Relevant bibliographies by topics / Iron age – Botswana

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
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Academic literature on the topic 'Iron age – Botswana'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Iron age – Botswana"

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Mosothwane, Morongwa N., and Maryna Steyn. "Palaeodemography of Early Iron Age Toutswe Communities in Botswana." South African Archaeological Bulletin 59, no. 180 (December 2004): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3889242.

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Miller, Duncan E., and Nikolaas J. van der Merwe. "Early Iron Age Metal Working at the Tsodilo Hills, Northwestern Botswana." Journal of Archaeological Science 21, no. 1 (January 1994): 101–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jasc.1994.1011.

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Klehm, Carla E. "Local Dynamics and the Emergence of Social Inequality in Iron Age Botswana." Current Anthropology 58, no. 5 (October 2017): 604–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/693960.

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Wilmsen, Edwin N. "MYTHS, GENDER, BIRDS, BEADS: A READING OF IRON AGE HILL SITES IN INTERIOR SOUTHERN AFRICA." Africa 84, no. 3 (July 23, 2014): 398–423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972014000370.

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ABSTRACTHomologous origin myths concerning the Tsodilo Hills in north-western Botswana, Polombwe hill at the southern tip of Lake Tanganyika in Zambia and Kaphiri-Ntiwa hill in northern Malawi are examined. Parallels are drawn between the myths, where, in the process of creation, a primal pair in undifferentiated space and time passes through a series of liminal states, thereby bringing structure to the landscape and legitimacy to society in Iron Age Central and Southern Africa. These myths narrate the instituting of social legitimacy in their respective societies based on a resolution of the inherent contradiction between the concepts of authority and power, lineage and land. The structure of rights to possession of land is examined, and the text considers the role of sumptuary goods such as glass beads and metonymic signifiers such as birds within this structure. This study examines the prominence of hilltops as the residence of paranormal power and its association with human authority, and relates this to the archaeological interpretation of the Iron Age site Nqoma (Tsodilo Hills); this is compared with Bosutswe (eastern Botswana), Mapungubwe (Shashe-Limpopo basin), and the Shona Mwari myth recorded by Frobenius as used by Huffman in his analysis of Great Zimbabwe.
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Klehm, Carla E., and Eileen G. Ernenwein. "Iron Age Transformations at Mmadipudi Hill, Botswana: Identifying Spatial Organization Through Electromagnetic Induction Survey." African Archaeological Review 33, no. 1 (February 26, 2016): 45–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10437-016-9213-3.

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Wilmsen, Edwin N., Anne Griffiths, David Killick, and Phenyo Thebe. "The Manaledi Clay Mine: a ca. 1500 Year-Long Record of Potting from a Single Clay Source in the Tswapong Hills, Eastern Botswana." Journal of African Archaeology 17, no. 2 (December 2, 2019): 121–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/21915784-20190013.

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Abstract Current potters in Manaledi village in the Tswapong Hills of Botswana aver that they and their ancestors for five generations have made pottery exclusively with clay from nearby sources. We begin with an examination of Manaledi and its clay mine to uncover current dialectics between village, landscape, clay, potters, and ancestors. Archaeological sherds found around the village and clay sources document occupation by makers of Early Iron Age (ca. AD 500-750), Middle Iron Age (ca. AD 750-1050), Late Iron Age (ca. AD 1420-1800), and 18th-20th century wares related to current Manaledi pottery. The proximity of archaeological deposits, clay sources, and village made it possible to conduct simultaneously what might otherwise be considered three separate projects. As a consequence, we are able to document that Manaledi clays have been used to make pottery for some 1500 years and to consider long-standing constraints on potting this implies.
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Daggett, Adrianne M. "Early Iron Age social and economic organisation in Sowa Pan, Botswana, Michigan State University, 2015." Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 51, no. 3 (April 26, 2016): 412–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0067270x.2016.1179481.

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Bodiba, Molebogeng, Maryna Steyn, Paulette Bloomer, Morongwa N. Mosothwane, Frank Rühli, and Abigail Bouwman. "Ancient DNA Analysis of the Thulamela Remains: Deciphering the Migratory Patterns of a Southern African Population." Journal of African Archaeology 17, no. 2 (December 2, 2019): 161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/21915784-20190017.

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Abstract Ancient DNA (aDNA) analysis was employed to obtain information on the population relationships of the two Thulamela individuals (AD 1400-1700) and six other skeletons from various archaeological sites of the southern African Iron Age – Tuli (Botswana), Nwanetsi, Makgope, Happy Rest and Stayt. Although sequences were short, it seems that the Thulamela female aligns somewhat more with eastern populations as opposed to the male who aligns more with western groups. This result is not surprising given that the two individuals were buried at the same site but their burials were hundreds of years apart. It was also possible to identify genetic links between the Iron Age individuals and modern southern African populations (e.g. some of the skeletons assessed showed maternal genetic similarities to present-day Sotho/Tswana groups) and to separate the samples into at least two genetic groups. Poor quality and quantity of DNA meant that only haplogroups, not subhaplogroups, of the individuals could be traced.
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Mosothwane, M. N., and M. Steyn. "In sickness or in health? Assessment of Early Iron Age human skeletons from Toutswe sites, east central Botswana." International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 19, no. 1 (June 3, 2008): 66–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oa.979.

