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Journal articles on the topic 'Iron age – Israel – Lachish'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 30 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2025

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1

Ben-Shlomo, David, and Liora Bouzaglou. "Production Centers of Cooking Pots in Iron Age Judah." Judea and Samaria Research Studies 32, no. 2 (2023): 133–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.26351/jsrs/32-2/1.

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This article will discuss a recent, multifaceted study of the production of cooking pots during the Iron Age II (ca. 1,000–586 BCE) in Judah (modern Israel). In particular, the article will present the compositional analysis of 541 cooking vessels from 11 sites in Iron Age Judah. The study employs petrographic and chemical (NAA) analysis and examines forming techniques. The results of this research provide new information about production centers and the mobility of cooking pots in Iron Age II Judah. The vast majority of the cooking pots sampled from most types appear to have been made of a si

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2

Heide, Martin. "How to write Hebrew Letters in Iron Age II Israel and Judah: Some Observations on the Art of Letter Writing." Jerusalem Journal of Archaeology 7 (2024): 23–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.52486/01.00007.2.

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This article takes a fresh look at the various Hebrew inscriptions of the pre-exilic period, which are to be understood as letters, model letters, or dedicatory inscriptions. In particular, letter introductions and letter endings are examined. Not all elements of the earlier model letter introductions are found in later periods. Military-style letters between superiors and their subordinates are very brisk but nevertheless use various idiomatic and syntactic devices to express their objectives. Letters between colleagues or friends emphasize the blessing of YHWH they wish for their recipients

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3

Hardin, James W. "The Fire Signals of Lachish: Studies in the Archaeology and History of Israel in the Late Bronze Age, Iron Age, and Persian Period in Honor of David Ussishkin, edited by Israel Finkelstein and Nadav Naʾaman. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2011. xx + 401 pp., 92 figures, 2 plates, 6 tables. Cloth $69.50." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 370 (листопад 2013): 248–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5615/bullamerschoorie.370.0248.

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4

Garfinkel, Yosef. "Iron Age Towers and the Middle Bronze Age Fortifications of Lachish: A Replay to Vaknin et al.’s Archaeomagnetic Study." Jerusalem Journal of Archaeology 6 (2024): 46–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.52486/01.00006.3.

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A recent article presenting the results of paleomagnetic dating conducted at Tell ed-Duweir (ancient Lachish) indicates that a burnt Iron Age tower was destroyed by Sennacherib in 701 BCE, verifying earlier observations that are not under debate. However, the article’s caption suggests that the 2 km-long stone fortification dubbed the Revetment or the Mid-slope City Wall should also be dated to the Iron Age. However, this claim ignores the stratigraphically complicated relationship between the tower and the Mid-Slope City Wall and the date of the city wall itself, questions that are examined i

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5

Magrill, Pamela, and Andrew Middleton. "Did the potter's wheel go out of use in Late Bronze Age Palestine?" Antiquity 75, no. 287 (2001): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00052832.

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Wheel-thrown pottery was widely produced in ancient Palestine during the Middle Bronze Age. However, evidence from two sites in Jordan has led to recent suggestions that this technique went out of use throughout the region during the Late Bronze Age. Investigation by xeroradiography of the pottery-forming techniques used in a Late Bronze Age potter's workshop at Lachish, Israel, suggests that the situation may be more complex and that further research is needed before generalized conclusions can be drawn.

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6

Hadley, Judith M., and O. Borowski. "Agriculture in Iron Age Israel." Vetus Testamentum 38, no. 4 (1988): 494. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1519306.

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7

Powell, Marvin A., and Oded Borowski. "Agriculture in Iron Age Israel." Journal of the American Oriental Society 109, no. 4 (1989): 672. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/604102.

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8

Finkelstein, Israel. "Iron age chronology and biblical history rejoinders: The late bronze/iron age transition, Tel ʿEton and Lachish". Palestine Exploration Quarterly 152, № 2 (2020): 82–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00310328.2020.1738145.

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9

Garfinkel, Yosef, Michael G. Hasel, Martin G. Klingbeil, et al. "Lachish Fortifications and State Formation in the Biblical Kingdom of Judah in Light of Radiometric Datings." Radiocarbon 61, no. 03 (2019): 695–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2019.5.

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AbstractWhen and where the process of state formation took place in the biblical kingdom of Judah is heavily debated. Our regional project in the southwestern part of Judah, carried out from 2007 to the present, includes the excavation of three Iron Age sites: Khirbet Qeiyafa, Tel Lachish, and Khirbet al-Ra’i. New cultural horizons and new fortification systems have been uncovered, and these discoveries have been dated by 59 radiometric determinations. The controversial question of when the kingdom was able to build a fortified city at Lachish, its foremost center after Jerusalem, is now resol

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10

Person, Raymond. "Scribal Memory and Metonymy in Iron Age Judah with Some Discussion of Deuteronomy and the Lachish Letters." Jerusalem Journal of Archaeology 7 (2024): 2–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.52486/01.00007.1.

