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Journal articles on the topic 'Iraqi memory'
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1
Montgomery, Bruce P. "The Rape of Kuwait’s National Memory." International Journal of Cultural Property 22, no. 1 (February 2015): 61–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739115000053.
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Abstract:In the August 1990 invasion of Kuwait, Iraqi forces prosecuted a mass campaign of pillage and destruction. Under the coordinated direction of Iraqi curators who were well acquainted with Kuwait’s cultural treasures, occupying Iraqi troops plundered thousands of cultural objects from museums, libraries, and archives. Among the pillaged cultural spoils were Kuwait’s national archives, comprising the emirate’s historical memory. Until recently, Iraq was beholden to UN sanctions demanding the return of missing persons and property, including Kuwait’s archives. Although the United Nations Security Council for many years has facilitated efforts to search for the lost archives, these efforts have proved futile. This article explores the plausibility of the two most likely scenarios surrounding the cold case of Kuwait’s missing archives: 1) that the current search for the archives has overlooked the possibility that they were unknowingly seized by US forces in the 2003 invasion of Iraq and are currently being held by the Pentagon; and 2) that the archives may have been intentionally destroyed as part of Saddam Hussein’s aim to obliterate Kuwait’s national identity and annex the emirate as Iraq’s nineteenth province.
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Dorval, Amanda Raquel. "The Iraqi Ba'ath Archives: Collective Memory Loss and Authoritarian Nostalgia in the Post-Saddam Era." Libraries: Culture, History, and Society 5, no. 2 (September 1, 2021): 204–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/libraries.5.2.0204.
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Abstract This article analyzes how the seizure of the Ba'ath archives from Iraq after the fall of Saddam Hussein in 2003 influenced the country's memory landscape and rise in pro-Ba'ath authoritarian nostalgia (hanin). Literature on the Ba'ath archives has focused on the ethics of their removal, custodianship, and laws governing war archives. However, there has been virtually no literature analyzing the long-term consequences of this removal on Iraqi collective memory or examining Ba'ath nostalgia in a larger dialogue about Iraqi archives. Has the removal of the Ba'ath records distorted Iraq's post-regime memory landscape, and is this a factor in the rise of authoritarian nostalgia? By reviewing existing literature on archives and collective memory, examining instances of Ba'ath nostalgia in Iraq, exploring effects of de-Ba'athification on the education system, and comparing Iraq's situation to South Africa, this article will contemplate the effects of archives loss on Iraqi memory distortion and authoritarian nostalgia.
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Montgomery, Bruce P. "Immortality in the Secret Police Files: The Iraq Memory Foundation and the Baath Party Archive." International Journal of Cultural Property 18, no. 3 (August 2011): 309–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s094073911100018x.
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AbstractShortly after the 2003 American invasion of Iraq, Kanan Makiya, a long time Iraqi dissident and professor of Middle East studies at Brandeis University, uncovered a major trove of documents belonging to Saddam Hussein's Baath Party and his security forces. The documents proved highly important in reflecting the inner workings of the Baath Party system in his final years in power. Soon after the discovery of the documents, the Iraq Memory Foundation (IMF), a private Washington, D.C.–based group founded by Makiya, took custody of the records, later depositing them with the Hoover Institution at Stanford University to provide a safe haven for them. The deal ignited immediate international controversy and charges of pillage from some Iraqi officials, archival organizations, scholars, and others who also demanded their immediate return to the Iraq National Library and Archive in Baghdad. On the surface, these charges of theft and plunder appear plausible enough, but on examination, a different and complicated narrative emerges in light of the conventions of war, U.S. law, and the Iraqi penal code, as well as the chain of events surrounding their taking and removal by nonstate actors in the Iraqi theatre of war and occupation.
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Ismail Mousa, Sayed M., and Ghassan Nawaf Jaber Alhomoud. "Exploring the Literary Representation of Trauma in Contemporary Iraqi Fiction from Socio-historical Perspective." World Journal of English Language 12, no. 1 (January 28, 2022): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v12n1p162.
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The present study aims to critically review the aspects of war in selected Iraqi war novels— Sinan Antoon, The Baghdad Eucharist (2017), Corpse Washer (2013) Zauhair Jabouri, The Corpse Hunter (2014)—that focus on depicting vividly the traumatic experiences of Iraqi, particularly after the US-led invasion of Iraq 2003 and how these novels could recur constantly to humanist themes and traumatized figures, the psychological suffering of minorities and the oppressed. In other words, it aims to make visible specific historical instances of trauma in Iraqi war fiction. The present study undertakes an in-depth investigation of the socio-political and historical dimensions of Cathy Caruth’s literary trauma simply because trauma experiences in Iraq were emanated from several causes such as social injustice, the oppression of minorities, political despotism, and the persecution of religious minorities, the displacement of Iraqis from the homeland, and the genocidal policies of jihadist. The study has found that Iraqi war fiction depends on the stylistic technique of repeating certain expressions, phrases, and lexical items to intensify the extraordinary events. It is a narrative of traumatic haunting known for its non-linear and circular style that often leads to ambiguity where readers are often unable to decode the authorial intentions, deriving its ambiguity from the traits of dreams and nightmares, the interpretations of which are continually and unredeemably haunted by the memory of loss.
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Isakhan, Benjamin. "Targeting the Symbolic Dimension of Baathist Iraq: Cultural Destruction, Historical Memory, and National Identity." Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication 4, no. 3 (2011): 257–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187398611x590200.
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AbstractThis article examines the systematic efforts to dismantle or destroy the symbolic dimension of the Baathist regime in Iraq since 2003. It argues that while the Baath were undeniably cruel and oppressive, they did undertake one of the twentieth century's most robust attempts to utilize the political power of historical memory to create a unified Iraqi national identity. However, while many have examined the militaristic or bureaucratic dimensions of de-Baathification, no such attempts have been made to examine the destruction of the symbols and monuments of the Baathist state and the consequences this has had for Iraqi national identity. This article addresses this paucity and concludes that with the symbolic destruction of the Baathist state has come a near complete erosion of the Iraqi brand of nationalism that the Baath had managed to promulgate to varying degrees of success since the late 1960s.
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SHEM-TOV, NAPHTALY. "Performing Iraqi-Jewish History on the Israeli Stage." Theatre Research International 44, no. 3 (October 2019): 248–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307883319000294.
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The analysis of the following two Israeli plays is the focus of this article: Ghosts in the Cellar (Haifa Theatre, 1983) by Sami Michael, and The Father's Daughters (Hashahar Theatre, 2015) by Gilit Itzhaki. These plays deal with the Farhud – a pogrom which took place in Iraq in 1941, in which two hundred Iraqi Jews were massacred by an Iraqi nationalist mob. The Farhud has become a traumatic event in the memory of this Jewish community. Using the concept of ‘performing history’ as advanced by Freddie Rokem, I observe how these plays, as theatre of a marginalized group, engage in the production of memory and history as well as in the processing of grief. These plays present the Farhud and correspond with the Zionist narrative in two respects: (1) they present the traumatic historical event of these Middle Eastern Jews in the light of its disappearance in Zionist history, and (2) their performance includes Arab cultural and language elements of Iraqi-Jewish identity, and thus implicitly points out the complex situation of the Arab–Israeli conflict.
