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Journal articles on the topic 'Iraq War'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Hairi, Nur Atika. "The Justifications for Saddam Invading Kuwait and the World Reaction." Sains Insani 8, no. 1 (2023): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.33102/sainsinsani.vol8no1.408.

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Abstract: This study examines the justification of Saddam in the Gulf War I. After settling the war with Iran, Saddam continues his action with the invasion of Kuwait by Iraqi forces. These actions got many reactions and responses, especially from Arab states, Iran, the Libyan Revolutionary Command Council (RCC), the United States (US), and United Nations (UN). This paper also tends to analyze the reaction towards the violence afflicted Kuwait, the UN’s role to overcome this conflict, as well as the reasons why Saddam invaded Kuwait. The impacts of this war will be highlighted in terms of dome

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2

Kiianytsia, V. "THE EVOLUTION OF IRAN-IRAQ RELATIONS IN THE SADDAM AND POST-SADDAM ERA." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. International relations, no. 1 (55) (2022): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2292.2022/1-55/46-53.

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The evolution of relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Republic of Iraq from the end of the Iran-Iraq War (1988) to the Iraqi political crisis (2021-2022) is considered. The key stages of Iraq's political transformation and the impact of such changes on the state of Iran-Iraq relations are examined. The position of the Republic of Iraq in the Iran's regional policy is determined. The character of Iran-Iraq relations at the current stage is established, the challenges and prospects for its further development are formulated.

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3

İpek, Fatih Oğuzhan. "Iraq and Iran: A Poliheuristic Assessment of the Iraq-Iran War." Journal of Humanity and Society (insan & toplum) 15, no. 1 (2025): 78–93. https://doi.org/10.12658/m0755.

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The Iraq-Iran crisis stands as one of the most intricate conflicts in the Middle East. This study employs the poliheuristic (PH) theory to scrutinize Iraq’s decision-making throughout the crisis. Utilizing Mintz’s (1993, 2004) PH model, the research aims to uncover the decision-making processes and outcomes during this period by scrutinizing the major policy dimensions and options accessible to Iraq’s leadership. In addition, it seeks an answer to the question of why Iraq, as a rising power in Middle Eastern politics, waged war against revolutionary Iran rather than sustaining diplomacy effort

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4

Kovtun V.A., Supotnitskiy M. V. "Chemical Weapons in the Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988). 2. Combat Use of Chemical Weapons." Journal of NBC Protection Corps 3, no. 2 (2019): 150–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.35825/2587-5728-2019-3-2-150-174.

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The Iran-Iraq war (1980–1988) was the result of the geopolitical situation in the Middle East after the Islamic revolution in Iran in 1979. Certain longstanding territorial disputes and the absence of mutually recognized state border between the rivalry countries were among the direct pretexts of the war. At the same time neither Iraq, nor Iran were ready to serious war, both did not want it in such scales, and they did not possess chemical weapons (CW). During the war, Iraq enjoyed broad international support. At the same time, revolutionary Iran turned into a pariah state. By 1983, Iraq bega

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5

Byrne, Malcolm. "The Iran–Iraq War." Iranian Studies 46, no. 4 (2013): 669–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00210862.2013.784533.

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6

Khudhur, Kamaran A., and Farhang M. Muhamad. "War in Kurdish Poetry from the Post-Uprising Period to the end of the ISIS War." Koya University Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 8, no. 1 (2025): 221–34. https://doi.org/10.14500/kujhss.v8n1y2025.pp221-234.

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The many wars in the history of the Kurdish people in Iraqi Kurdistan have put them in a very difficult position. For example، long years of war and hostility between Iraq and Iran in a period 1980 -1988, and the 1990– 1991Gulf War between Iraq and coalition forces، the 2003 Invasion of Iraq which lasted from 19 March to 1 May 2003، named Operation Iraqi Freedom by the USA، and the recent war with The Islamic State (ISIS) and Kurdish forces Peshmarga which have been fighting the Islamic State in northern Iraq since Aug 2014 till now. These wars have had a strong influence on the life of Kurdis

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7

Mcknight, Sean. "The forgotten war: The Iraqi army and the Iran‐Iraq war." Small Wars & Insurgencies 2, no. 1 (1991): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09592319108422972.

