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De, Jersey Philip E. "Coinage in Iron Age Armorica /." Oxford : Institute of archaeology, 1994. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb36681414x.
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Guttmann, E. B., I. A. Simpson, N. Nielsen, and Stephen J. Dockrill. "Anthrosols in Iron Age Shetland." Wiley, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4696.
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noThe soils surrounding three Iron Age settlements on South Mainland, Shetland, were sampled and compared for indicators of soil amendment. Two of the sites (Old Scatness and Jarlshof) were on lower-lying, better-drained, sheltered land; the third (Clevigarth) was in an acid, exposed environment at a higher elevation. The hypothesis, based on previous regional assessments, soil thicknesses, and excavations at Old Scatness, was that the lowland sites would have heavily fertilized soils and that the thin upland soil would show little if any amendment. Our findings indicate that the Middle Iron Age soils at Old Scatness had extremely high phosphorus levels, while the soil at Jarlshof had lower levels of enhancement. At Clevigarth, where charcoal from the buried soil was 14C dated to the Neolithic and Bronze Age, there was no evidence of arable activity or soil amendment associated with the Iron Age phases of settlement. These observations indicate that not all sites put the same amount of effort into creating rich arable soils. The three sites had very different agricultural capacities, which suggests the emergence of local trade in agricultural commodities in Iron Age Shetland.
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Parker, Heather Dana Davis. "Scribal education in iron age Israel." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2005. http://www.tren.com/search.cfm?p062-0270.
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Mason, Philip. "The Early Iron Age of Slovenia /." Oxford : BAR : Tempus reparatum, 1996. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb36693131c.
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Pacheco, Ruiz Rodrigo. "Maritime lives in Iron Age Britain." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2015. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/381454/.
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Iron Age coastal communities in England have been poorly understood since the beginning of our discipline. This is mainly as result of the lack of evidence for everyday maritime activities and also the focus of research on explaining an agro-pastoral way of living. Evidence of fishing, boats, harbour structures and ports are very rare archaeologically, and thinking about people living by the sea in this period has been widely overlooked as most of the interest has been the nature of the connections and trade-networks (mainly by Cunliffe 2008). In contrast, evidence for non maritime activities, such as farming and cattle rearing is so rich that looking to the coast only happens in special situations. Using the Isles of Scilly as a case study, this research challenges the established views that societies on the coasts of south-west of England were mainly cattle herders and farmers. Through palaeolandscape reconstruction, site analysis and material culture study, this research argues that settlement on the coastline is as important as that found inland. It shows that Iron Age maritime aspects of culture were deeply embedded within cultural traditions and that the maritime way of living had little to do with extraordinary or unusual situations. This research shows that preconceived ideas of what a maritime site should look like, as is the case of harbour structures and important ports, divert the attention from the subtleties of recognising maritime culture’s signature. It is through the study of archaeological context and environmental evidence that these are likely to become more obvious. Therefore, throughout this document the analysis of maritime landscape, settlement pattern and material culture generates new perspectives on how to approach the study of maritime societies in archaeology.
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Tubb, Paul Christopher. "The Bronze Age-Iron Age transition in the Vale of Pewsey, Wiltshire." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/34f0ca62-9bcc-4d0c-9eb7-3ac8854c2ef7.
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This research set out to investigate the nature and extent of prehistoric human activity in the Vale of Pewsey, Wiltshire, a relatively poorly understood area located between the Marlborough Downs and Salisbury Plain. This was to be achieved through a combination of archival reassessment, aerial photographic interpretation and non-intrusive fieldwork. It became obvious that the Vale was the location for a considerable density of Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age sites, many of which were so called "midden" or "black-earth "sites, and this dissertation concentrates on this period. A survey of some 240 square km of the Vale was undertaken and the results analysed in the context of the few blackearth sites in the area that had previously been investigated. A number of well preserved sites dating from this period were identified and surveyed for the first time and fragments of the late prehistoric landscape defined and discussed.
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Chirikure, Shadreck. "Iron production in Iron Age Zimbabwe : stagnation or innovation?" Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2005. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1444570/.
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In conventional reconstructions of southern African archaeology, it has been assumed implicitly or explicitly that the production of iron was unchanging for close to 1500 years. This view was sustained despite the evidence for distinct methods of smelting that were encountered. Clearly, studies which explore the possibility of historical change in production need to be undertaken. This thesis addresses the issue of change by developing a long term perspective on iron production in Zimbabwe. The hypothesis that change is inherent to iron production was examined through ethnohistorical/ethnographic, archaeological and archaeometallurgical investigations. Initially, iron working among the historical Njanja, Karanga and Kalanga was considered. When compared, some important similarities and differences emerged. While the principles of the technology were identical, some modifications were apparent which were peculiar to each group in areas such as the scale of production, trade and the socio-spatial organisation of technology. Archaeological studies were conducted at Swart Village, Baranda, Nyanga and Wedza. The data obtained was supplemented with that archived in the Museum of Human Sciences in Harare. Again, there were some major outward discrepancies exhibited in aspects such as furnace types, symbolism and spatial location of production episodes. The remains from the production process were then studied in the laboratory using standard archaeometallurgical procedures. While the production process was similar for early and later sites, constrained by the underlying principles of the bloomery process, some changes took place over time. Slag from Swart Village was tapped while that from other sites was not. The 19th century Njanja improved their furnaces by using many tuyeres and bellows which increased their efficiency beyond any known archaeological case in Zimbabwe. When viewed diachronically, the continuities and changes detected in this study demonstrate that change was an integral part of the technological past. Therefore future studies of iron production will need to take this issue of change further by constructing local histories of iron working in areas where no research has been done to broaden our knowledge of the development of the process over time.
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Lima, Sarah. "Feasting in the Bronze Age and early Iron Age Aegean variability and meaning /." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2007. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=ucin1182187762.