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Rossetti, Chip. "Messages in Bottles: An Archive of Black Iraqi Identity in Diaa Jubaili’s al-Biṭrīq al-Aswad." Humanities 10, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/h10020082.
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The novel al-Biṭrīq al-Aswad [The Black Penguin] by the Iraqi author Diaa Jubaili is a rare example of a contemporary Arabic novel that centers the experiences of Iraq’s Black population, most of whom live near Basra in Iraq’s south. The novel’s mixed-race narrator recounts his life story in the form of letters addressed to international figures, highlighting the life of his family on the margins of Iraqi society and his later involvement with the real-life civil rights group, the Movement of Free Iraqis. This article draws on Stuart Hall’s dual conception of cultural identity in diaspora to frame the characters’ search for a Black Iraqi identity as a dynamic engagement with memory, one that represents a counternarrative in the face of legacies of African slavery and legal discrimination.
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Alaameri, Zahra Hasan Oleiwi, and Mustafa Abdulsahib Faihan. "Forecasting the Accounting Profits of the Banks Listed in Iraq Stock Exchange Using Artificial Neural Networks." Webology 19, no. 1 (January 20, 2022): 2669–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.14704/web/v19i1/web19177.
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This paper demonstrates the feasibility of using deep learning approaches in time series forecasting of bank profits. Two types of neural networks were used, LSTM (Long-Short Term Memory) and NAR (Nonlinear Autoregressive) networks, for comparison. The data from 12 Iraqi banks, which are registered in the Iraq stock exchange, were involved in this study for sixteen years (2004-2019). RMSE and MAPE were used for comparing the performance of the two models (LSTM and NAR). Our results showed that the NAR is more accurate than LSTM for the prediction of profits. And that the use of the NAR network by the Iraqi banks will help them predict future accounting profits.
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Lewandowsky, Stephan, Werner G. K. Stritzke, Klaus Oberauer, and Michael Morales. "Memory for Fact, Fiction, and Misinformation." Psychological Science 16, no. 3 (March 2005): 190–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.00802.x.
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Media coverage of the 2003 Iraq War frequently contained corrections and retractions of earlier information. For example, claims that Iraqi forces executed coalition prisoners of war after they surrendered were retracted the day after the claims were made. Similarly, tentative initial reports about the discovery of weapons of mass destruction were all later disconfirmed. We investigated the effects of these retractions and disconfirmations on people's memory for and beliefs about war-related events in two coalition countries (Australia and the United States) and one country that opposed the war (Germany). Participants were queried about (a) true events, (b) events initially presented as fact but subsequently retracted, and (c) fictional events. Participants in the United States did not show sensitivity to the correction of misinformation, whereas participants in Australia and Germany discounted corrected misinformation. Our results are consistent with previous findings in that the differences between samples reflect greater suspicion about the motives underlying the war among people in Australia and Germany than among people in the United States.
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Meir-Glitzenstein, E. "Our Dowry: Identity and Memory among Iraqi Immigrants in Israel." Middle Eastern Studies 38, no. 2 (April 2002): 165–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/714004453.
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Alyas, Dr Umer. "Learning Strategies Preference of Iraqi EFL Learners." Alustath Journal for Human and Social Sciences 60, no. 4 (December 24, 2021): 718–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.36473/ujhss.v60i4.1842.
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The current study aims at investigating Iraqi EFL learners’ knowledge and preference of language learning strategies. Data are collected using two self-reported questionnaires; a background questionnaire and the Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL, Oxford, 1990) with some modifications to meet the needs of this study. The following questions are asked: 1-Are students aware of the concept of LLS? 2- If yes, how much they know about it? 3- What are the kinds of LLS they employed in their learning? 4- What are their preferred strategies? The questionnaires are submitted to a total sample that consists of 77 students. The results show that 80.5% of the students have no knowledge whatsoever about LLS. The rest of them (19.5%) shows confused and mixed information. Moreover, the metacognitive strategies are the most often used strategies with the highest “often” percentage of 53.1%. Next is the cognitive and memory strategies of 43.2% & 40.2 percentages respectively. These highest rates show the most preferred strategies used by the students in our department. As for the frequency of use, the metacognitive strategies are still the preferred and most frequently used with a total percentage of 92.6%. Memory strategies hold the second position with a total percentage of 90%. The rest shows the same range of frequency except the effective strategies that fall behind by approximately 10% to 15% less than the rest.
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Bellotta, Samanta. "Transnational Identity and Memory Making in the Lives of Iraqi Women in Diaspora, Nadia Jones-Gailani (2020)." Crossings: Journal of Migration & Culture 12, no. 2 (October 1, 2021): 537–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/cjmc_00050_5.
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Review of: Transnational Identity and Memory Making in the Lives of Iraqi Women in Diaspora, Nadia Jones-Gailani (2020)Toronto, Buffalo and London: University of Toronto Press, 200 pp.,ISBN 978-1-48750-316-1, h/bk, £44.55
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Abdelhameed, Hadeel. "Scripting Memory and Emotions: Female Characters in Iraqi Theatre about War." Humanities 5, no. 3 (September 7, 2016): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/h5030075.
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Amarilyo, Eli. "History, Memory and Commemoration: The Iraqi Revolution of 1920 and the Process of Nation Building in Iraq." Middle Eastern Studies 51, no. 1 (August 4, 2014): 72–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2014.934816.
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Midhin, Majeed Mohammed, David Clare, and Noor Aziz Abed. "Memory, National Identity Formation, and (Neo)Colonialism in Hannah Khalil’s A Museum in Baghdad." Journal of Contemporary Drama in English 9, no. 2 (October 23, 2021): 304–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jcde-2021-0025.
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Abstract According to Ernest Renan, a nation is formed by its collective memory; it is a country’s shared experiences which enable it to become (in Benedict Anderson’s much later coinage) an “imagined community.” Building on these ideas, commentators such as Kavita Singh and Lianne McTavish et al. have shown how museums play a key role in helping nations to form an identity and understand their past. However, as these critics and those from other disciplines (including postcolonial studies) have noted, museums can also reflect and reinforce the unequal power dynamics between nations which result from colonialism and neocolonialism. This article demonstrates that these ideas are directly relevant to the 2019 play A Museum in Baghdad by the Palestinian-Irish playwright Hannah Khalil. This play is set in the Museum of Iraq in three different time periods: “Then (1926), Now (2006), and Later” (an unspecified future date) (3). Khalil uses specific characters – most notably, Gertrude Bell during the “Then” sections, the Iraqi archaeologists Ghalia and Layla during the “Now” sections, and a “timeless” character called Nasiya who appears across the time periods – to question the degree to which the museum is perpetuating Western views of Iraq.
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Al-Bahloly, Saleem. "The Persistence of the Image: Dhākira Hurra in Dia Azzawi's Drawings on the Massacre of Tel al-Zaatar." ARTMargins 2, no. 2 (June 2013): 71–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artm_a_00048.
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This article examines the memory-image in a set of drawings produced by the Iraqi artist Dia Azzawi on the massacre of the Palestinian refugee camp, Tel al-Zaatar, during the Lebanese civil war. It traces the development of this memory-image in Iraq in the 1960s, within a paradigm of the modern artwork established by the work of the artist Kadhim Haidar. Generalizing in modern art a mode of allegory from the poetic tradition of the husayniyyat, that paradigm introduced a philosophy of history in which the past was interpreted as a tradition of tragic forms that could be revived in painting as allegories for articulating the experience of contemporary political violence. Within that philosophy of history, Azzawi drew from the epic, Gilgamesh, a formula for representing injustice, one where a victim is emplotted in a narrative of struggle, such that the forms of the victim double as forms of the aggression from which he suffers. This formula comprised the method of representation in Azzawi's drawings on the massacre at Tel al-Zaatar and in his work throughout the 1970s.