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Biagetti, Stefano, Jonas Alcaina-Mateos, Abel Ruiz-Giralt, Carla Lancelotti, Patricia Groenewald, Jordi Ibañez-Insa, Shira Gur-Arie, Fred Morton, and Stefania Merlo. "Identifying anthropogenic features at Seoke (Botswana) using pXRF: Expanding the record of southern African Stone Walled Sites." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 12, 2021): e0250776. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250776.

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Numerous and extensive ‘Stone Walled Sites’ have been identified in southern African Iron Age landscapes. Appearing from around 1200 CE, and showing considerable variability in size and form, these settlements are named after the dry-stone wall structures that characterize them. Stone Walled Sites were occupied by various Bantu-speaking agropastoral communities. In this paper we test the use of pXRF (portable X-ray fluorescence analysis) to generate a ‘supplementary’ archaeological record where evident stratigraphy is lacking, survey conditions may be uneven, and excavations limited, due to the overall site size. We propose herein the application of portable X-ray fluorescence analysis (pXRF) coupled with multivariate exploratory analysis and geostatistical modelling at Seoke, a southern African SWS of historical age (18th century CE). The aim of the paper is twofold: to explore the potential of the application of a low cost, quick, and minimally invasive technique to detect chemical markers in anthropogenic sediments from a Stone Walled Site, and to propose a way to analyse the results in order to improve our understanding of the use of space at non-generalized scales in such sites.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Iron age – Botswana"

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Miller, Duncan. "Iron age metal working at the Tsodilo Hills, Northwestern Botswana." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/18277.

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This study documents the metal working technology employed at two major Iron Age archaeological sites in southern Africa. The research involved the description and analysis of two large metal working assemblages with a total of 2922 metal artefacts, fragments of ore, and slag, from the sites of Divuyu (6th 8th century AD) and Nqoma (7th - 10th century AD, with a later 17th - 19th century AD occupation) in the Tsodilo Hills, northwestern Botswana. This is the first systematic description and metallographic analysis of a large collection of Early Iron Age metal artefacts from southern Africa. The artefacts were small, mainly delicate items of copper and iron jewellery, and tools possibly used in their manufacture. They were classified, described, and sampled selectively for metallographic, petrographic, and chemical analysis. Seventy artefacts were studied in detail, from which the fabrication technology employed at these sites was reconstructed. During the Early Iron Age forging, and probably also smelting, of iron took place at both sites. The smelting products were inhomogeneous iron and steel, with typical fayalitic slag, characteristic of indigenous bloomery iron production. The forging was done in an oxidising hearth and the technique used was poor, with no deliberate control over carbon content, the mechanical properties of the steel, or heat treatment other than annealing. Fabrication involved hammering square wire and flat sheets, which were cut into strips for beads, clips, chains, and fibre-cored wound ornaments. Numerous finger rings were made from crude round iron wire. Copper was worked in the same way, generally leaving the metal in its annealed state. Significant chemical variation in the copper artefacts and iron slag inclusions indicated that diverse ore sources were involved. There were stylistic similarities between individual artefacts from the Tsodilo Hills and Early Iron Age material from the Upemba Depression in Zaire, as well as with a copper chain from Broederstroom in the Transvaal. Comparison of the fabrication technology with Later Iron Age material suggested that local indigenous iron and copper working technology has changed little since its introduction in southern Africa.
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Fraser, Lu-Marie. "A zooarchaeological study of four iron age sites in North-Eastern Botswana." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/60358.

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This study analyses the faunal remains of four Iron Age sites from eastern Botswana, namely Phoenix 17, Phoenix 18, Thabadimasego and Dukwe 25. Phoenix 17, Phoenix 18 and Thabadimasego date to the 9th century AD, and Dukwe 25 to the 15th century AD. The sites are significant as they date to critical time periods during which we see shifts in the socio-political organisation, towards increasing social complexity in the 9th century AD, and the establishment of powerful states in the 15th century AD. By comparing the results of Phoenix 17, Phoenix 18, Thabadimasego and Dukwe 25, it will also be possible to examine whether these sites point to regional, chronological or socio-cultural variability. Other sites in eastern Botswana together with the sites in this study, can give broad understanding into animal exploitation patterns during these time periods, specifically the relative use, social use and exploitation of animals. Understanding animal exploitation patterns can assist researchers in exploring the impact these communities had on their environment. In particular, how they reacted and responded to diverse environments, rich in wild fauna, such as the Makgadikgadi.
Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2016.
Anthropology and Archaeology
MA
Unrestricted
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Biemond, Wim Moritz. "The Iron Age sequence around a Limpopo River floodplain on Basinghall Farm, Tuli Block, Botswana, during the second millennium AD." Diss., 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/14390.

