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Journal articles on the topic 'Iraq'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Kiianytsia, V. "THE EVOLUTION OF IRAN-IRAQ RELATIONS IN THE SADDAM AND POST-SADDAM ERA." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. International relations, no. 1 (55) (2022): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2292.2022/1-55/46-53.

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The evolution of relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Republic of Iraq from the end of the Iran-Iraq War (1988) to the Iraqi political crisis (2021-2022) is considered. The key stages of Iraq's political transformation and the impact of such changes on the state of Iran-Iraq relations are examined. The position of the Republic of Iraq in the Iran's regional policy is determined. The character of Iran-Iraq relations at the current stage is established, the challenges and prospects for its further development are formulated.

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Bardan, Falah Mubarak. "The Iranian Impact on Iraqi-Jordanian Relations after 2003." Dirasat: Human and Social Sciences 50, no. 6 (2023): 276–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.35516/hum.v50i6.7082.

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Objectives: The study aims to examine the possibilities and challenges associated with repairing ties between Jordan and Iraq. Additionally, it explores how Iraq's foreign policy priorities towards other nations are influenced, in part, by Iran.  Methods: The historical evolution of relations between Iraq and Jordan is tracked using the historical technique described in the first section of the article. The second section employs an analytical and descriptive technique to investigate the impact of the Iranian variable on the Iraq-Jordan relationship.  Results: Iranian influence on

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3

Ahmad, Mumtaz. "IRAQ." American Journal of Islam and Society 2, no. 2 (1985): 313–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v2i2.2774.

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At the end of 1979 when the fall of the Shah of Iran was imminent, all eyeswere set on Iraq. Iraq was then seen as the new giant of the Gulf. It had remainedcompletely aloof from all the major inter-Arab disputes and contnwersiesfor almost a decade and had exclusively focused its attention on its ownsocio-economic development. Its development performance during the 1970shad been phenomenal. Iraqi economic planning was rated by internationaldevelopment experts as the most prudent, rational and well-implemented inthe entire Middle East. Notwithstanding-or perhaps because of- its oppressivepoliti

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İpek, Fatih Oğuzhan. "Iraq and Iran: A Poliheuristic Assessment of the Iraq-Iran War." Journal of Humanity and Society (insan & toplum) 15, no. 1 (2025): 78–93. https://doi.org/10.12658/m0755.

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The Iraq-Iran crisis stands as one of the most intricate conflicts in the Middle East. This study employs the poliheuristic (PH) theory to scrutinize Iraq’s decision-making throughout the crisis. Utilizing Mintz’s (1993, 2004) PH model, the research aims to uncover the decision-making processes and outcomes during this period by scrutinizing the major policy dimensions and options accessible to Iraq’s leadership. In addition, it seeks an answer to the question of why Iraq, as a rising power in Middle Eastern politics, waged war against revolutionary Iran rather than sustaining diplomacy effort

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5

Sassoon, Joseph. "The East German Ministry for State Security and Iraq, 1968–1989." Journal of Cold War Studies 16, no. 1 (2014): 4–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00429.

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Despite the close relationship between the German Democratic Republic (GDR) and Iraq from the late 1960s until the mid-1970s, new evidence from documents of the former East German Ministry for State Security (Stasi) and the Iraqi Ba'th Party archives, combined with interviews of senior East German diplomats who served in the Arab world, indicates that the Stasi changed its policy in the second half of the 1970s and persisted with that policy in the 1980s after the outbreak of the Iran-Iraq War. This article gives an overview of relations between the Stasi and Iraq following the rise of the Ba'

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Al-Sheikhly, Omar F., Heimo Mikkola, and Seyd B. Mousavi. "PHARAOH EAGLE-OWL BUBO ASCALAPHUS (SAVIGNY, 1809) (STRIGIFORMES, STRIGIDAE), THE “SHROUDED IN MYSTERY” OWL OF IRAQ AND IRAN." Bulletin of the Iraq Natural History Museum 16, no. 2 (2020): 219–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.26842/binhm.7.2020.16.2.0219.

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The easternmost extent of the Pharaoh Eagle-Owl Bubo ascalaphus (Savigny, 1809) distribution has remained enigmatic due to identification problems and lack of owl research. In Iraq, B. ascalaphus has been reported from only few localities in western Iraqi deserts; while its occurrence in Iran has not been reported before this study. In 2017–2020, several new records of B. ascalaphus in western through southeastern Iraq were made and a new distribution range in western Iran was confirmed. Furthermore, field identification, interspecific relationships and conservation status of B. ascalaphus in

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7

Mohsen Al-Gimavi, Sadegh, Mahmoud Bakhshi, Akram Ghanbari Moghaddam, Vahid Ghavami, and Hasanain Al-Khalidi. "A Comparative Study of Healthy Lifestyle of Iranian and Iraqi Elderly and Its Predictors." Salmand 18, no. 1 (2023): 118–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/sija.2022.3420.1.