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Vanzan, Anna. "The Holy Defense Museum in Tehran, or How to Aestheticize War." Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication 13, no. 1 (May 13, 2020): 63–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18739865-01301004.
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Abstract In September 2013 the Iranian authorities inaugurated the Holy Defense Museum (Muzeh-i Dafa’-i Moqaddas) in the capital Tehran that also hosts a Martyrs’ Museum (Muzeh-i Shuhada) built in the early 1980s and later renovated. The new museum is part of a grandiose project to commemorate the sacrifice of Iranians during the war provoked by the Iraqi regime (1980–1988). The museum encompasses various aspects of the arts (visual, cinematic, photographic, literary, etc.) shaped to remember and celebrate the martyrs of that war. The 1979 Iranian Revolution and the following Iran-Iraq War produced an enormous amount of visual material; works produced during this crucial period that disrupted the balance of power, both regionally and internationally, constitute an important part of Iran’s recent history. Visual materials produced in that period not only constitute a collective graphic memory of those traumatic years, they also revolutionized Iranian aesthetics. The Islamic Republic of Iran (hereafter IRI) establishment has a long experience in molding contemporary art for political purposes and the Holy Defense Museum represents the zenith of this imposing project. In this paper, I present an analytic and descriptive reading of the museum in light of my direct experience visiting the museum, and I explore its role in maintaining the collective memory of the Iran-Iraq conflict, in celebrating the revolution and in aestheticizing war.
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Wood, Philip. "Constantine in the Chronicle of Seert." Studies in Late Antiquity 1, no. 2 (2017): 150–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sla.2017.1.2.150.
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This article analyses the reception of the story of Constantine in Iraqi Christian circles in the ninth and tenth centuries. It situates the use of the story against the broader historiographic context in which the history of the Roman church was imported wholesale into Iraq in the sixth century to buttress its identity as an orthodox church. It argues that the legacy of Eusebius was respected but not followed in its details. Instead, the memory of Constantine and his family was dominated by the Doctrina Addai and the Julian Romance, pseudo-histories composed in Syriac in Edessa in the fifth and sixth centuries. Within an Islamicate environment, Constantine was remembered chiefly for his role in establishing a Nicene orthodoxy, which was shared by all major Christian confessions in the caliphate, and for his role in the cult of the True Cross, a strong symbol that continued to divide Christians and Muslims.
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Kyrchanoff, M. W. "POLITICS OF MEMORY IN THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN AS A NON-WESTERN FORM OF HISTORICAL POLITICS (BETWEEN THE VALUES OF THE UMMAH AND THE PRINCIPLES OF NATIONALISM)." Вестник Пермского университета. История, no. 4(55) (2021): 46–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2219-3111-2021-4-46-55.
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The author analyzes the main features and directions of the policy of historical memory in the Islamic Republic of Iran, proclaimed in the 1979. Analyzing the politics of memory in Iran, the author transplants those models of explanation and interpretation to Iranian contexts, which were originally proposed for the study of ideologically mo-tivated manipulations of history in Europe. It is assumed that the politics of memory depends on the dynamics of political and socio-economic modernization in its Islamic version. Elites actively use history and the past as symbolic resources in their attempts to legitimize regime, and the politics of memory has become one of the dimensions of Iranian political imagination, integrated into the Shia political discourse. The main forms of politically and ideologi-cally motivated manipulations with history in the Islamization contexts are presented. The author states that the Irani-an elites are active in their attempts to marginalize the Zoroastrian and pre-Islamic heritage, imagined as alien cultur-ally and anti-Islamic traditions. Therefore, the early policy of memory in Iran was radical and repressive in its nature. The author analyzes the radical forms of the politics of memory, including the destruction of historical and cultural monuments. It is assumed that political Islam and the values of the Ummah in the historical imagination of Iran be-came more important factors than Iranian ethnic nationalism. In general, the article shows the interdependence of the memorial politics of the non-secular Shia regime and Iranian nationalism, despite its marginalization. The author presumes that the politics of memory belongs to the few spheres of social and cultural life of Islamic Republic of Iran, where Iranian secular intellectuals can visualize their identity and nationalist preferences. The historical politics in Iran actualizes the peculiarities of ideological struggle of the Shia regime against the Iranian political emigration, which criticizes Islamization. The results of the politics of memory also demonstrate the significant potential of the historical experience (Iranian-Iraqi war) as a stimulus for consolidation and promotion of loyalty. Therefore, the au-thor analyzes the politics of memory as a constantly revising project, declaring the need for its further interdiscipli-nary analysis.
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Hussein Al-Mutalebi, Shaymaa Abdul, and Dhea Mizhir Krebt. "THE CORRELATION BETWEEN IRAQI EFL UNIVERSITY STUDENTS WORKING MEMORY CAPACITY AND THEIR LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY." International Journal of Research in Social Sciences and Humanities 10, no. 4 (August 26, 2020): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37648/ijrssh.v10i04.003.
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Alganaby, Abd Al-Satar Shnin. "Architecture of The heritage buildings in Najaf and its role in promoting national identity." Al-Adab Journal, no. 129 (June 15, 2019): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31973/aj.v0i129.586.
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Heritage represents the living memory of the individual and society , it is cultural identity that people recognize about the privacy of people . That is the full record of human activity in a society preserved in the collective memory of the people . It is a manifestation of individual and collective creativity of the nation during its long history . As a result , heritage has a strong relationship with the cultural practices of society and its outlook for the future as well as the link between the present and the past. Therefore, the loss of cultural heritage means the loss of the nation's memory , identity and pride in its own history and present.
Talking the architectural heritage of Najaf, which is one of the main pillars of the city's heritage through the ages, means talking about the variables in the moving time and the fixed place. Najaf in its plans and architecture as one of the historical cities of religious origin had to respond on its architectural planning to a range of needs and factors that influenced the pattern of planning and the shape of the city and the models of buildings .
In order to deepen the subject , we chose the old Najafi house as a model for local architecture . Mr. Ali Al-Damarji's house was chosen as a model in Al-Huwaish district . As it is characterized by the integration of the elements of planning , architectural and construction , as well as the capacity of an area of (380 m2.) , and its good condition as classified by the heritage survey committee of the city of Najaf grade (A) in terms of heritage status , and the state of construction .
The study has found that the architecture of the heritage buildings in Najaf and the Najafi house in particular has some characteristics that are almost unique to them . However , this privacy does not mean the identification of an independent identity . Rather , it is the local privacy which is integrated it its overall image within the identity National Heritage of Iraq . In spite of the presence of different oriental influences , the Najafi house remained conservative in its basic layout of its traditional character , which imitates the old and ancient Iraqi style . And this in itself drawn the image of Iraqi cultural communication and authenticity through the ages .
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BAYRAM, Ruqaiah Wahab Majeed. "CUMULATIVE PHANTASY OF THE LITERARY INHERITED IN THE CONTEMPORARY IRAQI THEATRE'S TEXTS." RIMAK International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 03, no. 02 (February 1, 2021): 302–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2717-8293.2-3.24.
