Journal articles on the topic 'Iron age – Aegean Sea Region'
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1
Pratt, Catherine E. "Minor Transnationalism in the Prehistoric Aegean? The Case of Phoenicians on Crete in the Early Iron Age." Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 18, no. 3 (September 2015): 305–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/diaspora.18.3.305.
Abstract:
The study of population movements and cultural interaction, both large- and small-scale, has been increasingly important for understanding past societies and the archaeological remains of their material culture. As the result of long-term social and ideological practices in life and death, consumption and deposition patterns in the archaeological record are essential for viewing changes in cultural identities brought about by contact with other groups. In the Early Iron Age, groups of people we call “Phoenicians” set forth to various regions around the Mediterranean Sea and established predominantly colonial connections with local populations. While Phoenician presence is attested on the island of Crete, the available evidence does not reflect common trends in the archaeological remains of Phoenician colonial activity. Consequently, many debates exist on how to classify the interactions of Phoenicians and Cretans in the Early Iron Age. A reexamination of archaeological data associated with the Phoenician presence on Crete, however, provides an opportunity to test new theoretical models of transnational social interaction. In this article I suggest that the modern concept of minor transnationalism may be a useful tool to view this case of ancient cultural contact. In particular, I examine two examples of sanctuaries and cemeteries on Crete where Phoenician interactions with local populations have produced evidence for transnational spaces, which are created by the interconnections between agents of two liminal groups. By applying a modern theory to ancient evidence, this article will help expand the historical scope of transnationalism beyond strictly modern perspectives. In short, the application of transnationalism to the ancient past will provide a more transhistorical perspective on cultural contact.
2
Lawall, Mark L., and Chavdar Tzochev. "New research on Aegean & Pontic transport amphorae of the ninth to first century BC, 2010–2020." Archaeological Reports 66 (November 2020): 117–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s057060842000006x.
Abstract:
Research on transport amphorae in the Aegean and the Black Sea regions during the past decade has progressed significantly, both accumulating, synthesizing and interpreting new and old data, and increasing attention given to previously neglected areas and periods. Much work has been done on identifying places of production, defining typological development and refining chronologies. Greece and Turkey are achieving greater prominence in the field, as is attention to the Early Iron Age. Old debates – such as on the purposes and the meanings of amphora stamps – have been reignited with new ideas and the roles of transport amphorae in socio-economic systems continue to draw attention. Another emerging trend is the effort to consider amphorae in the longue durée. As material grows and the field becomes more cosmopolitan, amphora studies increasingly face the challenge of aggregating and synthesizing data in a way that can encourage participation in the broader dialogues of economic historians.
3
Scheidel, Walter. "The Greek demographic expansion: models and comparisons." Journal of Hellenic Studies 123 (November 2003): 120–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3246263.
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AbstractFor much of the first millennium BC, the number of Greeks increased considerably, both in the Aegean core and in the expanding periphery of the Mediterranean and Black Sea regions. This paper is the first attempt to establish a coherent quantitative framework for the study of this process. In the first section, I argue that despite the lack of statistical data, it is possible to identify a plausible range of estimates of average long-term demographic growth rates in mainland Greece from the Early Iron Age to the Classical period. Elaborating on this finding, the second section offers a comprehensive rebuttal of the notion of explosive population growth in parts of the eighth and seventh centuries BC. In the third section, I seek to determine the probable scale and demographic consequences of Greek settlement overseas. A brief preliminary look at the relationship between population growth and the quality of life concludes my survey. The resultant series of interlocking parametric models is meant to contextualize the demographic development of ancient Greece within the wider ambit of pre-modern demography, and to provide a conceptual template for future research in this area.
4
Bulatovic, Aleksandar. "Origin and distribution of slightly biconical bowls with facetted or channeled rim from the end of bronze and the beginning of iron ages on the Balkan peninsula: Contribution to the study of ethnic and cultural movements in southeast Europe at the end of bronze and the beginning of iron ages." Starinar, no. 59 (2009): 89–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sta0959089b.
Abstract:
Slightly biconical shaped bowls, the upper cone (rim and shoulder) of which is decorated with horizontal and slanted facets or slanted channels, as well as semi-globular bowls of inverted rim decorated with horizontal facets or slanted channels are characteristic of the end of Bronze Age and mark the beginning of Iron Age in many cultural groups within the Balkan Peninsula. Problem of their origin, chronology and distribution is present in archaeological literature for a long time. Many authors perceived the significance of this ceramic shape for the chronological, ethnic and cultural interpretation of the Late Bronze, that is, of the Early Iron Ages within the territory of the Balkans. Pottery from the burned layers in Vardina and Vardaroftsa sites in the north of Greece, among which there were bowls with inverted, slanted channeled rim, was designated way back by W. Heurtley as Danubian pottery or Lausitz ware, connecting its origin with the Danube Basin. Anumber of conclusions have been reached upon the study of finds of slightly biconical bowls and bowls of inverted rim, decorated with channels or facets, from several indicative sites from Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages within the Balkan Peninsula and south part of the Middle Europe. It has been stated that the bowls appear first within the southwest Slovakia and northwest Hungary in the Br D period, to spread very fast, already in the Br D/Ha A1 period, from its home territory to the east, to the northeast Hungary and northwest Romania. Namely, this first spreading wave into these territories brought along only variety Ia bowls, which were further distributed to the south, during the Ha A1 period, to the central parts of the Balkan Peninsula and consequently it can be concluded that these bowls are somewhat older than other varieties. In the period Br D - Ha A1, in north Hungary, under the influence of Gava Culture, on one hand, and Caka Culture, on the other, appear also variety IIa bowls (turban dish), distributed to the east with a new migration wave, in the same manner as was the case with the first migration wave, but also to the south, along the Bakonjska Range, to the present day Croatia and Slovenia, where, in the Ha A1/A2 periods, were stated exclusively variety IIa bowls. Representatives of the variety Ia bowls remained in the Pomoravlje region and Juzna Morava Basin, as confirmed by a large number of these bowls and also by other ceramic shapes of that stylistic and typological pattern, prevailing within this region in the Ha A1/A2 periods. First variety IIa bowls (Mediana, Krzince) appear only during the second migration wave coming from the north of the Balkans to the central part of the Balkan Peninsula (Ha A2 period). These bowls, however, are particularly characteristic of Macedonia and lower Povardarje, where variety Ia bowls were not stated at all. The second migration wave representatives, with turban dish bowls (variety IIa), were much more aggressive as witnessed by many burned settlements from that period in the Vranjska-Bujanovacka Valleys and Povardarje. During Ha B-C periods, bowls of both types (particularly variety IIa) became inevitable part of ceramic inventory of nearly all cultural groups in the Balkan Peninsula, which could be explained by the spread of cultural influence of the new stylistic trend, though, however, it could be possible that migrations, which at the time were numerous and of greater or lesser intensity, were one of the spreading causes of this ceramic shape into the east, south and west parts of the Balkan Peninsula in the Ha B period. Representatives of the mentioned migrations, which were carried out in at least two larger migration waves, bringing along bowls to the Balkan Peninsula, are protagonists of historically known migrations from that period, known under names of Doric and Aegean migrations. The assumed direction of these migrations coincides mainly with the distribution direction of bowl types I and II. Migrations spreading the bowl types I and II started in the south part of the Middle Europe, but were initiated by the representatives of the Urnenfelder cultural complex from the Middle Europe, as observed in certain ceramic shapes, stated together with type I bowls and originating from cultures of the Urnenfelder complex, and in numerous metal finds, which were produced in Middle European workshops. It is of interest to point out that bowl movements could be followed up to the northwest shores of the Aegean Sea, but they are not stated in the south Trace and in Troy, thus imposing conclusion that their representatives did not reach Troy. Consequently, their possible participation in destruction of VIIb2 layer settlements is utterly uncertain. The migrations, however, started chain reaction of ethnic movements in the Balkans, causing many ethnic and cultural changes within this territory which will lead to creation of new cultural groups to mark the developed Iron Age. To what extent bowls of this type, particularly variety IIa, left deep trace in the Iron Age Cultures in the central Balkans, is shown in the fact that survivals of this variety remained within these regions even several centuries later, in late phases of the Ha C period (VI/V century BC).
5
Sestieri, Anna Maria Bietti. "Italy in Europe in the Early Iron Age." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 63 (1997): 371–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00002498.
Abstract:
In the field of European recent prehistory it is generally agreed that, from the Early Orientalising period, Etruria played a central role in long distance trade, also acting as a link between the Aegean and east Mediterranean and trans-Alpine Europe. A widely acknowledged implication is that this primary status of the Etruscans among the indigenous peoples of Italy was a secondary effect of the Greek and Phoenician colonisation in the central Mediterranean. It is the aim of this paper to show that, as early as the Late Bronze Age, Etruria emerged as a complex territorial, political, and economic entity and was able to participate in an interregional network of trade reaching as far as northern Germany and the Aegean. By the beginnings of the Italian Iron Age, this region was organised as a federation of early states, with important extensions in the southern Po plain, along the Adriatic coast, and in Campania.