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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Cincinnati, 2007.Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed Oct. 8, 2007). Includes abstract. Keywords: Bronze Age, Iron Age, Euboea, Thebes, Pylos, Palace of Nestor, Nichoria, Lefkandi, Xeropolis, Toumba, Heröon, feasting, banqueting, dining, diacritical. Includes bibliographical references.
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Bouthillier, Christina. "A 'peripheral' place in a 'dark' age : the Iron Age ceramics of Cilicia." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648291.
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Parker, Catherine Ruth. "Arkadia in transition : exploring late Bronze Age and early Iron Age human landscape." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2008. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/235/.
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This research explores the region of Arkadia in the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age using an interpretative and phenomenologically inspired approach. It is region associated with many myths pointing to a continuing population throughout the period, yet beset with a problematic archaeological record. This has been the result of a number of factors ranging from the nature of the landscape to the history of research. However, the ability to locate sites of the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age within the landscape, allows insight into a region we had little hope of enlightening using more conventional approaches to the archaeological record. This theoretical and methodological stance is illustrated through an exploration of different aspects of the human experience such as religion, death and burial and the everyday. The ways in which these aspects can and usually are interpreted are considered, followed by a number of case studies, which are employed to explore how human actions were embedded within and informed by the very physicality of the landscape, and the differences apparent throughout time.
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LIMA, SARAH WHITNEY. "FEASTING IN THE BRONZE AGE AND EARLY IRON AGE AEGEAN: VARIABILITY AND MEANING." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1182187762.
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Crow, Timothy M. "A history of Geshur in the Late Bronze Age and Iron Age periods." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.485871.
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The principal aim of this study is to explore the Late Bronze and Iron Age horizons of Geshur, and seek to defme the nature of Geshur as an historical entity based on limited textual and archaeological evidence. The thesis is structured around siX; chapters which provide the framework for understanding Geshur: Chapter 1 introduces the reader to Geshur, and sets forth the methodological issues of how the thesis views the use of historical sources and the archaeological record. The author proceeds on the premise that an independent use of both data sources followed by their convergences will enhance the understanding of Geshur. Chapter 2 studies the landscape of Geshur, the quality of the land and its impact on the flow ofhistoI)' in the region. The topography and environmental factors of Geshur reveal that the area to the east of the Sea of Galilee was an ideal locale for the emerging of a socially complex entity, with the necessary rain and natural resources to sustain life. Chapter 3 is an overview of the grander political landscape of the ancient Near East in the LB-Iron Age. A proper understanding of Geshur begins with placing it contextually in its geopolitical environment. The analysis, though brief, of sociopolitical structures over a broad range of spatial and temporal contexts helps to frame a perspective on any localized event. Chapter 4 in many ways was the 'point of origin' for this investigation. The only reason why this research project is called a 'HistoI)' of Geshur' is the biblical references which exist for Geshur. This chapter offers an analysis of all the direct citations of Geshur in the Bible, which are found in the Deuteronomistic HistoI)'. However, also explored are areas from the Bible where one might expect a citation of Geshur, but there is none. Even after all direct references mentioning Geshur end, there is ongoing activity recorded in the Bible in this area. Chapter 5 is an analysis of textual data which derives from non-biblical sources. Since Egypt and Assyria used Palestine as a travel corridor and their kings were known for campaigning in the southern Levant, one assumes that there may be references to either Geshur or the area around Geshur found in these sources. Chapter 6 moves the research from'the texfual data to the archaeological record. The archaeological data with which an analysis of LB-Iron Age Geshur is constructed derives from the empirical assessment of the stratigraphy and of the archaeological record of sites and surveys in its region. After this, the second half of the chapter utilizes a 'ground plan approach' to explore if there are indicators in the archaeological record that may point towards or reflect upon the social, political, and perhaps religious spheres of Geshur. All six chapters when combined reveal that Geshur was ideally situated in an environmental and political landscape by which it benefitted. By combining the textual and archaeological record it seems possible that Geshur may have started emerging in the Late Bronze Age, followed by an observable socially complex Iron Age polity, with its end possibly coming during the campaigns ofTiglath-pileser III in 733/32 B.C.
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Cooney, Elizabeth Myers. "Bronze metallurgy in Iron Age central Europe : a metallurgical study of Early Iron Age bronzes from Stična, Slovenia." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39480.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, 2007.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Includes bibliographical references (v. 2, p. 375-377).
The Early Iron Age (750-450 BCE) marks a time in the European Alpine Region in which cultural ideologies surrounding bronze objects and bronze production were changing. Iron was becoming the preferred material from which to make many utilitarian objects such as weapons and agricultural tools; this change can be clearly seen in the different treatments of bronze object deposits from the Late Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age. The Early Iron Age hillfort settlement of Sticna in what is now southeastern Slovenia was one of the first incipient commercial centers to take advantage of the new importance placed on iron, conducting trade with Italy, Greece, the Balkans, and northern Europe. This metallurgical study of bronze funerary objects from Sticna identifies construction techniques, use patterns, and bronze metallurgical technologies from the ancient region of Lower Carniola. This information is then used to explore the cultural importance of bronze at Early Iron Age Sticna and to compare the bronze work of Lower Carniola with that of other regions in central Europe and Italy from this time of great change in Iron Age Europe.
S.M.
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Morgenroth, Ulrich. "Southern Iberia in the early Iron Age." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a6b4918f-9cd0-4246-a87c-c814274ce56a.
