Relevant bibliographies by topics / Iraq – Politics and government – 1991-

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Iraq – Politics and government – 1991-'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 March 2023
Last updated: 31 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Iraq – Politics and government – 1991-"

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İPEK, FATİH OĞUZHAN. "From the Invasion to the October Protests: Iraq’s Search for Stability Caught in U.S.-Iran Crossfire." Insight Turkey 26, Spring 2024 (2024): 321–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.25253/99.2024262.17.

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Iraq was a significant regional power during the Saddam Hussein regime, especially in his first years of reign. However, the Gulf Wars and the end of the Cold War almost wiped-out Iraq’s military and political capabilities in the region. Beginning with Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait in 1990, the country was smothered under harsh UN sanctions and invasive weapons inspections. Ironically, the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq gave a huge room for Iranian influence on Iraqi politics, which harbored a U.S.-Iranian battle for influence. The U.S.-Iran competence and successive Iraqi governments’ failure to deliv
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HERRING, ERIC. "Between Iraq and a hard place: a critique of the British government's case for UN economic sanctions." Review of International Studies 28, no. 1 (2002): 39–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210502000396.

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In this article I outline the case made by the British government for UN economic sanctions on Iraq, and indicate many of the silences in, and counters to, it. When these silences and counters are taken into consideration, the British government's denial of any share of the responsibility for the devastation of Iraqi society becomes unsustainable. Iraqis have had their human rights violated on a vast scale not only by the regime but also by UN economic sanctions which have exacerbated the effects of the UN coalition's bombing of Iraq in 1991.
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Joffe, George. "Middle Eastern views of the Gulf conflict and its aftermath." Review of International Studies 19, no. 2 (1993): 177–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210500119023.

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There can be little doubt that the conflict between the UN-authorized and US-led Multinational Coalition and Iraq at the start of 1991, as a result of the Iraqi Ba'athist regime's decision in August 1990 to invade and annex Kuwait, has produced profound changes in the political and diplomatic environment of the Middle East and North Africa, as well as in Mashriqi and Maghribi political attitudes. The new atmosphere of confidence amongst the governments and peoples of the Arab states of the Gulf is clear evidence of these changes, as is the dejection felt in capitals such as Amman, Sanaa and Tu
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ARMSTRONG, DAVID, and THEO FARRELL. "Force and Legitimacy in World Politics: Introduction." Review of International Studies 31, S1 (2005): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210505006893.

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This volume was produced in the context of the crisis of legitimacy that occasioned the 2003 Iraq War. As is well known, a bitter feud broke out in the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) over the legality of using force against Iraq. The US government justified going to war in the context of a new doctrine of preventive use of force for self-defence – a doctrine that was soon named after President George W. Bush. The British government anchored its case for war in two previous UNSC resolutions; res. 678 which originally authorised use of force against Iraq in the 1990–91 Gulf War, and res.
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Ali, Othman. "A Modern History of the Kurds, 3d rev. ed." American Journal of Islam and Society 23, no. 1 (2006): 92–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v23i1.1642.

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This extensive survey of the Kurds’ history is divided into five sections:“The Kurds in the Age of Tribe and Empire,” “Incorporating the Kurds,”“Ethno-nationalism in Iran,” “Ethno-nationalism in Iraq,” and “Ethnonationalismin Turkey.” An introduction on Kurdish identity and social formation, as well as four appendices discussing the Treaty of Sèvres and theKurds of Syria, Lebanon, and Caucasia, are also included. David McDowall,a noted British specialist on Middle Eastern minority affairs and anacknowledged expert on Kurdish studies, has extensively revised the 1996second edition of his book.
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ENTESSAR, NADER. "MICHAEL M. GUNTER, The Kurdish Predicament in Iraq: A Political Analysis (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999), Pp. 191. $39.95 cloth." International Journal of Middle East Studies 33, no. 2 (2001): 331–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743801422069.

