Academic literature on the topic 'Iranian Sistan (Iran and Afghanistan)'
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Journal articles on the topic "Iranian Sistan (Iran and Afghanistan)"
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Mojibi, Fatemeh, and Vida Hojati. "The Female Reproductive Cycle of the Bedriaga Plate-Tailed Gecko,Teratoscincus bedriagai(Sauria: Gekkonidae) in Iran." International Journal of Zoology 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/782641.
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The Bedriaga Plate-tailed Gecko,Teratoscincus bedriagaiNikolsky, 1900, is distributed in the northern and eastern desert basins of the Central Plateau of Iran, Sistan, and the desert regions of southern Afghanistan. Iranian specimens are believed to be rare in collections. In this study, the reproductive cycle of this species has been investigated through focusing on oogenesis from 5 April to 5 August, 2013. Generally, 15 adult females were collected by hand at midnight from southern parts of Damghan County, situated in Semnan Province of Iran. Ovaries were removed and processed for the purpose of histological and morphometric studies. The results revealed that oocyte growth starts in early April and terminates in late July. Moreover, mating commences in spring, especially at the beginning of May, with oviposition occurring from late May to late July. Approximately, 1 to 2 eggs are laid by females per clutch with the possibility of producing a secondary clutch later in the season. The maximum reproductive activity takes place in May and continues with a decreasing trend in June and more reduction in July and finally ends in August. No significant difference was observed between right and left side of reproductive system. Therefore, oogenesis occurs from April to July, whileT. bedriagaifollows an oogenic cycle typical for temperate species.
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Allen, Mitchell, and William B. Trousdale. "Early Iron Age culture of Sistan, Afghanistan." Afghanistan 2, no. 1 (April 2019): 29–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afg.2019.0025.
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The Helmand Sistan Project, conducted by the Smithsonian Institution and Afghan Directorate of Archaeology and Historic Preservation in the 1970s but hitherto unpublished, uncovered through survey and excavation an extensive settlement system along the lower Helmand River dating to the late second and early first millennia BCE. Of note were a series of platform-based settlements in the Sar-o-Tar region east of the Helmand River along of a series of large canals first constructed at this time, which allowed for extensive cultivation in the otherwise deserted region. Excavations at one of these sites, Qala 169, gave us a rich understanding of the settlement pattern and material culture of the early Iron Age, including a style of hitherto-unknown fine ware wheel-made painted ceramics. Finds from Qala 169 are compared to at least 21 other related sites surveyed by the project in the lower Helmand Valley and in Sar-o-Tar. Comparisons are also made between this corpus and early Iron Age sites elsewhere in Afghanistan, Iran, South Asia, and Central Asia, showing that this material represented a unique regional style.
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Rashki, Alireza, and Dimitris Kaskaoutis. "Assessment of the dust sources over Central and Southwest Asia with emphasis on the Sistan dust storms." E3S Web of Conferences 99 (2019): 01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199901002.
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Central and Southwest (SW) Asia are usually suffered by dust events of various intensity due to extended arid/desert regions and, therefore, the statistical evaluation of the dust activity and sources over the region has received an increasing interest. This study analyses the characteristics of the dust events and their sources over the Central and Southwest Asia from 2002 to 2018, based on meteorological observations at stations in Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan, combined with Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) at 10 km × 10 km derived from MODIS and a new 1-km high resolution algorithm. The dust events are classified based on visibility recordings and WMO codes, as dusty days (vis<10 km) and dust storms for visibility below 1 km. In general, the highest frequency of the dust storms is observed in the Sistan Basin, Iran and around the deserts of southern Afghanistan, while the dust-plume pathways have a distinct north-to-south pattern, from Central Asia to SW Asia and the Arabian Sea. Trend analysis in the Deep Blue MODIS AOD retrievals shows positive AOD trends over large parts of the Central Asia and negative over the Southwest Asia and Sistan. High resolution (1-km) AODs indicated that some parts of the Hamoun ephemeral lakes and the eastern part of the Sistan basin are the most active hotspot areas for dust emissions.
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Mohaqeqi Kamal, Seyed Hossein, Hassan Rafiey, Homeira Sajjadi, Mehdi Rahgozar, Ezatollah Abbasian, and Maryam Sharifian Sani. "Territorial analysis of social welfare in Iran." Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy 31, no. 3 (October 2015): 271–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21699763.2015.1095580.