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The cumulative phantasy of literary inherited in the contemporary Iraqi theatre's texts composes important pivot and a literary cultural phenomena has its' distinguished presence in the Iraqi theatre represented by inspiration of literary inherited and urging the collective memory by aesthetic and conceptual frames via works of dramatic processing by shifting central structures and their time-place and structural transformations in the theatrical text. The research consists of four chapters, first chapter tackled with the methodical frame and included the research's problem that is specified by the following question: ((What is the cumulative phantasy of literary inherited and how was employed in the contemporary Iraqi theatre's text?)). The research concerned with knowing the special and general frames of the cumulative phantasy of literary inherited concept and knowing also their cognitive paths, references and innovative producing tools according to cognitive time's evidences to arise the viewer's memory and rooting the cultural identity. The research aims to briefing the cumulative phantasy of literary inherited in the contemporary theatrical text. The research's limits included studying the cumulative phantasy of literary inherited in the contemporary Iraqi theatrical texts for the period (1965-2005) also first chapter included the terms and defining them also. While the second chapter consists of three sections, first one was about phantasy philosophy and its' conceptual concepts, second section was about the phantasy and its' psychological concept, third section was about phantasy and its' representations in the Arabian theatrical literary inherited. Third chapter included research's procedures of a population included (15) theatrical texts, sample consisted of two theatrical texts, choosing was by intentional method whereas conforms with the research's subject and achieving the required goal represented by (Almiftah) for Yousif Al-Ani and the play (Al-Layali Al-Sumariyah) for the writer (Lutfiyah Al-Dulaimi). The researcher considered the depicting method to analyze the research's sample, she relied on the indications of theoretical frame in analyzing. Fourth chapter included results and conclusions, some of them are: 1. Text were featured with drama structure based on inspiration of the inherited and reproduce it by contrast according to the…. Of the phantasy, cumulative of the literary public inherited via shifting techniques, symbols and interpretations of indications. 2. Writers' phantasy added manifestations of public and national identity and its' structures sublimation by its' limits, historical and inherited evidences, permanence and existence by opening the eras. 3. Parallel and harmonic employment that express the inherited characters with a contemporary visions
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Al-Nakib, Farah. "Repressive Erasure and Reflective Nostalgia in Kuwait." Current History 120, no. 830 (December 1, 2021): 353–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2021.120.830.353.
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This essay analyzes the ways in which official memory discourses in Kuwait promote willful forgetting of certain aspects of the country’s past through acts of repressive erasure. By looking at how it has shaped narratives about the pre-oil era, the post-1950 advent of oil-fueled modernization, and the period since the 1990 Iraqi invasion and occupation, we can assess both the functions and the consequences of the Kuwaiti state’s tendencies toward erasing aspects of the past. The essay also provides examples of how Kuwaiti artists and writers have challenged these official histories.
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O'Brien, Peter. "Islam vs. Liberalism in Europe." American Journal of Islam and Society 10, no. 3 (October 1, 1993): 367–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v10i3.2492.
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IntroductionIn the West, Muslilms are regarded with anxiety, mistrust, and fear.Many of us choose not to travel to Muslim coUntties for fear of becomingvictims of temrism. Most Westerners worry about the Muslims' firm gripon the spigot of the world's oil reserves. And in 1991 we convinced ourselvesthat Saddam Hussein represented a threat on par with Hitler.'But Muslims cannot really scare us. After all, it took but a few weeksto vanquish fully the "Butcher of Baghdad," who had up until that timethe world's fourth largest m y . We united in a stalwart international coalitionagainst the Iraqi menace, while most of Saddam's supposed Araballies joined our ranks. We need only to remember the Iran-Iraq war toconsole ourselves with the memory of an internecine inter-Muslimstruggle, something not seen in the West since the Second World War.Granted, each of us can probably recall some personal hardship 1973 and1979 when the Amh or Iranians withheld "our" oil. Now, however, weall realize, along with such economists as Maddison (1982), that theseembargoes merely exacerbated imminent or existing world recessions.More comfortingly, as Issawi (1982) has shown, the great eastwoodflood of petrodollars in the 1970s was eventually channeled back through ...
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von Hodenberg, Christina. "Of German Fräuleins, Nazi Werewolves, and Iraqi Insurgents: The American Fascination with Hitler's Last Foray." Central European History 41, no. 1 (March 2008): 71–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938908000046.
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Many aspects of the German-American encounter during the Second World War remain deeply engraved in the American mind. One of them is the story of the German “werewolves,” Hitler's last underground fighters, who challenged the occupying armies in the war's closing months. The werewolf threat made a lasting impression on American troops and media at the time, and on American collective memory up to today. This article traces how the Nazi insurgents became part of an older mythical narrative that continues to infuse not only American popular culture, but even contemporary elite and political discourse. One of the more recent examples is Condoleezza Rice and Donald Rumsfeld's effort to compare the Nazi werewolves with the Iraqi insurgents whose attacks have plagued the occupied country since the American invasion.
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Mahdi Mutar, Qusay. "Language Learning Strategy Use and English Proficiency of Iraqi Upper Secondary School Students." Advances in Language and Literary Studies 9, no. 4 (August 31, 2018): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.9n.4p.59.
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To learn English language, there are some language-learning strategies, which learners need to be familiar with. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate the language learning strategies used among Iraqi sixth-grade preparatory students, and how could gender and proficiency level effect on using language-learning strategies. To analyze the collected data, SPSS software version 20 included Independent sample T-Test Besides, one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD have been used. A total of 210 sixth-grade preparatory students were chosen randomly from four-different secondary schools for the academic year 2016-2017 at al-Karkh side of Baghdad city. The study sample consisted of (105 females and 105 males). The findings revealed that EFL learners have shown medium use of language learning strategies, besides, no statistically significant differences between male and female students in the frequency of using LLSs. the findings also showed Cognitive and memory strategies were the most frequent used categories comparing to the compensation strategies that scored the least frequent category. As for language proficiency, the result showed that students with high proficiency used all six categories of learning strategies more than medium and low-proficiency students.
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Pagulayan, Kathleen F., Holly Rau, Renee Madathil, Madeleine Werhane, Steven P. Millard, Eric C. Petrie, Brett Parmenter, et al. "Retrospective and Prospective Memory Among OEF/OIF/OND Veterans With a Self-Reported History of Blast-Related mTBI." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 24, no. 4 (December 29, 2017): 324–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617717001217.