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Objectives Lifestyle is influenced by differences in societies and changes in culture, social and environmental conditions, hence this study was conducted to determine and compare healthy lifestyle and its predictors in the elderly living in Iran and Iraq. Methods & Materials This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 800 elderly people over 60 years old who were referred to health centers in Najaf City, Iraq, and Mashhad City, Iran in 2021. The research units were selected by cluster probability sampling. Data were collected by demographic characteristic form, healthy lifestyle qu

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8

Hairi, Nur Atika. "The Justifications for Saddam Invading Kuwait and the World Reaction." Sains Insani 8, no. 1 (2023): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.33102/sainsinsani.vol8no1.408.

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Abstract: This study examines the justification of Saddam in the Gulf War I. After settling the war with Iran, Saddam continues his action with the invasion of Kuwait by Iraqi forces. These actions got many reactions and responses, especially from Arab states, Iran, the Libyan Revolutionary Command Council (RCC), the United States (US), and United Nations (UN). This paper also tends to analyze the reaction towards the violence afflicted Kuwait, the UN’s role to overcome this conflict, as well as the reasons why Saddam invaded Kuwait. The impacts of this war will be highlighted in terms of dome

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9

Al-Khafaji, Murtadha, Noorh Sajit, Shabnam Bazmi, and Mehrzad Kiani. "Patient’s Rights in Iran and Iraq." International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Forensic Medicine 11, no. 4 (2022): 34653. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/ijmtfm.v11i4.34653.

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Background: The aim of this study was to compare, review, and evaluate the studies on patients right in Iran and Iraq. Methods: This is a review study conducted by searching the Iranian and Iraqi databanks, such as Scientific Information Database (SID), Iranian Research Institute for Information Science and Technology, Iran Medex, Iraqi Academic scientific journals, and Google Scholar for both Iranian and Iraqi articles from 2002 to 2017 using the keywords, such as “Patient Rights”, “Patient Rights Charter”, “Patient Rights Observance”, “Iraq”, “Iran”, and “Patient Awareness and Rights”. Resul

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Yaseen Rasool, Omeed, and Mohammad Abdullah Kakasor. "Arab states' attitude towards the Algiers agreement 1975." Journal of University of Raparin 11, no. 3 (2024): 161–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.26750/vol(11).no(3).paper7.

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After the resumption of war between the Iraqi government and the Kurds in 1974, the Iraqi government sought about another plat to overcome the Kurdish revolution: it was approaching Iran, because Iranian government supported the Kurds in every way, including the military backing. The Iraqi government entered into negotiations with Iran by assistance of the Arab countries with strong ties. The Arab states did not remain silent about the events in Iraq, intensified their efforts to help both countries closer to each other and end the long-standing conflict between them, Finally, they successfull

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Zavada, Ya, and O. Tsebenko. "IRAN-IRAQ RELATIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF REGIONAL SECURITY." National Technical University of Ukraine Journal. Political science. Sociology. Law, no. 1(53) (July 8, 2022): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2308-5053.2022.1(53).261111.

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The article analyzes Iran-Iraq relations in the context of regional security. It has been studied that the eight-year Iran-Iraq war became the most bloody and destructive armed conflict of the second half of the XX century. It is worth noting that the beginning of the war caused rivalry: ethnic and religious, political and economic, ideological and personal. Also, the struggle for leadership in the region played a special role. It is established that the USA intervention in Iraq in 2003 changed the geopolitical conditions not only in this country, but in the region as a whole. Although the IRI

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12

Raič, David. "The Gulf Crisis and the United Nations." Leiden Journal of International Law 4, no. 1 (1991): 119–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156500001862.

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1. INTRODUCTIONAs a result of the Iraq-Iran war, Iraq's economy has been exhausted. It had a foreign debt of nearly 80 billion dollars. Iraq apparently failed in its attempts to borrow in foreign capital markets the amounts for investment-in particular for the reparation and expansion of oil production capacity-which it needed to restore its economy. In June 1990, Iraq stated that Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates had undermined the Iraqi economy by persistently producing more than their OPEC quotas. On July 18, 1990, the Iraqi Minister of Foreign Affairs Tariq Aziz stated in the Arab League

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13

Lepkov, A. V. "Saddam Hussein's Chemical Weapons: on the Issue of United States Awareness in the 1980s." IZVESTIYA VUZOV SEVERO-KAVKAZSKII REGION SOCIAL SCIENCE, no. 2 (206) (July 6, 2020): 62–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/2687-0770-2020-2-62-70.