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8

Saramifar, Younes. "Collective (Non-)Memory of the Iran-Iraq War and Sectarian Thinking among Veterans-Turned-Shi'i Militia Fighters." Middle East Journal 77, no. 3 (2024): 290–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3751/77.34.12.

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This article redefines sectarianism as sectarian thinking via an ethnography of Shi'i militia fighters in Iraq and their relationships with the past. I explain this redefinition by tracing memories and histories that motivated Iraqi Shi'i veterans of the IranIraq War to join the Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF). Accordingly, I argue that everyday sectarian thinking in Iraq is less ideologically grounded than commonly presumed and rather feeds on memories, histories, and socialization in violence. I highlight how acts of non-remembrance and a lack of engagement with memories of the Iran-Iraq W

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9

Robins, Philip. "Iran and Iraq at war." International Affairs 65, no. 1 (1988): 171–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2621055.

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10

Lepkov, A. V. "Saddam Hussein's Chemical Weapons: on the Issue of United States Awareness in the 1980s." IZVESTIYA VUZOV SEVERO-KAVKAZSKII REGION SOCIAL SCIENCE, no. 2 (206) (July 6, 2020): 62–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/2687-0770-2020-2-62-70.

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The article examines the level of awareness of US officials regarding the Iraqi program for the production of chemical weapons as well as its use before 1988. Both in Russian and foreign historiography, the issue of Iraq's chemical weapons and the United States relationship with the government of Saddam Hussein during the Iran-Iraq war is either considered superficially or becomes only an aspect of more general and extensive research topics. The period of 1980-1988 was marked by active USA-Iraqi cooperation in order to exert pressure on Iran. It is proved that during this period, Washington wa

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11

Farhadi, Ramin. "Wartime Propaganda and Gender in Ahmad Mahmoud’s The Scorched Earth: A Dissident Reading." Text Matters, no. 10 (November 24, 2020): 460–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2083-2931.10.26.

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The Iran-Iraq War (1980–88) has been the subject of many aesthetic productions in contemporary Persian literature. The Iranian mass media during the war with Iraq described the armed conflict as holy and masculine, and propagated the replacement of the word “war” with “sacred defense” to urge authors to write within this established framework and reflect the ideals of the State. Opposed to such an ideological view of the war, the prominent Iranian novelist Ahmad Mahmoud began to express dissent in his works of fiction such as The Scorched Earth (1982). This study, therefore, analyzes Mahmoud’s

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12

Adhraa AbdulHussein Naser, Dr. "Iraq Wars: From A literary text to Social Context." لارك 3, no. 46 (2022): 45–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31185/lark.vol3.iss46.2548.

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This article investigates Iraq wars presentation in literature and media. The first section investigates the case of the returnees from the war and their experience, their trauma and final presentation of that experience. The article also investigates how trauma and fear is depicted to create an optimized image and state of fear that could in turn show Iraqi society as a traumatized society. Critics such as Suzie Grogan believes that the concept of trauma could expand to influence societies rather than one individual after exposure to trauma of being involved in wars and different major confli

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13

Habibi Far, Omid. "Investigating the Political Implications and Dimensions of Operation Valfajr 8." Journal of Social-Political Studies of Iran's Culture and History 2, no. 4 (2024): 315–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.61838/kman.jspsich.2.4.15.

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During the Iran-Iraq war, which lasted from 1980 to 1988, both sides employed various military tactics that continuously influenced field developments. One of Iran’s primary tactics in this war was the use of irregular warfare and surprise attacks. Utilizing this tactic, Iran managed to disrupt the Iraqi regular warfare pattern, instilling concern and fear among Iraqi forces, thus turning this method to its advantage. Conversely, Iraq employed various tactics to counter Iranian forces, including front-line warfare tactics and extensive aerial attacks. Operation Valfajr 8, as one of the signifi

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14

Fathima, Anisa. "Iraqi Woman Speaks: An Alternative Narrative of War in Riverbend’s Baghdad Burning." Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research & Review 04, no. 01 (2023): 69–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.55662/ajmrr.2023.4102.

