Journal articles: 'Ireland – History – Civil War, 1922-1923'

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CONNOR, EMMET O. "COMMUNISTS, RUSSIA, AND THE IRA, 1920–1923." Historical Journal 46, no. 1 (March 2003): 115–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x02002868.

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After the foundation of the Communist International in 1919, leftists within the Socialist Party of Ireland won Comintern backing for an Irish communist party. Encouraged by Moscow, the communists hoped to offset their marginality through the republican movement. The Communist Party of Ireland denounced the Anglo-Irish treaty, welcomed the Irish Civil War, and pledged total support to the IRA. As the war turned against them, some republicans favoured an alliance with the communists. In August 1922 Comintern agents and two IRA leaders signed a draft agreement providing for secret military aid to the IRA in return for the development of a new republican party with a radical social programme. The deal was not ratified on either side, and in 1923 the Communist Party of Ireland followed Comintern instructions to ‘turn to class politics’. The party encountered increasing difficulties and was liquidated in January 1924. The communist intervention in the Civil War highlights the contrast between Comintern and Russian state policy on Ireland, and was seminal in the evolution of Irish socialist republicanism.

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Clark, Gemma. "Violence against women in the Irish Civil War, 1922–3: gender-based harm in global perspective." Irish Historical Studies 44, no. 165 (May 2020): 75–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ihs.2020.6.

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AbstractSince the 1990s, in the wake of the wars and ethnic cleansing in the former Yugoslavia, violence against women in wartime has become a matter of international concern. This article, on gender-based violence (G.B.V.) during the Irish Civil War, draws on research from scholars and activists around the globe, and newly accessible archival sources, to highlight the relatively humane treatment of women in Ireland – even during the bitter final stages of the Irish Revolution, c.1912–23. Records of the Irish Free State's Compensation (Personal Injuries) Committee show that women suffered some serious and traumatising interpersonal violence during 1922–3 – often on account of their gender (as guardians of the domestic space). Women's interactions with the Civil War were thus distinctive from men's because of the prevalence in Ireland of forms of aggression and intimidation, including crimes against property, which transgressed public/private boundaries. However, I argue that it did not serve the strategy nor ideology of either warring side to denigrate women en masse. The genocidal aims underlying conflict-related G.B.V. elsewhere in the world were absent in Ireland, where gendered power structures, shored up by Catholic authority, remained largely unshaken by the revolution – despite the great efforts of many radical females. Revolutionary Ireland was not a safe place for many Irishwomen (nor indeed for some men); however, for pro- and anti-Treaty forces, maintaining propriety militated against the need for sexual violence as warfare.

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Townshend, Charles. "The Meaning of Irish Freedom Constitutionalism in the Free State." Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 8 (December 1998): 45–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3679288.

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The performance of Ireland as an autonomous state since 1922 remains a contentious subject. Joseph Lee's withering critique of Irish economic backwardness and cultural parochialism, which he holds to be rooted in a narrow adhesion to the ‘possessor principle’ against the ‘performance ethic’, charts a long-term failure to rise to the challenge of statehood. It is not appropriate here to attempt even a summary of his sprawling, bristling account; I want to focus on an aspect highlit by Denis Donoghue when he reviewed it in die London Review of Books. ‘The first and most important fact about modern Ireland,’ Donoghue contended, ‘is that, after die Civil War, there was unquestioned transition to democracy.’ On this view, modern Irish history is, pace Lee, in essence a success story. As Brian Farrell put it, die capacity of die Irish parliamentary tradition to ‘encompass, neutralise and institutionalise’ the disastrous split of 1922 ‘makes die Irish experience unique among the new nation-states of the twentiedi-century world’. Tom Garvin has recendy reinforced this verdict by pointing to the surprising speed with which any tendency to military intervention in Irish politics disappeared. This after a Civil War in which die new Army—lacking any experience of subordination to the civil power— had saved die life of the infant Irish Free State. Indeed, far from witnessing the politicisation of the military, Ireland ‘rapidly became one of the most demilitarised societies in Europe’.

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Fitzpatrick, David. "The Orange Order and the border." Irish Historical Studies 33, no. 129 (May 2002): 52–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400015509.