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AbstractObjectives: To evaluate prospective and retrospective memory abilities in Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), and Operation New Dawn (OND) Veterans with and without a self-reported history of blast-related mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Methods: Sixty-one OEF/OIF/OND Veterans, including Veterans with a self-reported history of blast-related mTBI (mTBI group; n=42) and Veterans without a self-reported history of TBI (control group; n=19) completed the Memory for Intentions Test, a measure of prospective memory (PM), and two measures of retrospective memory (RM), the California Verbal Learning Test-II and the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised. Results: Veterans in the mTBI group exhibited significantly lower PM performance than the control group, but the groups did not differ in their performance on RM measures. Further analysis revealed that Veterans in the mTBI group with current PTSD (mTBI/PTSD+) demonstrated significantly lower performance on the PM measure than Veterans in the control group. PM performance by Veterans in the mTBI group without current PTSD (mTBI/PTSD-) was intermediate between the mTBI/PTSD+ and control groups, and results for the mTBI/PTSD- group were not significantly different from either of the other two groups. Conclusions: Results suggest that PM performance may be a sensitive marker of cognitive dysfunction among OEF/OIF/OND Veterans with a history of self-reported blast-related mTBI and comorbid PTSD. Reduced PM may account, in part, for complaints of cognitive difficulties in this Veteran cohort, even years post-injury. (JINS, 2018, 24, 324–334)
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Mojab, Shahrzad. "Nadia Jones-Gailani. Transnational Identity and Memory Making in the Lives of Iraqi Women in Diaspora." University of Toronto Quarterly 91, no. 3 (October 1, 2022): 311–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/utq.91.3.hr041.
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Dawood, Asst Prof Zeena Abid Ali. "Direct Language Learning Strategies in EFL." ALUSTATH JOURNAL FOR HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 60, no. 1 (March 13, 2021): 115–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.36473/ujhss.v60i1.1296.
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This present study was designed to investigate the impact of using direct language learning strategies on long term and short term (LT and ST for short) of vocabulary retention of non-specialist EFL learners in Iraq. A total of 60 Iraqi male non-specialist EFL learner’s college between the ages of 19 and 21participated in the study. The data were collected using a questionnaire (five-point rating) from Oxford’s (1990) the Strategy Inventory for the Language Learning (SILL for short / version7). To identify the strategies used, the information gathered was analyzed using descriptive statistics of means, frequency and standard deviation. In direct language learning strategies (DLLS for short) study, the (t-test) has been used to examine the learners ' performance of vocabulary retention in LT and ST. On the other hand, One-way between groups (ANOVA) with post-hoc comparison test was used to investigate the differences between LT and ST of the vocabulary retention by using the subcategories of direct language learning strategies. The outcomes showed that the learners’ strategy uses ST more out weights than LT of vocabulary retention. According to the outcomes, the most used (in both long term and short term) was (memory) strategies and followed by (compensation and cognitive) strategies. In the light of the results obtained, a number of pedagogical implications and suggestions were presented.
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Yildirim, F. Zehra. "Book Review: Transnational Identity and Memory Making in the Lives of Iraqi Women in Diaspora by Nadia Jones-Gailani." Gender & Society 35, no. 3 (April 14, 2021): 505–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08912432211006391.
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Zahim Faisal, Muthana. "THE MODERATE ROLE FOR ORGANIZATIONAL MEMORY IN PROMOTING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STRATEGIC IMPROVISATION AND SUSTAINABLE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE." International Journal of Transformations in Business Management 12, no. 02 (2022): 172–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.37648/ijtbm.v12i02.009.
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The constantly changing environment has forced many banks to adopt improvised and harmonious responses to some unexpected events. These events sometimes led to the creation of the need for a method of strategic improvisation in order to preserve the sustainability of the environment. Here, the researcher felt the need to conduct a deep study on the relationship between strategic improvisation and sustainable competitive advantage. Therefore, this research seeks to reveal the relationships that can lead to suggesting an intermediary model that investigates the relationships between the variables of strategic improvisation, organizational memory, and sustainable competitive advantage. The current research uses the quantitative method in collecting data and information through the employees of the senior administrations in (8) eight Iraqi private banks. The research found that strategic improvisation is positively related with sustainable competitive advantage, and the most importantly, organizational memory was the mediating variable between strategic improvisation and sustainable competitive advantage. However, the current research will contribute to reducing to some extent the shortcomings of the traditional resource-based vision, enhancing the understanding of strategic improvisation, as well as contributing to the achievement of sustainable development goals. The research also contributes to providing some suggestions to managers, in terms of encouraging them to learn improvisation, and to make decisions in difficult situations.
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Tadrous-Furnanz, S., J. Clark, B. Zaccari, and D. Storzbach. "A-66 Wechsler Test of Adult Reading is a More Useful Indicator of Premorbid Cognitive Functioning than the Reynolds Intellectual Screening Test in Blast Exposed Veterans." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 34, no. 6 (July 25, 2019): 926. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acz034.66.
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Abstract Objective The primary objective of this study was to compare the utility of the Wechsler Test of Adult Reading (WTAR) with the Reynolds Intellectual Screening Test (RIST) as a measure of premorbid cognitive functioning among blast-exposed Veterans. Method Sixty-nine Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom (OIF/OEF) Veterans enrolled at the VA Portland Health Center who passed the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) were given the WTAR, RIST, and the Neuropsychological Assessment Battery (NAB). Data was analyzed using bi-variate correlational analyses and linear regressions. Results Scores on the WTAR were correlated significantly ( p < .05) with RIST, academic achievement, executive functioning (phonemic fluency), and multiple measures of attention, verbal learning and memory, and visuospatial skills. The WTAR was more consistently and strongly associated with those cognitive outcomes than the RIST. A stepwise linear regression was conducted to examine which of these cognitive domains loaded the highest on the WTAR. The overall attention index was the single most significant contributor to WTAR score, F(1,67) = 23.23, p < .001. Phonemic fluency added a significant proportion to the variance in WTAR scores Δr2 = .10, F (2, 66) = 18.30, p < .001. Conclusions The utility of word reading measures as indicators of premorbid functioning across multiple domains has been recently questioned. The current data suggests that for blast-exposed Veterans, the WTAR is indeed associated with cognitive functioning in attention, learning/memory, and executive functioning, even more so than the RIST. In particular, the WTAR appears related to attention.
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Omalu, Bennet, Jennifer L. Hammers, Julian Bailes, Ronald L. Hamilton, M. Ilyas Kamboh, Garrett Webster, and Robert P. Fitzsimmons. "Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in an Iraqi war veteran with posttraumatic stress disorder who committed suicide." Neurosurgical Focus 31, no. 5 (November 2011): E3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2011.9.focus11178.
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Following his discovery of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) in football players in 2002, Dr. Bennet Omalu hypothesized that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in military veterans may belong to the CTE spectrum of diseases. The CTE surveillance at the Brain Injury Research Institute was therefore expanded to include deceased military veterans diagnosed with PTSD. The authors report the case of a 27-year-old United States Marine Corps (USMC) Iraqi war veteran, an amphibious assault vehicle crewman, who committed suicide by hanging after two deployments to Fallujah and Ramadi. He experienced combat and was exposed to mortar blasts and improvised explosive device blasts less than 50 m away. Following his second deployment he developed a progressive history of cognitive impairment, impaired memory, behavioral and mood disorders, and alcohol abuse. Neuropsychiatric assessment revealed a diagnosis of PTSD with hyperarousal (irritability and insomnia) and numbing. He committed suicide approximately 8 months after his honorable discharge from the USMC. His brain at autopsy appeared grossly unremarkable except for congestive brain swelling. There was no atrophy or remote focal traumatic brain injury such as contusional necrosis or hemorrhage. Histochemical and immunohistochemical brain tissue analysis revealed CTE changes comprising multifocal, neocortical, and subcortical neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic threads (ranging from none, to sparse, to frequent) with the skip phenomenon, accentuated in the depths of sulci and in the frontal cortex. The subcortical white matter showed mild rarefaction, sparse perivascular and neuropil infiltration by histiocytes, and mild fibrillary astrogliosis. Apolipoprotein E genotype was 3/4. The authors report this case as a sentinel case of CTE in an Iraqi war veteran diagnosed with PTSD to possibly stimulate new lines of thought and research in the possible pathoetiology and pathogenesis of PTSD in military veterans as part of the CTE spectrum of diseases, and as chronic sequelae and outcomes of repetitive traumatic brain injuries.
