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Journal articles on the topic 'Iran'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Ahmad Zainal Mustofa and Nurus Syarifah. "POLITIK OFENSIF AMERIKA SERIKAT TERHADAP SIKAP DEFENSIF IRAN: DARI PERANG PROKSI HINGGA DOMINASI." Indonesian Journal of International Relations 5, no. 2 (2021): 118–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32787/ijir.v5i2.203.

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ABSTRACT This article describes the conflict between the United States and Iran in the form of a proxy war taking place in Syria and Yemen. The conflict culminated in the attack from US against Iran on January 3, 2020 in Iraq. The proxy war that took place between US and Iran, the plan of the US when cornered by Iran, and Iran’s response to the actions of the US will be explain in this paper. This study uses Offense-Defense theory as a means of analyzing the two countries. The method used in this research is descriptive analytical. The research concludes that the US and Iran are involved

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2

İpek, Fatih Oğuzhan. "Iraq and Iran: A Poliheuristic Assessment of the Iraq-Iran War." Journal of Humanity and Society (insan & toplum) 15, no. 1 (2025): 78–93. https://doi.org/10.12658/m0755.

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The Iraq-Iran crisis stands as one of the most intricate conflicts in the Middle East. This study employs the poliheuristic (PH) theory to scrutinize Iraq’s decision-making throughout the crisis. Utilizing Mintz’s (1993, 2004) PH model, the research aims to uncover the decision-making processes and outcomes during this period by scrutinizing the major policy dimensions and options accessible to Iraq’s leadership. In addition, it seeks an answer to the question of why Iraq, as a rising power in Middle Eastern politics, waged war against revolutionary Iran rather than sustaining diplomacy effort

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3

Kiianytsia, V. "THE EVOLUTION OF IRAN-IRAQ RELATIONS IN THE SADDAM AND POST-SADDAM ERA." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. International relations, no. 1 (55) (2022): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2292.2022/1-55/46-53.

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The evolution of relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Republic of Iraq from the end of the Iran-Iraq War (1988) to the Iraqi political crisis (2021-2022) is considered. The key stages of Iraq's political transformation and the impact of such changes on the state of Iran-Iraq relations are examined. The position of the Republic of Iraq in the Iran's regional policy is determined. The character of Iran-Iraq relations at the current stage is established, the challenges and prospects for its further development are formulated.

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4

Bibi, Fozia, and Lubna Abid Ali. "Linkage Between US invasion of Iraq, Arab Spring and Emergence of Daesh: Beginning of New Era for Iran." Global International Relations Review V, no. II (2022): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/girr.2022(v-ii).08.

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The role of Iran is essential to analyze the politics of the Middle East. Post 9/11 few events such as the USA invasion of Iraq, the Arab spring and the emergence of Daesh has altered the traditional power structure of the region and also enhanced the role of Iran in the politics of the region. This study analyzes the role of domestic and structural factors in the shaping of the foreign policy behavior of Iran. Iraq remained a strong power under Saddam till the US invasion of Iraq in March 2003. Though, the US invasion ended a dictatorship but failed to provide stability, peace and a unified g

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5

Çakı, Caner. "İran-Irak Savaşı’nda Kullanılan İran Propaganda Posterlerinin Göstergebilimsel Analizi." İran Çalışmaları Dergisi 2, no. 1 (2018): 11–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33201/iranian.452762.

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6

Balta, Paul. "Le conflit Irak-Iran." Maghreb - Machrek N° 113, no. 3 (1986): 47–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/machr1.113.0047.

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7

Mahdi, Akbar. "Revolution: Iraq & Iran." Teaching Sociology 19, no. 2 (1991): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1317878.

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8

Byrne, Malcolm. "The Iran–Iraq War." Iranian Studies 46, no. 4 (2013): 669–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00210862.2013.784533.

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9

Arnett, Eric. "Iran is not Iraq." Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 54, no. 1 (1998): 12–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00963402.1998.11456800.

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10

Rundle, Christopher. "The Iran/Iraq conflict." Asian Affairs 17, no. 2 (1986): 128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03068378608730220.