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The article examines the level of awareness of US officials regarding the Iraqi program for the production of chemical weapons as well as its use before 1988. Both in Russian and foreign historiography, the issue of Iraq's chemical weapons and the United States relationship with the government of Saddam Hussein during the Iran-Iraq war is either considered superficially or becomes only an aspect of more general and extensive research topics. The period of 1980-1988 was marked by active USA-Iraqi cooperation in order to exert pressure on Iran. It is proved that during this period, Washington wa

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14

Bashar, Piroz, and Hoger Tawfiq. "THE TURKISH MILITARY OPERATION IN IRAQI KURDISTAN 16 AUGUST 1986." Humanities Journal of University of Zakho 13, no. 1 (2025): 62–79. https://doi.org/10.26436/hjuoz.2025.13.1.1487.

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Turkish policy towards the Kurdish national movement in Iraqi Kurdistan is one of the key subjects of the Kurdish national liberation movement, as the Kurdish national liberation movement in Iraq has influence on the Kurdish movement in other Kurdistan parties. The main significance of this research is the evaluation of the Turkish policy and strategy towards the Kurdish movement. This study concentrates on the reasons behind declaring the military operations in the areas of Iraqi Kurdistan borders as well as its reflection. Hence, Turkey paid a great attention to its economic interests in Ira

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Abdulqadir, Aras Hasan, Shakhawan Khdir Rasul, and Himdad Majeed Ali. "The impact of the Algiers Agreement on the Kurdish liberation movement." Journal of University of Raparin 7, no. 1 (2019): 223–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.26750/vol(7).no(1).paper14.

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The 1975 Algiers Agreement is a political and legal agreement signed between Iraq and Iran to end the chronic border problems between them after the abolition of the Saadabad Agreement of 1937 from the Iranian side unilaterally on 19/4/1969 and the demarcation of the border between the two neighboring countries. In the waters of the Shatt al-Arab in favor of Iran in return for non-support of the Tehran government of the Kurdish liberation movement in Iraq, has already collapsed this movement as a result of a mysterious international and regional deal, Moreover, this agreement has met the histo

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Qasim Alwan saeed, Muhammad Ali Hammoud, and Muammar Khaled Abdel Hamid. "Iraq's regional strategic performance under the Iranian-Saudi agreement." Tikrit Journal For Political Science 3, pic4 (2023): 102–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjfps.v3ipic4.230.

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Iraq has sought to play a role in mediating the Saudi-Iranian talks for several rounds, and Iraqi Prime Minister Muhammad Shia al-Sudani received a phone call from the Secretary of the Iranian Supreme National Security Council (Ali Shamkhani), through which he expressed his “thanks to Iraq for its role in the negotiations between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Saudi Arabia and the Islamic Republic of Iran, and the Iraqi efforts made to bring views closer between the two countries, which contributed to reaching a new agreement between them in Beijing.

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17

Mohammed, Chenar Babaker, and Salih Omar Issa. "The Impact of the Trump Doctrine on U.S. foreign policy toward Iraq." Twejer 3, no. 3 (2020): 1117–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31918/twejer.2033.30.

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Under the Trump administration, U.S. foreign policy has focused on curbing Iran's influence and the role and maintaining counter-terrorism operations in Iraq. President Trump's focus in Iraq has been through smart power, an approach that stresses the need for a robust military presence and invests in political relationships to expand influence and establish its legitimacy. Trump's focus is pursuing U.S. interests in Iraq while curbing Iran, which, in the Trump administration's perspective, is counter to the previous administration's actions of engagement by the Bush administration and disengag

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18

Saramifar, Younes. "Collective (Non-)Memory of the Iran-Iraq War and Sectarian Thinking among Veterans-Turned-Shi'i Militia Fighters." Middle East Journal 77, no. 3 (2024): 290–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3751/77.34.12.

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This article redefines sectarianism as sectarian thinking via an ethnography of Shi'i militia fighters in Iraq and their relationships with the past. I explain this redefinition by tracing memories and histories that motivated Iraqi Shi'i veterans of the IranIraq War to join the Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF). Accordingly, I argue that everyday sectarian thinking in Iraq is less ideologically grounded than commonly presumed and rather feeds on memories, histories, and socialization in violence. I highlight how acts of non-remembrance and a lack of engagement with memories of the Iran-Iraq W

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İPEK, FATİH OĞUZHAN. "From the Invasion to the October Protests: Iraq’s Search for Stability Caught in U.S.-Iran Crossfire." Insight Turkey 26, Spring 2024 (2024): 321–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.25253/99.2024262.17.