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During the first half of the 8th century, people from the Phoenician Levant came to southern Iberia and founded a chain of settlements along the Spanish Mediterranean coast, as well as the city of Gadir (modern Cadiz) on the Atlantic seaboard. It is generally agreed that these colonisers came to the region to exploit the rich deposits of precious metals. Oriental style objects, which indicate the exchange between the Phoenician settlers and indigenous communities, can be found in almost all indigenous early Iron Age sites in the region. Initially, the purpose of this study had been to detect the elements of Greek and Phoenician influence in the material culture of the early Iron Age (the 8th century until around 600 BC), but as work progressed it became increasingly clear that this undertaking was far more complex than it had been assumed. The Phoenicians turned out to be only one factor in a complex process of transformation from the late Bronze Age way of life to the development of the early Iberian states after 600 BC. While the examination of the interaction between the indigenous communities and the eastern Mediterranean colonisers remained an important part of the study, my investigation now attempts to generate a more general picture of the early Iron Age in modern Andalusia, including the analysis of the social and economic processes which transformed society throughout the period. The investigation is organised on the basis of three major parts: An introduction: including the geography and climate of the region, as well as the history and archaeology of the Pheonician colonisation (with a certain emphasis on Gadir, and the excellently excavated site of Castillo Doña Blanca); as well as the indigenous Bronze Age background, and a number of theoretical considerations. The central part introduces the archaeological evidence, organised in two sections: a topographical section, describing the settlement and cemetery evidence; and a second section, discussing a selection of artefacts which, in my opinion, are particularly useful for a reconstruction of the social processes. Finally, the synthesis attempts to reconstruct various aspects of the early Iron Age culture in the region: such as the economic organisation, social development, ritual practice, and significance of the Phoenician presence for the development of the local cultures, as well as to introduce a regional division of the area under discussion.
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Blaylock, S. R. "Tille Höyük and Iron Age North Mesopotamia." Thesis, Swansea University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.636111.
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The multi-period site of Tille Höyük, on the River Euphrates in South-East Turkey was occupied through much of the pre-Hellenistic Iron Age (approximately from the 12th/11th to the 5th centuries BC). The site was excavated between 1979 and 1990 by the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara. The thesis uses the analysis of the stratification, architecture and material cultural remains revealed by the excavations to examine the nature of the Iron Age sequence at a site on the periphery of North Mesopotamia and, thereby, that of the wider region (including North Syria and South-East Turkey). The thesis aims to produce a coherent account of the stratigraphic and architectural sequence at Tille; to evaluate information on the length of occupation; and to establish the reliability of pottery and selected objects. By comparison with other material on a local, regional, and inter-regional basis, it aims to place the results in their historical, chronological and archaeological context. The strengths of the site: a long stratigraphic sequence; a reasonably well-established chronology; breadth of exposure of architectural plans; a reliable ceramic sequence; are combined to provide an exemplar for the North Mesopotamian Iron Age. Tille adds new factors to an assessment of the Iron Age sequence: demonstrably continuous occupation through the ‘dark ages’ of the 12th/11th centuries; distinctive pottery types tied into the stratigraphic sequence that show other sequences to be incomplete. It enlarges the corpus of material culture; and fills gaps in knowledge of the provincial settlement and installations of the Neo-Assyrian and Persian Empires. Supplementary aspects include the discussion of well-preserved architectural plans of the Neo-Hittite, Neo-Assyrian and Persian periods; and the examination of aspects of archaeological excavation and interpretation with wider applications, in particular the validity of inferences from the study of pottery and artefacts.
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Foster, Sally M. "Aspects of the late Atlantic Iron Age." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1989. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1051/.
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The Scottish Atlantic Iron Age is recognised as falling into four periods, the EIA, MIA, LIA I and LIA II. Least is known of the LIA I, the immediate post-broch period. Original analysis of the C-14 record confirms these divisions; they result as a combination of the effects of the Trondheim calibration curve but mainly the history of archaeological survival and previous excavation strategy. A large data base of pins and combs is examined and analysed, following on the earlier work of Stevenson (1955a), because these are some of the more ubiquitous and chronologically sensitive artefacts belonging to the LIA. This provides the basis for a reconsideration of the nature of LIA settlement throughout the Atlantic Province as a whole, more particularly in the study area of Orkney and Caithness. There are still severe problems in recognising LIA, particularly LIA I activity. This analysis forms the basis for a case study of Orkney and Caithness from around the early centuries of the first millennium BC to the eighth or ninth century AD. A scheme is suggested for the structural developments witnessed over this period, and on the basis of the general trends observed, a social interpretation is put forward. An attempt is made to apply Fields of Discourse, which is contrasted with previous work in this area, because of its sound methodological approach. Archaeological application of the technique of access analysis is described and used to investigate how the use of space structured and reproduced these changing social relations. The shift from locally based power sources to more centralised, in relation to Orkney and Caithness more distant, sources of authority is demonstrated, and related to the development of the southern Pictish kingdom. This change reflects the move from intensive to extensive sources of power. Other aspects of social reproduction are examined to see if they fit within this framework. On analogy with contemporary situations elsewhere and the evidence to hand, the means by which this power may have been exercised, specifically changing agricultural practice and land tenure, and the ideological power of Christianity are speculated upon.
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Poller, Tessa. "Interpreting Iron Age settlement landscapes of Wigtownshire." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2005. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1377/.