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The US-led invasion into Iraq in 2003 triggered an endless war that unleashed new cycles of violence and left the region devastated. Following the 9/11 attacks on the US soil, the West conjured up an image of Iraq as a nerve centre of terrorism. In the months preceding the invasion, the dominant narrative that revolved around the War on Terror sought to project Iraq as a nation that needed to be “liberated” and “civilised” by the West. Iraqi women were particularly (mis)represented as oppressed victims of an abusive patriarchal system, devoid of agency and freedom. Voices emerging from Iraq in

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15

Belousova, K. A. "US Policy in the Persian Gulf in the 1980s." Prepodavatel XXI vek, no. 2/2 (March 30, 2023): 266–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31862/2073-9613-2023-2-266-274.

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The article deals with the U.S. policy in the Persian Gulf region in the 1980s. During this period, the neoconservatives came to power in the U.S., which was the reason for the tightening of foreign policy. The administrations of J. Carter and R. Reagan began an unprecedented build-up of forces in the region, which was justified, in particular, by the Iran-Iraq war. The fall of the Shah’s regime in Iran after the 1979 revolution forced the U.S. to change allies. The author proves that during the Iran-Iraq war, the U.S. played a double game by supplying weapons to both warring countries. This p

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16

Sadda, R. S. "Maxillofacial war injuries during the Iraq–Iran War." International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 32, no. 2 (2003): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1054/ijom.2002.0285.

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17

Kleyhons, Ferdinand. "Les Affreux en Irak. Die Teilprivatisierung des professionellen Blutvergießens in der heutigen Kriegsführung anhand des Beispiels des Irakkriegs." historia.scribere, no. 13 (June 22, 2021): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.15203/historia.scribere.13.637.

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Les Affreux en Irak. The partial privatisation of professional bloodshed in modern warfare exemplified by the Iraq WarAfter the launch of "Operation Iraqi Freedom", the United States of America were engaged in war for the next eight years, in which they heavily relied on the assistance of private companies, known as Private Military Companies (PMC). The following paper uses the Iraq War respectively the following occupation of Iraq as a case study to examine the role of PMCs in modern warfare. It analyses the military branches in which PMCs provided support to the USA, including logistics, tra

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18

Kovtun V.A., Supotnitskiy M. V. "Chemical Weapons in the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988). 1. Iraq Preparing for Chemical War." Journal of NBC Protection Corps 3, no. 1 (2019): 40–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.35825/2587-5728-2019-3-1-40-64.

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The Iraqis became the first nation to use chemical weapons on the modern battlefield during the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988). There are no general reviews and research available on this issue in Russian. It also puts the Russian researchers in an unequal position in comparison with their Western and Middle Eastern colleagues, who have such information from a wide range of sources. This lack of knowledge limits our ability to understand the secret mechanisms that trigger modern chemical wars in the Middle East. The analysis in the present study is based on different Western sources, UN and CIA mat

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19

Wang, Bo. "The Iraq War and the New Iran-Iraq Relations." Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (in Asia) 1, no. 1 (2007): 66–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19370679.2007.12023104.

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20

Ghorishi, Seyed Rasoul, Sabber Niavarani, and Seyed Ghasem Zamani. "Non-applicability of Prescription to War Crimes during Iraq’s War against Iran." Journal of Politics and Law 9, no. 5 (2016): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v9n5p65.