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Iraq was a significant regional power during the Saddam Hussein regime, especially in his first years of reign. However, the Gulf Wars and the end of the Cold War almost wiped-out Iraq’s military and political capabilities in the region. Beginning with Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait in 1990, the country was smothered under harsh UN sanctions and invasive weapons inspections. Ironically, the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq gave a huge room for Iranian influence on Iraqi politics, which harbored a U.S.-Iranian battle for influence. The U.S.-Iran competence and successive Iraqi governments’ failure to deliv

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Kovtun V.A., Supotnitskiy M. V. "Chemical Weapons in the Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988). 2. Combat Use of Chemical Weapons." Journal of NBC Protection Corps 3, no. 2 (2019): 150–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.35825/2587-5728-2019-3-2-150-174.

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The Iran-Iraq war (1980–1988) was the result of the geopolitical situation in the Middle East after the Islamic revolution in Iran in 1979. Certain longstanding territorial disputes and the absence of mutually recognized state border between the rivalry countries were among the direct pretexts of the war. At the same time neither Iraq, nor Iran were ready to serious war, both did not want it in such scales, and they did not possess chemical weapons (CW). During the war, Iraq enjoyed broad international support. At the same time, revolutionary Iran turned into a pariah state. By 1983, Iraq bega

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Hennerbichler, Ferdinand. "Zukunfts-Optionen von Kurden in Eurasien." europa ethnica 75, no. 1-2 (2018): 2–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24989/0014-2492-2018-12-2.

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The Iraqi Kurdistan Independence Referendum of September 25th, 2017, initiated by the longstanding President of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (elected in office from 13 June 2005 to 19 August 2015) did not serve as basis for the declaration of an independent Kurdish state in Northern Iraq in the foreseeable future. It was, rather, intended to strengthen his own domestic political position of power as well as that one of other leading politicians of the Barzani family and of the currently governing Kurdistan Democratic Party Iraq. The Referendum aggravated the persisting constitutional crisis in

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Al qazaawi, Mazen, Naser Izadinia, and Gholamhossein Kiani. "The effect of forensic accounting expertise on independent audit quality in Iraq and Iran: A comparative study." Heritage and Sustainable Development 5, no. 2 (2023): 351–232. http://dx.doi.org/10.37868/hsd.v5i2.295.

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Skill, experience, and expertise are three factors that might influence the quality of an audit; forensic accountants can conduct higher-quality audits since they have completed a specialized fraud course. Thus, the purpose of this article is to examine how forensic accounting methods affect the caliber of audits. All of the businesses that are listed on the stock exchanges in Tehran and Iraq make up the statistical population. To determine the sample, 35 enterprises from 2013 to 2020 in Iraq and 100 companies from 2014 to 202 in Iran were chosen using the systematic elimination approach. The

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Habibi Far, Omid. "Investigating the Political Implications and Dimensions of Operation Valfajr 8." Journal of Social-Political Studies of Iran's Culture and History 2, no. 4 (2024): 315–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.61838/kman.jspsich.2.4.15.

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During the Iran-Iraq war, which lasted from 1980 to 1988, both sides employed various military tactics that continuously influenced field developments. One of Iran’s primary tactics in this war was the use of irregular warfare and surprise attacks. Utilizing this tactic, Iran managed to disrupt the Iraqi regular warfare pattern, instilling concern and fear among Iraqi forces, thus turning this method to its advantage. Conversely, Iraq employed various tactics to counter Iranian forces, including front-line warfare tactics and extensive aerial attacks. Operation Valfajr 8, as one of the signifi

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Bordbar, Firouzeh, Ali Haloob, Karzan Omar Qader, and Mansour Mirtadzadini. "Nepeta iraqo-iranica (Lamiaceae), a new species from the border of Iraq and Iran." Phytotaxa 550, no. 2 (2022): 195–200. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.550.2.8.

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Bordbar, Firouzeh, Haloob, Ali, Qader, Karzan Omar, Mirtadzadini, Mansour (2022): Nepeta iraqo-iranica (Lamiaceae), a new species from the border of Iraq and Iran. Phytotaxa 550 (2): 195-200, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.550.2.8

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Stefanović, Danijela. "IDENTITET U FOKUSU PROKLAMOVANIH IDEOLOGIJA." Limes-plus 18 (April 18, 2021): 11–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.69899/limes-plus21181011s.