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11

Ribau, Patrick. "Le conflit Irak-Iran." Recherches Internationales 19, no. 1 (1986): 43–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rint.1986.3064.

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12

Fatima Raza. "US-Iran Tensions and Instability in Iraq: Role of the Popular Mobilisation Units." Strategic Studies 41, no. 2 (2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.53532/ss.041.02.0053.

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Popular Mobilisation Units (PMU) is the largest umbrella organisation in Iraq encompassing more than 40 of these paramilitary forces with many of them having deep ties with Iran. Recent killing of the PMU leader Abu Mahdi al Muhandis along with his ally, the Iranian General Qassem Soleimani in a US drone strike concurred a huge loss for Iran and the PMU who had long enjoyed cooperation and influence within Iraq. The PMU, in the absence of its trusted leadership; is predicted to fall apart from within causing instability in Iraq which has been brought about by reckless war-mongering between the

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13

Bobkin, Nikolay. "The Iranian-American competition in Iraq: the political defeat of the United States." Russia and America in the 21st Century, no. 2 (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207054760015847-8.

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The article gives an assessment of Iran&apos;s policy in neighboring Iraq during the years of the American occupation. The author&apos;s scientific hypothesis is that after the US invasion of Iraq in 2003, Iran, and not America, became the real beneficiary of the overthrow of Saddam Hussein. The Iranian leadership, interested in changing the Baathist regime in Baghdad, having received such a strategic gift, did everything to use the US military presence to its advantage. The purpose of this study is to analyze the strategy of expanding Iran&apos;s influence in Iraq and its impact o

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14

Milani, Mohsen M. "Iran, the Status Quo Power." Current History 104, no. 678 (2005): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2005.104.678.30.

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Iran appears ready to discuss the future of Iraq as well as other security issues with the United States. It remains uncertain for Tehran whether a ‘tactical consensus’ on Iraq could … lead to a marked improvement in US-Iran relations.

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15

Szalontai, Balázs, and Yoo Jinil. "Maneuvering between Baghdad and Tehran: North Korea's Relations with Iraq and Iran during the Cold War." Journal of Cold War Studies 25, no. 2 (2023): 179–247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_01119.

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Abstract This article explores how North Korean leaders tried to maneuver between Iran and Iraq to gain greater leverage in the Cold War. Both of these Middle Eastern countries seemed potentially attractive partners for Pyongyang, but they were often on hostile terms with each other. The article considers how the Iraq-Iran rivalry and domestic changes in Iraq and Iran affected North Korean policy. Even when Pyongyang's cooperation with one or the other of the two states reached a high level, the North Koreans also reached out to the other country, regardless of the position of either state and

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Yakubovich, Azimov Habibullo. "HISTORY AND CURRENT STATE OF IRAQ- IRAN RELATIONS." American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology 6, no. 5 (2024): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajpslc/volume06issue05-09.

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From the 1968 Baath Party coup to the 2003 US invasion of Iraq, relations between Baghdad and Tehran have never been good-neighborly or normal. Therefore, the overthrow of Saddam Hussein can be considered as one of the turning points in Iran-Iraq relations. This article elaborates on the Iraq-Iran relationship and the ethnic, religious, sectarian and external forces that influence it.

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17

Robins, Philip. "Iran and Iraq at war." International Affairs 65, no. 1 (1988): 171–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2621055.

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18

Ehteshami, Anoushiravan. "Iran‐Iraq relations after Saddam." Washington Quarterly 26, no. 4 (2003): 115–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/016366003322387145.

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19

Hassan-Yari, Houchang. "Iran and Iraq - GCC Rapprochement." Middle East Policy 25, no. 4 (2018): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mepo.12377.

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20

Abdalla, Aufa Ulil Abshar, Ghozali Said, and Rubaidi. "MANUVER IRAN DALAM KONTESTASI GEOPOLITIK DI TIMUR TENGAH PASCA REVOLUSI ISLAM." CARITA: Jurnal Sejarah dan Budaya 3, no. 1 (2024): 16–36. https://doi.org/10.35905/carita.v3i1.10927.