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<p>International responsibility of Iraq regarding imposed war against Iran and compensating all harms has been an issue attracted public attention in Iran; in a way that sometimes it has been discussed. Nevertheless, it should not be ignored that this war happened long time ago, thus it involves the issue of Prescription or Statutory Limitations. Since the Statutory Limitation often is the main obstacle facing the culture of non-punishment, the main question is that whether Iraqi’s war crimes is supposed to prescription?</p>It should be noted that prominent values of humanity entai

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21

Al-Jadiri, Huda Sabah, Besmah M. Ali, and Jawad K. Al-Diwan. "Geopolitical factors affecting childhood nutrition: Iraqi case." Journal of the Faculty of Medicine Baghdad 63, no. 2 (2021): 80–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.32007/jfacmedbagdad.6321812.

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In Iraq, child’s health had been deteriorated over three turbulent decades starting from the huge and rapid degradation of the country infrastructure by Iraq –Iran war (1980-1988), Gulf War in 1991, and economic sanction.

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22

Sassoon, Joseph. "The East German Ministry for State Security and Iraq, 1968–1989." Journal of Cold War Studies 16, no. 1 (2014): 4–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00429.

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Despite the close relationship between the German Democratic Republic (GDR) and Iraq from the late 1960s until the mid-1970s, new evidence from documents of the former East German Ministry for State Security (Stasi) and the Iraqi Ba'th Party archives, combined with interviews of senior East German diplomats who served in the Arab world, indicates that the Stasi changed its policy in the second half of the 1970s and persisted with that policy in the 1980s after the outbreak of the Iran-Iraq War. This article gives an overview of relations between the Stasi and Iraq following the rise of the Ba'

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23

Zavada, Ya, and O. Tsebenko. "IRAN-IRAQ RELATIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF REGIONAL SECURITY." National Technical University of Ukraine Journal. Political science. Sociology. Law, no. 1(53) (July 8, 2022): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2308-5053.2022.1(53).261111.

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The article analyzes Iran-Iraq relations in the context of regional security. It has been studied that the eight-year Iran-Iraq war became the most bloody and destructive armed conflict of the second half of the XX century. It is worth noting that the beginning of the war caused rivalry: ethnic and religious, political and economic, ideological and personal. Also, the struggle for leadership in the region played a special role. It is established that the USA intervention in Iraq in 2003 changed the geopolitical conditions not only in this country, but in the region as a whole. Although the IRI

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24

Mohammed, Ali Salman Salmanb Muhammad Fuad Bin Othman. "THE SECURITY AND POLITICAL IMPACTS OF DISBANDING THE IRAQI ARMED FORCES AFTER 2000-WAR." Multicultural Education 7, no. 4 (2021): 109. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4679635.

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<em>The Coalition Provisional Authority formally issued the Order Number two in the 23rd of May, 2003, to disband the Iraqi armed forces, and dissolve the Iraqi Ministry of Defense. The order of disbanding came after the Iraqi armed forces had already been disintegrated when it had been defeated in the war and the invasion of Iraq in 2003. The emergence of the insurgency groups that had begun to fight the United States troops and targeted civilians starting sectarian crisis led the Coalition administration to establish Iraqi national forces to take charge of the counterinsurgency. In the 8th o

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25

Axelgard, Frederick W. "Iraq and the War with Iran." Current History 86, no. 517 (1987): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.1987.86.517.57.

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26

Takeyh, Ray. "The Iran-Iraq War: A Reassessment." Middle East Journal 64, no. 3 (2010): 365–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3751/64.3.12.

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27

Brzoska, Michael. "Profiteering on the Iran-Iraq war." Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 43, no. 5 (1987): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00963402.1987.11459538.

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28

Adib-Moghaddam, Arshin. "Inventions of the Iran–Iraq War." Critique: Critical Middle Eastern Studies 16, no. 1 (2007): 63–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10669920601148620.

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29

Sabin, Philip A. G., and Efraim Karsh. "Escalation in the Iran‐Iraq War." Survival 31, no. 3 (1989): 241–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00396338908442469.

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30

Nonneman, Gerd. "The Iran—Iraq War: impact and implications and The longest war: the Iran—Iraq military conflict." International Affairs 66, no. 2 (1990): 420–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2621448.