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The study encompasses the reconstruction of the Iron Age sequence around the Limpopo River floodplain on Basinghall Farm during the second millennium AD. A survey uncovered 75 Iron Age sites, including three Moritsane and ten Toutswe facies sites for the Middle Iron Age and two Early Moloko, 16 Middle Moloko (Letsibogo facies) and 43 Late Moloko grain bin platform sites for the Late Iron Age. The local settlement sequence, which is based primarily on a ceramic analysis of surficial and excavated collections, is corroborated by radiocarbon dates, a glass bead sequence and comparative data from previous studies. The borders of the Toutswe chiefdom are shown to have extended 100 km to the south, while the Eiland sequence is refined to include an Eiland, a Moritsane and a redefined Broadhurst facies. New light is also shed on the local Moloko sequence and its correlation with historical Tswana groups in south-eastern Botswana.
Anthropology & Archaeology
M.A. (Archaeology)
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Mosothwane, Morongwa Nancy. "Foragers among farmers in the Early Iron Age of Botswana? Dietary evidence from stable isotopes." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/8356.

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The thesis attempts to identify human skeletal remains of Later Stone Age (LSA) hunter-gatherers on sites associated with Early Iron Age (EIA) farmers in east central and north western parts of Botswana and to identify individuals who may have shifted between foraging and farming. Because of the sources of dietary carbon, EIA farmers were expected to have δ13C values of approximately - 8‰, which are distinguishable from those of the LSA hunter-gatherers (δ13C values of around - 17‰). Individuals who shifted from foraging to farming would have significant differences in δ13C values of bones and teeth that form or remodel at different ages and rates. In the east central, 76 humans from Toutswe sites were analysed. From the Tsodilo Hills and Okavango River there were five individuals. Animal samples from EIA contexts at of the sites mentioned above were analysed to provide reference standards necessary for the interpretation of human isotope values. Moreover, animal isotope values were used to reconstruct past environmental and climatic conditions. Two adults from N!oma appear to have shifted from a childhood subsistence based on foraging and most probably fishing to full-time farming in adulthood. The two adults from Xaro have bone collagen δ13C values associated with both foraging and freshwater fishing. Though samples are small, there is some support for the argument that some LSA foragers had adopted the farmers’ mode of subsistence during the Iron Age. Nitrogen isotope values of domestic herbivores from the east central suggest annual rainfall of about 500mm while carbon isotope results indicate heavy reliance on C4 photosynthetic grasses. Result from the north west suggest rainfall on 450mm with some degree of browsing. Morden herbivore samples from Toutswe area show that rainfall patterns have not changed but in contrast, the feeding habits of both cattle and small have changed to include significant amount of C3 photosynthetic plants. This change is attributed to the general degradation of the environment.
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Mosothwane, Morongwa Nancy. "Skeletal characteristics and population demography as reflected by materials from Toutswe tradition sites in eastern Botswana, west of the Shashe-Limpopo basin." Diss., 2004. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-03082007-140646.

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Klehm, Carla Elizabeth. "Regional dynamics and local dialectics in Iron Age Botswana : case studies from the hinterland in the Bosutswe Region." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/25880.

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Since the 1980's, few have included sub-Saharan African in worldwide comparative discussion of complex societies. This exclusion is at the expense of challenging embedded notions of the development of complexity. The trading polity Bosutswe (700-1700 AD) at the eastern edge of the Kalahari Desert in Botswana and its surrounding region provide a perfect example of why this is important. In the Bosutswe region, complexity was not be driven by external factors, elites, or the core, but arose from local actors and out of localized contexts. During its occupation, Bosutswe became increasingly involved with long-distance trade in the Indian Ocean exchange network, linking trade from the African coast to the interior. At Bosutswe, glass beads associated with long-distance trade and local ostrich eggshell beads attest to a strong local economy supported by cattle herding, subsistence farming, and iron and bronze manufacture. This trade with Bosutswe peaked from 1200-1450 AD, when social stratification at Bosutswe became spatially and materially evident. This dissertation focuses on Bosutswe's trajectory through the point of view of two nearby settlements, Khubu la Dintša (1220-1420 AD) and Mmadipudi Hill (~550-1200 AD), to reconstruct the local economy and landscape. Expanding the concept of the polity to one situated in a landscape of human and environmental interchange provides a key comparative insight to other studies of complex societies and variable trajectories of societal development. The Bosutswe landscape and by extension Iron Age southern Africa can be conceptualized as a patchwork of landmark hilltop polity centers on a scrub desert landscape of agropastoral activity surrounded by smaller hilltop and ground sites. The local dynamic may have involved strategies by Bosutswe to mitigate environmental characteristics of low rainfall, opportunistic hunting and herding opportunities for the surrounding communities, and alliances between these communities for security in a politically unstable era. Everyday life would have involved issues about land use, as over time herders and farmers exhausted pastures, soil fertility, and firewood. Treating these early polities as landscapes of human, animal, and environmental relationships will help revise the way early complex societies are conceptualized: not as individual sites, but as local landscapes of power.
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Books on the topic "Iron age – Botswana"

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Duncan, Miller. The Tsodilo jewellery: Metal work from northern Botswana. Rondebosch, South Africa: UCT Press, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Iron age – Botswana"

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"The iron age peoples of east-central Botswana." In The Archaeology of Africa, 424–28. Routledge, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203754245-33.

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