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Clark, J., B. Zaccari, S. Tadrous-Furnanz, and D. Storzbach. "A-70 Beyond Validity: The Utility of the Test of Memory Malingering in Assessing Cognitive Functioning in Veterans." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 34, no. 6 (July 25, 2019): 930. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acz034.70.
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Abstract Objective The objective of the present analyses was to replicate analyses from an interim sample which found that scores on the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) predicted objective cognitive outcomes in the domains of attention and verbal learning even when invalid TOMM scores were excluded. Methods Participants consisted of 92 United States Veterans from Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) enrolled at the VA Portland Health Care System and recruited for a larger study on the role of blast exposure. Veterans were included if they had a valid performance on the TOMM (Trial 2 score > 47) were not currently substance dependent. Data was analyzed through linear regressions examining raw TOMM Trial 1 scores to predict objective cognitive performance on measures of memory and attention from the Neuropsychological Assessment Battery (NAB). Results In performance on the tasks of Driving Scenes (Beta = .328, p < .01), Initial Story Learning (Beta = .209, p < .05), and Attention Index Percentile (Beta = .208, p < .05) of the NAB, TOMM Trial 1 was a significant predictor. TOMM scores were also predictive of years of education (Beta = .303, p < .01). Conclusion These findings replicate results derived from interim data. TOMM Trial 1 significantly predicted objective cognitive performance in OEF/OIF Veterans even when invalid performance was excluded. This suggests that TOMM has a utility in assessing cognitive functioning and not just valid performance. Similarly, results also suggest that the TOMM may be sensitive to education as well.
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Palombo, Daniela J., Heather S. Kapson, Ginette Lafleche, Jennifer J. Vasterling, Brian P. Marx, Molly Franz, and Mieke Verfaellie. "Alterations in autobiographical memory for a blast event in Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom veterans with mild traumatic brain injury." Neuropsychology 29, no. 4 (July 2015): 543–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/neu0000198.
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De Rouen, Aynur. "Imagine Home: Making a Place in Binghamton." Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies 6, no. 2 (August 16, 2019): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/243.
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Since the early 1990s, Iraqi Kurds have been relocating to the greater Binghamton area in New York State. This study focuses on the growing diasporic Kurdish community in and around Binghamton and their quest to imagine the homeland they left behind as a result of social, economic, and political hardships. The production of this diasporic space has emerged as an attempt to reconstruct their culture and collective identity in the absence of physical and territorially specific aspects of their homeland. Kurdish refugee narratives articulate how collective memory gives voice to the shared Kurdish past, how Kurdish refugees appropriated the space according to their traditional example and kinship structure, and how memories and narratives of the past shape the migrants’ identities, kinship, and everyday practices. The production of diasporic space within the imaginations of these refugees is portrayed here to show their attempt to reconstruct Kurdish culture while lacking the physical characteristics of their homeland. Their successfully reinvented images of homeland and reconstructed culture in diaspora are evidence of the resilience and fluidity of Kurdish culture.
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DeGutis, Joseph, Michael Esterman, Bay McCulloch, Andrew Rosenblatt, William Milberg, and Regina McGlinchey. "Posttraumatic Psychological Symptoms are Associated with Reduced Inhibitory Control, not General Executive Dysfunction." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 21, no. 5 (May 2015): 342–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617715000235.
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AbstractAlthough there is mounting evidence that greater PTSD symptoms are associated with reduced executive functioning, it is not fully understood whether this association is more global or specific to certain executive function subdomains, such as inhibitory control. We investigated the generality of the association between PTSD symptoms and executive function by administering a broad battery of sensitive executive functioning tasks to a cohort of returning Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom Veterans with varying PTSD symptoms. Only tasks related to inhibitory control explained significant variance in PTSD symptoms as well as symptoms of depression, while measures of working memory, measures of switching, and measures simultaneously assessing multiple executive function subdomains did not. Notably, the two inhibitory control measures that showed the highest correlation with PTSD and depressive symptoms, measures of response inhibition and distractor suppression, explained independent variance. These findings suggest that greater posttraumatic psychological symptoms are not associated with a general decline in executive functioning but rather are more specifically related to stopping automatic responses and resisting internal and external distractions. (JINS, 2015, 21, 342–352)
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McCormick, C. L., R. E. Yoash-Gantz, S. D. McDonald, T. C. Campbell, and L. A. Tupler. "Performance on the Green Word Memory Test Following Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom-Era Military Service: Test Failure is Related to Evaluation Context." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 28, no. 8 (July 21, 2013): 808–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/act050.
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Najm, Mohanad, Hayder Mubarak, and Hussein Jarullah. "NISSL STAIN EXPRESSION IN THE FRONTAL AND PARIETAL CORTICES OF THE NEWBORN MICE AFTER PRENATAL EXPOSURE TO KETAMINE." Iraqi Journal of Medical Sciences 16, no. 3 (September 30, 2018): 268–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22578/ijms.16.3.6.
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Background: Ketamine is an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor blocking agent, which is used for induction and maintenance of anesthesia. It affects the cerebral cortex and has an impact on learning and memory functions; suggesting that any changes in NMDA receptors function will have an adverse outcome on learning and memory abilities. Objective: To assess the histological changes in the frontal and parietal cortices of mice offspring’s after prenatal exposure to therapeutic doses of ketamine. Methods: Thirty pregnant mice were included in this study. They were divided into two groups named experimental and control groups (15 mice for each group). Those of experimental group were injected intraperitoneally with ketamine in a dose of 50 mg/kg/day on the 5th, 10th, 15th and 20th days of gestational age to showing effect of the ketamine after injection of it in all trimesters of pregnancy, while those of the control group were injected with distal water only with the same volume. The paraffin block sections of frontal and parietal cerebral cortices of newborn mice were stained by nissl stain. Results: In the control group, the mean number of Nissl stained cells in the frontal cortex showed a statistically significant increase compared to that of parietal cortex, while statistical non-significant decrease in the mean number of nissel stained cells of frontal cortex compared to that of parietal cortex. Conclusion: Iatrogenic apoptotic changes were seen in the cerebral cortex of the experimental mice after prenatal exposure to ketamine and it is more considerable in the frontal cortex than the parietal cortex. Keywords: Frontal cortex, parietal cortex, ketamine, nissl stain, development Citation: Najm MS, Mubarak HJ, Jarullah HA. Nissl stain expression in the frontal and parietal cortices of the newborn mice after prenatal exposure to ketamine. Iraqi JMS. 2018; 16(3): 268-278. doi: 10.22578/IJMS.16.3.6
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Storzbach, Daniel, Maya Elin O’Neil, Saw-Myo Roost, Halina Kowalski, Grant L. Iverson, Laurence M. Binder, Jesse R. Fann, and Marilyn Huckans. "Comparing the Neuropsychological Test Performance of Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) Veterans with and without Blast Exposure, Mild Traumatic Brain Injury, and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 21, no. 5 (May 2015): 353–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617715000326.