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Relief was the dominant response of northern loyalists and Orangemen to the tripartite agreement of December 1925, which confirmed the border as defined in 1920. A year later, when the Prime Minister visited Newry to preside over the Grand Orange Lodge of County Down, he and ‘Lady Craig were made the recipients of very handsome presents from the Loyalists and Orangemen of Newry and District in recognition of valuable services in connection with the settlement of the Boundary question’. The agreement promised to end fourteen years of uncertainty, during which the frontier of loyal Ireland had contracted to a point where it seemed barely defensible. Under relentless pressure from successive governments as well as nationalists, the opponents of Irish self-government had effectively abandoned hope for the three southern provinces in 1911, and for the three Ulster counties with large Catholic majorities in 1916. The survival of the Irish Free State remained in doubt until 1923, and the incredibly vague terms for the proposed boundary commission created justifiable fear among loyalists that further attempts would be made to cripple the northern state by massive territorial transfers. Craig’s great success, apart from stifling the northern civil war in June 1922, was to hold the line of the six counties until Cosgrave’s government acknowledged the fait accompli.

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Yan, Jimmy. "The Irish Revolution, early Australian communists and Anglophone radical peripheries: Dublin, Glasgow, Sydney, 1920–23." Twentieth Century Communism 18, no. 18 (March 30, 2020): 93–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3898/175864320829334816.

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'Communism' and 'Ireland' remain, as a legacy of Cold War binarisms, two subjects that rarely converge in Australian historiography. This article explores the place of 'Ireland' in the political imagination of the nascent Australian Communist movement between its fractured formation in 1920 and the end of the Irish Civil War in 1923. In challenging nation-centric and essentialist treatments of 'the Irish' in Australian political history, it foregrounds a diffuse politicisation around 'Ireland' itself that transcended identitarian ontologies. This article argues that, examined within the ambivalent translation of early interwar radical cosmopolitanisms in a white settler labour movement, 'Ireland' was a directly 'international', if racialised, coordinate in the imaginative geography of early Australian communism. Although the 'Irish Question' circulated within the existing networks of the Comintern, this contest was also produced within other 'routes' on the Anglophone peripheries of the Communist world. The mobile lives of Peter Larkin, Esmonde Higgins and Harry Arthur Campbell, and the momentary alliance of the Communist Party of Australia with the Sydney Irish National Association during the 1923 'Irish envoys' tour, allow for these connections to be reframed in non-primordialist terms within border-crossings and transnational encounter. An investigation of the 'Irish Question' within transgressions of cultural boundaries, instead of 'shared' national histories, can facilitate its extrication from Cold War narratives of ossified 'identity'.

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Davoren, Mary, Eugene G. Breen, and Brendan D. Kelly. "Dr Ada English: patriot and psychiatrist in early 20th century Ireland." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 28, no. 2 (June 2011): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0790966700011514.

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AbstractDr Adeline (Ada) English (1875-1944) was a pioneering Irish psychiatrist. She qualified in medicine in 1903 and spent four decades working at Ballinasloe District Lunatic Asylum, during which time there were significant therapeutic innovations (eg. occupational therapy, convulsive treatment). Dr English was deeply involved in Irish politics. She participated in the Easter Rising (1916); spent six months in Galway jail for possessing nationalistic literature (1921); was elected as a Teachta Dála (member of Parliament; 1921); and participated in the Civil War (1922). She made significant contributions to Irish political life and development of psychiatric services during an exceptionally challenging period of history. Additional research would help contextualise her contributions further.

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Kissane, Bill. "Defending democracy? The legislative response to political extremism in the Irish Free State, 1922–l39." Irish Historical Studies 34, no. 134 (November 2004): 156–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400004272.