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This thesis explores the process of archaeological interpretation by considering how we can interpret the Iron Age settlement in Wigtownshire, SW Scotland. Traditional images of Iron Age warfaring hierarchical societies have persisted through the use of well-established classifications, such as ‘fort’ or ‘roundhouse’ and by the uncritical acceptance of the definition and identification of ‘settlement’ in the archaeological record. Alternative interpretations of Iron Age settlement landscapes are possible by considering a variety of other observations, which traditional classifications ignore, such as the landscape context of specific monuments. This thesis presents a critical review of these alternative interpretations and other more traditional classifications used to define Iron Age settlement and illustrates how multiple narratives of the past can co-exist. This thesis emphasises the essential part classification plays in archaeological interpretation. Interpretation is a complex and ongoing process and it is important to be aware of the assumptions that we make and how these may affect further interpretations of the archaeological evidence. Common standardised classifications stress the importance of certain morphological characteristics over other observations and the interpretations of the archaeological evidence are therefore restricted. Traditional approaches neglect the importance of context, which is integral to the interpretation of the archaeology on many levels. Understudied, but archaeologically rich, Wigtownshire is an ideal case-study. Rather than limiting the discussion of archaeological features by only comparing them through traditional ‘typologies’, here experiential observations of the evidence – within their landscape context – offer an alternative approach by which the iron Age in Wigtownshire can be considered. A flexible process of classification is advocated – dependent upon the research questions that are addressed in particular studies. My approach to the re-evaluation of the Iron Age settlement in Wigtownshire is also influenced by a critique of the definition of the term ‘settlement’ in archaeology. The identification of ‘domestic’ practices in contrast to ‘ritualised’ ones in the Iron Age evidence is questioned and from a variety of perspectives the complex processes of settlement in the Iron Age are explored.
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Hutcheson, Natasha. "Later Iron Age Norfolk : metalwork and society." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.273505.
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Morgenroth, Ulrich. "Southern Iberia in the early Iron Age /." Oxford : Archaeopress, 2004. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39949116t.
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Dezső, Tamás. "Near Eastern helmets of the Iron Age /." Oxford : J. and E. Hedges, 2001. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40063039g.
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Falcone, Vincent. "An Age Worse than Iron: The Evolution of the Myth of the Ages." Thesis, Boston College, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/440.
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Thesis advisor: David GillThe idea that mankind's history is one of regress rather than of progress has been seen as central to the classical outlook on life. Bury and others have gone so far as to state that the idea of Progress in its modern sense could not have even occurred to the Greeks. This is perhaps too extreme, but it does reflect an important point: if regression over time was not the only idea for the Greeks, it was at least the dominant one. No story in classical literature reflects this idea more clearly than the Myth of the Ages. The earliest extant version of the story comes in Hesiod's Works and Days (c. 700 B.C.), after which it appears dozens of times throughout ancient literature. The myth in its standard form tells that the history of mankind takes the form of four ages, each represented by a metal: the first is a happy and virtuous Golden Age; the next is a less perfect Silver Age, followed by a warlike (and even worse) Bronze Age; and the last, the most impious and wretched of all, is the current Iron Age. The early Hesiodic version uses this framework merely as a means to show man that he has fallen from divine favor and is left with a life of hardship that he must deal with through honest work and reverence for the gods. As other authors pick up the myth, alluding to it in genres as diverse as philosophy, theology, humor, and panegyric, the story changes in several ways. Each author of course uses it for his own purposes and alters it accordingly. In addition the Myth of the Ages undergoes an overall change: after Hesiod authors such as Aratus, Ovid, Seneca, and Maximus use the myth as a means to pair material progress with moral regression. These authors do not merely tell a story; they present a model, a simple and pre-civilized way of living that they see as vastly superior to modern “advanced” society. These authors look at the results of technological progress and see only negatives; for them the ship and the sword have brought nothing but greed and violence. They present a simple and virtuous Golden Age that lacks the fruits of civilization and a wretched and bloodied Iron Age that is flooded by them. The implication is clear: mankind has fallen from a life of primeval bliss at its own hands as a direct result of technological and societal advances. This becomes the dominant message of the Myth of the Ages, so much so that by the time of the Romans the myth had become little more than a literary cliché for criticizing civilization
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2004
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Classical Studies
Discipline: College Honors Program
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Steel, Louise F. "Burial customs in Cyprus at the transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.360911.
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Pius, Epie Ewanzimbi. "Significant outcomes of the West-Central African later Iron Age /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3091957.
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Eaby, Melissa Suzanne Haggis Donald C. "Mortuary variability in early iron age Cretan burials." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2007. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,1033.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2007.Title from electronic title page (viewed Mar. 27, 2008). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Classics." Discipline: Classics; Department/School: Classics.
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Clelland, Sarah-Jane. "Developing archaeomagnetic dating in the British Iron Age." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5448.
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Archaeomagnetism is an area of research that utilises the magnetic properties of archaeological materials to date past human activity. This research aimed to use the evidence of past geomagnetism, as recorded by archaeological and geological materials, to identify and characterise short timescale changes in the Earth¿s magnetic field. This contribution to the discipline focused on the first millennium BC, as there is evidence that during this time the Earth¿s magnetic field experienced rapid changes in direction. This work focused on an established weakness in archaeomagnetic studies, i.e. the application of archaeological information to assign a date range to the magnetic directions. The date ranges for 232 magnetic directions from 98 Iron Age sites were reviewed and a programme of fieldwork produced 25 new magnetic directions from 11 Iron Age sites across Britain. The approach developed in this thesis has made significant improvements to the data examined, which represent the prehistoric section of the British secular variation curve (SVC). These data have been incorporated into the British archaeomagnetic dataset that now comprises over 1000 magnetic directions and will be used to generate future British SVCs. The potential of the near continuous records of geomagnetic secular variation from British lake sediment sequences to SVCs was explored. This showed that these sediments have recorded the relative changes in the Earth¿s magnetic field but the dating and method of constructing the British master curve requires revision. As SVCs are predominately used as calibration curves for archaeomagnetic dating, this work provides a foundation for a revised and extended British SVC. This revision would be to the mutual benefit of studies in archaeology and archaeomagnetism, as the latter could potentially enable highresolution dating of Iron Age material, providing a viable alternative to radiocarbon dating.
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Joy, Jody Patrick. "Reflections on the Iron Age : biographies of mirrors." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.443055.
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Dent, J. S. "Aspects of Iron Age settlement in East Yorkshire." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390891.
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Demetriou, Andreas. "Cypro-Aegean relations in the early Iron Age /." Göteborg (Sweden) : P. Ǻströms, 1989. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb388956655.