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Drawing from recent work in media studies as applied to the ancient world, I will argue that all epigraphic evidence and all literary texts that may have their roots in Iron Age Judah must be understood as having a metonymic function because the ancients understood written texts as simple representations of broader messages that had been or would have been delivered in some oral form. I will illustrate this assertion by discussing representations of epigraphic materials in Deuteronomy (phylacteries, mezuzot, stelae), text-critical variants in the manuscript evidence of Deuteronomy, and the Lac

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11

Brisco, Thomas V. "Agriculture in Iron Age Israel. Oded Borowski." Biblical Archaeologist 53, no. 1 (1990): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3210156.

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12

SUGIMOTO, Tomotoshi. "IRON AGE POTTERIES FROM TEL EN-GEV, ISRAEL." Orient 34 (1999): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5356/orient1960.34.1.

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13

Somboonsiri, Daniel. "The History of Bronze and Iron Age Israel." Bulletin for Biblical Research 30, no. 1 (2020): 127–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/bullbiblrese.30.1.0127.

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14

USSISHKIN, David. "The Chronology of the Iron Age in Israel." Ancient Near Eastern Studies 45 (December 31, 2008): 218–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/anes.45.0.2033172.

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15

Lehmann, Gunnar, and Oz Varoner. "Early Iron Age Tombs in Northern Israel Revisited." Tel Aviv 45, no. 2 (2018): 235–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03344355.2018.1494785.

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16

Raban-Gerstel, Noa, Irit Zohar, Guy Bar-Oz, Ilan Sharon, and Ayelet Gilboa. "Early Iron Age Dor (Israel): A Faunal Perspective." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 349 (February 2008): 25–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/basor25067055.

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17

Webster, Lyndelle C., Omer Sergi, Sabine Kleiman, et al. "Preliminary Radiocarbon Results for Late Bronze Age Strata at Tel Azekah and Their Implications." Radiocarbon 60, no. 1 (2017): 309–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2017.85.

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AbstractThis article presents the first radiocarbon (14C) results from the Late Bronze Age levels of Tel Azekah (Israel). The results testify to the long and prosperous occupation of the site during this period, commencing at least in LB IIA and ending with a severe destruction at the close of LB III. In the extra-mural quarter (Area S2), a pre-monumental building phase (S2-6) dates to the 14th or early 13th century BCE. Two sub-phases of a public building constructed above this yielded dates in the second half of the 13th century and first two-thirds of the 12th century BCE, suggesting that o

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18

Asscher, Yotam, and Elisabetta Boaretto. "Absolute Time Ranges in the Plateau of the Late Bronze to Iron Age Transition and the Appearance of Bichrome Pottery in Canaan, Southern Levant." Radiocarbon 61, no. 1 (2018): 13–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2018.58.

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ABSTRACTThe Late Bronze Age to Iron Age transition in the Levant includes the appearance of new material culture that is similar in styles to the Aegean world. In the southern Levant, the distribution of early styles of Aegean-like pottery, locally produced, is limited to the coastal areas of Canaan, making synchronization with the rest of the region difficult. Radiocarbon (14C) dating provides a high-resolution absolute chronological framework for synchronizing ceramic phases. Here, absolute14C chronologies of the Late Bronze to Iron Age transition in the sites Tel Beth Shean, Tel Rehov, Tel

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19

Finkelstein, Israel, Steve Weiner, and Elisabetta Boaretto. "Preface—The Iron Age in Israel: The Exact and Life Sciences Perspectives." Radiocarbon 57, no. 2 (2015): 197–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/azu_rc.57.18566.

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In the original proposal entitled Reconstructing Ancient Israel – The Exact and Life Sciences Perspective, two of us (Israel Finkelstein and Steve Weiner) wrote, “If the microscopic data are well integrated into the macroscopic (archaeological) record, they will undoubtedly provide new insights into the study of Ancient Israel.” And this was what this 5-year (2009–2014) European Research Council (ERC) sponsored program (details below) was all about. New ground was broken on three fronts: conceptual, methodological, and in the generation of new data that indeed provide novel insights into the h

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20

Gitin, Seymour, and William G. Dever. "Recent Excavations in Israel: Studies in Iron Age Archaeology." Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research 49 (1989): iii. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3768574.