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This work is a follow-up to Michael Gunter's earlier book, The Kurds of Iraq: Tragedy and Hope (St. Martin's Press, 1992). In that book, which was published shortly after the first democratic elections in Iraqi Kurdistan and the subsequent establishment of the Kurdish regional government (KRG), Gunter was somewhat optimistic about the prospects for realizing Kurdish national aspirations in Iraq. The book under review, however, strikes a more pessimistic tone based on political developments in Iraqi Kurdistan in the 1990s. The main focus of the book is on the causes of continuing conflict betwe
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Glennon, Michael J. "The Constitution and Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter." American Journal of International Law 85, no. 1 (1991): 74–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2203559.

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Does Security Council Resolution 678, read in conjunction with the United Nations Charter, confer authority on the President under United States domestic law to introduce the United States Armed Forces into hostilities? The operative part of the resolution provides that the Security Council:1.Demands that Iraq comply fully with resolution 660(1990) and all subsequent relevant resolutions, and decides, while maintaining all its decisions, to allow Iraq one final opportunity, as a pause of goodwill, to do so;2.Authorizes Member States co-operating with the Government of Kuwait, unless Iraq on or
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Orchard, Phil. "Regime-Induced Displacement and Decision-Making Within the United Nations Security Council: The Cases of Northern Iraq, Kosovo, and Darfur." Global Responsibility to Protect 2, no. 1 (2010): 101–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187598410x12602515137455.

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AbstractRegime-Induced Displacement – when governments deliberately use coercive tactics to cause mass displacement – is an increasing phenomenon. It is a problem for the international community because these situations challenge the ability of international and non-governmental organisations to provide the displaced with basic levels of protection and assistance. Yet even while these crises frequently cross the threshold envisioned in the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) doctrine, the Security Council has generally avoided direct interventions, as the ongoing crisis in Darfur demonstrates. Thi
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Wróblewski, Bartosz. "Haszymidzkie Królestwo Jordanii w konfrontacji z ideologią panarabską (1946–1999). Z badań nad stabilnością polityczną monarchii arabskich." Polityka i Społeczeństwo 20, no. 4 (2022): 381–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/polispol.2022.4.26.

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Since early 1950s military coups were a frequent phenomenon in the Arab world. In consequence of that a lot of monarchies fell and they were replaced with republics. In fact, however, the politics became dominated by violence and the regimes quickly became oppressive dictatorships. The new governments made use of the pan-Arab ideology to legitimize their authority (which aimed at uniting Arabs from Morocco to Iraq). The small Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan became an important place of confrontation between the pan-Arab ideology and the monarchy, with its traditional legitimization of power. Since
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Et. al., Ahmed Mahmood Alaw Al-Samarrae ,. "The American-Turkish Political Relations 1991-2001 A.D." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 2 (2021): 2451–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i2.2079.

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The U.S. Turkish relations are one of the issues of interest to the researcher in the field of politics as it is a relationship between two important and active parties in the international arena, especially the Middle East region.
 The United States had a great interest in Turkey's siding with the West. Turkey also found its interest in that, so we found it a member of the NATO.
 In contrast to the expected after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Turkey's importance in the strategic perception of the United States did not end, especially since Turkey's geographical proximity
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Iraq – Politics and government – 1991-"

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CHAMS, EL DINE Chérine. "Stratégies de survie de l'autoritarisme : gestion de l'élite gouvernante dans l'Irak de Saddam Hussein." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/10456.

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Defence date: 10 December 2007<br>Examining Board: Prof. Hamit Bozarslan, (Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris) ; Prof. Jaap Dronkers, (Institut Universitaire Européen, Florence) ; Prof. Eberhard Kienle, (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris) ; Prof. Philippe Schmitter, (Institut Universitaire Européen)<br>PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses<br>Au début du 21ème siècle l’autoritarisme semble perdurer dans quelques régions du globe, notamment le monde arabe, où il résiste aux vagues de démocratisation successives. Ce travail s
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Chowdhury, Rashed. "Negotiating identity : the Shī'ite ulama and the colonial state in Iraq, 1914-1924." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=99581.

