Iran." Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 6, no. 1 (2015): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2321-5828.2015.00008.x.

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18

Berberian, Houri. "A History of Modern Iran." History: Reviews of New Books 37, no. 2 (2009): 68–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.2009.10527317.

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19

Hambly, Gavin R. G., and Richard N. Frye. "The History of Ancient Iran." American Historical Review 91, no. 2 (1986): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1858154.

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20

Shahshahani, Soheila. "History of anthropology in Iran." Iranian Studies 19, no. 1 (1986): 65–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00210868608701669.

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21

Tabatabai, Ariane M., and Annie Tracy Samuel. "What the Iran-Iraq War Tells Us about the Future of the Iran Nuclear Deal." International Security 42, no. 1 (2017): 152–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00286.

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The 1980–88 Iran-Iraq War stands as the pivotal event for Iran's national security strategy, especially as it pertains to the country's controversial nuclear program. The “imposed war,” as it is known to Iranians, caused Iran to view itself as isolated and on the defensive, striving for self-reliance and survival in what it continues to perceive as an unjust international order. The war has shaped both Iran's strategic outlook generally and its nuclear policies specifically. It was a decisive factor in determining the nature and scope of Iran's nuclear activities, as well as in Iran's approach

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22

Selvi̇, Haluk. "İngiltere'nin Musul Politikası Karşısında Osmanlı Devleti ve Bölge Aşiretleri (1918-1920)." Belleten 74, no. 271 (2010): 789–832. http://dx.doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2010.789.

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Osmanlı Devleti, Birinci Dünya Savaşı'na dahil olunca İngilizler bu devlet içerisindeki farklı unsurları kullanarak üstünlük elde etmek istemişlerdi. Bu unsurlardan biri de İran, Irak ve Güneydoğu Anadolu bölgesindeki aşiretlerdi. Rusya'da 1917 yılındaki Ekim ihtilalinden sonra İran'da meydana gelen boşluk Osmanlı birlikleri tarafından doldurulmuş, fakat savaş Osmanlı Devleti aleyhine sonuçlanınca bu birlikleri İran ve Irak'tan çekmek zorunda kalmıştı. İngilizler Ortadoğu'da istedikleri düzeni kurabilmek için harekete geçmişler, özellikle Irak ve Güneydoğu Anadolu'yu içerisine alan bir "Kürdis

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23

Sevi̇nç, Tahir. "İran'a Elçi Olarak Gönderilen Kesriyeli Ahmet Paşa'nın Sefaret Hazırlığı Ve Yolculuğu (1746-1747)." Belleten 75, no. 273 (2011): 407–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2011.407.

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1746 yılında Osmanlı ve İran devletleri siyasi, sosyal ve dini problemlerin çözümü için bir barış anlaşması yapmak üzere elçiler görevlendirmişlerdi. Osmanlı Elçisi Mustafa Nazif Efendi, barış için İran'a gönderilirken, İran Elçisi Fethi Ali Han İstanbul'a gelmişti. Osmanlı ve İran hükümetlerinin diplomatik görüşmeleri neticesinde anlaşmaya varılmıştı. Antlaşma maddelerinin teyidi ve onayı için birbirine eşit rütbede yeni elçilerin görevlendirilmesi gerekliydi. Osmanlı hükümeti anlaşmanın onaylanması için Sivas Valisi Ahmet Paşa'yı seçerken, İran hükümeti Mehdi Mustafa Han'ı görevlendirmişti.

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24

Norton, Augustus Richard. "The Middle East's Spreading Morass." Current History 114, no. 776 (2015): 355–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2015.114.776.355.

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25

Zietlow, Nina. "The Politics of Monumentalizing Trauma: Visual Use of Martyrdom in the Memorialization of the Iraq-Iran War." Review of Middle East Studies 54, no. 1 (2020): 131–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rms.2020.11.

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This poster focuses on three mediums of commemoration: the monument, the memorial, and the museum as tools of state-sanctioned memory creation, and thereby spaces for politicized rituals of memory which further state-building projects. Specifically, during and after The Iran-Iraq war (1980-88) the al-Shaheed Monument (1983), and the Victory Arch (1989) in Baghdad and the Martyrs’ Museum (1996) in Tehran functioned as politically strategic representations of collective trauma. Both the Ba'ath party in Iraq and the emerging Islamic Republic in Iran used these sites to render and politicize memor

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26

Ramazani, R. K. "The Iran–Iraq War and the Persian Gulf Crisis." Current History 87, no. 526 (1988): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.1988.87.526.61.