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The Irish Free State was both victim and survivor of the general crisis of European democracy in the inter-war era. Born into civil war in 1922, it saw repeated bouts of instability and political violence, the emergence of radicalised movements on the left and right in the 1930s, and the subsidence of political unrest late in that decade. In this period the state’s reliance on emergency legislation to deal with subversion was obviously an indication of the persistence of unrest, and such laws have usually been seen as an inescapable part of the state’s pursuit of authority and legitimacy. On the other hand, the Irish case is also an example of how a state’s political development can be affected by civil war, since the continuities in the state’s legislative response to political extremism, from 1922 onwards, are too strong to ignore. Of course, the Free State was also one of the few new democracies to survive the period with its democratic institutions intact, but from the outset this achievement was accomplished through the paradox of withholding the conventions of democracy until the period of crisis would pass. One view is that this was the price to be paid for countering the threat to democratic government posed by subversive organisations, while such organisations themselves argue that they remained subject not to a ‘government of laws’ but to ‘a government of men’. As in other situations, the legitimacy of such legislation was inextricably linked to the case governments made for there being a state of emergency, but such arguments were always deeply contested. Either way, the whole issue of emergency legislation reveals both a confused understanding of the requisites of constitutional government in Ireland, and the need to appreciate the complex nature of the decisions states make in an era of violent conflict.

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REGAN, JOHN M. "SOUTHERN IRISH NATIONALISM AS A HISTORICAL PROBLEM." Historical Journal 50, no. 1 (February 13, 2007): 197–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x06005978.

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To what extent has the recent war in Northern Ireland influenced Irish historiography? Examining the nomenclature, periodization, and the use of democracy and state legitimization as interpretative tools in the historicization of the Irish Civil War (1922–3), the influence of a southern nationalist ideology is apparent. A dominating southern nationalist interest represented the revolutionary political elite's realpolitik after 1920, though its pan-nationalist rhetoric obscured this. Ignoring southern nationalism as a cogent influence has led to the misrepresentation of nationalism as ethnically homogeneous in twentieth-century Ireland. Once this is identified, historiographical and methodological problems are illuminated, which may be demonstrated in historians' work on the revolutionary period (c. 1912–23). Following the northern crisis's emergence in the late 1960s, the Republic's Irish governments required a revised public history that could reconcile the state's violent and revolutionary origins with its counterinsurgency against militarist-republicanism. At the same time many historians adopted constitutional, later democratic, state formation narratives for the south at the expense of historical precision. This facilitated a broader state-centred and statist historiography, mirroring the Republic's desire to re-orientate its nationalism away from irredentism, toward the conscious accommodation of partition. Reconciliation of southern nationalist identities with its state represents a singular political achievement, as well as a concomitant historiographical problem.

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McMahon, Deirdre. "Review: Commemorating the Irish Civil War: History and Memory, 1923–2000, Harry Boland's Irish Revolution, British Intelligence in Ireland, 1920–21: The Final Reports." Irish Economic and Social History 32, no. 1 (July 2005): 160–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/033248930503200118.

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Huddie, Paul. "Legacies of a Broken United Kingdom: British Military Charities, the State and the Courts in Ireland, 1923–29." Irish Economic and Social History 45, no. 1 (August 22, 2018): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0332489318791867.

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Over the past forty years, the historiography of British Army ex-serviceman in Ireland has undergone a veritable ‘historical revolution’. Like its British and international counterparts, the historiography on Ireland has focused on the lives and care of these men after the war within the Irish Free State; Irish government policy towards them; and ex-servicemen’s relationships with the Irish and British governments, British agencies and their own often hostile communities. Researchers continue to document the existence, organisation and activities of two British government agencies: the Land Trust and Ministry of Pensions, with brief analyses being undertaken on the British Legion and more especially the Southern Irish Loyalists Relief Association’s vital role in relieving impoverished ex-servicemen and their families. Yet far more can still be said about ‘British’ military charity in Ireland after 1922. The purpose of this article is twofold. First, to discuss two court cases that were fought by the Irish, British and Northern Irish governments and several other Irish interests between 1923 and 1929 over the legacies of two then redundant pre-war Irish military charities. Second, to analyse the place of two court cases within the broader contexts of Irish post-war state-building and the history of the British ex-serviceman, but more especially his family in Ireland. What would their fate be in an independent Ireland?

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McCarthy, Alan. "The censorship and suppression of Cork’s nationalist and loyalist newspapers during the Irish Revolution, 1916-1923." Boolean: Snapshots of Doctoral Research at University College Cork, no. 2015 (January 1, 2015): 108–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33178/boolean.2015.22.