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AbstractTo compare neuropsychological test performance of Veterans with and without mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI), blast exposure, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. We compared the neuropsychological test performance of 49 Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) Veterans diagnosed with MTBI resulting from combat blast-exposure to that of 20 blast-exposed OEF/OIF Veterans without history of MTBI, 23 OEF/OIF Veterans with no blast exposure or MTBI history, and 40 matched civilian controls. Comparison of neuropsychological test performance across all four participant groups showed a complex pattern of mixed significant and mostly nonsignificant results, with omnibus tests significant for measures of attention, spatial abilities, and executive function. The most consistent pattern was the absence of significant differences between blast-exposed Veterans with MTBI history and blast-exposed Veterans without MTBI history. When blast-exposed Veteran groups with and without MTBI history were aggregated and compared to non–blast-exposed Veterans, there were significant differences for some measures of learning and memory, spatial abilities, and executive function. However, covariation for severity of PTSD symptoms eliminated all significant omnibus neuropsychological differences between Veteran groups. Our results suggest that, although some mild neurocognitive effects were associated with blast exposure, these neurocognitive effects might be better explained by PTSD symptom severity rather than blast exposure or MTBI history alone. (JINS, 2015, 21, 353–363)
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Fuad, Zeina F., and Mohammed M. Kamil. "Prediction of Post-Traumatic Headache in Iraqi Civilians by Measuring S-100B and Neuron Specific Enolase concentrations and by regarding headache in the emergency room." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 9, no. 1 (March 12, 2018): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v9i1.1270.
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Post-traumatic headache (PTH) is defined by the International Headache Society as a headache developing within seven days of the injury or after regaining consciousness.PTH is commonly associated with memory and concentration problems, sensitivity to loud sounds or bright lights, fatigue and many symptoms including insomnia, dizziness, poor and personality changes like depression and nervousness. The total number of participants in this study is one hundred and three, fifty-three of them (36 males and 17 females) are in the case group while the other fifty (29 males and 21 females) are in the control group. All of them aged between 20-40 years. Only 25 patients had headache in ER, while 29 of them visited the out patient’s clinic suffering from post traumatic headache in the next two months. The mean of S100B and that of NSE in case group are higher than that in control group. Regarding the gender, the mean of S100B is higher in males of case group than that in control group, while the mean of NSE in males and females in case group is higher than that in control group. The means of S100B and NSE in patients who had a headache in ER are higher than that in patients with no headache. The means of S-100 B and NSE in patients complaining of a post-traumatic headache who had a headache in ER are higher than that in patients also complaining from a posttraumatic headache but had no headache in ER. S-100 B and NSE are useful biochemical markers for brain injury in mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) patients and seem to be associated with the presence of a headache in ER after trauma. These biochemical markers with a headache in ER can predict a post-traumatic headache in the near future.
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Russo, A. C. "Symptom Validity Test Performance and Consistency of Self-Reported Memory Functioning of Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom Veterans with Positive Veteran Health Administration Comprehensive Traumatic Brain Injury Evaluations." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 27, no. 8 (October 11, 2012): 840–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acs090.
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Yomtoob, Desiree. "How is Home, a Performance Autoethnography in Four Parts." Cultural Studies ↔ Critical Methodologies 17, no. 6 (December 15, 2015): 457–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1532708615614022.
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How Is Home,1 a Performance Autoethnography in Four Parts,2 is a contemplative, interpretive, account on the nature of home. It is a multiple-voiced work. The nature of the empiricism used in this piece works to connect ethnographic detail in a meaningful way, toward the end of a telling of the production of emotions, symbol, and affect combined to display a sense of the way a life is built and undertaken through subjectivity. This work enables a glance at how notions of identity are formed and encountered, then rewoven through understanding, toward a libratory end. This story is my own, extended through imagination, a story of understanding my own identity as an Iraqi–Iranian–Jewish–American woman in post 9/11 United States. Ideas of Gaston Bachelard, Gloria Anzaldua, and Homi Bhabha are used to enrich and prop up my notion of home in this piece, which is always shifting, and momentary. Disciplinary oppression occurs in many ways in the present day United States, infused by the wily discourses produced through neoliberal global corporate machinations, tinged by its large events’ (wars, economic depressions, bank bailouts, austerity measures, etc.) impact on our systems of affect. In certain ways, the languages and actions in this new/old world can leave people with very little. This work works, through meaningful interventions in autoethnography, to correct that, as the meanings of our everyday lives, whether in the present moment or of memory is where much can be mended. I welcome you, dear reader, to join me, in my place, at home.
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Zubaida, Sami. "IRAQ: HISTORY, MEMORY, CULTURE." International Journal of Middle East Studies 44, no. 2 (April 16, 2012): 333–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743812000116.
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There is a stock argument on whether Iraq is an “artificial” creation of colonial power or a “real” entity with historical and psychological depth and identity. It is a futile question because all nation–states, in one form or another, are historical creations. The processes of their creation are diverse and lead to different outcomes in the degree of coherence and permanence. Our thinking on the subject has been highly influenced by the seminal concepts advanced by Benedict Anderson on the “imagining” of the nation, which is, in turn, underlined by the socioeconomic processes of modernity. The state, often superimposed from above, is a principal actor in this process. Educational systems, tied to qualifications and employment, for instance, are powerful means of enforcing a unified national language and, in turn, the medium of literacy, the press and media, and the means of imagining the nation. The state makes the nation, more or less successfully. The intelligentsia are the cadres of these processes. They and the state class, with which they overlap, are subject to the vagaries of political conflicts and struggles and, in the case of Middle Eastern states, to the repression and violence of the state and militant sectors of the population. In the case of Iraq these troublesome manifestations are particularly evident. The books under review are concerned with these processes and in particular with the role of the ideological cadres and institutions in their unfolding.
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Najm, Mohanad, Hayder Mubarak, and Lamia Mohammed. "AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN THE NEWBORN MICE FRONTAL AND PARIETAL CEREBRAL CORTICES AFFECTED BY PRENATAL EXPOSURE TO KETAMINE." Iraqi Journal of Medical Sciences 16, no. 2 (June 30, 2018): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.22578/ijms.16.2.11.