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Hari demi hari, Iran terus melancarkan serangan terhadap pangkalan AS, mengancam posisi AS di Timur Tengah. Sejak Revolusi Islam di Iran pada tahun 1979 yang menggulingkan monarki Iran di bawah pemerintahan Mohammad Reza Pahlavi yang diketahui mendapat tekanan imperialisme AS, hubungan Iran-AS semakin memburuk. Meski menghadapi banyak sanksi dari AS, Iran, meski menjadi salah satu negara yang paling terkena sanksi di dunia, berhasil memperkuat pengaruhnya di Timur Tengah. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah analisis kualitatif literatur politik, ekonomi, dan sosial. Temuan penelitian ini m

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21

SADEGHI, Hossein Mir Mohammad. "Iran / Iran." Revue internationale de droit pénal 74, no. 1 (2003): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/ridp.741.0325.

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22

Hamad, Mudhafar Ahmed, and Azadeh Falsafian. "Modeling Asymmetric Effects of Exchange Rate Fluctuations on Agricultural Trade Balance: Evidence from Iran and Iraq." Agris on-line Papers in Economics and Informatics 16, no. 2 (2024): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.7160/aol.2024.160204.

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The exchange rate plays a crucial role in foreign trade and has asymmetric effects. This study examines the asymmetric effects of exchange rate volatility on the trade balance in the agricultural sector between Iran and Iraq, using the non-linear ARDL model from 1998 to 2020. The results show that Iraq's GDP and oil price fluctuations positively affect the trade balance. In contrast, Iran's GDP and the U.S. economic sanctions against Iran have negative and significant effects on the trade balance of Iran with Iraq in the agriculture sector. The results do not confirm the existence of the J-cur

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23

Al-Sheikhly, Omar F., Heimo Mikkola, and Seyd B. Mousavi. "PHARAOH EAGLE-OWL BUBO ASCALAPHUS (SAVIGNY, 1809) (STRIGIFORMES, STRIGIDAE), THE “SHROUDED IN MYSTERY” OWL OF IRAQ AND IRAN." Bulletin of the Iraq Natural History Museum 16, no. 2 (2020): 219–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.26842/binhm.7.2020.16.2.0219.

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The easternmost extent of the Pharaoh Eagle-Owl Bubo ascalaphus (Savigny, 1809) distribution has remained enigmatic due to identification problems and lack of owl research. In Iraq, B. ascalaphus has been reported from only few localities in western Iraqi deserts; while its occurrence in Iran has not been reported before this study. In 2017–2020, several new records of B. ascalaphus in western through southeastern Iraq were made and a new distribution range in western Iran was confirmed. Furthermore, field identification, interspecific relationships and conservation status of B. ascalaphus in

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24

Prudnikov, V. V. "SECOND INTERNATIONAL SELJUK HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL SYMPOSIUM: IRAN (II. ULUSLARARASI SELÇUKLU TARIHI COĞRAFYASI İRAN SEMPOZYUMU), October 13–15, 2022." Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no. 2 (24) (2023): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2023-2-131-135.

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The review is devoted to the «Second International Seljuk Historical and Geographical Symposium Iran (II. Uluslararası Selçuklu Tarihi Coğrafyası İran Sempozyumu)», which was held on October 13–15, 2022 in Konya (Republic of Turkey) on the basis of the Center for Research on Seljuk Culture and Civilization of the University of Nacmettin Erbakan (Selçuklu Kültür Ve Medeniyeti Uygulama Ve Araştırma Merkezi Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi) with the support of the Turkish Historical Society (Türk Tarih Kurumu) and the Seljuk Municipality of Konya (Selçuklu Belediyesi, Konya). This event is held reg

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25

Mohsen Al-Gimavi, Sadegh, Mahmoud Bakhshi, Akram Ghanbari Moghaddam, Vahid Ghavami, and Hasanain Al-Khalidi. "A Comparative Study of Healthy Lifestyle of Iranian and Iraqi Elderly and Its Predictors." Salmand 18, no. 1 (2023): 118–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/sija.2022.3420.1.