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21

Faust, Avraham. "Accessibility, Defence and Town Planning in Iron Age Israel." Tel Aviv 29, no. 2 (2002): 297–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/tav.2002.2002.2.297.

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22

Ballard, Robert D., Lawrence E. Stager, Daniel Master, et al. "Iron Age Shipwrecks in Deep Water off Ashkelon, Israel." American Journal of Archaeology 106, no. 2 (2002): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4126241.

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23

Faust, Avraham. "Ethnic Complexity in Northern Israel During Iron Age II." Palestine Exploration Quarterly 132, no. 1 (2000): 2–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/peq.2000.132.1.2.

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24

Finkelstein, Israel, and Eli Piasetzky. "New radiocarbon models for the Iron Age in Israel." Semitica et Classica 16 (January 2023): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/j.sec.5.137272.

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25

Schniedewind, William M. "The Alphabetic “Scribe” of the Lachish Jar Inscription and the Hieratic Tradition in the Early Iron Age." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 383 (May 1, 2020): 137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/707391.

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26

Boaretto, Elisabetta, A. J. Timothy Jull, Ayelet Gilboa, and Ilan Sharon. "Dating the Iron Age I/II Transition in Israel: First Intercomparison Results." Radiocarbon 47, no. 1 (2005): 39–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200052188.

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Nearly a decade ago, a different chronology than the conventional absolute chronology for the early Iron Age in Israel was suggested. The new, lower chronology “transfers” Iron Age I and Iron Age IIA contexts in Israel, traditionally dated to the 11th and 10th centuries BCE, to the 10th and 9th centuries, respectively. Thus, it places the Iron I|IIA transition at about 920–900 BCE. This alternative chronology carries important implications for Israelite history, historiography, and Bible research, as well as for the chronologies of other regions around the Mediterranean. Relevant radiocarbon d

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27

Mazar, Amihai, and Christopher Bronk Ramsey. "14C Dates and the Iron Age Chronology of Israel: A Response." Radiocarbon 50, no. 2 (2008): 159–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200033506.

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Boaretto et al. (2005) published 68 radiocarbon dates relating to 30 samples from 10 Iron Age sites in Israel as part of their Early Iron Age Dating Project. Though the main goal of their paper was an interlaboratory comparison, they also presented results of Bayesian models, calculating the transition from Iron Age I to Iron Age II in Israel to be about 900 BCE instead of the conventional date of about 1000 BCE. Since this date has great importance for all of Eastern Mediterranean archaeology, in this paper we examine the results in light of the dates published in the above-mentioned article.

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28

Mazar, Amihai, and Christopher Bronk Ramsey. "A Response to Finkelstein and Piasetzky'S Criticism and “New Perspective”." Radiocarbon 52, no. 4 (2010): 1681–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200056411.

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The following short paper is a response to criticism by Finkelstein and Piasetzky (2010b), published in the present issue of Radiocarbon, of our 2008 paper in Radiocarbon concerning the evaluation of 14C dates from Iron Age levels in Israel published by Boaretto et al. (2005). We refer to criticism concerning exclusion and inclusion of data. We also evaluate new models suggested by Finkelstein and Piasetzky and in particular their suggestion of regional stages marking the end of the Iron Age in Israel. We also comment on several methodological issues.

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29

Faust, Avraham. "The Rural Community in Ancient Israel during Iron Age II." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 317 (February 2000): 17–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1357482.

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30

Kletter, Raz, and Zeʾev Herzog. "An Iron Age Hermaphrodite Centaur from Tel Beer Sheba, Israel." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 331 (August 2003): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1357757.

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31

Greenhut, Zvi. "Recent Archaeological Discoveries from Iron Age Sites in Jerusalem, Israel." Hebrew Bible and Ancient Israel 1, no. 2 (2012): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1628/219222712802916862.

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32

Regev, Lior, Alexander Zukerman, Louise Hitchcock, Aren M. Maeir, Steve Weiner, and Elisabetta Boaretto. "Iron Age hydraulic plaster from Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel." Journal of Archaeological Science 37, no. 12 (2010): 3000–3009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2010.06.023.

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33

Sapir-Hen, Lidar, Meirav Meiri, and Israel Finkelstein. "Iron Age Pigs: New Evidence on Their Origin and Role in Forming Identity Boundaries." Radiocarbon 57, no. 2 (2015): 307–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/azu_rc.57.18564.