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The politics of Ba’ath Party and Saddam Hussein both strongly insisted on the Mesopotamian cultural heritage while trying to create the new identity of modern Iraq. Consequently, archaeology and history became of supreme importance, and the budget for the Iraqi Department of Antiquities increased by more than 80%. The excavations (and heavy reconstructions!) were launched at numerous archaeological sites (such as Nineveh, Hatra, Nimrud and Ashur), but Saddam’s main focus was on Babylon. In the same time, the new museums were established all around the country. In 1981, Babylon was the stage fo

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Wood, Thomas J., Halgurd R. Ismael, Daniele Baiocchi, Mudhafar I. Hamad, Tahseen T. Bapir, and Marco Selis. "A first revision of the Andrena of Iraq (Hymenoptera, Andrenidae), with the description of two new species from Iraqi Kurdistan and additional records from surrounding countries." ZooKeys 1205 (July 1, 2024): 267–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1205.120033.

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Iraq is a large country in the Middle East region that borders both Turkey and Iran, countries known to host two of the largest bee faunas globally, as expected for a group of insects that favour dry to Mediterranean climates. Despite this huge regional species richness, the bee fauna of Iraq is chronically understudied and poorly known, both in relative and absolute terms. This is true for the hyper-speciose bee genus Andrena, for which only 17 species have been previously published for Iraq. This work is the first modern contribution to the revision of the Andrena fauna of Iraq. Based on new

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Al-Hadidy, Aboosh, Adnan Mahdi, Doaa Fadhil, and Mustafa Theyab. "The Lower Silurian (Hot Shale) Source Rocks of Western Iraq: Depositional Model and Stratigraphic Distribution." Iraqi Geological Journal 56, no. 1A (2023): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.46717/igj.56.1a.3ms-2023-1-15.

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The Hoseiba Member, an Early Silurian basal mature hot shale of the Akkas Formation (Silurian) consists of about 80% of the Paleozoic hydrocarbon potential system, it is organic-rich with total organic carbon up to 16% as the main source for the Paleozoic gas resources in Iraq. The hot shale is the main source of rocks that are penetrated in deep wells in the western Iraqi desert such as Akkas-1, Qaim-1, and Khleisia -1, which are distributed due to paleo uplift in the restricted regional basin in the west, south, and northwest Iraqi desert and wedged to north thrust zone in Ora area of extrem

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Kleyhons, Ferdinand. "Les Affreux en Irak. Die Teilprivatisierung des professionellen Blutvergießens in der heutigen Kriegsführung anhand des Beispiels des Irakkriegs." historia.scribere, no. 13 (June 22, 2021): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.15203/historia.scribere.13.637.

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Les Affreux en Irak. The partial privatisation of professional bloodshed in modern warfare exemplified by the Iraq WarAfter the launch of "Operation Iraqi Freedom", the United States of America were engaged in war for the next eight years, in which they heavily relied on the assistance of private companies, known as Private Military Companies (PMC). The following paper uses the Iraq War respectively the following occupation of Iraq as a case study to examine the role of PMCs in modern warfare. It analyses the military branches in which PMCs provided support to the USA, including logistics, tra

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Dashti Sedeeq, Mohammad, Hana Farkish, and Arkan Sharifi. "A Comparative Study of Ethnic Discrimination in Employment Law in Iraq and Iran." International Journal of Innovation Management and Organizational Behavior 4, no. 1 (2024): 234–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.61838/kman.ijimob.4.1.28.

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Discrimination in employment rights refers to unequal pay and benefits, access to job opportunities, and career advancement among individuals based on factors such as gender, race, ethnicity, religion, age, and social status. In Iraq, the country's constitution guarantees equal rights for all Iraqi citizens, regardless of ethnicity, race, religion, and other factors. Additionally, Iraqi labor and employment laws prohibit ethnic discrimination and require employers to act without regard to ethnicity when hiring and promoting employees. Similarly, in Iran, the country's constitution guarantees e

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Yakubovich, Azimov Habibullo. "HISTORY AND CURRENT STATE OF IRAQ- IRAN RELATIONS." American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology 6, no. 5 (2024): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajpslc/volume06issue05-09.

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From the 1968 Baath Party coup to the 2003 US invasion of Iraq, relations between Baghdad and Tehran have never been good-neighborly or normal. Therefore, the overthrow of Saddam Hussein can be considered as one of the turning points in Iran-Iraq relations. This article elaborates on the Iraq-Iran relationship and the ethnic, religious, sectarian and external forces that influence it.