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Objectives Lifestyle is influenced by differences in societies and changes in culture, social and environmental conditions, hence this study was conducted to determine and compare healthy lifestyle and its predictors in the elderly living in Iran and Iraq. Methods & Materials This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 800 elderly people over 60 years old who were referred to health centers in Najaf City, Iraq, and Mashhad City, Iran in 2021. The research units were selected by cluster probability sampling. Data were collected by demographic characteristic form, healthy lifestyle qu

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26

Zietlow, Nina. "The Politics of Monumentalizing Trauma: Visual Use of Martyrdom in the Memorialization of the Iraq-Iran War." Review of Middle East Studies 54, no. 1 (2020): 131–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rms.2020.11.

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This poster focuses on three mediums of commemoration: the monument, the memorial, and the museum as tools of state-sanctioned memory creation, and thereby spaces for politicized rituals of memory which further state-building projects. Specifically, during and after The Iran-Iraq war (1980-88) the al-Shaheed Monument (1983), and the Victory Arch (1989) in Baghdad and the Martyrs’ Museum (1996) in Tehran functioned as politically strategic representations of collective trauma. Both the Ba'ath party in Iraq and the emerging Islamic Republic in Iran used these sites to render and politicize memor

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Karamiani, Rasoul, Nasrullah Rastegar-Pouyani, and Eskandar Rastegar-Pouyani. "Phylogenetic relationships amongst the snake-eyed lizards of the genus Ablepharus Fitzinger, 1823 (Sauria, Scincidae) in the Iranian Plateau based on mtDNA sequences." Herpetozoa 34 (September 15, 2021): 183–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/herpetozoa.34.e66338.

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We recovered molecular phylogenetic relationships amongst species of the genus Ablepharus in Iran and Iraq. Partial sequences of three mitochondrial genes (cytochrome C oxidase subunit I – COI, 12S rRNA and 16S rRNA) were analysed. In addition, phylogenetic relationships and taxonomic evaluation of Ablepharus species in Cyprus, India, Greece, Turkey and Syria were performed using partial sequences of the 16S rRNA gene. Phylogenetic trees and estimated genetic distances showed that the Ablepharus populations of Iran and Iraq clustered into three distinct clades. One is found in northwest Iran (

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Karamiani, Rasoul, Nasrullah Rastegar-Pouyani, and Eskandar Rastegar-Pouyani. "Phylogenetic relationships amongst the snake-eyed lizards of the genus Ablepharus Fitzinger, 1823 (Sauria, Scincidae) in the Iranian Plateau based on mtDNA sequences." Herpetozoa 34, no. () (2021): 183–94. https://doi.org/10.3897/herpetozoa.34.e66338.

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We recovered molecular phylogenetic relationships amongst species of the genus Ablepharus in Iran and Iraq. Partial sequences of three mitochondrial genes (cytochrome C oxidase subunit I – COI, 12S rRNA and 16S rRNA) were analysed. In addition, phylogenetic relationships and taxonomic evaluation of Ablepharus species in Cyprus, India, Greece, Turkey and Syria were performed using partial sequences of the 16S rRNA gene. Phylogenetic trees and estimated genetic distances showed that the Ablepharus populations of Iran and Iraq clustered into three distinct clades. One is found in northwest Iran (

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Neri, Paolo, and Luca Toledano. "Bembidion (Ocydromus) terryerwini sp. nov. from Iran (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Bembidiina)." ZooKeys 1044 (June 16, 2021): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.63607.

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Bembidion (Ocydromus) terryerwinisp. nov. from Central Iran (Kerman and Yazd Provinces), described here, belongs to the decorum species group (Ocydromus Clairville, 1806). The new species is compared with the other taxa of this species group occurring in Iran and neighboring regions (Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkey, Iraq, Iran, South Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Turkmenistan).

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Neri, Paolo, and Luca Toledano. "Bembidion (Ocydromus) terryerwini sp. nov. from Iran (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Bembidiina)." ZooKeys 1044 (June 16, 2021): 221–28. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.63607.