6
Gilmour, Garth. "Aegean sanctuaries and the Levant in the Late Bronze Age." Annual of the British School at Athens 88 (November 1993): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400015914.
Abstract:
In a recent paper by O. Negbi it was argued that certain late bronze age Aegean temples owe elements of their design to influence from the Levant. Architectural features such as corner platforms, a ‘bent-axis’ approach, and twin temples, and cultural features such as the presence of ‘smiting god’ figurines, are analysed. It is concluded that there is no evidence that Aegean shrines were built according to a Canaanite model, and that there was no Canaanite cultic influence in the Aegean during the Late Bronze Age. If anything, the reverse applied in the early Iron Age, when the influence of the Sea Peoples is seen in some cultic architecture in the Levant.
7
Melnikova, Elena, and Natalya Kuzminova. "Growth of horse mackerel populations in the western parts of the Black, Marmara, and Aegean seas." Fisheries & Aquatic Life 28, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aopf-2020-0002.
Abstract:
AbstractThis study estimated the growth of horse mackerel, Trachurus mediterraneus (Steindachner), populations from the western parts of the Black, Marmara, and Aegean seas. Dependencies of individual daily weight gain at age were determined. The calculations showed that in the area studied the highest absolute weight gain was 45.4 mg day−1 for fish at the age of 2.46 years from Zonguldak (Black Sea). The relative annual increase in the population biomass of T. mediterraneus inhabiting different areas of the Black, Marmara and Aegean seas was determined. It was revealed that the annual relative increase in the biomass of horse mackerel caught in the Black Sea exceeded that in the Marmara and Aegean seas. At the same time, the highest relative annual biomass increase (94.8%) was observed in populations from the Varna-Bourgas region and in the coastal waters of Sevastopol (70.9%) in the Black Sea.
8
Asscher, Yotam, and Elisabetta Boaretto. "Absolute Time Ranges in the Plateau of the Late Bronze to Iron Age Transition and the Appearance of Bichrome Pottery in Canaan, Southern Levant." Radiocarbon 61, no. 1 (November 9, 2018): 13–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2018.58.
Abstract:
ABSTRACTThe Late Bronze Age to Iron Age transition in the Levant includes the appearance of new material culture that is similar in styles to the Aegean world. In the southern Levant, the distribution of early styles of Aegean-like pottery, locally produced, is limited to the coastal areas of Canaan, making synchronization with the rest of the region difficult. Radiocarbon (14C) dating provides a high-resolution absolute chronological framework for synchronizing ceramic phases. Here, absolute14C chronologies of the Late Bronze to Iron Age transition in the sites Tel Beth Shean, Tel Rehov, Tel Lachish, and Tel Miqne-Ekron are determined. Results show that the ranges of transitions vary in an absolute time frame by 50–100 years between different sites and that the range of the Late Bronze Age to Iron Age transition in Canaan spans the 13th–11th centuries BC plateau. These chronologies, based on a site-by-site approach for dating, show that the change between early types of Aegean-like pottery (Monochrome) to developed types (Bichrome), occurred over 100 years in Canaan and that the transition occurred in southern sites prior to sites in the north. These ranges show that not only is the Late Bronze to Iron Age not contemporaneous, but also synchronization between sites based on their ceramic assemblages is problematic.
9
Mangou, Helen, and Panayiotis V. Ioannou. "Studies of the Late Bronze Age copper-based ingots found in Greece." Annual of the British School at Athens 95 (November 2000): 207–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400004640.
Abstract:
Seven bun type, one slab type, and 44 oxhide type Late Bronze Age ingots found in the Aegean region, Crete and Mainland Greece have been analysed for their chemical content (twelve elements) by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The results show that the ingots contain variable amounts of oxygen as copper(I) oxide. The oxhide ingots are made of purer copper, the bun type are of relatively pure copper and bronze, while the slab type is bronze. The oxhide ingots from Crete may have a different origin from those found in the Aegean and in Mainland Greece because they have a different chemical composition. The metallographic examination of twenty ingots, three of bun and seventeen of oxhide type, revealed that they have been cast in open moulds, followed by slow cooling. Microanalyses of inclusions in fifteen ingots revealed the presence of copper(I) sulphide, copper(I) oxide, copper-iron and copper-iron-sulphur and their origin is discussed. Hardness measurements on fourteen ingots of various types revealed that they are somewhat harder for a cast object than control alloys and likely explanations are given.
10
Zeman-Wiśniewska, Katarzyna. "Re-evaluation of Contacts between Cyprus and Crete from the Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age." Electrum 27 (2020): 11–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20800909el.20.001.12791.
Abstract:
This article argues that it is possible to distinguish certain stages of development of the contact between Cyprus and Crete, from Early Bronze Age up to the LBA/EIA transition period. To thoroughly do that, areas in which the connections are most clearly expressed: written sources, pottery, copper trade and cult practice influences are discussed. Possible sea routes between two islands, direct and as a part of a major route between Aegean, Levant and Egypt are described. Discussed written sources include possible place-names connected with Cyprus/Alasia in linear scripts and usage of the so-called ‘Cypro-Minoan’writing. Examples of pots and sherds both Cypriot found in Crete and Cretan found in Cyprus are examined and possible copper trade (including lead isotope analysis) is considered. Further, alleged Minoan cult practice influences are thoroughly discussed. Finally all the above are chronologically reviewed and a course of development of contacts between Crete and Cyprus is proposed.
11
Pokalyuk, Volodymyr, Ihor Lomakin, and Ihor Shuraev. "Tectonolineament zones of east-north-east trending as constituent element of rhegmatogenic fault network of the Balkan-Black sea region." Ukrainian journal of remote sensing, no. 18 (November 9, 2018): 40–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.36023/ujrs.2018.18.134.
Abstract:
Structural geomorphological analysis of large scale 3D digital radar models of seabed landscape topography has allowed us to reveal within the Balkan-Black Sea region a system of tectonically formed subparallel trans-regional linear slab-shaped zones. On the map they appeared as ENE-directed throughout stripes, distanced approximately 100 km from each other. These linear zones are significant components of the rhegmatogenic fault network of the examined area, as you can see on the map: I — South Carpathian, II — Peri-Carpathian, III — Azov Adriatic, IV — Balkan Crimean, V — North Greek, VI — North Aegean, VII — North Anatolian. Without interfering with intra-regional geological elements, they intersect a wide range of diverse types of geological blocks with different structure, age and origin, and expand into the seabeds of the Black and Aegean seas. The general consistency of their spatial, morphologic structural and kinematic organization confirmes a uniform dynamic mechanism of their formation, likely connected to the planetary rotation-induced stress.
12
Olgovskyi, S. Yа. "FURTHER THOUGHTS ON THE CENTER OF METALWORKING IN NORTH PONTIC REGION IN THE EARLY IRON AGE." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 31, no. 2 (June 25, 2019): 506–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2019.02.41.
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The paper is attempt to identify the hotbed of metalworking in the Northern Black Sea region in the 6th—5th centuries BC. At the same time, an explanation is given that the hotbed of metalworking should be understood not as a complex of specialized metal-working centers, but as a region of similar production with uniform typological, chemical and metallurgical characteristics, and unified production technology. Contrary to outdated claims, the level of foundry in the forest-steppe Scythian centers in the archaic time was incomparably higher than in the Greek colonies, and it was the local craftsmen who provided the population of the Northern Black Sea region with products made of non-ferrous metals. Many craftsmen worked in the off-premise way, that is, they led a mobile (wandering) lifestyle, extending their activities to the Greek colonies. Some alloys, with an admixture of antimony and arsenic in particular, indicate the links of the foundry workers to the mines of the Volga region and the Urals. However, it is not possible to speak of metal coming from there directly into the Greek colonies. There were no trade routes from Olbia to the eastern regions, since no Greek thing is known on any of the monuments of the Ananian culture. On the contrary, Scythian ornaments and weapons are quite common. Therefore, it was through the Scythian merchants and metallurgists that the metal with an admixture of antimony entered the Northern Black Sea region and the Greek colonies in particular.
13
Joy Kagan, Elisa, Dafna Langgut, Elisabetta Boaretto, Frank Herald Neumann, and Mordechai Stein. "Dead Sea Levels during the Bronze and Iron Ages." Radiocarbon 57, no. 2 (2015): 237–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/azu_rc.57.18560.
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The history of lake-level changes at the Dead Sea during the Holocene was determined mainly by radiocarbon dating of terrestrial organic debris. This article reviews the various studies that have been devoted over the past 2 decades to defining the Dead Sea levels during the Bronze and Iron Ages (≃5.5 to 2.5 ka cal BP) and adds new data and interpretation. In particular, we focus on research efforts devoted to refining the chronology of the sedimentary sequence in the Ze'elim Gully, a key site of paleoclimate investigation in the European Research Council project titled Reconstructing Ancient Israel. The Bronze and Iron Ages are characterized by significant changes in human culture, reflected in archaeological records in which sharp settlement oscillations over relatively short periods of time are evident. During the Early Bronze, Intermediate Bronze, Middle Bronze, and Late Bronze Ages, the Dead Sea saw significant level fluctuations, reaching in the Middle Bronze an elevation of ≃370 m below mean sea level (bmsl), and declining in the Late Bronze to below 414 m bmsl. At the end of the Late Bronze Age and upon the transition to the Iron Age, the lake recovered slightly and rose to ≃408 m bmsl. This recovery reflected the resumption of freshwater activity in the Judean Hills, which was likely accompanied by more favorable hydrological-environmental conditions that seem to have facilitated the wave of Iron Age settlement in the region.