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27

Katz, Mark N. "Losing Balance: Russian Foreign Policy toward Iraq and Iran." Current History 102, no. 666 (2003): 341–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2003.102.666.341.

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Moscow's balancing act between Washington and Baghdad [has] failed, and its balancing act between Washington and Tehran is becoming increasingly difficult to maintain. … [A] reluctance to establish clear priorities among competing interests threatens to undermine both its relations with the United States and its influence in a region of continuing strategic importance to Russia.

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28

Akramova, Yulduz U. "CONSTITUTIONAL REVOLUTION IN IRAN." International Journal Of History And Political Sciences 03, no. 01 (2023): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ijhps/volume03issue01-01.

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The article reveals the essence of the constitutional revolution, which left a huge mark in the history of the Iranian state and lasted for a long time. The mistakes of the Qajar dynasty in domestic and foreign policy; the irreparable blow of foreign countries and capitals to Iran's economy; not only in the economic sphere, but also in management issues, there is talk of increasing dependence on foreign countries. Despite the fact that it was the first revolution in the history of Iran, it was a revolution that spread to a wide area and caused great changes in the life of the state administrat

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29

Masoud, Tarek E. "Misreading Iran." Current History 97, no. 615 (1998): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.1998.97.615.38.

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30

YAZDI, MOHAMMAD. "THE HISTORY OF MINERALOGY AND GEMOLOGY IN IRAN." Earth Sciences History 40, no. 2 (2021): 566–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-40.2.566.

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Iran is home to some of the world’s earliest civilizations. The Ashkanian dynasty (550–330 BCE) unified Iran as a superpower empire. It was the largest empire yet seen and the first world empire where the Great Cyrus ruled from the Balkans to North Africa and Central Asia. Subsequently, Iran was invaded by the Macedonians, Arabs, Turks and the Mongolians over the course of its history. During those times, Iran lost much of its territory until a reduced Iran was formed in the nineteenth century CE. Despite the invasions, Iran did not lose its heritage from its previous civilizations, but rather

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31

Khan, Geoffrey. "The Neo-Aramaic dialect spoken by Jews from the region of Arbel (Iraqi Kurdistan)." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 62, no. 2 (1999): 213–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00016682.

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Aramaic-speaking Jewish communities used to be found in various towns and villages throughout north-eastern Iraq, north-western Iran and southern Turkey before the mass exodus of Iraqi Jewry to the state of Israel in 1950–51. In Iraq, the Aramaic speakers were found in an area that may be denned as the land lying above a line drawn on a map across the country through the towns of Musil and Kirkuk. Aramaic was not the first language of all Jews of the area. In the large towns of Musil, Kirkuk, Aqra, as well as Arbel, Arabic was the Jewish vernacular. In some villages the Jews spoke Kurdish as t

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32

Bakhash, Shaul. "Iran." American Historical Review 96, no. 5 (1991): 1479. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2165283.

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33

Obara, Norbert. "Krótka historia politycznej ekonomii Iranu w XX wieku." Studia Orientalne 5, no. 1 (2014): 117–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/so2014106.

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There are five main political and economical events in Iran history and five people who made history.First of all there is time of first iranian constitution and discover and exploration oil in Iran. Iran signed the agreement with British businessman and british government on exploration Iranian oil.It was not good deal for iranian economy.Second is time of Reza Khan who wanted changed Iran country in to modern, secular republic on the based of Ataturk Turkey.Third is time of nationalisation and prime minister Mossadeq who was the hero of Iranian nation. He wanted establish secular, national d

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34

Filippini, Bianca Maria. "The History of Theater in Iran." Middle Eastern Literatures 18, no. 2 (2015): 202–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1475262x.2014.928044.

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35

Hejazi, Mehrdad, Bina Hejazi, and Saba Hejazi. "EVOLUTION OF PERSIAN TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE THROUGH THE HISTORY." Journal of Architecture and Urbanism 39, no. 3 (2015): 188–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/20297955.2015.1088415.