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The last few decades have seen increased theoretical and empirical interest in multi-dimensional measures of social welfare. The objective of this paper is to measure social welfare in Iranian provinces. To achieve this, we used a composite social welfare index (SWI) for Iran. The SWI was developed through the methodology of constructing composite indicators. The index comprises information on different social indicators from various life domains, including: health, education, economy, social security, housing, and employment. We then categorized Iranian provinces on the basis of SWI scores. The results show that value of the SWI was poor in provinces located in the periphery of the country. Furthermore, we found the best and worst performances in Yazd and Sistan and Balochestan, respectively.
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Abbasi, Hamidreza, Christian Opp, Micheal Groll, and Azadeh Gohardoust. "Wind regime and sand transport in the Sistan and Registan regions (Iran/Afghanistan)." Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, Supplementary Issues 62, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 41–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfg_suppl/2019/0543.
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DERAFSHAN, HOSSEIN ALI, MASSIMO OLMI, and EHSAN RAKHSHANI. "Taxonomy of Iranian Gonatopodinae (Hymenoptera, Dryinidae), with description of a new species." Zootaxa 4789, no. 2 (June 9, 2020): 371–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4789.2.3.
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Gonatopodinae (Hymenoptera, Chrysidoidea, Dryinidae) of Iran, were taxonomically reviewed. A recent sampling in South-Eastern Iran has led to the identification of eight species belonging to three different genera, Echthrodelphax Perkins (one species), Gonatopus Ljungh (six species), and Haplogonatopus Perkins (one species). A new species, Gonatopus opsiicida Rakhshani & Olmi sp. nov. is described and Illustrated. It was found in association with leafhoppers on Tamarix stricta Boiss., in Hamoon international wetlands (Sistan, Iran). Two species, E. tauricus Ponomarenko and G. lunatus Klug, are recorded for the first time from Iran A description was also provided for the previously recorded species. The key for identification and distribution maps are also provided for the known species of Gonatopodinae in Iran.
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Tahami, M. S., A. V. Gorochov, and S. Sadeghi. "Two new species of cave crickets of the genus Eremogryllodes (Orthoptera: Myrmecophilidae: Bothriophylacinae) from Iran." Zoosystematica Rossica 27, no. 2 (December 18, 2018): 322–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31610/zsr/2018.27.2.322.
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Two new species, Eremogryllodes spinulatus sp. nov. and E. balouchi sp. nov., are described from the south of Iran. These crickets were collected in caves located in Fars and Sistan & Balouchestan Provinces. They differ from other Iranian congeners mainly in some distinct characters of ventral ectoparameres in the male genitalia, namely structure of distal and proximal sclerites of ventral ectoparamere, and shape of dorsal ectoparamere and rachis.
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Tahami, M. S., A. V. Gorochov, and S. Sadeghi. "Two new species of cave crickets of the genus Eremogryllodes (Orthoptera: Myrmecophilidae: Bothriophylacinae) from Iran." Zoosystematica Rossica 27, no. 2 (December 18, 2018): 322–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31610/zsr/27.2.322.
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Two new species, Eremogryllodes spinulatus sp. nov. and E. balouchi sp. nov., are described from the south of Iran. These crickets were collected in caves located in Fars and Sistan & Balouchestan Provinces. They differ from other Iranian congeners mainly in some distinct characters of ventral ectoparameres in the male genitalia, namely structure of distal and proximal sclerites of ventral ectoparamere, and shape of dorsal ectoparamere and rachis.
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Milani, Mohsen M. "Iran's Policy Towards Afghanistan." Middle East Journal 60, no. 2 (April 1, 2006): 235–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3751/60.2.12.
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Since 1979, Iran's objectives in Afghanistan have changed as Afghanistan's domestic landscape changed. Still, Iran has consistently sought to see a stable and independent Afghanistan, with Herat as a buffer zone and with a Tehran-friendly government in Kabul, a government that reflects the rich ethnic diversity of the country. Toward those and other goals, Iran has created “spheres of influence” inside Afghanistan. During the Soviet occupation (1979-88), Iran created an “ideological sphere of influence” by empowering the Shi'ites. Iran then created a “political sphere of influence” by unifying the Dari/Persian-speaking minorities, who ascended to power. Iranian policies added fuel to the ferocious civil war in the 1990s. Astonishingly slow to recognize the threat posed by the Taliban, Iran helped create a “sphere of resistance” to counter the “Kabul-Islamabad-Riyadh” axis by supporting the Northern Alliance. Since the liberation of Afghanistan, Iran has also established an “economic sphere of influence” by engaging in the reconstruction of Afghanistan. Today, Iran's goals are to pressure the Afghan government to distance itself from Washington, and for Iran to become the hub for the transit of goods and services between the Persian Gulf and Afghanistan, Central Asia, India, and China. While Iran has been guilty of extremism and adventurism in some critical aspects of its foreign policy, its overall Afghan policy has contributed more to moderation and stability than to extremism and instability.