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Al-Ameedee, Saif Mahdi Muslim, and Mahdi Moradi. "The Effect of Ethics in Business on Happiness, Aggressiveness and Inconsistency of Efforts and Rewards." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 16, no. 3 (2023): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm16030195.

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The present study investigates the effect of business ethics on happiness, aggression and inconsistency of effort and reward of auditors in Iran and Iraq. The statistical population of the present study includes all partners, managers and auditors working in audit institutions in Iran and partners of the audit institutions, assistant auditors, auditors, individual second rank and individual first rank, with a total of 365 questionnaires completed by Iranian respondents out of 450 questionnaires and 250 questionnaires completed by Iraqi respondents out of 350 questionnaires, a total of 615 ques

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Ruaa R. Muneam and Ali Abid Abojassim. "Heavy Chromium metal determination concentration in cheese." International Journal of Scholarly Research in Chemistry and Pharmacy 1, no. 1 (2022): 039–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.56781/ijsrcp.2022.1.1.0047.

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The concentration of the heavy element Chromium in cheese samples was investigated using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. 72 random samples from six country groups (Iran, Iraq, Egypt, Turkey, Hungary, and Saudi Arabia) available in Iraqi markets were collected. Cr concentration rates in cheese samples were discovered. The non- carcinogenic risk parameters for health from the accumulation of Cr, such as daily Cr metal intake ( ), the Cr target hazard quotient ( ), and the Cr carcinogenic risk ( ) were revealed. The highest average Cr metal level in the samples was found in Saudi Arabia c

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Khosravi, Jamal, Jalal Kalhori, and Loghman Hamehmorad. "The Presence of Israel in Iraqi Kurdistan and its Security Challenges for Iran’s National Security." Journal of Politics and Law 9, no. 7 (2016): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v9n7p169.

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<p>This study investigates Israeli presence in Iraqi Kurdistan and its challenges for the Iran’s national security. Although the informal presence of Israel in Iraqi Kurdistan dates back to the 1960s and 1970s, its presence has been more conspicuous, in the recent years, due to the changes in the international political equations, informal collapse and attenuation of social, geographical, and political Iraqi borders, the opportunities arising from 2003 invasion of Iraq, and the weakening of the central power in Iraq. This has exposed the security of the neighboring countries of Iraqi Kur

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Logan, Darren. "Thoughts on Iraqi Kurdistan: Present Realities, Future Hope." Iran and the Caucasus 13, no. 1 (2009): 161–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/160984909x12476379008205.

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AbstractThe collapse of Saddam Hussein's regime in April 2003 ushered Iraq into an era of unprecedented opportunity. The Kurds of Northern Iraq were given an opportunity to control their destiny in such a way not before encountered in their turbulent history. However, this moment has not been free of significant concern. Against the witness of history one can reasonably inquire as to whether or not the dominant Kurdish majority in Northern Iraq is able to seize this opportunity and make the most of it. Will they be able to break the historic cycle of internal dissension and unite to ensure the

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Khudhur, Kamaran A., and Farhang M. Muhamad. "War in Kurdish Poetry from the Post-Uprising Period to the end of the ISIS War." Koya University Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 8, no. 1 (2025): 221–34. https://doi.org/10.14500/kujhss.v8n1y2025.pp221-234.

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The many wars in the history of the Kurdish people in Iraqi Kurdistan have put them in a very difficult position. For example، long years of war and hostility between Iraq and Iran in a period 1980 -1988, and the 1990– 1991Gulf War between Iraq and coalition forces، the 2003 Invasion of Iraq which lasted from 19 March to 1 May 2003، named Operation Iraqi Freedom by the USA، and the recent war with The Islamic State (ISIS) and Kurdish forces Peshmarga which have been fighting the Islamic State in northern Iraq since Aug 2014 till now. These wars have had a strong influence on the life of Kurdis

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Mstafa, Aras Abdulrahman. "Iraq's Economic Situation Between 1988-1991 in Southern Kurdistan." Journal of University of Raparin 9, no. 1 (2022): 34–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.26750/vol(9).no(1).paper2.

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The economic situation in Iraq between 1988 and 1991 affected the March 1991 uprising in southern Kurdistan، including research that included several important aspects، discussing the economic impact of both the First and Second Gulf Wars، which has caused a major disaster for Iraq's economic infrastructure and the disintegration of Iraq's financial، administrative، military and service institutions، Including the economic crisis، the spread of hunger، poverty، disease، corruption، bribery and many bad subjects that the Iraqi state has suffered from major disasters، all of which have led

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Alfayaz, Ali, and Mohammad Sadegh Koushki. "Examination of the Reasons Behind the Expansion of Economic Relations between Iraq and Iran from 2010 to 2020." Journal of Social-Political Studies of Iran's Culture and History 2, no. 4 (2024): 48–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.61838/kman.jspsich.2.4.3.