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Bembidion (Ocydromus) terryerwini sp. nov. from Central Iran (Kerman and Yazd Provinces), described here, belongs to the decorum species group (Ocydromus Clairville, 1806). The new species is compared with the other taxa of this species group occurring in Iran and neighboring regions (Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkey, Iraq, Iran, South Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Turkmenistan).

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Abadi, Abbas Ranjbar Saadat, Nasim Hossein Hamzeh, Maggie Chel Gee Ooi, Steven Soon-Kai Kong, and Christian Opp. "Investigation of Two Severe Shamal Dust Storms and the Highest Dust Frequencies in the South and Southwest of Iran." Atmosphere 13, no. 12 (2022): 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13121990.

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Dust storms create some of the most critical air quality problems in the world; the Middle East, located in the dust belt, suffers substantially from dust storms. Iran, as a country in the Middle East, is affected by dust storms from multiple internal and external sources that mostly originate from deserts in Iraq and Syria (especially the Mesopotamia region). To determine the highest dust loadings in the south and west of Iran, dust frequencies were investigated in the eight most polluted stations in the west, southwest, and southern Iran for a period of 21 years from 2000 to 2021. During the

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Li, Haokai. "Irans Nuclear Ambition." Advances in Social Behavior Research 1, no. 1 (2021): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/asbr.2021003.

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The relations between Iran and the Western world has been deteriorating in the recent years due to Irans nuclear development. Irans nuclear program was firstly sponsored by the U.S. and western world, but now they deemed Iran is threatening regional security and world stabilization with its nuclear ambition. When facing the abominable situation create by the U.S. and rest of the world, Iran had no choice but to continually strengthening its national security. Fairly to say, Iran's nuclear aim is both motivated by its internal intension to be recognized as a powerful state and the external pres

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Li, Haokai. "Irans Nuclear Ambition." Advances in Social Behavior Research 1, no. 1 (2021): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7102/1/2021003.

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The relations between Iran and the Western world has been deteriorating in the recent years due to Irans nuclear development. Irans nuclear program was firstly sponsored by the U.S. and western world, but now they deemed Iran is threatening regional security and world stabilization with its nuclear ambition. When facing the abominable situation create by the U.S. and rest of the world, Iran had no choice but to continually strengthening its national security. Fairly to say, Iran's nuclear aim is both motivated by its internal intension to be recognized as a powerful state and the external pres

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34

Li, Haokai. "Irans Nuclear Ambition." Advances in Social Behavior Research 1, no. 1 (2021): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7102/1/asbr_003.

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The relations between Iran and the Western world has been deteriorating in the recent years due to Irans nuclear development. Irans nuclear program was firstly sponsored by the U.S. and western world, but now they deemed Iran is threatening regional security and world stabilization with its nuclear ambition. When facing the abominable situation create by the U.S. and rest of the world, Iran had no choice but to continually strengthening its national security. Fairly to say, Iran's nuclear aim is both motivated by its internal intension to be recognized as a powerful state and the external pres

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35

NABOZHENKO, MAXIM V., and FARHAD ESHRAGHI MOFRAD. "Progress in the knowledge of the genus Penthicus Faldermann, 1836 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Opatrini) of Iraq, Iran and Pakistan with descriptions of 17 new species." Zootaxa 5573, no. 1 (2025): 1–100. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5573.1.1.

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The darkling beetles of the genus Penthicus Faldermann, 1836 (Tenebrionidae: Blaptinae: Opatrini) from Iraq, Iran and Pakistan are revised. We used male and female genitalia for the first time for taxonomy of Penthicus. The subgenus Stonavus Reitter, 1904, subg. resurr. is resurrected from the synonymy with Penthicus and incudes three species-groups. Composition of all subgenera of Penthicus is given. Seven species don’t pass to any defined subgenus and require revision. The following new synonym is introduced: Penthicus iners (Ménétriés, 1832) = P. obesus (Kulzer, 1964), syn. nov. In total, o

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Inbar, Efraim. "Iran und Israel: Ist ein Krieg unvermeidlich?" SIRIUS – Zeitschrift für Strategische Analysen 4, no. 4 (2020): 451–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sirius-2020-4006.