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The Irish Revolution was an epochal period that saw the Irish nationalist movement seek to obtain independence from the British Empire. It has received extensive scholarly attention, particularly the century-shaping 1916 Rising, the guerrilla war campaign that coloured the War of Independence 1919-1921, and an implosive Civil War between those for and against the Anglo-Irish Treaty, that raged between 1922-1923 and continues to shape present-day politics in Ireland. Key to understanding Cork, the epicentre of revolutionary activity post-1916, is an engagement with its widely-read newspapers of the time. During this period West Cork's Southern Star and Skibbereen Eagle, and Cork City institutions, the Cork Examiner and Cork Constitution, acted as central actors, in conjunction with their role as reporters, in the equally significant battle for hearts and minds. The consequence of the key propaganda role played by these papers would be intense censorship and suppression by both Crown Forces and ...

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Shishkin, Vladimir. "Biography of Lieutenant General V. G. Boldyrev from the new sources." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2020, no. 12-2 (December 1, 2020): 4–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202012statyi26.

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The published collection of documents is devoted to Lieutenant General V.G. Boldyrev, who was one of the major political and military figures of counterrevolution during the Civil War in Russia. The documents are dated November 1922 - August 1923. At that time, Boldyrev was in prison, being arrested by the bodies of the State Political Directorate. The documents contain the information about how and according to what considerations Party and Soviet authorities made decisions concerning the fate of the former Supreme Commander in chief of the anti-Bolshevist camp, who refused to leave Russia and to become an emigrant.

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MacCuarta, Brian, Liam Kelly, Martin Maguire, Susan Flavin, Declan Mallon, Mícheál Ó. Fathartaigh, Vanessa Stout, et al. "Reviews: The Irish Franciscans, 1534–1990, Framing the West: Images of Rural Ireland, 1891–1920, the Irish Establishment, 1879–1914, the Great Parchment Book of Waterford: Liber Antiquissimus Civitatis Waterfordiae, the Laity, the Church and the Mystery Plays: A Drama of Belonging, the Irish in Post-War Britain, New Guests of the Irish Nation, the Making of the Irish Poor Law, 1815–1843, Republicanism in Ireland: Confronting Theories and Traditions, the Orange Order: A Contemporary Northern Irish History, Repeal and Revolution: 1848 in Ireland, the Civil Service and the Revolution in Ireland, 1912–1938: ‘Shaking the Blood-Stained Hand of Mr Collins’, Inspector Mallon: Buying Irish Patriotism for a Five-Pound Note, An Illustrated History of the Phoenix Park: Landscape and Management to 1880, Gypsum Mining and the Shirley Estate in South Monaghan, 1800–1936, the Rising: Ireland, Easter 1916, Left to the Wolves: Irish Victims of Stalinist Terror, Enforcing the English Reformation in Ireland: Clerical Resistance and Political Conflict in the Diocese of Dublin, 1530–1590, Staging Ireland: Representations in Shakespeare and Renaissance Drama, God's Executioner: Oliver Cromwell and the Conquest of Ireland, the Irish Labour Party, 1922–1973, the Big House in the North of Ireland: Land, Power and Social Elites, 1878–1960, Historical Association of Ireland, Life and Times New Series, Culture and Society in Early Modern Breifne/Cavan, Witchcraft and Whigs: The Life of Bishop Francis Hutchinson, 1660–1739, Cosmopolitan Ireland: Globalisation and Quality of Life, the Orange Order in Canada." Irish Economic and Social History 37, no. 1 (December 2010): 154–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/iesh.37.9.

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Gevko, Anastasia. "Publications of the nikolaevski Istpartu of the 1920s. as a source on the history of revolutionary events in Nikolaev region." Scientific Visnyk V. O. Sukhomlynskyi Mykolaiv National University. Historical Sciences 48, no. 2 (2019): 124–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33310/2519-2809-2019-48-2-124-126.