14
PAVLIV, Dmytro. "SPECIAL FORMS OF CERAMIC WARE FROM BURIAL COMPLEXES OF ULVIVOK-ROVANTSI TYPE." Materials and Studies on Archaeology of Sub-Carpathian and Volhynian Area 22 (December 11, 2018): 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/mdapv.2018-22-111-122.
Abstract:
During studies of the cemeteries of Ulvivok-Rovantsi type, which are located in the South-Western of Volhynia region and can be dated back to X–VIII centuries BC, several very specific vase-shaped vessels were found. According to its scarcity, originality of the form and the absence of analogies among preceding, and chronologically synchronous and territorially close archaeological cultures, they can be considered as a certain “phenomenon” in the circle of sites from the final Bronze Age – beginning of the Early Iron Age in the interfluve of Prypyat, Vistula and Dnister Rivers. Similar ceramic ware is known from burials and places of worship in Crete during final part of Early Minoan period and the culture of Pannonian inlaid ceramics from the Early Bronze Age in the Middle Danube region. They could be a prototype for the ancient Greek lydions – special, rather rare ceramic ware for storing of valuable aromatic substances. The lydions were distributed mostly over the east of Aegean world, in particular on Crete, and used during marriage ceremonies and also were placed into burials. It is possible that lydions were used during worship ceremonies of Demeter – the chthonic goddess of fertility, marriage and the dead that appeared, as considered, in Crete during pre-Minoan period. Lidions, as well as kernoses (other ritual ware), were probably used for the libation during the cult ceremonies like Eleusinian mysteries. Taking into account the widespread of Demeter's worship during Bronze Age and Early Iron Age, not only in the territory of Aegean, but also far beyond its borders (it is evidenced by the finds of kernoses in Central, Eastern and Western Europe), it can be hypothesized that there were some form of this cult among population of South-Western Volhynia during Late Bronze Age, which is represented by ceramic ware, found on the cemeteries of Ulvivok-Rovantsi group, similar to the lydions, and possibly also by Ulvivok goblets. The issue of clarification of ways and directions of penetration of such cults from the Aegean and South-Eastern Balkans to Central and Eastern Europe and the level of their identity, taking into account considerable distances, diversity of cultures, ethnic groups and traditions remains subject to discussion. Later, when, perhaps, new similar discoveries will appear (preferably well-dated and located in undisturbed complexes), this hypothetical version can be confirmed or canceled. Key words: cemeteries of the Ulvivok-Rovantsi type, Crete, Minoan culture, culture of Pannonian inlaid ceramics, vase-lidion, Demeter cult, migration.
15
Fischer, Peter M., and Teresa Bürge. "The Swedish Jordan Expedition 2013 at Tall Abu al-Kharaz. Preliminary results from Areas 9, 10 and 11." Opuscula. Annual of the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome 7 (November 2014): 129–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.30549/opathrom-07-06.
Abstract:
The Swedish excavations at Tall Abu al-Kharaz, a twelve-hectare tell in the central Jordan Valley, continued in 2013 in order to shed further light on the Iron Age occupation of this city that was first settled around 3200 BC, corresponding to the conventional Early Bronze Age IB. The Iron Age occupation lasted from the 12th century BC until 732 BC, when the city was conquered by the Neo-Assyrians. From 2009 to 2012, excavations in Area 9 revealed an exceptionally well-preserved two-storey compound dating from Iron Age I (local Phase IX), i.e. around 1100 BC. The stone compound was exposed for a length of 46 m. It consists of 21 rooms, with walls still standing to a height of more than 2 m. Several hundred complete vessels and other objects point to the extensive contacts of a fairly rich society. Contacts with the Aegean and Cyprus, through offshoots of the Sea Peoples/Philistines, and with Egypt and Phoenicia, were ascertained. At the end of the 2012 season, the eastern limit of the compound was reached. In 2013, complementary excavations were carried out to the north and east of the compound. The eastern extension revealed a defence system which had originally been built in the Early Bronze Age IB/II around 3100 BC but had been reused as a part of the Iron Age I defence structures. Test trenches in the north-eastern part of Area 10 and in Area 11 north-east of Area 10, i.e. a hitherto unexplored area of the city, revealed remains from the Late Bronze Age and the Early and Late Iron Age.
16
Evelpidou, Niki, Eleni Tziligkaki, and Anna Karkani. "Submerged antiquities on Paros and Naxos islands, Aegean Sea, Greece. New evidence for the mean sea level during the late Bronze Age and the Roman period." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 52, no. 1 (October 23, 2018): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.18628.
Abstract:
Sea level changes are the combined effect of eustatic, glacio-isostatic and tectonic factors. Oxygen isotope data and geophysical models are often used to assess the first two factors, while the third factor can be assessed by field data. In this context, detailed mapping of palaeo sea-level markers may be used to evaluate coastal tectonic movements and the relative sea level changes in a particular region. Although various sea level markers exist, e.g. geomorphological, biological, archaeological, their reliability varies depending on their relationship to sea level. Amongst geomorphological indicators, tidal notches stand out as they can indicate former sea-level positions, with up to a decimeter confidence, while their shape may also provide qualitative information on the rate of sea-level change and on tectonic movements. Biological markers may also provide useful information provided that their relationship to mean sea level is clearly defined. Last but not least, archaeological remains, emerged or submerged, may also be used to quantify relative sea level changes; however, their reliability varies depending on the functionality of the structure.In this framework, the aim of this paper is the study of sea level changes in the Central Aegean Sea (Paros and Naxos islands) through the use of various sea level indicators. Submerged beachrocks and tidal notches bear witness to the extent and depth of ancient shores. The submerged antiquities of Paros include cemeteries of various time periods and harbour installations, while the Baccini antiquities in Naxos include quarries and coastal settlements. Archaeological data in Grotta and Aplomata (Naxos), give evidence of at least two seismic events, coinciding with the profiles of two submerged tidal notches found at a depth of –3 m and –2.5 m respectively. The tsunami that covered the northern part of the Hellenistic Agora of Naxos in the 2nd c. AD is additionally confirmed by a submerged tidal notch at a depth of –1.70 m and dated by shells of Cerastoderma.
17
Ignaczak, Marcin, Yuriy Boltryk, Oleksandr Shelekhan, Oksana Lifantii, and Łukasz Olędzki. "The Fortresses of Ukraine. The Builders of Early Iron Age Strongholds in Podolia." Baltic-Pontic Studies 21, no. 1 (October 1, 2016): 277–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bps-2017-0017.
Abstract:
Abstract The most challenging question regarding the defensive settlements of the Pontic forest-steppe is the reason behind their construction at all and size. The most frequent interpretations centre around two questions: were they to protect from external threats (i.e. the nomads) or were they the result of a carefully planned construction strategy related to the economic and social pressure from the Greek colonies in the Black Sea region? It is also possible that both explanations are true.
18
SUGIMOTO, David T. "History and Nature of Iron Age Cities in the Northeastern Sea of Galilee Region: A Preliminary Overview." Orient 50 (2015): 91–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.5356/orient.50.91.
19
A., Malyshev, and Gorlanov S. "Burial Constructions of the Population of Abrau Penninsula in the Early Iron Age." Teoriya i praktika arkheologicheskikh issledovaniy 32, no. 4 (December 2020): 67–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/tpai(2020)4(32).-05.
Abstract:
Cultural and ethnic belonging and ethnogenesis of inhabitants of the Black Sea foothills of Northern-Western Caucasus is an object of long-time discussions. Patterns of funeral constructions of Anapa-Novorossiisk neighbourhood in the Iron Age could provide diametric different conclusions. Study of data of the Early Iron Age funeral constructions helps to discover traditions of the population of the Abrau peninsula of the Bronze Age, who used stone for burial places. Remarkable change of ancient tradition connected with replacement and assimilation of aborigines appeared after the middle of the 4th century BC with the distribution of the Bospor Kingdom influence in the region. Archaeological material demonstrates appearance of the local “ellinistic” elite and the cultivation of the steppe space of the Anapa valley by the settlers from theKuban region. They brought burial rite in ground pits and in tombs. At the beginning of new millennium burial culture became standard for all Abrau peninsula. Only in the necropolises of the south-west of the region it intricately intertwined with the traditions of the aboriginal population of the foothills.
20
Stojic, Milorad. "Regional characteristics of the Brnjica cultural group." Starinar, no. 56 (2006): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sta0656073s.