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Sigvallius, Berit. "Funeral pyres : Iron Age cremations in North Spånga /." Stockholm : Osteological research laboratory, Stockholm university, 1994. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35723233x.
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Chittock, Helen. "Pattern and purpose in Iron Age East Yorkshire." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2016. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/411870/.
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This thesis presents a holistic study of Middle-Late Iron Age material culture from East Yorkshire (UK). It analyses the decoration, or pattern, of a whole range of different types of objects in order to answer the question; ‘what did pattern do?’. A database of over 4600 plain and patterned objects has been compiled using information from museum databases, published literature, unpublished reports and the Portable Antiquities Scheme database. Analysis of this database showed that patterns found on some objects are inextricably linked to the materials they are made from the broad purposes of objects and the ways they were eventually deposited. An in-depth investigation into the biographies and itineraries of a sample of objects has allowed for further exploration of the development of the relationship between pattern and purpose during the ‘lives’ of objects. This multi-scalar analysis has led to the conclusion that pattern did different three things in Iron Age East Yorkshire. It allowed craftspeople to engage with materials in specific ways; to adhere to tradition and function within design rules whilst also creating individualised objects. Pattern also contributed to the overall purposes of objects during use and deposition. Finally, pattern was an important part of the accumulation of biographies; a process that added value and significance to objects. This work contributes to new directions of scholarship currently being pursued in the study of decorated Iron Age objects by reintegrating many famous Early Celtic Art objects from East Yorkshire with the full material assemblage in which they once belonged, providing them with context and directing attention towards lesser-studied groups of objects.
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Boughton, Dot. "The Early Iron Age socketed axes in Britain." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2015. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/14716/.
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This thesis examines metalwork deposition, distribution and association in the British Early Iron Age (800-600BC) through the medium of the socketed axe. Out of 1412 known Early Iron Age axes, 954 specimens were analysed in detail for this thesis: 680 associated finds and 274 single finds. The methodology was governed by two main objectives: firstly, to propose a reworked and more comprehensive typology of Early Iron Age cast copper-alloy and wrought iron socketed axes in conjunction with their metallurgy, distribution and deposition, and secondly, to discuss their place within Early Iron Age society and what part they may have played in the people’s life, work, trade and exchange, ritual and death. As a result, this thesis introduces, defines and discusses 12 new types of transitional and Early Iron Age socketed axes. While the transitional type can be dated to the Late Bronze Age-Early Iron Age transition (c. 850-750BC), the remaining 11 types can be dated to the fully developed Early Iron Age (800-600BC). The 11 types of bronze Early Iron Age socketed axes display a great variety of decoration, shape, size, weight and colour. While Late Bronze Age axes are plain or simply ribbed, almost all Early Iron Age socketed axes are decorated with ribs-and-pellets, ribs-and-circlets or a more elaborate version thereof. Some axe have a shiny silver surface colour (Portland, Blandford, East Rudham and Hindon types). More than three quarters of Early Iron Age socketed axes were found in association with other metalwork. These hoards can be divided into two main groups: axe hoards and mixed hoards. The eight geographical regions outlined in this thesis are defined by different contexts, associations and the predominance of different Early Iron Age axe types, and in terms of depositional contexts this research suggests that the depositional contexts of Early Iron Age hoards containing socketed axes was different from the deposition of single finds: while hoards were often found in retrievable places, single finds were not. The survival of a large number of complete and almost undamaged bronze axes suggests that in the British Early Iron Age socketed axes were not just commonplace tools that were in use until they reached the end of their life. The changes in looks and shape, and consequently the adaption of a new and improved typology of socketed axes in the British Early Iron Age were accompanied by a change in conceptualisation and the overall meaning of socketed axes. Even when used in a different context their basic, very recognisable socketed-axe-shape was always maintained, that is a wedge of different dimensions with a socket and a small side loop for suspension or possible attachment of other items of metalwork. Throughout British prehistory axes were one of the most familiar objects in daily use: as a tool, socketed axes were omnipresent and thus an established part of British Late Bronze Age life – a life that appeared to be foremost practical rather than ritual, with the majority of Late Bronze Age socketed axes showing clear signs of use and resharpening. In the Early Iron Age socketed axes adopted a previously unseen duality in function and meaning (that is materialistic and symbolic). Thus, while Late Bronze Age axe may have been regarded as common woodworking tool, types of Early Iron Age axes were understood as ingots, weapons, or objects needed for certain displays or performances, with their unique ornaments communicating their role in both display and society as well as perhaps their users regional identity and status.
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Stetkiewicz, Scott Serreze. "Iron Age iron production in Britain and the near Continent : compositional analyses and smelting systems." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/22982.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis presents the results of compositional and statistical analyses of Iron Age ironworking residues from sites in Scotland, England, Wales and France. As no framework for ferrous archaeometallurgy previously existed in the main research area of Scotland, a catalog of sites was compiled to determine where targeted scientific analyses could be of most use in creating a regional metallurgical profile. Fieldwork carried out at the site of Meunet Planches in France provided the non- British research component, as extant analyses matching this study’s temporal criteria were not available. A total of 80 new SEM-EDS samples were generated (58 from Scotland and 22 from France), and used together with existing site- and regional-level compositional studies to explore chemical behavior following the procedures laid out by Charlton (2007) and others. These included a range of multivariate statistical techniques such as Hierarchical Clustering Analysis (HCA), Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and Discriminant Analysis (DA). These approaches were considered within the wider discussion of smelting “systems” as defined by Dillmann and L’Heritier (2007), in an effort to visualize the relationship between compositional groups and parent geographic regions. Results indicate overall chemical homogeneity within and between the study regions, suggesting that the systems producing the slag were broadly similar in terms of their operation and reduction “efficiency”. This trend remains stable even when accounting for resource-based influence; implying that appreciable similarities existed between system operations (and therefore potentially human decisions) regardless of the size, age, or complexity of manufacturing industries. Deviation from this main compositional group, exhibited by only a handful of sites, seems to be similarly unrelated to temporal or geographic factors. Rather, it appears to follow the diffusion of slag between the two slag Optima identified by Rehren et al (2007), and on several of the outlier sites relates to the production of hypereutectoid steel.