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Background: Ketamine is N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors blocking drug, it affects the cerebral cortex and play an essential role in learning and memory. Amyloid β (Aβ) is a cleavage product of a large, trans-membrane protein, termed amyloid precursor protein (APP); it may have a role in controlling synaptic activity. Objective: To investigate the immunohistochemical beta APP reaction in newborn mice frontal and parietal cerebral cortices after prenatal exposure to therapeutic doses of ketamine as an attempt for scientific judgments of making better understanding for effects of ketamine on developing brain, which may help to reduce adverse effects. Methods: Thirty pregnant mice were divided into two groups named experimental and control groups (15 mice for each groups). The experimental group animals were injected intraperitoneally with 50 mg/kg ketamine, the control group animals were injected with intraperitoneal distilled water. Paraffin sections of newborn mice frontal and parietal cortices were stained immunohistochmically with anti-APP antibodies. Results: The immunohistochemical labeling in the experimental group showed scattered clumps of brown staining distributed randomly in the cerebral cortex. The brown stained deposits vary also in shape and size, the larger and more intense staining was seen in the more superficial layers of the frontal cortex. The statistical analysis found non-significant differences in staining pattern between frontal and parietal cortices of control group, while significant differences were found between frontal and parietal cortices in experimental group. Conclusion: The immunohistochemical APP reactivity showed different intensities and different morphology in the frontal and parietal cortices in the all experimental group animals were that injected with ketamine in this study. These differences could be related to the requirement of this substance in repair and differentiation of the developing NMDA dependent interneuron impaired by prenatal ketamine exposure. Keywords: Frontal cortex, parietal cortex, amyloid precursor proteins, ketamine, prenatal, immnuohistochemistry Citation: Najm MS, Mubarak HJ, Mohammed LH. Amyloid precursor protein immunohistochemical changes in the newborn mice frontal and parietal cerebral cortices affected by prenatal exposure to ketamine. Iraqi JMS. 2018; 16(2): 191-200. doi: 10.22578/IJMS.16.2.11
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Hmoud, Saad Mohsin, and Shatha Saleem Almodhafar. "RECASTING THE URBAN MEMORY OF AL- TAHRIR SQUARE, BAGHDAD, IRAQ." ALAM CIPTA International Journal Of Sustainable Tropical Design & Practice 2, no. 15 (December 31, 2022): 12–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.47836/ac.15.2.paper02.
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Al-Tahrir Square is the most effective Square in Baghdad, has many cultural and urban landmarks, and the most famous is the Freedom Memorial. As a valuable public space, this Square has faced urban transformation and dilution of social identity due to the collective memory and the built environment changing its meaning. This research aims at uncovering recent urban memory and reproducing collective memory in urban public spaces. Qualitative research was applied through a field study and interviews with 40 participants aged 18 and 75. Most of the people we interviewed thought that their part in the research helped them to understand how urban memory works now. This study shows that events and political activities created the memory of the place in the urban public space under study and that the place's transformation into a place of attraction and conflict between the forces of its original use led to the creation of a kind of new memory place. Keywords: urban memory, recasting memory, Al Tahrir Square, urban space, collective memory)
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Muhammed, Dr Diar. "An analytical study comparing the work done and the instantaneous speed of the ball to launch the penalty skill from the penalty mark (6 meters and 10 meters) for FUTSAL players." Modren Sport Journal 19, no. 3 (November 3, 2020): 0032. http://dx.doi.org/10.54702/msj.2020.19.3.0032.
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The importance of the research lies in trying to find the best solutions to get the player to the optimal motor path by studying mechanical (kinematical) variables for one of the most important skills for the futsal soccer game, which is the scoring skill of the penalty marks (6 - 10) meters in highlighting the study of the differences between The completed work and the instantaneous speed of the ball to launch the scoring skill from the penalty mark for scoring (6 meters and 10 meters) for players in some biomechanical variables such as the vertical work done variable and the angle of the ball launch so that we can know those differences and overcome them in the stages of education and training.
The research objectives were:
1-Knowing the values of the job variables performed for the scoring skill from the penalty mark (6 meters - 10 meters) for FUTSAL players
2- Knowing the values of the instant speed of the ball for scoring skill from the penalty mark (6 meters-10 meters) for FUTSAL players
3-Identify the differences between the work done and the instantaneous starting speed of the ball for scoring skill from the penalty mark (6 meters - 10 meters) for FUTSAL players
The researcher used the descriptive method in the analysis method to suit his nature of the research. The research sample consisted of (12) players who represented the Sulaymaniyah Governorate team and the participant in the Iraqi championship for the first degree for the year (2016-2017). The researcher used video imaging to achieve the technical scientific observation by using a Japanese-made video camera (CASIO.EX.FH25.EXILM) with an internal memory (4kB) placed at a distance of (9.80 meters) and on the right of the player and the height of the lens ( 1,40) from the surface of the Earth, and the speed of the photographic machine was In video (120 images / second), the Kinovea V 0.8.24 program was used to obtain the vertical work variable and the starting angle of the sphere and the researcher used the following statistical methods (arithmetic mean - standard deviation - difference coefficient - T test for independent samples) To obtain the research data, the researcher recommended a set of recommendations and conclusions for the research.
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Ribbens, Kees. "Book review: The Algerian War in French-Language Comics: Postcolonial Memory, History, and SubjectivityComics and Conflict: Patriotism and Propaganda from WWII through Operation Iraqi FreedomComics and the World Wars: A Cultural Record and Dan Ellin and Adam Sheriff, Comics, the Holocaust and Hiroshima." Media, War & Conflict 11, no. 2 (May 29, 2018): 282–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1750635218776138.
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Rancourt, Michael A. "Shaping mnemonic opportunity: Remembering Iraq in American Sniper." Memory Studies 13, no. 2 (September 22, 2017): 223–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1750698017730868.
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This article contributes to scholarship on public memory by developing a rhetorical model of “mnemonic opportunity.” Scholars of collective memory, especially sociologists influenced by the political process model of social movement research, have conceived of mnemonic opportunity as a more or less objective set of circumstances that determine a group’s actions. I modify this view by calling on rhetorical theory which demonstrates the ways rhetors shape the apparent situation to which they ostensibly respond. The result is a view of rhetors shaping mnemonic opportunity by associating their version of events with resonant concepts in the culture and, thus, better influencing public memory. I offer a critical reading of the film American Sniper to examine how the text shapes and exploits opportunities to remember the Iraq War positively through the popular figure of the Navy SEAL as a masculine western hero.
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Zietlow, Nina. "The Politics of Monumentalizing Trauma: Visual Use of Martyrdom in the Memorialization of the Iraq-Iran War." Review of Middle East Studies 54, no. 1 (June 2020): 131–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rms.2020.11.
Full textAbstract:
This poster focuses on three mediums of commemoration: the monument, the memorial, and the museum as tools of state-sanctioned memory creation, and thereby spaces for politicized rituals of memory which further state-building projects. Specifically, during and after The Iran-Iraq war (1980-88) the al-Shaheed Monument (1983), and the Victory Arch (1989) in Baghdad and the Martyrs’ Museum (1996) in Tehran functioned as politically strategic representations of collective trauma. Both the Ba'ath party in Iraq and the emerging Islamic Republic in Iran used these sites to render and politicize memories of violence and loss. Despite obvious differences, the projects in Baghdad and Tehran appealed to a need to address national trauma while bolstering idealized images of statehood. The Ba'athist party under Saddam Hussein capitalized on the collective trauma of the Iraq-Iran war to further a hegemonic Sunni identity, which was both religious and political. The use of immense scale, vulgar displays of power, and Islamic imagery in both the al-Shaheed Monument and Victory Arch linked Sunni and Ba'athist causes and allowed Hussein to characterize the Iran-Iraq War as a sacred project of national and religious vindication. Similarly, the Martyrs’ Museum in Tehran constructs a specific version of history using motifs of the Battle of Karbala, Imam Husayn, martyr and civilian deaths, and blood to tie Iranian national identity to ritualized Shia martyrdom. The Martyrs’ Museum parallels the religification of national identity as seen in Iraq, and configures death as a public, religiopolitical act. Despite Ba'athist Iraq's secular self-image, the strategic harnessing of trauma both Iraq and Iran demonstrates a constructed connection between political state hegemony, religious practice, and rituals of grief. In these ways, state propagated imagery through physical commemorations of the Iran-Iraq War furthered the political – and resulting religious – sectarian divide in the official positions of the two nations.