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Boyajian, Vahe S. "Is there an Ethno-religious Aspect in Balochi Identity?" Iran and the Caucasus 20, no. 3-4 (December 19, 2016): 397–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-20160309.
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The paper deals with certain aspects of the complex phenomenon of Balochi identity in their traditional habitat, including the Iranian province of Sistan and Baluchistan, the Pakistani province of Balochistan, as well as the areas of Afghanistan where the Baloches live compactly. Considering quite different socio-political and cultural situations in the mentioned environments, it is argued that the identity perceptions among the Baloches themselves and among the others towards the Baloches (Persian-speaking Shi‘a population in Iranian province, as well as mostly Sunni diverse ethnic groups in the Pakistani province and in Afghanistan) are not fixed ideas bound by ethnicity and/or religion, but, rather, flexible constructs dependent particularly upon the peripeteia of the state policies. The multiple aspects of the Balochi identity could constantly be negotiated, as well as manipulated by engaged parties. The main argument of this paper rests upon the speculation that the already existing and bona fide aspects of Balochi identity, such as ethnicity and religion, could be paralleled into the aggregate of ethno-religiousness depending on the socio-political and cultural landscape.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Iranian Sistan (Iran and Afghanistan)"
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Gazerani, Ameneh. "The Sistani cycle of epics." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1188999922.
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Meyer, Agnès. "Concurrence, coopération et collaboration en archéologie : l'exemple du Séistan, 1908-1984." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01H121/document.
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Le Séistan est une région semi désertique située entre l’est de l’Iran et l’ouest de l’Afghanistan. Le territoire fut habité de la préhistoire jusqu’à aujourd’hui. C’est pourquoi les savants européens et américains s’y intéressèrent dès les premières années du XXe siècle, période d’intense exploration de l’Asie centrale. La Délégation archéologique française en Iran (DAIFI), créée en 1900, puis la Délégation archéologique Française en Afghanistan (DAFA) créée en 1923, exerçaient un monopole officiel qui comprenait le Séistan. Cependant des missions allemandes, britanniques, italiennes et américaines explorèrent la région avant et après la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Certains sites jugés particulièrement prometteurs furent même fouillés. En 1984 l’Iran et l’Afghanistan fermèrent leurs portes aux archéologues pour des raisons politiques, et mirent ainsi fin, pour un temps, à ces travaux. Pendant 80 ans, sur un même terrain, se succédèrent ainsi et souvent se croisèrent des individus au statut complexe. Ils représentaient un Etat et une ou plusieurs institutions. Ils apportaient avec eux des pratiques, des méthodes, et des doxas spécifiques à une communauté scientifique. Cette étude examine leurs relations en tenant compte de cette complexité. Dans quelle mesure s’influencèrent-ils ? Furent-ils en concurrence au nom d’une nation ou d’une institution? Tentèrent-ils de coopérer? Allèrent-ils jusqu’à collaborer en vue d’un intérêt commun, dit universel ? Après une présentation générale des travaux effectués au Séistan, l’étude s’attarde en particulier sur les relations franco-allemandes. Enfin elle décrit le développement d’une science dite internationale, et en souligne les limitesThe Sistan is a semi-desert area located between the east of Iran and the west of Afghanistan. The territory has been continuously inhabited since prehistorical times. Therefore European and American scholars turned their attention to it from the early 20th century on a time of intense exploration of Central Asia. The French archaeological Delegation in Iran (DAFI), created in 1900, then the French archaeological Delegation in Afghanistan (DAFA), created in 1923, had an official monopoly which included the Sistan. Nevertheless German, British, Italian and American missions surveyed the area before and after the World War Two. Some sites, which seemed particularly promising, were excavated. In 1984 Iran and Afghanistan closed their doors to archaeologists for political reasons, and stopped temporarily all work. During 80 years, on a same area, individuals who had a complex status succeeded one another and often crossed each other. They all represented a state and one or many institutions. They came with practices, methods, and doxas specific to a scientific community. This study analyses their relations, to include their complexity. To what extent did they influence each other? Were they in competition in the name of a nation or an institution? Did they try to cooperate? Did they collaborate for a mutual, “universal”, purpose? After a global presentation of the works made in Sistan, the study examines more specifically the French and German relationships. Then it describes the development of a so called international science, and stresses its limits
Books on the topic "Iranian Sistan (Iran and Afghanistan)"
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Tabatabai, Ariane M. No Conquest, No Defeat. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197534601.001.0001.