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31

Mstafa, Aras Abdulrahman. "Iraq's Economic Situation Between 1988-1991 in Southern Kurdistan." Journal of University of Raparin 9, no. 1 (2022): 34–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.26750/vol(9).no(1).paper2.

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The economic situation in Iraq between 1988 and 1991 affected the March 1991 uprising in southern Kurdistan، including research that included several important aspects، discussing the economic impact of both the First and Second Gulf Wars، which has caused a major disaster for Iraq's economic infrastructure and the disintegration of Iraq's financial، administrative، military and service institutions، Including the economic crisis، the spread of hunger، poverty، disease، corruption، bribery and many bad subjects that the Iraqi state has suffered from major disasters، all of which have led

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32

Zietlow, Nina. "The Politics of Monumentalizing Trauma: Visual Use of Martyrdom in the Memorialization of the Iraq-Iran War." Review of Middle East Studies 54, no. 1 (2020): 131–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rms.2020.11.

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This poster focuses on three mediums of commemoration: the monument, the memorial, and the museum as tools of state-sanctioned memory creation, and thereby spaces for politicized rituals of memory which further state-building projects. Specifically, during and after The Iran-Iraq war (1980-88) the al-Shaheed Monument (1983), and the Victory Arch (1989) in Baghdad and the Martyrs’ Museum (1996) in Tehran functioned as politically strategic representations of collective trauma. Both the Ba'ath party in Iraq and the emerging Islamic Republic in Iran used these sites to render and politicize memor

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33

Sjoberg, Laura. "War Families and the Iraq Wars." Hawwa 16, no. 1-3 (2018): 236–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15692086-12341333.

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AbstractIn this paper, I argue that it is not just that wars impact people’s lives—it is that people live wars and wars are constituted by people living them. It is appropriate to think of war as happening on battlefields and in bedrooms, in command centers and in kitchens, with fighter planes and with soup cans. Using this interpretation of war as everyday experience, this article looks at Iraqi war families—that is, families constituted by and constitutive of the Iraq war(s). It begins with five vignettes that tell some, by necessity, partial, stories of the complexity of families living the

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34

Mansouri, Aylar. "The Impact of War on Emergence of Depression and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder on Iranian Veterans of Iran-Iraq War." European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 11, no. 2 (2017): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v11i2.p70-82.

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Iran has been involved in many wars throughout its ancient history, a vivid example is the Iran-Iraq war. This imposed war was ongoing during September 1980 – August 1988 (Mohsenian, 2008). ).The main goal of this study was to investigate differences depression and PTSD symptoms in veterans who participated in the Iran-Iraq compared to community sample. The objectives of this research were: 1.Comparing depression in soldiers who are PTSD patients and ordinary people. 2. Comparing PTSD symptoms in soldiers and ordinary people. The research hypotheses were formulated according to the defined obj

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35

Wang, Zitong. "An Inquiry into the Legitimacy of the Iraq War Initiated by the United States from the Perspective of International Law." Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 72, no. 1 (2025): 171–76. https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/2025.21430.

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In 2003, the U.S. launched the Iraq War on the pretext that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction, the Saddam Hussein regime was accused of dictatorship, and Iraq was linked to terrorist organizations. Iraq's internal environment has been severely affected, the country has been plunged into long-term political instability, countless Iraqi people have lost their lives and their homes have been destroyed. The war also had an important impact on the situation in the Middle East and world politics. This paper analyzes the Iraq War launched by the United States from the perspective of international

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36

Harper, Stephen. "‘Terrible things happen’: Peter Bowker's Occupation and the Representation of the Iraq War in British Television Drama." Journal of British Cinema and Television 10, no. 1 (2013): 206–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jbctv.2013.0130.