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The architecture of Iran is wholly based on the comprehensive use of knowledge of both metaphysical and physical sciences. Architecture and structural engineering in Iran involve a great range of buildings distributed over a vast area from the borders of China to the Mediterranean coastlines. Certain design elements, developed by Iranian architecture and aesthetics, persisted for thousands of years and exerted a marked effect on other successive styles of construction throughout the world. Architecture in Iran solved complicated structural problems and created magnificent architectural masterp

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36

Arab-Zozani, Morteza, Mobin Sokhanvar, Edris Kakemam, Tahereh Didehban, and Soheil Hassanipour. "History of Health Technology Assessment in Iran." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 36, no. 1 (2020): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462319003489.

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This article describes the characteristics of the health system and reviews the history of health technology assessment (HTA) in Iran, including its inception, processes, challenges, and lessons learned. This study was conducted by analyzing existing documents, reports, and guidelines related to HTA and published articles in the field. HTA in Iran has been established since the late 2000s and was first introduced as a secretariat by the Deputy of Health at the Ministry of Health and Medical Education. The mission of the HTA office is to systematically assess technologies to improve evidence-in

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37

Davari, Arash. "Writing Iran from Exile." Comparative Islamic Studies 13, no. 1-2 (2019): 151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/cis.39190.

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A Social History of Iranian Cinema, vol. 1: The Artisanal Era, 1897-1941. by Hamid Naficy. Duke University Press, 2011. 456pp., Pb. $28.95 ISBN-13: 9780822347750.  A Social History of Iranian Cinema, vol. 2: The Industrializing Years, 1941-1978, by Hamid Naficy. Duke University Press, 2011. 560pp., Pb. $29.95. ISBN- 13: 9780822347743.  A Social History of Iranian Cinema, vol. 3: The Islamicate Period, 1978-1984. by Hamid Naficy. Duke University Press, 2012. 288pp., Pb. $25.95. ISBN-13: 9780822348771.  A Social History of Iranian Cinema, vol. 4: The Globalizi

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38

Mansouri, Aylar. "The Impact of War on Emergence of Depression and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder on Iranian Veterans of Iran-Iraq War." European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 11, no. 2 (2017): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v11i2.p70-82.

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Iran has been involved in many wars throughout its ancient history, a vivid example is the Iran-Iraq war. This imposed war was ongoing during September 1980 – August 1988 (Mohsenian, 2008). ).The main goal of this study was to investigate differences depression and PTSD symptoms in veterans who participated in the Iran-Iraq compared to community sample. The objectives of this research were: 1.Comparing depression in soldiers who are PTSD patients and ordinary people. 2. Comparing PTSD symptoms in soldiers and ordinary people. The research hypotheses were formulated according to the defined obj

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39

Ahmed, Yakoob. "Muhammad Husayn Na’ini, Caught between Empires and Nations." Archiv orientální 91, no. 3 (2024): 423–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.47979/aror.j.91.3.423-445.

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Ayatollah Mirza Muhammad Husayn Gharawi Na’ini was an Iranian Shia-alim born in Nain, Iran, to a respected scholarly family. He completed his training in religious studies in Iran before moving to the provinces of Ottoman Iraq to study under the famous usuli scholars Mirza Muhammad Hasas Shirazi in Samara and Akhund Mullah Muhammad Kazim Khurasani in Najaf. In Ottoman Iraq, Na’ini then wrote his renowned work on Islamic constitutionalism during the regional revolutionary period in 1909. In 1911, Na’ini supported the call for Muslim unity with the Sunnis of the Ottoman Empire as Italy invaded L

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40

Schahgaldian, Nikola B. "Iran after Khomeini." Current History 89, no. 544 (1990): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.1990.89.544.61.

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41

Baktiari, Bahman, and Haleh Vaziri. "Iran: Doubting Reform?" Current History 102, no. 660 (2003): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2003.102.660.36.

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42

Çencen, Namık. "Comparing the Turkish and Iranian history textbooks in the sample of us and the otherBiz ve öteki örnekleminde Türk ve İran tarih ders kitaplarının karşılaştırılması." Journal of Human Sciences 14, no. 2 (2017): 1327. http://dx.doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v14i2.4521.