Abstract:
A large number of newly registered and researched sites help to distinguish regional characteristics in the Brnjica cultural group development. On the basis of special features in the material culture, pottery in the first place, several regional entities were identified: (1) Kosovo with the Raska Region and Pester, (2) The Juzna and Zapadna Morava confluence zone is characterized by interweaving of the Brnjica and Paracin cultural groups and afterwards, by a mixture of Brnjica cultural group elements with the Iron Age I a - b cultural groups from the Velika Morava basin, (3) The Leskovac-Nis region is characterized by symbiosis, after the initial phase, and later on by integration of the Brnjica cultural group with the ethno-cultural complex Iron Age I b in the Morava basin, and (4) the Juzna Morava Region, upstream from Grdelica Gorge, the Pcinja and the Upper Vardar Regions, is characterized by specific Brnjica cultural group archaeological material. The sites with Brnjica type pottery finds in Blagoevgrad, Plovdiv as well as on a number of sites in Pelagonia, Lower Vardar basin, on the island of Thasos and Thessaly, show the extent of influence of the Brnjica cultural group within the period between the 13th and 12th centuries BC and portend the role of the Brnjica population in the events designated as the Aegean Migration.
21
Tashenova, Gulnara, Raushan Issayeva, Aigerim Aliakparova, Riza Boranbayeva, and Lyazzat Sarsenova. "Comprehensive assessment of the Aral Sea region children’s health conditions." E3S Web of Conferences 159 (2020): 08005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015908005.
Abstract:
A comprehensive assessment of the health status of 757 children in the Aral Sea region was performed, by assesing the direction of their pathology based on the results of medical, clinical, laboratory, instrumental and socio-psychological studies. The distribution by health groups showed a predominance of functional abnormalities among children (group II (50.0%), group III (28.7%), and chronic diseases at the age of 11-15 years. Healthy children accounted for only 9.2%. According to the structure of morbidity, vegeto-vascular dystonia dominated in 55.2%, 52.2% showed functional disorders of the digestive system and iron-deficient anemia (19.7%). The revealed psychological features manifested by a high level of anxiety in children of the Aktobe region (57, 0%). Studies have indicated low children’s health in environmentally depressed areas, which may be one of the significant factors contributing to the formation of various forms of chronic pathology.
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Lukyashko, Sergey. "Hunting of Steppe Nomads of the Pontic Region in the Early Iron Age." Nizhnevolzhskiy Arheologicheskiy Vestnik, no. 2 (December 2019): 62–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2019.2.4.
Abstract:
Hunting is the oldest kind of human activity preserving traditional forms due to its conservatism. Paleozoologists working in the Northern Black Sea region determined the objects of hunting according to the data obtained from Greek settlements. These are mainly hoofed animals such as deer, roe deer, saigas, and wild boars, and fur animals including hares, foxes, beavers, as well as a variety of birds. According to paleozoological data, hunting was elitist. Unfortunately, it was not taken into account that inhabitants of the settlements hunted in the steppes of foreign lands, and delivered not carcasses of killed animals, but skins and meat. Therefore, skeletal remains cannot objectively reflect the proportions of distribution of hunting objects. Studying ancient texts and toreutics allows us to establish that in the Scythian nomadic world there were such types of hunting as raid, driven hunting, hunting with hounds. It is reasonable to assume that Scythians also utilized hunting birds as their hunting method, as images of hunting birds are widespread among nomads. In the settlements, there can be found skeletal remains of the following hunting birds: saker falcons, golden eagles, gyrfalcons, hawks, etc. Frequent occurrence of their images in the Scythian art and a single case of a saker falcon buried in a male burial of Elizabeth’s burial ground can serve as a vivid example of hunting bird exploitation. Nomads, in particular, could be suppliers of wild animal meat to the settlement and city markets. Inhabitants’ independent hunting in steppes was of extraordinary characteristic. Inhabitants of the settlements could probably hunt outside the fortifications only after the agreement with local nomads.
23
Doonan, Owen. "Xenophon in a Black Sea Landscape: Settlement Models for the Iron Age on the Sinop Promontory (Turkey)." European Journal of Archaeology 22, no. 1 (July 9, 2018): 91–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eaa.2018.16.
Abstract:
Research into the Iron Age of Anatolia has seldom paid sufficient attention to settlement patterns and the social organization of space. TheAnabasisby Xenophon records the observations of a Greek outsider who travelled across eastern Anatolia and along the Black Sea coast in 400bce, a time that was relatively early in the colonial process in this area. Xenophon's observations are used to establish a basic model for settlement in the Black Sea coastal region of Anatolia, which is then tested against the results of recent archaeological surveys and related research on the Sinop promontory. A fuller and richer model of indigenous Iron Age settlement and colonial engagement on the Sinop promontory is developed and considered in light of recent research on colonization in the western Mediterranean and northern Black Sea regions.
24
Fischer, Peter M., Teresa Bürge, D. Blattner, M. Alrousan, and A. Abu Dalo. "The Swedish Jordan Expedition 2011 and 2012 at Tall Abu al-Kharaz. Preliminary results from the early Iron Age occupation in Area 9." Opuscula. Annual of the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome 6 (November 2013): 307–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30549/opathrom-06-10.
Abstract:
Tall Abu al-Kharaz, a twelve hectare-large tell in the central Jordan Valley, was occupied for approximately five millennia. In earlier excavation seasons most of the early Iron Age remains were found to have been disturbed by later settlers. Between 2009 and 2012 excavations revealed an extremely well-preserved city quarter dating from around 1100 BC, which represents an essential part of the settlement history of this city. The stone-built architectural compound consists of 21 rooms, with walls still standing to a height of more than 2 m. The inventories of these rooms, which comprised more than 200 complete vessels and other objects, were remarkably intact. Amongst the finds were imports from Egypt and Phoenicia. There were also finds which are associated with the culture of the Sea Peoples/Philistines, such as several Aegean and Cypriote-style vessels and other objects. The find context points to a hasty abandonment of the city. In the past, the beginning of the Iron Age has often been referred to as “the Dark Ages”, a period of cultural regression: this categorization is not appropriate to the find situation at Tall Abu al-Kharaz where the remains of a wealthy society, with far-reaching intercultural connections, can be identified.
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Arslan, Nurettin. "Surface surveys in the northern Troad and the identification of Çiğlitepe as ancient Arisbe." Anatolian Studies 67 (2017): 129–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066154617000011.
Abstract:
AbstractThe region known as the Troad in western Anatolia is famed not only as the setting of Homer's Iliad but also for the Hellespont strait (modern Çanakkale Boğazı) linking the Sea of Marmara to the Aegean. In addition to large cities such as Sigeum, Abydus and Lampsacus, ancient writers also mention smaller cities located on the Hellespont. In this article, the location of the ancient city of Arisbe, presumed to have existed between Abydus and Lampsacus, is examined in the light of new archaeological data. Between 2002 and 2010, the author conducted surveys in the northern Troad. These surveys revealed an ancient settlement with archaeological material belonging to the Late Bronze Age, late Geometric, Archaic, Classical and Hellenistic periods. The location of this settlement, the archaeological data and information from ancient literary sources all indicate that this site should be identified as Arisbe.
26
Kurmankulov, Zholdasbek, and Zhanbolat Raimkulovich Utubayev. "Sengir-tam 2: new research on the site in Eastern Aral Sea region." Samara Journal of Science 8, no. 4 (November 29, 2019): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201984204.
Abstract:
The paper presents the excavations results from the new site of the early Iron Age Sengir-tam 2, located in the lower stream of the Syr Darya River in Kyzylorda Region. The site is a grave consisting of 23 ground mounds. There are west and east groups located in chain order and oriented along the west-east line. To date, six mounds have been explored on the site. It has been revealed that the grave was robbed in ancient times. Archaeological works on the high ground of Sengir-tam 2 showed that burials were carried out here for a long time. The excavations revealed pieces of horse tack, iron knives, beads and helmet plaque, ceramics. The burial rite and equipment recorded on the site have direct similarities with other burial complexes of Eastern Aral Sea, particularly among the materials of the graves of South Tagisken and Uigarak dated by VII-V centuries BC. It should be noted that Sengir-tam 2 is still the third site discovered in the interfluve of Incardarya and Zhanadarya. According to the materials received, the population of Eastern Aral Sea region had links with the other cultures of the Saka time from Altay in the east to the Black Sea in the west.
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Görman, Marianne. "Nordic and Celtic: religion in southern Scandinavia during the late bronze age and early iron age." Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis 13 (January 1, 1990): 329–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.30674/scripta.67183.
Abstract:
By means of modern archeological research it is today possible to gain much information even from non-written material, This paper covers the late bronze age and early iron age, ca. 1000 B.C. —O. It is based on material from Denmark, the Southwest of Sweden, and the Southeast of Norway. This region formed a cultural unity since the sea bound the area together. Our main sources of knowledge of Nordic religion during this time span are votive offerings and rock-carvings. During the bronze age and early iron age the Nordic peasant population had intensive contacts with the Southeastern and Centralparts of Europe. A great quantity of imported objects bear evidence of widespread connections. The inhabitants of the Nordic area not only brought home objects, but also ideas and religious conceptions. This is clearly reflected in the iconography. The cultures with which connections were upheld and from which ideas were introduced were those of Hallstatt and La Tène. They were both Celtic iron age cultures prospering in Central Europe at the same time as the late bronze age and early iron age in the Nordic area. This means that the new symbols in the Nordic area come from a Celtic environment. Consequently, Celtic religion such as it may be found in the pre-Roman period, can clarify the meaning of the conceptions, linked with these symbols.