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This article analyzes the domestic memoirs related events 1917–21. Characterized Istpartu activity aimed at collecting evidence memoir. An important key base for researchers of the revolutionary events of 1917-1921 in Ukraine, it occupies a memorial legacy of witnesses of those turbulent years. After the defeat of the liberation struggle and the establishment of Soviet power in Ukraine, Istpartu was created in 1921. At one time, Istpartu took a leading place among the scientific institutions of Ukraine. Istpartu had its own journal, Chronicle of the Revolution, 57 issues were issued, in which memoirs were published mainly by supporters of the Soviet camp. "Chronicle of the revolution" in 1922-1935 published 168 memories of revolutionary events in Ukraine, among the authors there were 123 direct participants in those events. The activities of Istpartu at the regional level contributed to the study and publication of materials on the history of the revolution and the Civil War in Ukraine. Also, in the field, in the 1920s. local editions of regional Eastparts began to appear. Mostly these were collections of documents and memoirs, which often contain unique material that did not appear in official documents. For example, the book “Pages of the struggle. The collection of materials on the history of the revolutionary movement in Nikolaev", prepared by the Nikolaev Istpartu in 1923. In Soviet Ukraine, after the establishment of the dictatorship of the Bolsheviks, writing memoirs (with a non-Soviet perception of the past) about the revolutionary events of 1917 and the Civil War, and even more so publishing them, was practically impossible, and not only because of restrictions on archives, but also because hard censorship behind the printed word. The memoirs that were issued in those years for the “Marxist approach” are characterized by Soviet schematics and ideologically verified published material.

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O'Cionnaith, Finnian, Jeremy Burchardt, Carla King, Susan Mullaney, Brian Gurrin, Mícheál Mac Craith, Seán Mac Liam, et al. "Reviews: Science and Technology in Nineteenth-Century Ireland, Rooted in the Soil: A History of Cottage Gardens and Allotments in Ireland since 1750, Gladstone and Ireland: Politics, Religion and Nationality in the Victorian Age, Cultures of Care in Irish Medical History, 1750–1970, Economy, Trade and Irish Merchants at Home and Abroad, 1600–1988, The Annals of the Four Masters: Irish History, Kingship and Society in the Early Seventeenth Century, Aloys Fleischmann (1880–1964): Immigrant Musician in Ireland, Lordship in Medieval Ireland: Image and Reality, Fighting like the Devil for the Sake of God: Protestants, Catholics and the Origins of Violence in Victorian Belfast, Sean Lemass: Democratic Dictator, Clanricard's Castle: Portumna House, Co. Galway, The Quirky Dr Fay: A Remarkable Life, The Goodbodys: Millers, Merchants and Manufacturers. The Story of an Irish Quaker Family, 1630–1950, Irish Socialist Republicanism, 1909–36, The Irish Lord Lieutenancy c.1541–1922, Ulster Liberalism, 1778–1876, Glassmaking in Ireland from the Medieval to the Contemporary, Ireland and Medicine in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries, Irish and English: Essays on the Irish Linguistic and Cultural Frontier, 1600–1900, The Irish Defence Forces 1940–1949: The Chief of Staff's Reports, Anglo-Irish and Gaelic Women in Ireland c.1170–1540, Cardinal Paul Cullen and His World, The Society of the Sacred Heart in Nineteenth-Century France, 1800–1865, Regulating Sexuality: Women in Twentieth-Century Northern Ireland, Françoise Henry in Co. Mayo, Estates and Landed Society in Galway, Longford History and Society: Interdisciplinary Essays in the History of an Irish County, Irish Novelists and the Victorian Age, The Great War and Memory in Irish Culture, 1918–2010, Irish Nationalists and the Making of the Irish Race, The Friars in Ireland, 1224–1540, a Labour History of Ireland, 1824–2000, in Search of Fame and Fortune: The Leahy Family of Engineers, 1780–1888, Making Ireland English: The Irish Aristocracy in the Seventeenth Century, Military Aviation in Ireland, 1921–1945, Coercive Confinement in Ireland: Patients, Prisoners and Penitents, a Guide to Sources for the History of Irish Education 1780–1922, William Monsell of Tervoe 1812–1894: Catholic Unionist, Anglo-Irishman, Youth Policy, Civil Society and the Modern Irish State, Gender and Medicine in Ireland, 1700–1950, a Loss of Innocence? Television and Irish Society 1960–72, The Old Library, Trinity College Dublin, 1712–2012, Gladstone: Ireland and Beyond, William O'Brien, 1881–1968." Irish Economic and Social History 40, no. 1 (December 2013): 114–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/iesh.40.1.8.