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ZusammenfassungDieser Aufsatz befasst sich mit dem wachsenden Einfluss Irans in der Politik des Nahen Ostens, dem iranischen Atomprogramm und den strategischen Konsequenzen der iranischen Ambitionen, die allesamt die Wahrscheinlichkeit eines direkten bewaffneten Konflikts zwischen Israel und Iran erhöhen. Er gelangt zu dem Schluss, dass Iran seine nuklearen und hegemonialen Ambitionen unvermindert fortsetzt. Etwaige Bemühungen, einen „Regimewechsel“ herbeizuführen, blieben erfolglos, und Iran macht unbeirrt weiter. Daher besteht eine hohe Wahrscheinlichkeit für einen direkten bewaffneten Konfl

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37

Herhiieva, V. "Application of the ideas of neorealism and neoliberal institutionalism in Iranian nuclear policy." National Technical University of Ukraine Journal. Political science. Sociology. Law, no. 2(46) (December 14, 2020): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2308-5053.2020.2(46).226605.

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The article examines two antagonistic theories of international relations – neorealism and neoliberal institutionalism using the case of Iran's nuclear policy. The author compares the approaches of neorealists and neoliberal institutionalists to the problem of nuclear proliferation and analyzes how these approaches can explain the evolution of Iran's military nuclear program. Iran is a country with significant energy resources, namely second place after Saudi Arabia in terms of oil reserves and second in terms of natural gas reserves after Russia; Iran also has a unique geographical location i

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Hairi, Nur Atika. "The Justifications for Saddam Invading Kuwait and the World Reaction." Sains Insani 8, no. 1 (2023): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.33102/sainsinsani.vol8no1.408.

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Abstract: This study examines the justification of Saddam in the Gulf War I. After settling the war with Iran, Saddam continues his action with the invasion of Kuwait by Iraqi forces. These actions got many reactions and responses, especially from Arab states, Iran, the Libyan Revolutionary Command Council (RCC), the United States (US), and United Nations (UN). This paper also tends to analyze the reaction towards the violence afflicted Kuwait, the UN’s role to overcome this conflict, as well as the reasons why Saddam invaded Kuwait. The impacts of this war will be highlighted in terms of dome

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Eskandarzadeh, Naeimeh. "Revised classification of the genus Eryx Daudin, 1803 (Serpentes: Erycidae) in Iran and neighbouring areas, based on mtDNA sequences and morphological data." Herpetological Journal, Volume 30, Number 1 (January 1, 2020): 2–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33256/hj30.1.212.

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Several attempts have recently been made to elucidate taxonomic status and phylogenetic relationships among the species and subspecies of sand boas of the genus Eryx throughout their distribution range, with no stable consensus about their taxonomy. Here the phylogenetic relationships among the populations of Eryx in Iran and adjacent areas are studied based on two mitochondrial markers (cytb and 16S). Sixteen morphological characters were examined for evaluation of morphological differences among major populations. Ecological niche modeling was applied to demonstrate the potential distributio

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40

ÖZKAN, Hülya. "YAZILI BASINDA IRAK-İRAN SAVAŞI: DIŞ POLİTİKA DERGİSİ ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME." Siirt Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 9, no. 1 (2021): 81–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.53586/susbid.929497.

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Ortadoğu tarihinin en uzun ve kanlı savaşlarından olan Irak-İran Savaşı’nın hem bölge ülkeleri üzerinde hem de dünyadaki güç dengeleri açısından son derece önemli etkileri olmuştur. Bu çalışmada İran ile Irak arasında gerçekleşen savaşın Türkiye’deki basın yayın organları tarafından nasıl değerlendirildiği ve kamuoyuna nasıl aktarıldığı tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Dış Politika dergisinin dönemin uluslararası ilişkiler meselelerini farklı kesimlerden yazarlar tarafından geniş bir çerçevede ele alması niteliği taşıması derginin çalışma kapsamında örneklem olarak seçilmesinin gerekçelerindendi

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Prabaswari, Prabaswari. "Pengaruh Budaya Strategis pada Kepemimpinan dan Revolusi Islam Iran." Jurnal ICMES 5, no. 2 (2021): 186–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.35748/jurnalicmes.v5i2.107.