28
Rohais, Sébastien, Sébastien Joannin, Jean-Paul Colin, Jean-Pierre Suc, François Guillocheau, and Rémi Eschard. "Age and environmental evolution of the syn-rift fill of the southern coast of the gulf of Corinth (Akrata-Derveni region, Greece)." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 178, no. 3 (May 1, 2007): 231–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.178.3.231.
Abstract:
Abstract The southern coast of the gulf of Corinth exhibits syn-rift deposits, giving insights into the first stages of continental extension as well as the geodynamic evolution of the surrounding Aegean region. The stratigraphy (relative position, 3D geometry, dating) of these deposits is still subject to controversies. The syn-rift evolution of the central part of the southern coast of the Corinth rift is revisited, based on new sedimentological and paleontological data. While ostracods analysis provides precise information about the paleoenvironments, recent advances in palynology supply a more accurate chronology. For the first time, we document marine evidences and Pleistocene evidences below the well-known giant Gilbert-type fan deltas of the Corinth rift. The syn-rift fill records a three-phase history: (1) the Lower Group corresponds to continental to lacustrine environments passing up progressively to brackish environments with occasionally marine incursions from before 1.8 Ma to some time after 1.5 Ma, (2) the Middle Group corresponds to giant alluvial fans and to Gilbert-type fan deltas prograding in an alternating marine and lacustrine environment from around 1.5 Ma to some time after 0.7 Ma, and (3) the Upper Group corresponds to slope deposits, Gilbert-type fan deltas and marine terraces indicating the emergence of syn-rift sediments along the southern coast from at least 0.4 Ma to the present day, with alternating marine and lacustrine deposition controlled by the position of the Mediterranean sea level relative to the Rion Strait sill.
29
Piller, Christian Konrad. "The Cadusii in Archaeology? Remarks on the Achaemenid Period (Iron Age IV) in Gilan and Talesh." IRAN and the CAUCASUS 17, no. 2 (2013): 115–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-20130202.
Abstract:
According to some classical authors, the region south-west of the Caspian Sea was inhabited by the large tribe of the Cadusians (Greek Καδουσιοι, Latin Cadusii). During the Achaemenid Period, several armed conflicts between the Imperial Persian forces and the warlike Cadusians occurred. Of particular importance is the disastrous defeat of Artaxerxes II in 380 B.C. From the archaeological point of view, little has been known about the material culture of the Achaemenid Period (Iron Age IV) in Talesh and Gilan. Until recently, only a few burial contexts from the South of Gilan could be dated to the period between the 6th and 4th centuries B.C. However, during the last two decades, Iranian archaeologists excavated numerous Bronze and Iron Age graveyards in the Talesh Region. A number of burial contexts at sites, such as Maryan, Mianroud or Vaske can securely be dated to the Achaemenid Period. With this new material basis, it was possible to subdivide the Iron Age IV into different subsequent phases. Furthermore, it is likely that the material culture described in this article could be at least partially attributed to the Cadusians.
30
Dönmez, Şevket. "An Overview of the 2nd Millennium BC and Iron Age Cultures of the Province of Sinop in Light of New Research." Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 16, no. 1-2 (2010): 153–540. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157005711x560354.
Abstract:
Abstract Archaeological research conducted to date has shown that the earliest settlements in the province of Sinop date to the Late Chalcolithic period. However, despite these Late Chalcolithic period cultural strata, identified during the Kocagöz Höyük and Boyabat-Kovuklukaya excavations, the stone bracelet fragments from Maltepe Höyüğü and potsherds supposedly from Kıran Höyük and Kabalı Höyük (but hitherto unpublished) indicate that the settlement process of the region may have started in the Early Chalcolithic or even Late Neolithic period. In the Early Bronze Age, following the Late Chalcolithic period, the number of settlements increased in parallel with the population. A number of settlements identified during the excavations at Kocagöz Höyük and Kovuklukaya, as well as during surveys, indicate that the Early Bronze Age was a very active period in the province of Sinop. Finds from the ensuing Middle Bronze Age, pointing to the fact that the Sinop area was one of the northern extremities of the commercial network of the Assyrian Trade Colonies period, centered at Kültepe/Kaneš, have come to light from the Gerze-Hıdırlı cemetery and its settlement at Keçi Türbesi Höyüğü. As is the case with the neighboring province of Samsun, it is understood that the province of Sinop probably did not host any settlements in the late phases of the Middle Bronze Age. All along the Black Sea coast of Anatolia no centre or even find dating to the Early Iron Age (1190-900 BC) has been identified to date. However, settlements become more frequent in the inland part of the central Black Sea region during the Middle Iron Age (900-650/600 BC), and by the Late Iron Age (650/600-330 BC) they are seen both inland and along the coastline. Evidence to confirm this pattern has been obtained from the city centre of Sinop and Kovuklukaya.
31
Yıldız, Eray, and Funda Müşerref Türkmen. "Factor V Leiden mutation frequency and geographical distribution in Turkish population." Journal of Translational Internal Medicine 8, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 268–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jtim-2020-0040.
Abstract:
Abstract Background and Objective Thrombophilia is a term used to define the conditions creating a tendency toward thrombosis. Factor V Leiden (FVL) is the most frequently observed genetic risk factor, and its frequency varies among societies and ethnicities. In this study, our aim is to identify the frequency of FVL mutation in patients with thrombosis, the frequency of FVL mutation for each thrombosis disease, whether there is any difference in the geographical distribution of FVL mutation in the Turkish population, correlation with age and gender, and correlation with arterial and venous thrombosis. Methods This is an observational case–control and retrospective study. Cases with the FVL mutation examination with clinical provisional diagnosis of arterial and/or venous thrombosis delivered and with the thrombosis proven by radiological visualization methods and laboratory examinations have been planned to be considered and assessed as cases with thrombosis. Results A total of 67 patients with thrombosis and 22 patients without thrombosis have been included within the study. Twenty-six of the cases with thrombosis were from the Black Sea region, 21 were from Eastern Anatolia, 12 were from Central Anatolia, 5 were from Marmara, and 3 were from Southeastern Anatolia. Eleven of the cases without thrombosis were from the Black Sea region, 1 was from Eastern Anatolia, 5 were from Central Anatolia, 2 were from Marmara, 1 was from Southeastern Anatolia, and 2 were from the Aegean region. The significance was resulted from the identification of thrombosis prevalence rate as significantly high in the Eastern Anatolian region. Discussion FVL mutation frequency is quite common in our country, and there are significant differences particularly in terms of regional distribution. Furthermore, FVL mutation is solely not the risk factor for thrombosis, and other coexisting genetic and acquired risk factors are substantial causes for the development of thrombosis.
32
Momigliano, N., A. Greaves, T. Hodos, B. Aksoy, A. Brown, M. Kibaroğlu, and T. Carter. "Settlement history and material culture in southwest Turkey: report on the 2008–2010 survey at Çaltılar Höyük (northern Lycia)." Anatolian Studies 61 (December 2011): 61–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066154600008796.
Abstract:
AbstractThis report presents the main results of research activities carried out at Çaltılar Höyük, northern Lycia, southwest Turkey, between 2008 and 2010. During this period, an international team undertook topographic, archaeological and geophysical surveys, together with artefact studies and analyses, aimed at determining the nature and extent of occupation at the site, and offering new data about the settlement history and material culture of this region in pre-Classical times. The results of this work suggest that the site was occupied from at least the fourth millennium (Late Chalcolithic) to the middle of the sixth century BC, a date that coincides with the Persian conquest of Lycia, with only scant evidence of use/occupation after this phase. In addition, the nature of our finds suggests that the site, despite its location in the summer pastures (yayla) and at a considerable altitude (1,250m), was well-connected to other Anatolian and Aegean regions, and probably served as more than just a minor seasonal agro-pastoral settlement, particularly during its Early Bronze Age and Late Iron Age periods of occupation. The evidence relevant to the second millennium BC is too limited at present to allow further interpretation about the nature of occupation at the site, but is significant per se, especially in view of the scanty archaeological remains of this period in the region, and despite the numerous references to the Lukka people and settlements available in documentary sources.
33
Damyanova, Evelina, and Aleksey Benderev. "Characterization of the Karst water regime in the Danube catchment area (Bulgaria)." Glasnik Srpskog geografskog drustva 96, no. 1 (2016): 11–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsgd1601011d.
Abstract:
The purpose of study is to estimate the role of karst springs in the formation of the flow of the Bulgarian rivers that are right tributaries of the Danube River. The study area includes the region from the Danube River to the main ridge of the Balkan (Stara Planina), representing a major water divide that separates the Black Sea catchment area from the Aegean one. The eastern border represents the watershed between the Danube and the Black Sea hydrological zones. From a geological point of view, the northern part of the area is located on the Moesian platform and the southern part belongs to the Fore Balkan and Balkan areas where various types of rocks of different geologic age outcrop. In some of them, there are conditions for the formation of karst water. In the northern part of the area they form distinct aquifers that gradually sink to the north; this is so called "platform" type of karst. In the southern mountainous part there are numerous karst basins. The most significant of karst springs are included in the national groundwater monitoring network. The hydrographs of karst springs are analyzed in view of the specific features of karstification. To classify the studied springs with respect to their regime, several indicators are used. Furthermore, the role of karst waters in the river runoff of the Bulgarian tributaries of the Danube River is assessed.