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Tullett, Andrew Stewart. "Social transformations from the Middle Bronze Age to the Middle Iron Age in Central Southern Britain." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/10305.
Full textAbstract:
The Later Prehistory of Wiltshire is included within social models built on the neighbouring counties of Dorset (Sharples 1991a) and Hampshire (Cunliffe 1984a) or general accounts of southern Britain (Barrett 1980b; Brück 1999a; Hill 1995a; Rowlands 1980). These focus on hillforts, bronze or independent farmsteads. Utilizing the wealth of new data accumulated by developer funded work, this study re-examines the evidence using a landscape scale approach influenced by community studies. It reveals that current approaches fail to explain the evidence from the study area. Towards the end of the Bronze Age, there is a trend towards transhumance with seasonal, pastoral camps and linear earthworks. Coinciding with the fall from grace of bronze as social mediator, animals became one way through which relations were negotiated. The trend continues into the Earliest Iron Age when large midden sites around Pewsey indicate the exploitation of iron deposits. The middens become centres of craft production for these transhumant communities and facilitate the growth of a broad affinity across the region. The supremacy of the middens lasts as little as 200 years before new sources of iron, continental imports and recycling cause many to be abandoned. However, the contacts made between communities at these sites facilitate the mobilization of the labour required for hillfort construction. The rational for their construction varies according to the prevailing social and economic needs but most of these goals are achieved by the Early Iron Age when most are abandoned. The developed hillforts of the later Middle Iron Age are different to their forebears, sit within an otherwise unsettled landscape and indicate a rise in the level of conflict along the western margin of the area.
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Fox, Rachel Sarah. "Feasting practices and changes in Greek society from the Late Bronze Age to Early Iron Age." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2009. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/10350/.
Full textAbstract:
In this thesis I offer a diachronic survey of feasting practices on the Greek mainland from c. 1600 to c. 700, covering the Early Mycenaean era, the palatial period, and the Early Iron Age. I focus upon three specific spheres of feasting activity in each period under discussion - sociopolitical, funerary and sanctuary-based - and employ multiple sources of evidence in order to create a comprehensive image of feasting styles and behaviour in each of these spheres. In particular, I direct my focus towards the association between feasting practices and sociopolitical changes and the ways that they impact upon each other, in order to increase our understanding of both phenomena. Feasts can be an active way of bringing about sociopolitical developments, for example if they are employed by leaders or members of the elite in order to attain, maintain or express authority over others; conversely, the types of sociopolitical milieu in existence can affect and alter the styles of feasting that people practise. For the Early Mycenaean period, I highlight the fluidity of feasting activities, as this is not only a unique characteristic of commensality in this era but also reflects the competitive sociopolitical environment. I then examine the palatial period and how far the palaces' influence can be said to have spread over their polities, by focusing on how much control they had over feasting activities. For the Early Iron Age, I deal with issues of change and continuity and how feasting could be both a reassuring continuum in times of uncertainty and a method mobilised by leaders to convey their authority. Finally, I offer a case-study of feasting in the poems of Homer and Hesiod and consider how these can inform us about late 8th-century mental perspectives on commensality, including codes of feasting behaviour.
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Crowe, Alice M. "The Minoan Past in the Past: Bronze Age Objects in Early Iron Age Burials at Knossos, Crete." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1479809467543763.
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Saxerbo, Sjöberg Karolina. "Iron Age religion in Britain : classical texts versus archaeology." Thesis, Högskolan på Gotland, Institutionen för kultur, energi och miljö, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hgo:diva-1540.
Full textAbstract:
In this essay, material and written sources are compared in an attempt to learn more about the Iron Age religion in Britain. Classical texts and archaeological evidence concerning the Iron Age religion in Britain are presented, after which a comparison is made of the two to try to find out whether the classical authors statements could have been true. The conclusion drawn is that much of the facts in the classical texts are substantiated by material remains, but some information cannot be proved. Furthermore, the archaeological evidence provides us with facts of the Iron Age religion which was not mentioned by the classical authors.Denna uppsats berör religion under järnåldern i Storbritannien. Den består av en jämförelse mellan klassiska källor och arkeologiskt material. Målet är att får reda på huruvida påståenden av klassiska författare om religionen i Storbritannien under järnåldern kan ha stämt. Mycket av det de klassiska författarna skrev kan stödjas av arkeologiska bevis, men en del har inget stöd i det arkeologiska materialet. Dock ger oss materiella lämningar information om religionen under järnåldern i Storbritannien, som inte nämndes av de klassiska författarna.
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Wait, G. A. "Ritual and religion in the Iron Age of Britain." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.371761.
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Wilkes, Eileen M. "Iron Age maritime nodes on the English Channel coast." Thesis, Bournemouth University, 2004. http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/290/.