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The work of "us and the other" in the history textbook researches is one of the topics that attracted the attention of the researchers recently. In this research, “Us and the other” sample tried to determine how Iran and relations with Iran are explained in high school history textbooks taught in Turkey and how Turks and relations with Turks are explained in the high school history text book which was taught in Iran. The study was a qualitative research and document and record examination methods and techniques were used. The texts in Turkish history textbooks and Iranian history textbooks wer

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43

Hoseinpour, Bagher, and Sibel Kalaycioglu. "An inquiry into the Milan tribe with an introduction to nomadism in Iran." Laplage em Revista 7, no. 1 (2020): 104–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24115/s2446-6220202171250p.104-121.

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Iran with its unique geographically most suitable for animal husbandry and has always been a home for myriad of tribes who have played a significant role in its socio-political history. Milan, among the many, is one of the largest nomadic Kurdish tribes in West Azarbaijan province, about which no information except for few is available. Applying qualitative method and semi-in-depth structural interviews and reviewing historical documents, we examined the historical roots of Milan and its socio-economic life in Iran. The findings show that Milan is originally a large Kurdish confederacy in nort

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44

Mahmoudi, Vahid. "Poverty Changes during the Three Recent Development Plans in Iran (1995-2007)." African and Asian Studies 10, no. 2-3 (2011): 157–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156921011x587013.

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AbstractThe purpose of this study is to analyse the degree of poverty in Iran and how it changed over time during the second, third and fourth (first three years) five-year national development plans (1995-2007). It does this by documenting overall poverty levels and poverty within regional subgroups, using the micro-level data set of household expenditure survey conducted by the Statistical Centre of Iran (SCI) in 1995, 1999, 2004 and 2007. I have found an increase in all poverty measures in rural regions and a decrease in urban areas during the second development plan (1995-1999). The countr

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45

Assadoorian, Alice. "Targetting Iran." Iran and the Caucasus 12, no. 2 (2008): 401–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338408x406155.

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46

Lecours, Francine. "L’URSS face à la guerre du Golfe, une stratégie singulière." Études internationales 17, no. 4 (2005): 785–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/702087ar.

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Soon after the opening of hostilities between Iran and Iraq in September 1980, the Soviet Union offered military assistance to Tehran while simultaneously suspending arms deliveries to Baghdad, a formerly faithful client. Following Iran s refusal of assistance, and possibly in reaction to a percieved threat from the spreading of Iran's Islamic revolution, Moscow re-opened arms shipments to Iraq. This ambivalent behavior on the part of the Soviet Union is partially explained by the history of its interests in the region. The Soviet Union has long Had strategic ambitions to bring Iran under its

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47

Alterman, Jon B. "Iran: Came the Revolution." Current History 100, no. 642 (2001): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2001.100.642.27.

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Long-time watchers of Iranian politics [believe] Iran is moving away from the politics of Islamic revolution and toward the traditional politics of Iran. … [But] authoritarianism is a recurring theme in Iranian history, and some Iranian scholars openly wonder whether the reformists will be any less authoritarian than the conservative clerics.

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48

Seddigh, Ruohollah, and Somayeh Azarnik. "History of Contemporary Cultural Psychiatry in Iran." Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology 26, no. 4 (2021): 524–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/ijpcp.26.3.2117.1.

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Cultural psychiatry is one of the relatively new trends in psychiatry that has received much attention today. During the last century, many Iranian psychiatrists have taken steps to introduce various aspects of cultural psychiatry from the field of epidemiology to the cultural conceptualization of psychiatric disorders. This narrative review article tries to refer to the history of contemporary cultural psychiatry and the efforts have been made in this field by Iranian psychiatrists between 1936 and 2019. It seems that the introduction of these efforts as educational resources to residents and

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49

Marcinkowski, Christoph. "Ervand Abrahamian, A History of Modern Iran." ICR Journal 2, no. 2 (2011): 406–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.52282/icr.v2i2.661.

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Ervand Abrahamian, the author of this well-written book and a member of Iran’s ethnic Armenian minority, is Distinguished Professor of History at Baruch College and Graduate Center of City University of New York. His previous publications, among them The Iranian Mojahedin (1989), Khomeinism (1993) and Tortured Confessions (1999), feature more or less the left-wing political perspective of their author - especially in terms of socio-political and socio-economic analysis.

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Chehabi, H. E. "A political history of football in Iran." Iranian Studies 35, no. 4 (2002): 371–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00210860208702025.

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