34
Özdoğan, Mehmet. "Amidst Mesopotamia-centric and Euro-centric approaches: the changing role of the Anatolian peninsula between the East and the West." Anatolian Studies 57 (December 2007): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066154600008462.
Abstract:
AbstractDue to its geographical position, the Anatolian plateau has always been considered as a bridge in transmitting cultural formations that originated in the Near East to southeastern Europe and to the Aegean. Such a standpoint downgrades the role played by the Anatolian plateau to a transit route between the East and the West, overlooking its distinct structure. It seems that the main bias is in considering the Anatolian plateau as a single cultural unit, ignoring the multifarious nature of its structure. The role the Anatolian plateau played between the ‘East’ and the ‘West’ was much more complex and multi-facetted than assumed, even at times hampering all interaction. Yet another bias is considering Anatolia, in spite of its geographic extent, as the dividing line in defining the boundary between the East and the West. However, it is evident that the geographic limits of the peninsula do not necessarily correspond with the cultural entities. Thus, for example, while the cultural boundary separating the East and the West was somewhere in between the Aegean littoral and the central plateau during the Neolithic period, later it shifted considerably in both directions. On the other hand, through the earlier part of the Chalcolithic period, the extent of the Taurus mountains marks the dividing line between the Near Eastern and Anatolia-Balkan cultural formative zones, which by the Late Chalcolithic period moved much further to the west, up to the Marmara region, the Sea of Marmara then acting as a cultural barrier. Presented here is a conspectus of the recent picture on changing cultural boundaries through the Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age.
35
Langgut, Dafna, Israel Finkelstein, Thomas Litt, Frank Harald Neumann, and Mordechai Stein. "Vegetation and Climate Changes during the Bronze and Iron Ages (∼3600–600 BCE) in the Southern Levant Based on Palynological Records." Radiocarbon 57, no. 2 (2015): 217–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/azu_rc.57.18555.
Abstract:
This article presents the role of climate fluctuations in shaping southern Levantine human history from 3600 to 600 BCE (the Bronze and Iron Ages) as evidenced in palynological studies. This time interval is critical in the history of the region; it includes two phases of rise and decline of urban life, organization of the first territorial kingdoms, and domination of the area by great Ancient Near Eastern empires. The study is based on a comparison of several fossil pollen records that span a north-south transect of 220 km along the southern Levant: Birkat Ram in the northern Golan Heights, Sea of Galilee, and Ein Feshkha and Ze'elim Gully both on the western shore of the Dead Sea. The vegetation history and its climatic implications are as follows: during the Early Bronze Age I (∼3600–3000 BCE) climate conditions were wet; a minor reduction in humidity was documented during the Early Bronze Age II–III (∼3000–2500 BCE). The Intermediate Bronze Age (∼2500–1950 BCE) was characterized by moderate climate conditions, however, since ∼2000 BCE and during the Middle Bronze Age I (∼1950–1750 BCE) drier climate conditions were prevalent, while the Middle Bronze Age II–III (∼1750–1550 BCE) was comparably wet. Humid conditions continued in the early phases of the Late Bronze Age, while towards the end of the period and down to ∼1100 BCE the area features the driest climate conditions in the timespan reported here; this observation is based on the dramatic decrease in arboreal vegetation. During the period of ∼1100–750 BCE, which covers most of the Iron Age I (∼1150–950 BCE) and the Iron Age IIA (∼950–780 BCE), an increase in Mediterranean trees was documented, representing wetter climate conditions, which followed the severe dry phase of the end of the Late Bronze Age. The decrease in arboreal percentages, which characterize the Iron Age IIB (∼780–680 BCE) and Iron Age IIC (∼680–586 BCE), could have been caused by anthropogenic activity and/or might have derived from slightly drier climate conditions. Variations in the distribution of cultivated olive trees along the different periods resulted from human preference and/or changes in the available moisture.
36
Serikbayeva, A. A., A. A. Turmukhambetova, R. S. Dosmagambetova, L. V. Shcherbakova, and O. D. Rymar. "The integrated assessment of elemental status in women of reproductive age with hypothyroidism from the Aral Sea zone of the Republic of Kazakhstan." Medical Council, no. 21 (January 28, 2020): 260–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2019-21-260-266.
Abstract:
The article dedicates to the study of microelements in the blood serum of women of reproductive age, with newly diagnosed hypothyroidism (subclinical and manifest), living in disadvantaged areas of the Aral Sea region. This article presents the study of 1154 women. Every fourth woman (25%) has an essential deficiency of such microelements like iodine, selenium, iron, zinc independently of thyroid function. Our study discovered negative associations of TSH concentration with essential microelements like manganese, copper, selenium, and positiveassociation with iodine. We also obtain positive relationships between AT-TPO and zinc and iodine. The relationship of zinc with AT – TPO level and thyroid status, especially in the regions with sufficient ioduria among residents,require further researchto study it’spossible effecton thyroid dysfunctions. We established positive associations of free T4 with essential microelements like manganese, iron, and negative association with iodine. Estimation of thyroid status and toxic microelementsrevealed positive association of free T4 with cadmium, nickel, and lead, and negativewith mercury.
37
Romashko, Oleksandra Volodymyrivna. "The origin of Scythian caldrons in the context of the late Bronze − Early Iron Age of Eurasia." Dnipropetrovsk University Bulletin. History & Archaeology series 25, no. 1 (September 21, 2017): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/261722.
Abstract:
A detailed analysis of the historiography of the issue is presented, which takes into account works devoted to the antiquities of the early Iron Age. The authors come to the conclusion about the local production of Scythian metal boilers, seeing in this a very high level of development of metalworking of Scythian masters. With regard to the issue associated with the origin of the tradition of manufacturing these products, then in the historiography there were two theories: the Asian (L. N. Chlenova, S. V. Demidenko, V. S. Bochkarev, etc.) and native (O. A. Krivtsova-Grakova and others). In our opinion, the question of the origin of boilers should be considered taking into account the specific features of their morphology. Thus, open-shell boilers that dominate the archaic times (VII−VI centuries BC) are made taking into account the clearly formulated traditions and requirements for products of this category brought from the East to the Northern Black Sea Coast. Regarding the boilers with closed housing, which begin to appear in the VI century BC, we can say the following. Their production originates in the local traditions of the production of boilers, which were formed back in Cimmerian times (riveted boilers). But these traditions do not receive a direct line of development in Scythian time. We see rather complicated processes of formation of the Scythian center for the production of archaic cast caldrons in the Kuban region, where this tradition spreads throughout the Northern Black Sea Coast. In the course of this complex and multifaceted process, new syncretic traditions of the production of boilers are formed, combining the innovative method of production (casting) and the local traditions of perception of the shape of the caldron.
38
Harris, Sara E., and Alan C. Mix. "Pleistocene Precipitation Balance in the Amazon Basin Recorded in Deep Sea Sediments." Quaternary Research 51, no. 1 (January 1999): 14–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1998.2008.
Abstract:
AbstractTerrigenous sediments from Ceara Rise in the western tropical Atlantic Ocean record Pleistocene Amazon Basin climate variability. Iron oxides and oxyhydroxides in this region originate mainly from chemically leached Amazon lowland soils. Concentrations of goethite and hematite in the terrigenous fraction consistently peak during transitions from glacial to interglacial periods, suggesting an increased proportion of erosive products derived from the Amazon lowlands compared to the physically weathered highlands. Lowland Amazon Basin precipitation changes, monitored by the percentage of goethite relative to total iron oxides, lead ice age extremes with maximum aridity during ice growth and maximum precipitation during ice melt. Rapid climate changes over the Amazon Basin may reflect shifts in the position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone forced by northern hemisphere insolation at precessional (1/23,000 yr−1) and obliquity (1/41,000 yr−1) frequencies. Variance in the orbital eccentricity bands (1/100,000 and 1/413,000 yr−1) may be explained by nonlinear amplification of insolation forcing at precessional frequencies. The early response of Amazon precipitation to insolation, ahead of high-latitude ice volume (δ18O) at all orbital frequencies, suggests that tropical aridity is part of the chain of events leading to ice ages, rather than a response to glacier oscillations.
39
Daszkiewicz, Malgorzata, Nadezhda Gavrylyuk, Kirsten Hellström, Elke Kaiser, Maya Kashuba, Marianna Kulkova, Dmytro Nykonenko, Gerwulf Schneider, and Katja Winger. "Possibilities and limitations of pXRF as a tool for analysing ancient pottery: a case study of Late Bronze and Early Iron Age pottery (1100–600 BC) from the northern Black Sea region." Praehistorische Zeitschrift 95, no. 1 (May 26, 2020): 238–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pz-2020-0009.