Full textAbstract:
Studies of Iron Age coastal sites in southern Britain have previously concentrated on Hengistbury Head, Dorset and Mount Batten, Devon. These sites have coloured our understanding of late Iron Age cross-Channel interactions. The possibility of many other coastal sites being identified has been dismissed due to the assumption that they would be archaeologically unrecognisable. This study was established to review this question on the southern coast of England. The aim was to determine the criteria and method by which Iron Age coastal sites might be identified, to apply that method, and to model how the suggested sites might have interacted. The physical nature of the English Channel coast in the Iron Age, contemporary vessels, and their port or harbour requirements are considered, and related to references in classical literature to Britain, the Channel and seafaring. Information from the coastal county Sites and Monuments Records, excavation records and published sources then provides an overview of the English Channel in the Iron Age. The characteristics of Iron Age coastal sites are determined and a list of key physical traits is developed. The list is applied to the Iron Age coast and 40 possible sites identified. Each is then classified as `definite', `probable', or `potential'. A gazetteer of all the sites is presented in Appendix One. The sites are considered as `nodes' - interface points on the maritime network - between sea-ways and their hinterland. Other key elements commonly found within a five kilometre radius of the coast are identified as components within the `coastal node complex'. Three of the sites (Hengistbury Head, Poole Harbour, and Bigbury Bay) are examined in detail as case studies, including original fieldwork which provides new data to compare with previous investigations. A model of `nodal interactions' is presented representing different scales of operation amongst the coastal nodes. Their relationship with other sites and with their hinterlands is discussed. This draws upon `port of trade' and `central place' theory and from social and economic models of gateway communities. The study is approached through a combination of maritime and terrestrial perspectives. It is concluded that coastal sites are identifiable in the archaeological record at a variety of scales. The conclusion provides a model for coastal interaction, trade and other relationships along and across the Channel in later prehistory and presents suggestions for future work.
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Büster, Lindsey Sarah. "Inhabiting Broxmouth : biographies of a Scottish Iron Age settlement." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/14101.
Full textAbstract:
Roundhouses are ubiquitous in prehistoric Britain, yet previous studies of these iconic features have tended to overlook their human occupants, focusing instead on their external morphology and structural engineering. Those studies which have attempted to move beyond functionalist frameworks, have often applied overarching and broad-scale cosmological models which, though re-orientating study towards social considerations, have likewise failed to shed light on the interaction between roundhouse and their inhabitants, particularly at a household level. This research reanalyses the Late Iron Age settlement at Broxmouth, East Lothian, using new theoretical approaches and advances in AMS dating to ask new questions of a 30 year old data-set. Biographical and materiality approaches, which draw heavily on relational analogy with the ethnographic record, have allowed for detailed reconstruction of the life-history of each structure, and important moments within these histories. Roundhouse replacement appears to have taken place on a roughly generational basis, as a means by which households renegotiated their social identities within the community. Structured deposition, and the materiality of the roundhouse fabric itself, appears to have played an important role in the communication of identity, where the retention of previous structural fabric, the deposition of curated items, and the referencing of former internal features, created physical and symbolic links with the past, and with the ancestors. As such, this study demonstrates that roundhouses were far more than mere dwellings, and were integral to the ways in which past societies rationalised the world around them.
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Foulds, Elizabeth Marie. "Glass beads in Iron Age Britain : a social approach." Thesis, Durham University, 2014. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/10523/.
Full textAbstract:
Studies of Iron Age artefacts from Britain tend to be dominated either by the study of metalwork, or pottery. This thesis presents a study not only of a different material, but also a different type of object: glass beads. These are found in a range of different sizes, shapes, colours, and employ a variety of different decorative motifs. Thus far, glass beads have been studied through typology (Guido 1978a) and compositional analysis (Bertini 2012; Henderson 1982), yet a thorough analysis of the social context of glass beads remains absent. Through an analysis of glass beads from four key study regions in Britain, this thesis aims not only to address regional differences in appearance and chronology, but also to explore the role that this object played within the networks and relationships that constructed Iron Age society. It seeks to understand how they were used during their lives and how they came to be deposited within the archaeological record, in order to establish the social processes that glass beads were bound within. The results indicate that glass beads were a strongly regionalised artefact, potentially reflecting differing local preferences for colour and motif. In addition, glass beads, in combination with several other types of object, were integral to Middle Iron Age dress. Given that the first century BC is often seen as a turning point in terms of settlements and material culture, this supports the possibility of strong continental exchange during an earlier period for either glass beads or raw materials. However, by the Late Iron Age in the first century BC and early first century AD, their use had severely diminished.
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Fitzpatrick, Andrew Peter. "Cross Channel relations in the British later Iron Age." Thesis, Durham University, 1989. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/949/.
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Dungworth, David Barry. "Iron Age and Roman copper alloys from northern Britain." Thesis, Durham University, 1995. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1024/.
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Armit, Ian, and Fiona C. Tucker. "Human remains from Iron Age Atlantic Scotland Dating Project." Archaeology Scotland, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4542.
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Van, Ewyk Johannes Franciscus. "The Prehistory of an iron age site on Skutwater." Diss., University of Pretoria, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/40239.
Full textAbstract:
After excavations on Mapungubwe by the Department of Archaeology
of the University of Pretoria. two definitive research reports emerged
in 1979 and 1980. These reports placed the cultural historical framework
for Mapungubwe on a firm foundation. superannuating earlier work
that had been variously criticised as unsuitable for comparative purposes.
The objectives of this research project were to excavate a related site
in order to expand the avai I able comparative data and extend the spatial
perspective of the Mapungubwe culture. To this end the site of
Skutwater was selected.
The material recovered from Skutwater was subjected to various analyses
for defining the internal structure of Skutwater and generating
comparative data. As far as possible quantitative data were used for
comparisons.
The relationship between Skutwater and Mapungubwe was interpreted
within certain social. economic and political models and a definate
relationship was found to exist.Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 1987.
gm2014
Anthropology and Archaeology
unrestricted
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Büster, Lindsey S. "Inhabiting Broxmouth: Biographies of a Scottish Iron Age settlement." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/14101.
Full textAbstract:
Roundhouses are ubiquitous in prehistoric Britain, yet previous studies of these iconic features have tended to overlook their human occupants, focusing instead on their external morphology and structural engineering. Those studies which have attempted to move beyond functionalist frameworks, have often applied overarching and broad-scale cosmological models which, though
re-orientating study towards social considerations, have likewise failed to shed light on the interaction between roundhouse and their inhabitants, particularly at a household level.