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The economic relations between Iraq and Iran have witnessed significant expansion and flourishing over the past decade, impacting various aspects significantly. Economic relations in today's world are among the most crucial components of countries' foreign policies for action and survival in the international system. The expansion of these relations, in addition to boosting the economic flourishing of these nations, strengthens political, cultural, and regional ties. Therefore, given the importance of this matter, this research, which gathered data through documentary and library methods and i

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Wood, Thomas J., Halgurd R. Ismael, Daniele Baiocchi, Mudhafar I. Hamad, Tahseen T. Bapir, and Marco Selis. "A first revision of the Andrena of Iraq (Hymenoptera, Andrenidae), with the description of two new species from Iraqi Kurdistan and additional records from surrounding countries." ZooKeys 1205 (July 1, 2024): 267–98. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1205.120033.

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Iraq is a large country in the Middle East region that borders both Turkey and Iran, countries known to host two of the largest bee faunas globally, as expected for a group of insects that favour dry to Mediterranean climates. Despite this huge regional species richness, the bee fauna of Iraq is chronically understudied and poorly known, both in relative and absolute terms. This is true for the hyper-speciose bee genus <i>Andrena</i>, for which only 17 species have been previously published for Iraq. This work is the first modern contribution to the revision of the <i>Andrena</i> fauna of Iraq

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Khani, Saeed, Milad Bagi, and Hossein Mohammadzadeh. "Demographic Transition, Development Potentials, and Policy Requirements: A Comparative Study of the Kurdish Regions of Iran and Iraq." Middle East Journal 78, no. 2 (2025): 189–211. https://doi.org/10.3751/78.23.14.

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This study compares and evaluates the demographic transition processes and development potentials in the Kurdish regions of Iran and Iraq, using a secondary analysis methodology. The results indicate that Iranian Kurdistan is closely aligned with Iranian society as a whole, having undergone a demographic transition and now experiencing a demographic window of opportunity. In contrast, Iraqi Kurdistan is ahead of the rest of Iraq but has not yet fully completed its demographic transition. We argue that before entering the demographic window phase, it is essential to implement policies that impr

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Yousif, Fakhir. "THE TRIBAL PROBLEM BETWEEN IRAQ AND IRAN (1925–1960)." Humanities Journal of University of Zakho 13, no. 2 (2025): 300–310. https://doi.org/10.26436/hjuoz.2025.13.2.1594.

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The Jaf tribe is considered one of the most influential and historically significant Kurdish tribes. Branches of this tribe live across both Iraqi and Iranian territories. This study, titled "The Tribal Problem between Iraq and Iran (1925–1960): A Documentary Study – Jaf Tribe as a Sample", focuses specifically on the Iraqi Kurdish branches of the Jaf tribe residing within the borders of Kurdistan, Iraq. Since many members of the Iraqi Jaf tribe worked as pastoralists and livestock herders, they frequently crossed into Iranian Kurdistan in search of pastures and grazing lands for their animals

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Mohammed, Ali Salman Salmanb Muhammad Fuad Bin Othman. "THE SECURITY AND POLITICAL IMPACTS OF DISBANDING THE IRAQI ARMED FORCES AFTER 2000-WAR." Multicultural Education 7, no. 4 (2021): 109. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4679635.

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<em>The Coalition Provisional Authority formally issued the Order Number two in the 23rd of May, 2003, to disband the Iraqi armed forces, and dissolve the Iraqi Ministry of Defense. The order of disbanding came after the Iraqi armed forces had already been disintegrated when it had been defeated in the war and the invasion of Iraq in 2003. The emergence of the insurgency groups that had begun to fight the United States troops and targeted civilians starting sectarian crisis led the Coalition administration to establish Iraqi national forces to take charge of the counterinsurgency. In the 8th o

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Thabit, Amer Hassan. "Iraq's alternatives in light of the challenges surrounding the security of the Arabian Gulf: the challenges of security of navigation in the Strait of Hormuz." Tikrit Journal For Political Science, no. 19 (May 24, 2020): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/poltic.v0i19.218.