Abstract:
AbstractIn an archaeometric research project supported by the Volkswagen Foundation (Project 90216 [https://earlynomads.wordpress.com/]), working groups consisting of chemists, geologists and archaeologists in Berlin, Kiev and Saint Petersburg collaborated on analysing pottery recovered from Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age burials and settlements from sites of different archaeological cultures in the steppes and forest steppes north of the Black Sea. The article presents the results of the classification of 201 samples using energy-dispersive X-Ray fluorescence spectrometer (pXRF) compared to the results of MGR-analysis and WD-XRF of these samples. Fingerprints for the seven sites studied could be defined.
40
Wang, Xingchen Tony, Daniel M. Sigman, Maria G. Prokopenko, Jess F. Adkins, Laura F. Robinson, Sophia K. Hines, Junyi Chai, et al. "Deep-sea coral evidence for lower Southern Ocean surface nitrate concentrations during the last ice age." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 13 (March 15, 2017): 3352–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1615718114.
Abstract:
The Southern Ocean regulates the ocean’s biological sequestration of CO2 and is widely suspected to underpin much of the ice age decline in atmospheric CO2 concentration, but the specific changes in the region are debated. Although more complete drawdown of surface nutrients by phytoplankton during the ice ages is supported by some sediment core-based measurements, the use of different proxies in different regions has precluded a unified view of Southern Ocean biogeochemical change. Here, we report measurements of the 15N/14N of fossil-bound organic matter in the stony deep-sea coral Desmophyllum dianthus, a tool for reconstructing surface ocean nutrient conditions. The central robust observation is of higher 15N/14N across the Southern Ocean during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), 18–25 thousand years ago. These data suggest a reduced summer surface nitrate concentration in both the Antarctic and Subantarctic Zones during the LGM, with little surface nitrate transport between them. After the ice age, the increase in Antarctic surface nitrate occurred through the deglaciation and continued in the Holocene. The rise in Subantarctic surface nitrate appears to have had both early deglacial and late deglacial/Holocene components, preliminarily attributed to the end of Subantarctic iron fertilization and increasing nitrate input from the surface Antarctic Zone, respectively.
41
Kulkova, Marianna, Alexander Kulkov, Maya Kashuba, Maria Vetrova, Nadiya Gavrylyk, and Elke Kaiser. "Technological characteristics of the “burial” pottery from the Early Iron Age of the North Black Sea region as revealed by X-ray 3D microtomography." Transactions of the Institute for the History of Material Culture Russian Academy of Science 18 (2018): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/2310-6557-2018-18-40-49.
42
Vos, P., J. de Koning, and R. van Eerden. "Landscape history of the Oer-IJ tidal system, Noord-Holland (the Netherlands)." Netherlands Journal of Geosciences - Geologie en Mijnbouw 94, no. 4 (December 2015): 295–332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/njg.2015.27.
Abstract:
AbstractThe prehistoric Oer-IJ tidal system in the coastal area of Noord-Holland, between Castricum, Uitgeest, Velsen and Amsterdam, was the successor of the Haarlem tidal system when this was silted up around 3000 BC and large peat bogs formed in the Zaanstreek and Haarlemmermeer areas. Since then the Oer-IJ has been the natural outlet to the sea, draining the peat hinterlands. About 800 BC the Oer-IJ system was connected to the fluvial system of the Utrechtse Vecht and became the northern branch of the river Rhine. During the Late Iron Age, when the Flevo lakes in the IJsselmeer region and the Utrechtse Vecht were connected with the Wadden Sea, the Oer-IJ lost its discharge function. The tidal area silted up and was closed between 200 and 100 BC by a barrier ridge. The settlement history of the Oer-IJ system and the archaeological heritage in the subsurface is closely related to the geological and hydrological development throughout the ages. The shape and location of the continuously migrating outlet determined the opportunities for human settlements and activities. The best locations were beach ridges, higher, silted-up salt marshes and marginal zones of the peatland. In the Late Iron Age the sand flats also became habitable since tidal activity had stopped. In the Early Roman period there was no direct connection from the harbour of Castellum Flevum at Velsen to the North Sea, but ships could navigate from the Oer-IJ channel between Velsen and Amsterdam, through the Flevo lakes and the Utrechtse Vecht to the Wadden Sea, and to the Roman border (Limes) along the Oude Rijn. Here the data used for the palaeogeographic landscape reconstruction of the Oer-IJ are presented and explained, and the most important landscape-forming processes, which led to the emergence and closure of the Oer-IJ, are described. The landscape reconstructions give a new perspective on the migration of the main tidal channel and the formation of the tidal-inlet system near Castricum, which was the result of the progradation of the beach ridges south and north of the Castricummerpolder (Binnendelta according to De Roo, 1953). The geological and archaeological observations in the Binnendelta prove that the Oer-IJ was closed from the open sea in the early Late Iron Age.
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Kuzmin, Yaroslav V., A. J. T. Jull, Lyobov A. Orlova, and Leopold D. Sulerzhitsky. "14C Chronology of Stone Age Cultures in the Russian Far East." Radiocarbon 40, no. 2 (1997): 675–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200018610.
Abstract:
Ca. 150 unequivocal 14C dates from the prehistoric cultures in the Russian Far East can be used to elucidate chrono-cultural boundaries in that region. Microblade technology started as early as ca. 20,000 bp, and continued to exist in the middle Amur River basin until ca. 10,500 bp, and in Primorye until ca. 7800 bp. The emergence of pottery-making in the lower Amur River basin goes back to ca. 13,300 bp. The transition from Upper Paleolithic to Neolithic took place during the time interval 13,300–7800 bp and pottery was widely spread in the Russian Far East by ca. 6700–8400 bp. The first evidence of shellfish collection is estimated to ca. 6400 bp at Peter the Great Gulf coast, Sea of Japan. The beginning of agriculture in Primorye, based on finding of both millet seeds (Setaria italica L.) and pollen of cultivated cereals (Cerealia), is 14C-dated to ca. 4200–3700 bp (ca. 1980–2900 cal BC). The Neolithic/Early Iron Age boundary was estimated at ca. 3100–3300 bp (1400–1600 cal BC) in the mainland Russian Far East, and to ca. 1800–2300 bp (400 cal BC–200 cal ad) on the Sakhalin and southern Kuril Islands.
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Bazarbayeva, G. I., and G. S. Jumabekova. "ON THE PROBLEM OF WOMEN STATUS IN THE CULTURE OF KAZAKHSTAN POPULATION OF THE SAKA AGE (According to Materials from East Aral Sea Region)." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 31, no. 2 (March 25, 2019): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2019.02.01.
Abstract:
Materials from the Early Iron Age cemeteries of the Southern Tagisken (VII—V centuries BC) and Uygarak (VI—VI centuries BC), studied by the Khorezm archaeological and ethnographic expedition under the direction of S. P. Tolstov in the early 1960s, are a source for the analysis.
Materials of the sixteen mounds of South Tagisken and twenty-two of Uygarak are analyzed in the article. More than half of the mounds of South Tagisken and Uygarak have a diameter of up to 20 m. The head of the deceased is predominantly oriented to the west. Dromos was recorded only in two South Tagisken mounds and not recorded in Uygarak. Burials at the level of the ancient horizon in South Tagisken were recorded once, while in Uygarak they were recorded four times. A very small number of sacrificial animal parts in the graves of South Tagisken and Uygarak draws attention.
An analysis of the South Tagisken and Uygarak subject complex shows that the women graves had products made of metal, bone, and stone. Among such products are: elements of horse equipment, knives, mirrors, altars, jewelry, mirrors, distaff. Weapons are rarely found in women burials of South Tagisken and Uygarak.
Probably the functions of the woman were only restricted to housekeeping in the culture of the population that left the South Tagisken and Uygarak cemeteries. Women also served as servants of the cults, which is reflected in the presence of traces of red paint found on pestles, altars, pistils, as well as on tools and devices made of bone.
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Polosmak, N. V., E. V. Karpova, and E. V. Amosov. "An Unusual Fabric from Jety-Asar-2, Eastern Aral Sea Region, in the Context of the Central Asian Textile Tradition." Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 48, no. 3 (October 4, 2020): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2020.48.3.050-058.
Abstract:
We present the results of an interdisciplinary study of an unusual sample of wool fabric, found at the Jety-Asar-2 fortifi ed site, representing the Jety-Asar culture of the late 4th century BC to early 1st century AD, in the central Turan Plain. We outline the results of the analysis of the dyes and technological characteristics of the fabric. The woven pattern is described in detail. The specimen is compared with the tapestry from Shanpula (Sampul) cemetery in the Hotan oasis, Xinjiang, China. We examine the idea that the Jety-Asar fabric had been manufactured in Shanpula and transported to the Aral basin along the Great Silk Road. Previously, this type of tapestry was believed to have been used only in the Hotan oasis, because no direct parallels with other areas were known. A direct parallel with such a remote westerly region is all the more intriguing. Apparently, colorful strips of woolen tapestry depicting animals, birds, humans, fantastic beings, mountains, and fl owers were in big demand. The tradition, then, may have been distributed much more widely than previously thought. Many anthropomorphic, zoomorphic, plant, and purely decorative motifs have numerous parallels in the Early Iron Age art of the Eurasian steppes, highlands, and piedmont areas. The Shanpula people used such fabric for decorating skirts. In other cultures, it was destined for various purposes.