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In early 2019, the Islamic Republic of Iran marked its fortieth anniversary, despite decades of isolation, political pressure, sanctions and war. Observers of its security policies continue to try and make sense of this unlikely endurance. Though there are significant disagreements about the Islamic Republic’s thinking and intentions, virtually everyone agrees that its policies are fundamentally different from those pursued by their monarchical predecessors. No Conquest, No Defeat offers a historically grounded overview of Iranian national security. Tabatabai argues that Iranian strategic thinking is perhaps best characterised by its dynamic yet resilient nature, one that is continually evolving and whose foundations were laid out decades ago. To understand Iran’s national security thinking and policies today, one must examine them in their historical context. As the Islamic Republic enters its fifth decade, this book sheds new light on Iran’s controversial nuclear and missile programmes, and its involvement in Afghanistan, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria and Yemen.
Book chapters on the topic "Iranian Sistan (Iran and Afghanistan)"
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Emery, Christian. "Viewing Afghanistan through the Prism of Iran." In US Foreign Policy and the Iranian Revolution, 154–72. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137329875_8.
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Ghahari, Hassan, Gary A. P. Gibson, and Gennaro Viggiani. "Diversity of Iranian Chalcidoidea." In Chalcidoidea of Iran (Insecta: Hymenoptera), 399–410. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789248463.0399.
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Abstract This chapter tabulates the species diversity of Iranian Chalcidoidea by family, the species newly exclude from Iran, the species presently considered as endemic to Iran and the number of species of each family that are known from each of the 31 provinces that comprise Iran. It also tabulates the fauna of Iran compared with those of 15 adjacent countries having land and sea borders with Iran: Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Turkmenistan and United Arab Emirates, as well as the former USSR. Finally, comments are provided concerning the importance of accurate taxonomy and species checklists to help resolve economic issues resulting from agricultural and forestry pest insects.
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Ghahari, Hassan, Gary A. P. Gibson, and Gennaro Viggiani. "Diversity of Iranian Chalcidoidea." In Chalcidoidea of Iran (Insecta: Hymenoptera), 399–410. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789248463.0021a.
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Abstract This chapter tabulates the species diversity of Iranian Chalcidoidea by family, the species newly exclude from Iran, the species presently considered as endemic to Iran and the number of species of each family that are known from each of the 31 provinces that comprise Iran. It also tabulates the fauna of Iran compared with those of 15 adjacent countries having land and sea borders with Iran: Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Turkmenistan and United Arab Emirates, as well as the former USSR. Finally, comments are provided concerning the importance of accurate taxonomy and species checklists to help resolve economic issues resulting from agricultural and forestry pest insects.
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"Iran and Afghanistan: The Sistan Basin." In Natural Resources and Conflict, 76–79. UN, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/c1159e4f-en.
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"Iran et Afghanistan: Le bassin du Sistan." In Ressources Naturelles et Conflits, 121–27. UN, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/f30aa704-fr.
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Hiro, Dilip. "The Saudi-Iranian Race to Influence the Muslim World." In Cold War in the Islamic World, 111–24. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190944650.003.0007.
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Saudi Arabia backed the Islamization drive by Pakistan’s military ruler General Zia ul Haq, a Sunni. Its official aid to his government was supplemented by contributions from Islamic charities, foundations, mosque collections, and royal princes. When Haq issued a decree in July 1980 for the compulsory collection of religiously enjoined tax of zakat, to be used as charity by the state, Shia leaders protested. They argued that they were required to pay one-fifth of their trading profits to a grand ayatollah of their choice. Haq issued an exemption for Shias. But he and the military’s Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) directorate encouraged radical elements in the Society of Scholars of Islam organization to form a militantly Sunni group, Sipah-e-Sahaba. It secured additional funding from Riyadh’s General Intelligence Directorate. After igniting anti-Shia riots in Lahore in 1986, it started killing prominent Shias. Militant Shias formed Soldiers of Muhammad group to commit tit-for-tat assassinations. The killing of the Iranian Counsel General in Lahore highlighted the Saudi-Iranian proxy war. In Afghanistan, when Moscow intervened militarily in December 1979, Khomeini condemned it. Iran implemented its own anti-Soviet campaign in Afghanistan while staying clear of the US-Saudi-Pakistani jihad against the Soviet-backed regime in Kabul.