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Revolusi Islam Iran di bawah kepemimpinan Ayatollah Imam Khomeini merupakan fenomena yang mengguncang dunia. Khomeini sendiri adalah sosok pemimpin spiritual ulama dan sekaligus sebagai pemimpin politik yang sangat dihormati di Iran. Model kepemimpinan yang dipakai oleh Khomeini tersebut mendapatkan banyak ujian, di antaranya adalah perang Iran-Irak serta sanksi ekonomi AS atas alasan program nuklir. Dengan segala macam tantangan tersebut, Iran tetap berhasil membentuk pemerintahan konstitusional yang memberikan kekuatan luar biasa kepada elit ulama, sehingga dapat mengendalikan politik intern

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Pourarian, Hossein, Mahdi Naderinasab, and Seyed Abbas Biniaz. "Leadership in Sports Management: Strategies to Enhance Athlete Performance and Well-Being." International Journal of Innovation Management and Organizational Behavior 5, no. 1 (2025): 1–4. https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.ijimob.5.1.1.

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Objective: The objective of this article is to examine and compare the extent and nature of ethnic discrimination in employment rights as governed by the legal frameworks of Iraq and Iran. Methodology: This study employs a descriptive-analytical approach, drawing on a detailed examination of constitutional provisions, labor laws, and related legal documents from Iraq and Iran. The analysis is supplemented by a review of secondary sources, including reports from human rights organizations and international conventions to which both countries are signatories. Findings: The analysis reveals that

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Mironowicz, Eugeniusz. "Rola Iranu, Iraku i Syrii w polityce białoruskiej." Politeja 15, no. 53 (2018): 109–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.15.2018.53.07.

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The Role of Iran, Iraq and Syria in the Policy of the BelarusianRelations between Belarus and Iran, Iraq and Syria after 1998 took on the nature of political alliance. The factor connecting Belarus with these countries was their isolation by the West because of the policy of internal or foreign. Sanctions or restrictions imposed on these countries on the initiative or with the participation of the United States created an additional platform for Minsk agreements with Tehran, Baghdad and Damascus. Anti‑Americanism four countries has become a common feature of their foreign policy and defense co

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Axelgard, Frederick W. "Iraq and the War with Iran." Current History 86, no. 517 (1987): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.1987.86.517.57.

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Takeyh, Ray. "The Iran-Iraq War: A Reassessment." Middle East Journal 64, no. 3 (2010): 365–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3751/64.3.12.

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Al-Khafaji, Murtadha, Noorh Sajit, Shabnam Bazmi, and Mehrzad Kiani. "Patient’s Rights in Iran and Iraq." International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Forensic Medicine 11, no. 4 (2022): 34653. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/ijmtfm.v11i4.34653.

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Background: The aim of this study was to compare, review, and evaluate the studies on patients right in Iran and Iraq. Methods: This is a review study conducted by searching the Iranian and Iraqi databanks, such as Scientific Information Database (SID), Iranian Research Institute for Information Science and Technology, Iran Medex, Iraqi Academic scientific journals, and Google Scholar for both Iranian and Iraqi articles from 2002 to 2017 using the keywords, such as “Patient Rights”, “Patient Rights Charter”, “Patient Rights Observance”, “Iraq”, “Iran”, and “Patient Awareness and Rights”. Resul

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van Bruinessen, Martin. "The Kurds between Iran and Iraq." MERIP Middle East Report, no. 141 (July 1986): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3011925.

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Brzoska, Michael. "Profiteering on the Iran-Iraq war." Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 43, no. 5 (1987): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00963402.1987.11459538.

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Akhmedov, Vladimir M. "THE IRAN-BACKED MILITIAS IN IRAQ." Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no. 3 (29) (2024): 62–73. https://doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2024-3-062-073.

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Adib-Moghaddam, Arshin. "Inventions of the Iran–Iraq War." Critique: Critical Middle Eastern Studies 16, no. 1 (2007): 63–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10669920601148620.

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