This research reanalyses the Late Iron Age settlement at Broxmouth, East Lothian, using new theoretical approaches and advances in AMS dating to ask new questions of a 30 year old data-set. Biographical and materiality approaches, which draw heavily on relational analogy with the ethnographic record, have allowed for detailed reconstruction of the life-history of each structure, and important moments within these histories. Roundhouse replacement appears to have taken place on a roughly generational basis, as a means by which households renegotiated their social identities within the community. Structured deposition, and the materiality of the roundhouse fabric itself, appears to have played an important role in the communication of identity, where the retention of previous structural fabric, the deposition of curated items, and the referencing of former internal features, created physical and symbolic links with the past, and with the ancestors. As such, this study demonstrates that roundhouses were far more than mere dwellings, and were integral to the ways in which past societies rationalised the world around them.AHRC funding the affiliated Collaborative Doctoral Awards
The full text was made available at the end of the extended embargo, 31st March 2020.
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Brennan, Maura M. "Early Iron Age Thera: Local Contexts and Interregional Connections." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1540566048608812.
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Roberts, R. C. "Late Bronze Age to Iron Age land use and subsistence strategies in the Semirech'ye region of Kazakhstan." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2016. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1524837/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis presents the results of phytolith and faecal spherulite analysis from three sites in the Semirech’ye region of south-eastern Kazakhstan, dating from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age (3rd to 1st millennia BC). The primary aim of the research is to generate new data relating to the exploitation of plant resources that can inform on changing land use and subsistence strategies over time. The research is placed in the context of the current understanding of the archaeological and palaeoclimatic record for the region, and aims to offer new insights into the transitional period from the Late Bronze Age to the Iron Age, around the turn of the 1st millennium BC. During this period both the archaeological and palaeoclimatic records point to significant changes in material culture, social organisation, and climate, and this thesis proposes resilience theory as a theoretical model with which to integrate these multi-level data and conceptualise human-environment interactions in the Semirech’ye region and the wider Eurasian steppe zone.
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Roth, Nicole. "Regional patterns and the cultural implications of Late Bronze Age and Iron Age burial practices in Britain." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2012. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2646/.
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Clough, Rodney E. "Iron : aspects of the industry during the Iron Age and Romano-British periods." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1986. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1348994/.
Full textAbstract:
Our knowledge of the earliest methods of iron production owes a great debt to 19th_century accounts of the bloomery technique as still practised in parts of Africa and Asia. Inevitably, and in common with other aspects of archaeology, many prejudices of that period have been perpetuated up to the present day in the literature. Additional bias has resulted from the influence of modern metallurgy. An attempt has been made to identify and correct these misconceptions in the light of new archaeological evidence in conjunction with recent smelting experiments. To enable a clearer understanding and interpretation of archaeological field remains, the bloomery process is fully explained in relation to furnace structures, ores and products, and the reduction process is illustrated with appropriate microstructures of the products. Roasting and smelting experiments have been used to test the viability of iron sulphide ores as ancient sources of iron. These iron pyrites and marcasite nodules are common over large parts of southern England. Sideritic and limonitic ores were also smelted. The experimental products, slags and iron, were analysed to assess the relationship between ores and slags, and the results tabulated. The relationship between the microstructure of the iron and slags and furnace conditions was also evaluated. The main analytical techniques employed were metallography, electron probe microanalyser (EPMA), X-ray fluorescent spectrometry (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry (ICP). Microstructures of both slags and iron are presented together with backscattered electron images and X-ray element maps. Furnace typologies relating to iron production in both Britain and the Continent are critically evaluated, and an overview of the industry during these periods is presented. The corrosion of slags and its implications for the analysis of archaeological specimens are considered.
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Livieratou, Antonia. "After the palace and before the polis : study cases from the centre and the periphery : the transition from the Late Bronze to the Early Iron Age in the Argolid and Central Greece." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/15806.
Full textAbstract:
The thesis examines the transition from the Late Bronze to the Early Iron Age, i.e. the periods from Late Helladic IIIC (LHIIIC) to Protogeometric (PG) ( 1200-900 BC) in two areas of the Greek Mainland, the Argolid and Phokis-East Lokris. The Argolid, and in particular the Argive plain, which included among others the citadel of Mycenae, could be described as the core area of the Mycenaean world par excellence, while Phokis -East Lokris could be conventionally thought to belong to the Mycenaean periphery, since no palatial establishment was ever developed in the area. Through the comparative study of the evidence from the two areas, the different course of their post-palatial development is studied, and the factors that affected this development are carefully examined and discussed. In particular, the thesis investigates whether and how the different Mycenaean past of the two areas, and more specifically the different role of each one of them in the Mycenaean world affected their evolution in the period not only immediately after the palatial collapse but also in the transition to the Early Iron Age. The analysis of all the published evidence from LHIIIC to PG period (settlement remains, burials and cult evidence) offers a detailed view of the occupation of the areas in each phase of the transitional period and helps us gain a general, long-term understanding of settlement patterns, burial customs, cult practices and material culture. The study of continuity and changes in all these aspects also allows us to follow the socio-political evolution. In general, it is shown that the transition from the Late Bronze to the Early Iron Age was experienced very differently in each of the two areas under examination. The long-term view of the evidence as adopted by the present study, bridges the divide that scholarly literature has created between the two eras, while at the same time places the two areas in the general context of the Aegean. It also takes into account the significant role that external factors such as trade contacts or population movements played in this crucial period. Overall, this study stresses the individuality of each area and of each site of the Greek mainland, and demonstrates the complex historical reality of the transitional period and its many different components. The final aim of the thesis is to enlighten the transformation process that two different areas of the Greek mainland underwent from the post-palatial times until the beginning of the Early Iron Age, a process believed to carry the seeds for the rise of the most typical political formation of ancient Greece, the polis.