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This thesis deals with the political role of the Shi`te ulama in Iraq between the British invasion of 1914 and the expulsion of leading Shi`ite mujtahids from Iraq by King Fayṣal I in 1924. The thesis argues that the conception of identity propagated by the Shi`te mujtahids underwent a transformation during this period. Whereas the mujtahids stressed the need for Islamic unity and encouraged an Iraqi national identity in the early years of this period, in later years some of them formulated a sect-based Iraqi Shi`ite identity in response to discrimination in favour of Sunnis by the monarchy.
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LaCoco, Kimberly. "British Prime Minister Tony Blair's Decision to Go to War in Iraq: An Evaluation of Motivating Factors." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2009. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc9842/.

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Blair sent British troops to join U.S. forces in the invasion of Iraq in 2003 at great political cost to himself. What motivated him to take this step? Sources for this work include: autobiographies and biographies of individuals close to Blair; journal and newspaper articles and monographs on this topic; Prime Minister's speeches and press conferences. Part one is comprised of five chapters including the Introduction; Blair's years at school; Blair's early political career; and From Parliament to Prime Minister. Part two includes four chapters that analyze motivating factors such as, Anglo
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Shafafi, Pardis. "Secretly familiar : public secrets of a post traumatic diaspora." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/11830.

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In 1979, the socio-­political landscape of Iran was transformed beyond recognition. After years of conflict between the Shah and a myriad of political opposition groups, it seemed that the people had indeed triumphed over an authoritarian monarch. As is now widely known, their short lived victory transformed into a systematic programme of terror that turned back on and attacked those that the Islamic Republic deemed contrary to its values. The ‘bloody decade' of the 1980s saw thousands of executions and disappearances under the cloak of the war with neighbouring Iraq. The records of these mass
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Jacobsen, Donavan. "The rise and fall of presidential power in Iran /." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=116032.

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This project explores the power dynamics within the Iranian political system, asking what accounts for the rise and fall of a president's power relative to the other dominant formal and informal institutions in Iran. Comparing perspectives that focus on charisma, ideology and political bargaining, I argue that the relative power of the president is contingent on a variety of institutional and behavioural factors which define his ability to bargain within an institutional structure of overlapping spheres of control. Within this study, I challenge the traditional emphasis on process as a point o
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Kharazmi, Omid Ali. "Modelling the role of university-industry collaboration in the Iranian National System of Innovation : generating transition policy scenarios." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/3060.

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In a knowledge-based economy the collaboration between university, industry and government is vital for growth and innovation (Etzkowitz, 2008). A conceptual model of the relevant macro and micro environment was developed using the theoretical constructs from the literature on systems of innovation theories including, National Systems of Innovation, Porter’s ‘Cluster’ or ‘Diamond’ model, and the ‘Triple-Helix Model’ of university–industry-government interactions. The role of culture and trust in different systems of innovation theories was examined, and the role these elements play in UIC acti
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Paberzyte, Ieva. "Current issues in Lithuanian archaeology : Soviet past and post-Soviet present." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=101890.

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This paper is a case study of Soviet political influences on Lithuanian archaeology. The work explores the application of central political rules of the Soviet Union to Lithuanian archaeology and analyses the consequences of these applications in the Post-Soviet period. The result of the study reveals that under Soviet policy, Lithuanian archaeologists developed a highly descriptive tradition. In Post-Soviet Lithuania, archaeologists continue to practice the descriptive tradition and rarely engage in theoretical debates. The work suggests possible explanations and solutions to the current prob
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Gallagher, Amelia. "The Albanian atheist state, 1967-1991." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ43872.pdf.

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Shortt, Celia M. "The U.S. Government and Journalists‚ Reactance to the News Coverage of the Iraq Wars." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1249393177.

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Page, Michael von Tangen. "The IRA, Sinn Fein and the hunger strike of 1981." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14348.