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Bozarslan, Hamit. "Violence and War in the Middle East in the 1980s." In Identity, Conflict and Politics in Turkey, Iran and Pakistan, translated by John Angell, 129–40. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190845780.003.0008.
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This chapter discusses how important historical breaks are in the transformation of the identity categories that are relevant for mobilizations. In particular, year 1979 is a break-year in the history of the Middle East and opens a new historical cycle. However, the Camp David Accords and the occupation of Afghanistan are perceived as “treason” by the Arab nationalist left and the internationalist left respectively. Meanwhile, the Iranian Revolution and the Ka'aba occupation by Islamist activists signal the move from the leftist “revolutionary idea” to Islamism that had until then been omitted because it was considered a “servant of imperialism.” Even if these four events—with their own historicity—have no causality links, their contemporaries, through their understanding and subjectivities, put the events in relation. They give the events a new meaning; they transform the events into new markers of new “political realities.”
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Alaedini, Pooya. "Afghan Migrants in Tehran." In Mobility and Forced Displacement in the Middle East, 103–32. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197531365.003.0006.
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Persistent upheavals in Afghanistan since 1978 have resulted in the exodus of a large number of its citizens, with neighboring Iran and Pakistan becoming host to most of these forced migrations. According to Iran’s census figures, there were 1,452,513 documented Afghans living in the country in 2011. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) has given a figure of 951,142 for documented Afghan refugees in Iran as of May 2015. In addition to this, UNHCR also reported 620,000 Afghan visa holders and from 1.5 to 2 million undocumented Afghans. The Iranian government has emphasized repatriation as a policy goal vis-à-vis Afghan migrants and has carried out voluntary return initiatives with the assistance of international organizations. However, the voluntary return of 902,000 Afghans from Iran between 2002 and 2012 appears to have been offset by fresh migration that has maintained their overall population in the country.
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Hiro, Dilip. "The Gulf Rivals’ Eastward March." In Cold War in the Islamic World, 163–200. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190944650.003.0010.
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As de facto ruler, Crown Prince Abdullah aided the Taliban, a hard line Islamic fundamentalist party in Afghanistan, created by Pakistan in 1994 during the civil war. Assisted by Islamabad and Riyadh, the Taliban captured Kabul in September 1996. In their spring and summer 1998 offensives, they seized more territory. During their capture of Mazare Sharif, eleven diplomats from Iran’s consulate “disappeared”. The subsequent tensions between Iran and the Taliban escalated to the point when Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guards carried out military exercises near the Afghan border. Thus pressured, the Taliban handed over the Iranian diplomats’ corpses. President Khatami was quick to condemn the 9/11 attacks masterminded by Osama bin Laden based in Afghanistan. In contrast, the widely shared view of senior Saudi princes was that 9/11 was part of the Zionist conspiracy to get Washington fired up to launch a worldwide campaign against Islamic terrorism. Iran clandestinely supplied intelligence on the Taliban on the eve of Washington’s anti-Taliban campaign in October 2001. Yet in January 2002, President George W. Bush included Iran along with Iraq in his “Axis of Evil.” Ignoring Abdullah’s opposition to aggression against any Arab country, Bush ordered invasion and occupation of Iraq in March 2003.
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Giustozzi, Antonio. "The Arab Gulf connections of the Taliban." In Pan-Islamic Connections, 141–54. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190862985.003.0007.
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Antonio Giustozzi’s chapter charts out the reactionary policies of Gulf monarchies to the evolving regional politics in Afghanistan and to changing perceptions of American hegemony post 2003. It traces the post-9/11 funding of the Afghan Taliban sourcing from Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Qatar. The competition between Iran and these Sunni funders in buying hegemony in the region is explored as also the competitive dynamics amongst the Sunni funders themselves, particularly the Saudis and Qataris. The role of Pakistan in lobbying for the involvement of the Gulf powers in nurturing the Afghan Taliban while simultaneously pursuing the ‘peace process’ is equally scrutinized. Finally, the complications caused by Pakistan’s conciliatory approach towards the Iranian presence along with the Taliban and a subsequent fallout between the Gulf and Pakistani agendas are explained.