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This article reviews recent studies of pigs in the Iron Age in the southern Levant. The studies were carried out as part of the European Research Council-funded Ancient Israel project, with the aim of examining questions of identity and ethnic boundaries, with special emphasis on Philistia and ancient Israel. On the Philistine side, the results show a dichotomy in pork consumption between urban centers and the rural sector, and suggest that European domestic pigs were brought to the Levant by the Sea Peoples, most probably to secure the supply of meat. Reviewed with previous evidence, we sugge

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34

Fantalkin, Alexander, Israel Finkelstein, and Eli Piasetzky. "Iron Age Mediterranean Chronology: A Rejoinder." Radiocarbon 53, no. 1 (2011): 179–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200034469.

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This article is a rejoinder to a recent paper in this journal by van der Plicht et al. (2009) who use radiocarbon determinations from several sites in Israel, Italy, Spain, and Tunisia to advocate a High Chronology system for the entire Mediterranean Basin. We contend that they reached mistaken conclusions due to problematic selection of sites and data. We argue that a reliable way to provide absolute dates for the Iron Age in the central and western Mediterranean is by employing a combination of well-identified Greek pottery found in well-stratified sites and radiometric results from short-li

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35

Lee, Sharen, Christopher Bronk Ramsey, and Amihai Mazar. "Iron Age Chronology in Israel: Results from Modeling with a Trapezoidal Bayesian Framework." Radiocarbon 55, no. 2 (2013): 731–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003382220005788x.

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Bayesian methods have been widely used to address the Iron Age chronological debate in Israel, which has implications for the entire eastern Mediterranean Iron Age chronology. However, a consensus has not been reached. This is largely because radiocarbon dates of materials in this period lie on an oscillation in the calibration curve. This study focuses on the modeling of 14C dates from the Iron I and Iron II periods, discusses the underlying assumptions and limitations of existing Bayesian chronologies, and proposes the use of a more appropriate model that allows for the phase transitions not

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36

Lehmann, Gunnar. "The Emergence of Early Phoenicia." Jerusalem Journal of Archaeology 1 (June 18, 2021): 272–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.52486/01.00001.11.

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The transition from the Iron Age I to the Iron Age IIA during the 10th century BCE was a period of profound political and socio-economic transformations in the Levant. One of these developments was the emergence of early Phoenicia. In its course, Phoenicia emanated as an interface of international exchange connecting Mediterranean and continental economies of the Levant. This had a profound impact on the societies of the Southern Levant in general and ancient Israel in particular. Phoenician influence was not just marginal for the history of ancient Israel but developed into an integral compon

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37

Eliyahu-Behar, Adi, Naama Yahalom-Mack, Yuval Gadot, and Israel Finkelstein. "Iron smelting and smithing in major urban centers in Israel during the Iron Age." Journal of Archaeological Science 40, no. 12 (2013): 4319–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2013.06.009.

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38

Whitelam, Keith. "'ISRAEL IS LAID WASTE; HIS SEED IS NO MORE': WHAT IF MERNEPTAH'S SCRIBES WERE TELLING THE TRUTH?" Biblical Interpretation 8, no. 1-2 (2000): 8–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156851500750119024.

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AbstractThe reference to Israel in the Merneptah stele plays a pivotal role in the debate on Israel's emergence in Late Bronze-Iron Age Palestine. Most scholars ignore 'the plain sense of the text' which suggests that Israel has been wiped out. Recent research on ethnicity undermines the essentialist notion that there is a direct connection between Merneptah's 'Israel' and later entities of the same name. The article explores the implications of accepting the claim of Merneptah's scribes that 'Israel' had been destroyed

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39

Boaretto, Elisabetta, Yotam Asscher, Louise A. Hitchcock, Gunnar Lehmann, Aren M. Maeir, and Steve Weiner. "The Chronology of the Late Bronze (LB)-Iron Age (IA) Transition in the Southern Levant: A Response to Finkelstein’s Critique." Radiocarbon 61, no. 1 (2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2018.57.

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ABSTRACTThe question under discussion is whether the dates of the Late Bronze (LBIIB)-LBIII (Iron IA) transitions in three sites in the southern Levant, namely Megiddo, Tell es-Safi/Gath and Qubur el-Walaydah occur at the same time, as has been proposed by Israel Finkelstein in his article in 2016 in Egypt and Levant. Here we respond to Finkelstein’s comments. We add some new data, clarify the issues that were raised, and conclude that the Late Bronze (LBIIB)-LBIII (Iron IA) transitions occurred at different times in northern and southern Israel.

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40

Kleiman, Sabine. "Potters in Transition." Altorientalische Forschungen 48, no. 2 (2021): 233–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aofo-2021-0016.