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This thesis examines the 1981 hunger strike by republican prisoners in Northern Ireland against the removal of special category status from newly convicted paramilitary prisoners on 1 March 1976, the fast was part of a protest that began in 1976. The thesis opens with an examination of the origins of the Provisional Irish Republican Army in 1969 and the emergence of a younger leadership in the late 1970's, and evaluates the significance of the prisons in Irish history. The development of the prisoners protests ranging from the refusal to put on a uniform and perform prison work to the rejectio
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Books on the topic "Iraq – Politics and government – 1991-"

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1937-, Hussein Saddam, and Moore Fred, eds. Iraq speaks: Documents on the Gulf Crisis. F. Moore, 1991.

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Musallam, Ali Musallam. Iraqi invasion of Kuwait: Saddam Hussein, his state and international power politics. British Academic Press, 1995.

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Musallam, Musallam Ali. The Iraqi invasion of Kuwait: Saddam Hussein, his state and international power politics. British Academic Press, 1996.

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Ḥassān, Muḥsin al-Shaykh Āl. Wa-taḥyā al-Kuwayt: Maqālāt ṣihafīyah. s.n., 1991.

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Jamāl, Muḥammad ʻAbd al-Hādī. al- Kuwayt wa-ayyām al-iḥtilāl. s.n.], 1992.

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Sharaf, Aḥmad. Masīrat al-niẓām al-dawlī al-jadīd qabla wa-baʻda ḥarb al-Khalīj. Dār al-Thaqāfah al-Jadīdah, 1992.

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Saʻīd, Muḥammad al-Sayyid. Mustaqbal al-niẓām al-ʻArabī baʻda azmat al-Khalīj. al-Majlis al-Waṭanī lil-Thaqāfah wa-al-Funūn wa-al-Ādāb, 1992.

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ʻIṭrī, Muḥammad Sāmir. Ḥaqāʾiq fī aḥdāth al-Khalīj: Dirāsah. Dār Majallat al-Thaqāfah, 1991.

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Jamāl, Muḥammad ʻAbd al-Hādī. al- Kuwayt wa-ayyām al-iḥtilāl. s.n., 1992.

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Faḍl, Nabīl. al- Kuwayt: Naẓrah naḥwa al-mustaqbal. s.n., 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Iraq – Politics and government – 1991-"

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Al Alwan, Nada A. S. "General Oncology Care in Iraq." In Cancer in the Arab World. Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7945-2_5.

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AbstractThe estimated population of Iraq (40,222,493 in 2020) continues to grow at a rate of 2.4% per year; only 5% is over 60 years with a life expectancy approaching 72 years. There are 18 governorates in Iraq. Before 1990, Iraq had the most robust healthcare system in the Middle East. The consequences of the successive wars and political instability yielded a significant shortage in the medical resources and funds. Currently, the government spends 6–7% of its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) on the health sector, providing free of charge services to all citizens through a network of primary hea
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Bazargan, Mehdi. "Religion and Liberty." In Liberal Islam. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195116212.003.0008.

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Abstract Born into a devout family of merchants, Mehdi Bazargan (Iran, 1907-1995) was a Frenchtrained engineer, a lay Islamic scholar, and a long-time pro-democracy activist. A deputy prime minister when the nationalists came briefly to power in the early 1950s, Bazargan also participated with Ayatollah Mahmud T aleqani (chapter 3) and others in a reform movement in the early I 960s aimed at democratizing the Shi’i clerical establishment. Bazargan was imprisoned several times during the I 960s and 1970s for his nonviolent opposition to the shah of Iran through groups such as the Liberation Mov
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Ismael, Shereen T. "The Republic of Iraq." In Government and Politics of the Contemporary Middle East, 3rd ed. Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003198093-8.

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Opoku, Darko Kwabena. "Strains in Government-Business Relations, 1983–1991." In The Politics of Government-Business Relations in Ghana, 1982–2008. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230113107_5.

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Taleqani, Mahmud. "Taleqani’s Last Sermon." In Liberal Islam. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195116212.003.0004.