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Holmes, Andrew R., Ruth McManus, Brendan Bradshaw, Conor McNamara, Caitriona Clear, Peter Collins, Deirdre McMahon, et al. "Reviews: The Ulster Crisis, 1885–1921, Dublin, 1745–1922: Hospitals, Spectacle and Vice, Britain and Ireland, 1050–1530: Economy and Society, Castle Caldwell, County Fermanagh: Life on a West Ulster Estate, 1750–1800, on the Edge of the Pale: The Rise and Decline of an Anglo-Irish Community in County Meath, 1170–1530, the Planters of Luggacurran, County Laois: A Protestant Community, 1879–1927, Balrothery Poor Law Union, County Dublin, 1839–1851, Achill Island Tattie-Hokers in Scotland and the Kirkintilloch Tragedy, 1937, World War I and Nationalist Politics in County Louth, 1914–1920, the Liberty and Ormond Boys: Factional Riot in Eighteenth-Century Dublin, Kiltubrid, County Leitrim: Snapshots of a Rural Parish in the 1890s, the Murder of Thomas Douglas Bateson, County Monaghan, 1851, Sir Robert Gore Booth and his Landed Estate in County Sligo, 1814–1876: Land, Famine, Emigration and Politics, the MacGeough Bonds of the Argory: An Ulster Gentry Family, 1880–1950, Smithfield and the Parish of St Paul, Dublin, 1698–1750, the Murder of Thomas Douglas Bateson, County Monaghan, 1851, Sir Robert Gore Booth and his Landed Estate in County Sligo, 1814–1876: Land, Famine, Emigration and Politics, the MacGeough Bonds of the Argory: An Ulster Gentry Family, 1880–1950, Smithfield and the Parish of St Paul, Dublin, 1698–1750, Canting with Cauley: A Glossary of Travellers' Cant/Gammon, Representing the Troubles: Text and Images, 1970–2000, Representing the Troubles: Text and Images, 1970–2000, Our own Devices: National Symbols and Political Conflict in Twentieth-Century Ireland, County Longford and the Irish Revolution, 1910–1923, Industry, Trade and People in Ireland, 1650–1950: Essays in Honour of W. H. Crawford, Our Good Health: A History of Dublin's Water and Drainage, a Noontide Blazing: Brigid Lyons Thornton, Rebel, Soldier, Doctor, a Memoir, ‘A Town Tormented by the Sea’: Galway, 1790–1914, the Slow Failure: Population Decline and Independent Ireland, 1920–1973, the Irish Lottery, 1780–1801, Medieval Celtic Literature and Society, German-Speaking Exiles in Ireland, 1933–1945, the Nabob: A Tale of Ninety-Eight, Studies in Children's Literature, 1500–2000, Treasure Islands: Studies in Children's Literature, Limerick Boycott, 1904: Anti-Semitism in Ireland, Irish Rural Interiors in Art, the Politics of the Irish Civil War, the Cenél Conaill and the Donegal Kingdoms, AD 500–800, Long Bullets: A History of Road Bowling in Ireland, the Pastoral Role of the Roman Catholic Church in pre-Famine Ireland, 1750–1850, Patrick McAlister, Bishop of down and Connor, 1886–1895, Faith, Fraternity and Fighting: The Orange Order and Irish Migrants in Northern England, C. 1850–1920, the Irish Policeman, 1822–1922: A Life, James Connolly: ‘A Full Life’, James Larkin: Lion of the Fold, Community in Early Modern Ireland, the Irish College at Santiago de Compostela, 1605–1769, a ‘Manly Study’? Irish Women Historians, 1868–1949, Map-Making, Landscapes and Memory: A Geography of Colonial and Early Modern Ireland, C. 1530–1750, the Progress of Music, Ulster Presbyterians in the Atlantic World: Religion, Politics, and Identity." Irish Economic and Social History 34, no. 1 (December 2007): 88–162. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/iesh.34.7.