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The Arab Gulf region in particular, and with it the entire Arab region in general, is witnessing multiple challenges and conflicts, escalating, in a way that reflects the presence of overlapping in the dimensions: internal, regional and international, which imposes important effects on Iraq. Iraq is part of the Arab Gulf region, and it interferes with it: historically, geographically, ethnically, and politically. It cannot be overlooked that Iraq was in historical stages that was considered the dominant force in this region, especially in the stage of the civilization’s dominance before

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Bibi, Fozia, and Lubna Abid Ali. "Linkage Between US invasion of Iraq, Arab Spring and Emergence of Daesh: Beginning of New Era for Iran." Global International Relations Review V, no. II (2022): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/girr.2022(v-ii).08.

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The role of Iran is essential to analyze the politics of the Middle East. Post 9/11 few events such as the USA invasion of Iraq, the Arab spring and the emergence of Daesh has altered the traditional power structure of the region and also enhanced the role of Iran in the politics of the region. This study analyzes the role of domestic and structural factors in the shaping of the foreign policy behavior of Iran. Iraq remained a strong power under Saddam till the US invasion of Iraq in March 2003. Though, the US invasion ended a dictatorship but failed to provide stability, peace and a unified g

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Wang, Bo. "The Iraq War and the New Iran-Iraq Relations." Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (in Asia) 1, no. 1 (2007): 66–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19370679.2007.12023104.

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Alsamarai, Abdulghani Mohamed. "Association of Human Cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr Virus with Breast Cancer." International Journal of Medical Sciences 1, no. 2 (2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.32441/ijms.v1i2.65.

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 Breast cancer forms the most common cancer in women worldwide [1,2] and in Arab countries [3]. Breast cancer accounts for about 1/3 of the registered female cancer in Iraq [4] and with incidence rate of 31.1/ 100 000 in Iraqi women , while it was 18.4 for Iran, 22.4 for Saudi Arabia, 23.0 for Syria, 28.3 for Turkey, 47.0 for Jordan, and 47.7 for Kuwait [5,6]. Recent study in Iraq reported a trend for breast cancer to affect younger age group [7]. This study shows that the highest frequency of breast cancer (32.4%) was in women with age of 21-30 years. Unfortunately, 79.7% of breast canc

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Ashwarya, Sujata. "Post-2003 Iran–Iraq Cooperation in the Oil and Gas Sector: Initiatives, Challenges, and Future Scenarios." Contemporary Review of the Middle East 4, no. 1 (2017): 84–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2347798916681349.

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Iran–Iraq cooperation in the oil and gas sector took shape after the 2003 war as relations between the two countries improved with the assumption of power by a Shia-led government in Baghdad. The two Persian Gulf neighbors recognize the importance of joint or unitized development of cross-border oil fields and have taken preliminary initiatives to that end. Inter-state pipelines for energy export and import are binding them into a tight economic embrace, and combined backing for high oil prices as well as mutual support for raising production quota in the Organization of the Petroleum Exportin

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Fatima Raza. "US-Iran Tensions and Instability in Iraq: Role of the Popular Mobilisation Units." Strategic Studies 41, no. 2 (2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.53532/ss.041.02.0053.

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Popular Mobilisation Units (PMU) is the largest umbrella organisation in Iraq encompassing more than 40 of these paramilitary forces with many of them having deep ties with Iran. Recent killing of the PMU leader Abu Mahdi al Muhandis along with his ally, the Iranian General Qassem Soleimani in a US drone strike concurred a huge loss for Iran and the PMU who had long enjoyed cooperation and influence within Iraq. The PMU, in the absence of its trusted leadership; is predicted to fall apart from within causing instability in Iraq which has been brought about by reckless war-mongering between the

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Fathima, Anisa. "Iraqi Woman Speaks: An Alternative Narrative of War in Riverbend’s Baghdad Burning." Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research & Review 04, no. 01 (2023): 69–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.55662/ajmrr.2023.4102.

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The US-led invasion into Iraq in 2003 triggered an endless war that unleashed new cycles of violence and left the region devastated. Following the 9/11 attacks on the US soil, the West conjured up an image of Iraq as a nerve centre of terrorism. In the months preceding the invasion, the dominant narrative that revolved around the War on Terror sought to project Iraq as a nation that needed to be “liberated” and “civilised” by the West. Iraqi women were particularly (mis)represented as oppressed victims of an abusive patriarchal system, devoid of agency and freedom. Voices emerging from Iraq in

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Mahdi, Akbar. "Revolution: Iraq & Iran." Teaching Sociology 19, no. 2 (1991): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1317878.

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Byrne, Malcolm. "The Iran–Iraq War." Iranian Studies 46, no. 4 (2013): 669–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00210862.2013.784533.

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