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Abstract Ayatollah Mahmud Taleqani (Iran, 191 1-1979) established a reputation as a reformist within the Shi’i Muslim religious establishment in the early I 960s when he helped to lead (along with Mehdi Bazargan, whose work is also included in this volume) a religious movement aimed at revitalizing both Islamic theory and Iranian politics.’ Arrested and jailed repeatedly by the monarchy for his political opposition, Taleqani was released for the last time in the fall of 1978 and immediately became one of the most respected leaders of the Iranian Revolution. Upon the shah’s fall in early 1979,
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Piroth, Scott. "Perceptions of the United States and Political Debates in Québec." In Canada and International Affairs. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-76113-3_4.

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Abstract This chapter considers how Québec’s relationship with the United States has influenced politics within Québec. The principal argument of this chapter is that political developments in the U.S. in recent decades have been broadly unfavorable to sovereigntists. First, despite free trade agreements, considerable uncertainty persists in the Québec-U.S. economic relationship. Second, the U.S. policy of non-interference in Canadian affairs has not prevented the U.S. government from expressing support for Canadian unity. Third, controversial foreign policy decisions by the United States have
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Kaša, Rita, and Inta Mieriņa. "Introduction." In IMISCOE Research Series. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12092-4_1.

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Abstract This volume contributes to research on migration from Latvia, a country in Central Eastern Europe (CEE), following the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1991. The experience of independent Latvia with borders opening up to the world and more specifically to the West has turned out to be both a rewarding and wounding experience for communities in the country. On the rewarding side, individuals have gained liberty – an ability to travel the world freely, to see and live in the countries which were beyond the closed doors of the Soviet Union just some decades ago. This freedom, however, has al
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"Government and Politics in Iraq, 1941–1958." In ‘Independent Iraq’. I.B. Tauris, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9780755612307.ch-001.

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Dawisha, Adeed. "Potholes in the Democratic Road, 1936–1958." In Iraq. Princeton University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691157931.003.0006.

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This chapter analyzes political developments in Iraq from 1936 to 1958. Any growth of democratic ideas and institutions that had been achieved earlier came to an abrupt halt in 1936 following the military coup. Army officers, custodians of political power between 1936 and 1941, cared little, if at all, about democratic institutions and practices. They were succeeded by civilian governments, openly abetted by the Palace, which systematically interfered in the workings of the country's supposed representative institutions. Political parties and groupings operating within the straitjacket of mili
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Freer, Courtney. "The 1990s." In The Resilience of Parliamentary Politics in Kuwait. Oxford University PressNew York, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197570364.003.0006.

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Abstract This chapter reviews the 1990s, a period of change for Kuwait and of recovery, financially, economically, socially, and politically, from the Iraqi invasion and occupation. It begins with a discussion of the state’s reaction to the Iraqi invasion and occupation and the role of independent political and social movements, namely the Muslim Brotherhood, in stepping into this power vacuum. The chapter then examines the restoration of parliament in 1992, after government attempts to alter legislation, as well as opposition mobilization through the formation of new electoral coalitions. It
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Conference papers on the topic "Iraq – Politics and government – 1991-"

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Hatem ALWAN, Ghufran, and Maan Thabit ARIF. "MEASURING AND ANALYZING THE FACTORS AFFECTING FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY IN IRAQ FOR THE PERIOD 1990-2019." In III. International Research Congress ofContemporary Studiesin Social Sciences. Rimar Academy, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/rimarcongress3-5.

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Since the last decades of the last century and until now, the Iraqi economy has witnessed many fluctuations and exceptional circumstances, ranging from many wars and international economic sanctions for many years, which had a bad impact on the Iraqi economy, causing a decline in many economic indicators in it, which At the end of the last century, he called on the government to resort to public debt and issue cash without a cover to finance public spending in order to meet even part of the citizens' requirements. These policies caused high inflation rates and the accompanying deterioration in
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Taheri, Mehdi. "Heritage Conservation versus Urban Development and Politics: Persepolis Tent City in the Aftermath of the Imperial Celebration, 1971-1979." In The 39th Annual Conference of the Society of Architectural Historians Australia and New Zealand. SAHANZ, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55939/a5046ptsmg.