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O'Neill, Tim P., Colin Veach, Gaye Ashford, Brian MacCuarta, Henry A. Jefferies, Aisling Farrell, Graham Brownlow, et al. "Reviews: Legal Offaly: The County Courthouse at Tullamore and the Legal Profession in County Offaly from the 1820s to the Present Day, Revolutionary Lawyers: Sinn Féin and Crown Courts in Ireland and Britain, 1916–1923, Emergency Law in Independent Ireland, 1922–1948, De Courcy: Anglo-Normans in Ireland, England and France in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries, Pauper Limerick: The Register of the Limerick House of Industry 1774–1793, The Irish Church and the Tudor Reformations, Blarney Castle: An Irish Tower House, Precarious Childhood in Post-Independence Ireland, Ireland's Economic History: Crisis and Development in the North and South, The Book of Howth: The Elizabethan Re-Conquest of Ireland and the Old English, The Oxford History of the Irish Book, Volume 4: The Irish Book in English, 1800–1891, The Dublin Region in the Middle Ages: Settlement, Land-Use and Economy, Human Encumbrances: Political Violence and the Great Irish Famine, Fifty Years Have Flown: The History of Cork Airport, The Fishery of Arklow, 1800–1950, Collen: 200 Years of Building and Civil Engineering in Ireland. A History of the Collen Family Business, The Oxford History of Popular Print Culture, Volume 1: Cheap Print in Britain and Ireland to 1660." Irish Economic and Social History 39, no. 1 (December 2012): 127–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/iesh.39.1.9.

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Pluzhnikov, Victor. "«Forgotten name... Yakov A. Rosenstein»." Aspects of Historical Musicology 16, no. 16 (September 15, 2019): 90–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.34064/khnum2-16.05.