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Papadopoulos, Stratis. "The ‘Thracian’ pottery of South-East Europe: a contribution to the discussion on the handmade pottery traditions of the historical period." Annual of the British School at Athens 96 (November 2001): 157–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400005256.
Abstract:
From the southern Balkans to the region of Middle Donau, so-called ‘Thracian’ pottery is dominant during the historical period. Its co-existence with wheel-made pottery also has a long history in Aegean Thrace. In the city of Mesembria-Zone, barrel-shaped urns and one-handled cups represent the ‘classical period’ of this tradition. Until now, there was no example of a site in northern Greece with pottery exclusively of this type. This ‘missing link’ has been discovered during excavations at Agios Ioannis in south-cast Thasos. The pottery from the site is completely handmade and can be attributed to a Later Iron Age phase.The absence of interest in this pottery tradition was due to difficulties concerning its identification and dating, but also to the fact that archaeologists were more interested in the definition of the nature of Greek colonies and the clarification of the relationships between settlers and natives. The survival of ‘Thracian’ pottery has been explained up to now through the idea of identifying an artefact type as an indicative element of the ‘culture’ of its producers. In fact, the intra-communal distribution of this pottery does not reveal any special differentiation, and does not appear to be related to only one group of the population, different in terms of race or economic strength. Here, we propose an additional interpretative tool, the ideological significance of this type of pottery for the people of south-east Europe.
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Sukenik, Naama, David Iluz, Zohar Amar, Alexander Varvak, Orit Shamir, and Erez Ben-Yosef. "Early evidence of royal purple dyed textile from Timna Valley (Israel)." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (January 28, 2021): e0245897. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245897.
Abstract:
In the context of a broad study aimed at examining dyeing technologies in the Timna textiles collection, three samples of prestigious fibers dyed with murex sea snail were identified. Our identification is based on the presence of 6-monobromoindigotin and 6,6-dibromoindigotin components (detected using HPLC analysis), which is considered unequivocal evidence for the use of murex-derived purple dyestuff. Furthermore, by comparing the analytical results with those obtained in a series of controlled dyeing experiments we were able to shed more light on the specific species used in the dyeing process and glean insights into the ancient dyeing technology. The samples originated from excavations at the extensive Iron Age copper smelting site of “Slaves’ Hill” (Site 34), which is tightly dated by radiocarbon to the late 11th–early 10th centuries BCE. While evidence for the important role of purple dyes in the ancient Mediterranean goes back to the Middle Bronze Age (early 2nd millennium BCE), finds of dyed textiles are extremely rare, and those from Timna are the oldest currently known in the Southern Levant. In conjunction with other observations of the very high quality of the Timna textiles, this provides an exceptional opportunity to address questions related to social stratification and organization of the nomadic society operating the mines (early Edom), the “fashion” of elite in the region during the early Iron Age, trade connections, technological capabilities, and more.
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Bandrivskyi, Mykola. "Slotted zoomorphic pommel on iron pins from barrow 2 in Kotsyubynchyky in the context of elite burials of Western Podillia." Materials and studies on archaeology of Sub-Carpathian and Volhynian area 24 (December 20, 2020): 317–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/mdapv.2020-24-317-330.
Abstract:
The article deals with bronze slotted zoomorphic pommels on iron pins – one of the phenomena in material culture of Ukrainian Forest-Steppe from the beginning of Early Iron Age. One of the best preserved complexes of them was discovered by archeological expedition of I. Krypiakevych Institute of Ukrainian Studies of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, led by the author, in outskirts of village of Kotsyubynchyky near Chortkiv in Ternopil region. Almost all pommels of this type known today are divided by the author into two groups: products with socket and ones on iron pins. It has been suggested that this technological feature may reflect not only slightly different functional specificity of their use, but also differences in religious and funeral context for which, in fact, the above-mentioned pommels were made. It is confirmed that all pommels of this type were found exclusively in forest-steppe zone of modern Ukraine, in Carpathian region and in Caucasus – historical Kuban. Moreover, fact of complete absence of zoomorphic slotted pommels on iron pins in this period in steppe zone of Ukrainian Black Sea region (and in Eastern European steppe in general) needs to be explained. Mapping such slotted pommels on pins, gave the author a reason to identify four areas of their compact distribution: 1 – Pre-Caucasus region (Ulskie barrows, Kelermes, Krasnoznamenskiy barrow, Hoverdovsky khutor near Maykop); 2 – Posullya region (Starsha Mohyla, Vovkivtsi, Budky, Popivka); 3 – Region of the Right Bank of Dnipro River (Repyahuvata Mohyla, Matusiv, Zhurivka, Smela, Mezhyrichka); 4 – Carpathian region (Mihályfa, Gernyeszeg, Gyöngyös and two items from the museum in Bucharest). On the territory between these four compact and clear areas of distribution of slotted zoomorphic pommels on iron pins (except for researched complex in Kotsyubynchyky 2 barrow), other objects of such type were not detected. Suggestions made at the article that such compactness of their distribution indicates their exclusive use only for a narrow category of privileged persons within limited area. On the other hand, at that time there could be certain «sacred» border within which such pommels were used and to cross through which cult regulations of that time did not allow. Analysis conducted by the author gave grounds to assume that zoomorphic pommels from the barrow of Kotsyubynchyky 2 can be included neither to the group of pommels of Carpathian region (it is contradicted by image on the pommels from Kotsyubynchyky only of the head of fallow deer, and not the whole figure, which, as were shown above, is a striking feature of the products from Carpathians), nor to a group of similar pommels from the areas of Eastern European forest-steppe, among which images of heads of fallow deer are almost unknown. Hence, it is concluded that mentioned zoomorphic pommels from Kotsyubynchyky 2 barrow represent, by all signs, an intermediate link between pommels of Eastern European forest-steppe and ones from Carpathian region. Material presented at the article shows that those long-noticed examples of interrelationships and interactions between cultures of Early Iron Age of Carpathian-Dnister region, South Caucasus and Western Asian states penetrated into various spheres of life of communities of that time; including such, seemingly, very conservative and delicate sphere of their life as religious preferences and related funeral traditions. Key words: bronze slotted zoomorphic pommels, Western Podillia, barrow 2, Kotsyubynchyky.
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Evian, Shirly Ben-Dor. "Sea Peoples of the Northern Levant? Aegean-Style Pottery from Early Iron Age Tell Tayinat, by Brian Janeway. Studies in the Archaeology and History of the Levant, Volume 7. Leiden: Brill, 2017. xvi + 207 pages. Paperback. $66.00." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 382 (November 2019): 321–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/705808.
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Muld, Sergej, Anna Antipenko, Andrej Gavrilyuk, Sergej Fridrikhson, and Ivan Zhivanyuk. "Remote and geophysical methods in the study of the uniguely preserved early iron age landscape of the upper part of the Lake Donuzlav in Crimea." InterCarto. InterGIS 26, no. 4 (2020): 213–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.35595/2414-9179-2020-4-26-213-227.
Abstract:
The article discusses the results of remote and geophysical studies, as well as selective excavations in the upper reaches of one of the largest and deepest lakes of Crimea — Donuzlav, which separate Tarhankut from the rest of the peninsula. Due to the unique landscape features, this region had important economic and communicative significance in all historical periods, especially in the early Iron Age: nomadic paths from the steppes to winter pastures and natural shelters of the Tarkhankut Peninsula extended to the sea and Chersonessian trade and military routes resembled here. To study the cultural landscape of Lake Donuzlav and its branched ravines system, a comprehensive technique was developed combining the methods of cartography, remote sensing, GIS, geophysics, ground-based automobile-foot archaeological explorations and selective excavations. With the help of detailed historical maps, the main routes and crossings of the autochthonous population of the early Iron Age and ancient Greek colonists were revealed. The presence of natural shelters (deep ravines and balkas, capes and cliffs) and the richness of natural resources of Donuzlav (the abundance of fresh water, fertile soil, building materials (stone, clay, wood, reeds), food (fish, shellfish, wildfowl), led to dense population in the early Iron Age. The use of archival aerial photographs of 1943 and 1971, as well as satellite photographs of 1966 in combination with modern high-resolution satellite imagery revealed at least two dozen of settlements of the Early Iron Age along the shores and in the ravine system of the upper reaches of Lake Donuzlav. Terrestrial archaeological explorations were accompanied by geophysical surveys (magnetic, electromagnetic surveys) of the most promising objects. Using magnetic maps of the identified settlements, locations for archaeological spotting were determined. Excavations at the sites selected based on the results of remote and geophysical studies have revealed typical structural features of houses and outbuildings of the local population of the early Iron Age. These features were determined by the presence of local natural building materials: dense building limestone of the Sarmatian geological layer, clay and reeds growing in the lower reaches of the ravines that flow into Donuzlav Lake. As a result of the study, it was concluded that the unique natural-historical landscape of the upper reaches of Lake Donuzlav is the key to adaptation methods, survival strategies, and economic models of the Early Iron Age population in Northwest Taurica.