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In 1971, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the former Shah of Iran, invited the most then-influential individuals of the world to Iran to commemorate the 2,500-year Anniversary of the Founding of the Persian Empire by Cyrus the Great (The Imperial Celebration). To accommodate the guests, Iran set up a city of prefabricated apartments by Persepolis that looked like tents, hence Persepolis Tent City. In the aftermath of the Imperial Celebration, the government proposed or received six different plans to reuse the Tent City. Such attempts were mostly to make the site profitable, hence responding to criticis
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"Kurdistan’s Politics Issues Regarding Production Sharing Contract with Iraqi Central Government and Analyses Whether This Contract Best Suits Kurdistan or Iraq as Whole." In International Conference on Accounting, Business, Economics and Politics. Ishik University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23918/icabep2018p3.

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Jassim TOMAN, Shaimaa, Aymen Raheem ABDULAALI, and Ruqaya Adel HAMZA. "THE AUTHORTY OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE INVESTIGATION AUTHORTY TO GRANT AMNESTY TO THE EMPLOYEE WHEN REPORTING CASES OF ADMINISTRATIVE AND FINANCIAL CORRUPTION." In III. International Congress of Humanities and Educational Research. Rimar Academy, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/ijhercongress3-7.

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Financial and administrative corruption is one of the most important risks facing the economies of the countries of the world, especially the economies of developing countries, as it represents a waste of wealth or its investment in unproductive areas, as well as the theft of the bulk of it by the corrupt, as corruption in its many forms represents a great challenge to societies and governments as a whole, which It requires the existence of effective, integrated and broad plans and efforts, whether at the economic, social, legal, educational, political or security levels, to eliminate this dan
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Fuentes, Gabriel. "The Politics of Memory: Constructing Heritage and Globalization in Havana, Cuba." In 2016 ACSA International Conference. ACSA Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.intl.2016.60.

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Since granted world heritage status by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 1982, Old Havana has been the site of contested heritage practices. Critics consider UNESCO’s definition of the 143 hectare walled city center a discriminatory delineation strategy that primes the colonial core for tourist consumption at the expense of other parts of the city. To neatly bound Havana’s collective memory/history within its “old” core, they say, is to museumize the city as ”frozen in time,” sharply distinguishing the “historic” from the “vernacular.”While many
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إسماعيل جمعه, كويان, and محمد إسماعيل جمعه. ""Forced displacement and its consequences Khanaqin city as a model"." In Peacebuilding and Genocide Prevention. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicpgp/36.

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"Humanity has known (forced displacement) as one of the inhuman phenomena, and international law considers it a war crime, and the forcibly displaced area is subjected to various types of psychological, physical, cultural and ethnic torture. Khanaqin has been subjected to more displacement compared to the rest of Iraq's cities, and forced displacement is a systematic practice carried out by governments or armed groups intolerant towards groups that differ from them in religion, sect, nationalism, belief, politics, or race, with the aim of evacuating lands and replacing groups other population
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Reports on the topic "Iraq – Politics and government – 1991-"

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Hendricks, Kasey. Data for Alabama Taxation and Changing Discourse from Reconstruction to Redemption. University of Tennessee, Knoxville Libraries, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7290/wdyvftwo4u.

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Abstract:
At their most basic level taxes carry, in the words of Schumpeter ([1918] 1991), “the thunder of history” (p. 101). They say something about the ever-changing structures of social, economic, and political life. Taxes offer a blueprint, in both symbolic and concrete terms, for uncovering the most fundamental arrangements in society – stratification included. The historical retellings captured within these data highlight the politics of taxation in Alabama from 1856 to 1901, including conflicts over whom money is expended upon as well as struggles over who carries their fair share of the tax bur
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