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Problem statement. Conductor is considered to be one of the most prestigious occupation in musical field, so there has always been a certain interest to its history. But, despite a large amount of literature, there are no musicologist’s scientific works, with the systematized and generalized materials on training conducting staff in Ukraine in the 1920s – 1940s. This is partly due to a shortage of primary documents at a difficult historical period: most of them were destroyed by the employees of state institutions before being evacuated behind the lines during the Second World War; the other part was burned down during the hostilities; the third one was lost in the territories temporarily occupied by the fascists. The most important information was restored in the postwar years on the basis of personal documents of the musicians and memoirs of the contemporaries. The names of many other talented performers, who were not high ranked in the hierarchy of Ukraine musical culture, were forgotten. Research and publications analysis. Dealing with this article, the author relied on the research of three scientists. For example, the episode devoted to the history of the Kuban State Conservatory is based on the materials of the book by V. A. Frolkin, PhD in musicology, Professor of Piano Department of Krasnodar University of Culture and Arts. (Frolkin, 2006 : 70–89). The Kharkov period of Ya. Rosenstein’s activity is based on the article by E. M. Shchelkanovtseva, PhD in musicology, Department of Orchestral String Instrument of I. P. Kotlyarevsky Kharkov National University of Arts (Shchelkanovtseva, 1992 : 178–179), as well as the memoirs of conductor S. S. Feldman (Feldman, 2006). Ya. Rosenstein activities in T. G. Shevchenko Kiev Academic Opera and Ballet Theater of the Ukrainian SSR was described in research of Yu. A. Stanishevsky – Doctor in musicology, Professor. (Stanishevsky, 1981 : 533–534). The objective of this article is to create Ya. Rosenstein’s complete and non-biased biography, to analyze various aspects of his activity, and, as a result, to revive the name of a talented musician who was at the forefront of Ukraine musical pedagogy. This is the urgency and novelty of this study. Core material. Yakov A. Rosenstein (1887–1946) – a cello player, conductor, professor. In1907–1912 he studied at St. Petersburg Conservatory specializing in cello. Until February 1917, he had served as a cello player in the Royal orchestra of the Imperial Mariinskyi Theater. During the Civil War, he moved to Yekaterinodar (Krasnodar), where in 1918–1919 he was a director of Russian Musical Society Conservatory. October 1, 1920 witnessed the opening of Kuban State Conservatory. The university was funded from the budget of the People’s Commissariat for Education, so the training of all students was free. Ya. Rosenstein taught the cello class. But at the end of 1921, the Kuban Conservatory was deprived of state funding, and in summer of 1922 the university was reorganized into the Kuban Higher Technical School. (Frolkin, 2006 : 74–89). In autumn of 1923, Ya. Rosenstein moved to Kharkov, where he was a cello player in Russian State Opera orchestra. Later Ya. Rosenstein became a theater conductor. Also, he was engaged in pedagogical activity: in 1925 he became a dean of the instrumental faculty of Kharkov State Higher Music and Drama Courses, and in 1926 he became the head of the courses. According to E. M. Shchelkanovtseva, since 1927, Ya. Rosenstein had been teaching at the Music and Drama Institute (currently – I. P. Kotlyarevsky Kharkov National University of Arts) – Professor of cello class, chamber ensemble, orchestra class, conducting; in 1929 he became an Academic Director. (Shchelkanovtseva, 1992 : 179). Opera-symphonic conducting class at Kharkov Music and Drama Institute, which was opened in autumn of 1927, is a merit of Ya. Rosenstein. During 8 years, he had been training such conductors as: P. Ya. Balenko, M. P. Budyansky, I. I. Vymer, F. M. Dolgova, K. L. Doroshenko, D. L. Klebanov, B. T. Kozhevnikov, V. N. Nakhabin, V. S. Tolba and others. In 1926–1927, the Orchestra of Unemployed Musicians in Kharkov was transformed into the First State Symphony Orchestra of All-Ukrainian Radio Committee, which in autumn of 1929 was integrated with the Ukrainian Philharmonic. In 1929–1932 Ya. Rosenstein acted as a chief conductor. Then he was replaced by German Adler, a graduate of German Academy of Music and Performing Arts in Prague, and a world-famous conductor. In 1937, this musical group was the base for creation the State Symphony Orchestra of the Ukrainian SSR in Kiev (nowadays the National Symphony Orchestra of Ukraine). (Pluzhnikov, 2016 : 358). In 1935–1941 and 1944–1946 Ya. Rosenstein was a conductor of T. G. Shevchenko Kiev Academic Opera and Ballet Theater of the Ukrainian SSR. According to S. S. Feldman, there he brilliantly showed himself in the ballet performances “Swan Lake” and “Sleeping Beauty” by P. Tchaikovsky, “The Fountain of Bakhchisarai” and “The Prisoner of the Caucasus” by B. Asafiev, “Lilaea” by K. Dankevich and “Raymonda” by A. Glazunov (Feldman, 2009 : 102). In summer of 1941 the War began, and the theater troupe was evacuated to Ufa. In 1942–1944 the United Ukrainian State Opera and Ballet Theater was created on the basis of the Kharkov and Kiev theaters in Irkutsk. More than 650,000 people visited 785 performances conducted by N. D. Pokrovsky, Ya. A. Rosenstein and V. S. Tolba in Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk and other cities! In June 1944, the theater troupe returned to Kyiv, and in 1946 Ya. Rosenstein died. He was buried at Baykove cemetery in Kyiv. Conclusion. The creative personality of Ya. A. Rosenstein, a cello player, conductor, teacher, one of the organizers of the First State Symphony Orchestra in Ukraine and the creators of the Kharkov school of orchestra conducting, deserves more attention on behalf of the scientists, musicians and all non-indifferent people. There is hope that Ya. A. Rosenstein’s memory will not be forgotten, and the name of this talented and noble person will take its rightful place in the annals of Ukraine and Russian musical culture.

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19

Kissane, Bill. "The Geographical Spread of State Executions during the Irish Civil War, 1922–23." Social Science History, December 11, 2020, 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2020.43.

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Abstract The state executions of 81 IRA men during the Irish civil war have long been a bitter, almost taboo subject in Irish society. This article provides a geographical perspective on these executions. While the origins of the policy can be traced to elite divisions, the geographical spread of the executions, especially in 1923, reflected the geography of the civil war, and the need to broadcast state power at the local level during its guerrilla phase. The article maps the geographical spread of the executions and analyzes their diffusion in terms of a number of general and Irish-specific theories of civil war violence. Because the civil war originated in elite differences over a treaty, and because the two sides of the conflict had been so personally close at the elite level, historians have tended to explain the executions in terms of elite psychology. Yet while the initial development of the policy reflected the centralization of power by the protreaty elite, in terms of timing, strategic rationale, and location territorial perspectives on civil war explain much more about their diffusion in 1923.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Ireland – History – Civil War, 1922-1923'

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