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Peter Bowker and Laurie Borg's three-part television drama Occupation (2009) chronicles the experiences of three British soldiers involved in the 2003 invasion of Iraq. By means of an historically situated textual analysis, this article assesses how far the drama succeeds in presenting a progressive critique of the British military involvement in Iraq. It is argued that although Occupation devotes some narrative space to subaltern perspectives on Britain's military involvement in Iraq, the production – in contrast to some other British television dramas about the Iraq war – tends to privilege

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37

Soroush, Mohammadreza, Zohreh Ganjparvar, and Batool Mousavi. "Human Casualties and War: Results of a National Epidemiologic Survey in Iran." Archives of Iranian Medicine 23, no. 4Suppl1 (2020): S33—S37. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/aim.2020.s7.

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Background: Limited studies have reported epidemiologic data on the impact of Iran-Iraq war. This study examines the war casualties for both combatants and civilians on Iranians at national level. Methods: Databases of Veterans and Martyrs Affair Foundation (VMAF), Janbazan Medical and Engineering Research Center (JMERC) and Ministry of Health were used to collect the data. The prevalence of injuries for both civilians and combatants was presented. Casualties were studied based on conventional and unconventional weapons attacks (1980–2018), separately. Results: The Iran-Iraq war led to 183623

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38

Kuttab, Daoud. "The media and Iraq: a blood bath for and gross dehumanization of Iraqis." International Review of the Red Cross 89, no. 868 (2007): 879–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383108000106.

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AbstractThe war in Iraq has been accompanied by the highest ever number of casualties among members of the Iraqi and foreign press. While the end of the Saddam Hussein regime has reopened the way for vibrant media activity, the absence of security for members of the media has had a high human cost. The US-led war on Iraq, which was aimed at liberating its people from authoritarian rule, has not seen any serious attempt by the Western or even Arab media to focus on the human side of Iraq. Iraqi civilian death tolls are treated as nothing more than statistics.

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39

Yaseen Rasool, Omeed, and Mohammad Abdullah Kakasor. "Arab states' attitude towards the Algiers agreement 1975." Journal of University of Raparin 11, no. 3 (2024): 161–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.26750/vol(11).no(3).paper7.

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After the resumption of war between the Iraqi government and the Kurds in 1974, the Iraqi government sought about another plat to overcome the Kurdish revolution: it was approaching Iran, because Iranian government supported the Kurds in every way, including the military backing. The Iraqi government entered into negotiations with Iran by assistance of the Arab countries with strong ties. The Arab states did not remain silent about the events in Iraq, intensified their efforts to help both countries closer to each other and end the long-standing conflict between them, Finally, they successfull

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40

Covey, CAPT Dana C. "Iraq War Injuries." Orthopedics 29, no. 10 (2006): 884–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/01477447-20061001-08.

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41

Freedman, Lawrence D., and John Keegan. "The Iraq War." Foreign Affairs 83, no. 5 (2004): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20034094.

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42

Prosser, Sue. "War in iraq." Mental Health Practice 6, no. 9 (2003): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/mhp.6.9.30.s24.

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43

Keegan, John. "The Iraq War." International Journal 60, no. 3 (2005): 860. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40204070.

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44

Viorst, Milton. "Iraq at War." Foreign Affairs 65, no. 2 (1986): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20042982.

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45

Martin, H. "Iraq War, 2004." Labor Studies in Working-Class History of the Americas 11, no. 3 (2014): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15476715-2687705.

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46

Ullman, Harlan. "War in Iraq." RUSI Journal 148, no. 3 (2003): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071840308446882.

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47

Goldsworthy, Eleanor. "War in Iraq." RUSI Journal 148, no. 3 (2003): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071840308446883.

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48

Mueen, Saqeb. "War in Iraq." RUSI Journal 148, no. 3 (2003): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071840308446885.

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49

Gawrych, George W., and Efraim Karsh. "The Iran-Iraq War: Impact and Implications." Journal of Military History 54, no. 4 (1990): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1986100.

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Brown, L. Carl, Lawrence G. Potter, and Gary G. Sick. "Iran, Iraq, and the Legacies of War." Foreign Affairs 84, no. 3 (2005): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20034398.

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