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Abstract For many years, the Late Bronze/Iron Age transition in the southern Levant has been the subject of intense debates concerning chronological matters and cultural developments. Ceramic studies were often the focal point of the discussion, but they usually concentrated on the appearance of Aegean-style pottery in the southern Coastal Plain and the nearby Shephelah, while largely disregarding the indigenous pottery tradition. In this paper, I study the processes of continuity and change in ceramic shape morphology and decoration techniques of three important tell-sites in the Shephelah: L

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41

Mazar, Amihai, and Israel Carmi. "Radiocarbon Dates from Iron Age Strata at Tel Beth Shean and Tel Rehov." Radiocarbon 43, no. 3 (2001): 1333–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200038571.

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We discuss the significance of 32 radiocarbon dates from the archaeological sites of Tel Beth Shean and Tel Rehov in northern Israel. All dates are from Iron Age I and II archaeological contexts (12th–8th centuries BCE). Most of the dates were done on short-lived samples (seeds and olive pits), while some are on charred timber. The samples are organized in several homogeneous clusters according to their context. This series is one of the largest groups of 14C dates from the Iron Age in the Levant. The paper discusses the correlation between the 14C dates and the traditional archaeological date

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42

Regev, Lior, Dan Cabanes, Robert Homsher, et al. "Geoarchaeological Investigation in a Domestic Iron Age Quarter, Tel Megiddo, Israel." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 374 (November 2015): 135–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5615/bullamerschoorie.374.0135.

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43

Hoffmeier, James K. "Studies in Archaeology of the Iron Age in Israel and Jordan." Bulletin for Biblical Research 13, no. 2 (2003): 290–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/26422680.

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44

Zimhoni, Orna. "The Iron Age Pottery of Tel 'Eton and its Relation to the Lachish, Tell Beit Mirsim and Arad Assemblages." Tel Aviv 12, no. 1 (1985): 63–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/tav.1985.1985.1.63.

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45

Fantalkin, Alexander, Eli Itkin, Owen Chesnut, et al. "Iron Age Remains from Ashdod-Yam: An Interim Report (2013–2019)." Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology and Heritage Studies 12, no. 3 (2024): 250–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jeasmedarcherstu.12.3.0250.

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ABSTRACT The remains of the Iron Age at Ashdod-Yam (Ashdod-by-the-Sea), located at the southern coastal plain of Israel, were first investigated by Jacob Kaplan between 1965 and 1968. Renewed excavations at the Iron Age compound of Ashdod-Yam and at additional areas across the site were initiated in 2013, on behalf of the Institute of Archaeology at Tel Aviv University. This article presents an interim report of architectural remains and accompanying finds associated with the Iron Age sequence at Ashdod-Yam. The remains were attributed to two strata: Stratum IV (Iron Age IIB) and Stratum III (

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46

Ben-Ami, Doron, and Nili Wazana. "Enemy at the Gates: The Phenomenon of Fortifications in Israel Reexamined." Vetus Testamentum 63, no. 3 (2013): 368–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685330-12341119.

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Abstract This article addresses the phenomenon of fortifications in Iron Age Israel and tries to portray the specific historical background behind their construction by integrating the archaeological data, the extra-biblical sources and the analysis of the biblical text. Of the two clear stratigraphical phases of fortifications noticed in several Iron Age cities, the latter is more massive and elaborated compared with its predecessor. We propose that the developed phase of fortifications in Israel was created under the Omrides, in a time of economic and political strength, as a response to the

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47

Korpman, Matthew J. "Dan Shall Judge: The Danites and Iron Age Israel’s Connection with the Denyen Sea People." Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 44, no. 3 (2020): 490–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309089218778583.

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The Tribe of Dan has always appeared to biblical scholars and archaeologists as something of an enigma. For decades, certain scholars, beginning with Yigael Yadin, have proposed a connection between the Denyen/Danaoi Sea People and the Danites of Ancient Israel, arguing that the former became the latter and were adopted into Israel at a later date than the other 11 tribes. Focusing on recent archaeological excavations at Tel Dan and the connections between Samson and Hercules, with special attention specifically given to Dan’s traditional paired imagery with serpents, this study seeks to prese

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48

Ben-Yosef, Erez, Ron Shaar, Lisa Tauxe, and Hagai Ron. "A New Chronological Framework for Iron Age Copper Production at Timna (Israel)." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 367 (August 2012): 31–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5615/bullamerschoorie.367.0031.

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49

Routledge, Bruce, and Amihai Mazar. "Studies in the Archaeology of the Iron Age in Israel and Jordan." Journal of the American Oriental Society 123, no. 3 (2003): 660. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3217765.

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50

Im, MiYoung. "Horse Figurines from the Land of Israel dating to Iron Age II." Canon&Culture 2, no. 2 (2008): 221–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31280/cc.2008.10.2.2.221.

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