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Journal articles on the topic 'Iron Age sequence in Botswana'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Bodiba, Molebogeng, Maryna Steyn, Paulette Bloomer, Morongwa N. Mosothwane, Frank Rühli, and Abigail Bouwman. "Ancient DNA Analysis of the Thulamela Remains: Deciphering the Migratory Patterns of a Southern African Population." Journal of African Archaeology 17, no. 2 (December 2, 2019): 161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/21915784-20190017.

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Abstract Ancient DNA (aDNA) analysis was employed to obtain information on the population relationships of the two Thulamela individuals (AD 1400-1700) and six other skeletons from various archaeological sites of the southern African Iron Age – Tuli (Botswana), Nwanetsi, Makgope, Happy Rest and Stayt. Although sequences were short, it seems that the Thulamela female aligns somewhat more with eastern populations as opposed to the male who aligns more with western groups. This result is not surprising given that the two individuals were buried at the same site but their burials were hundreds of years apart. It was also possible to identify genetic links between the Iron Age individuals and modern southern African populations (e.g. some of the skeletons assessed showed maternal genetic similarities to present-day Sotho/Tswana groups) and to separate the samples into at least two genetic groups. Poor quality and quantity of DNA meant that only haplogroups, not subhaplogroups, of the individuals could be traced.

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2

Mosothwane, Morongwa N., and Maryna Steyn. "Palaeodemography of Early Iron Age Toutswe Communities in Botswana." South African Archaeological Bulletin 59, no. 180 (December 2004): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3889242.

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3

Miller, Duncan E., and Nikolaas J. van der Merwe. "Early Iron Age Metal Working at the Tsodilo Hills, Northwestern Botswana." Journal of Archaeological Science 21, no. 1 (January 1994): 101–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jasc.1994.1011.

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4

Klehm, Carla E. "Local Dynamics and the Emergence of Social Inequality in Iron Age Botswana." Current Anthropology 58, no. 5 (October 2017): 604–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/693960.

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5

Willoughby, Pamela R., and Thomas N. Huffman. "Iron Age Migrations: The Ceramic Sequence in Southern Zambia." African Studies Review 36, no. 1 (April 1993): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/525517.

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6

Denbow, James, and T. N. Huffman. "Iron Age Migrations: The Ceramic Sequence in Southern Zambia." South African Archaeological Bulletin 46, no. 154 (December 1991): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3889099.

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7

Gilboa, Ayelet, Ilan Sharon, and Jeffrey Zorn. "Dor and Iron Age Chronology: Scarabs, Ceramic Sequence and14C." Tel Aviv 31, no. 1 (March 2004): 32–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/tav.2004.2004.1.32.

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8

Klehm, Carla E., and Eileen G. Ernenwein. "Iron Age Transformations at Mmadipudi Hill, Botswana: Identifying Spatial Organization Through Electromagnetic Induction Survey." African Archaeological Review 33, no. 1 (February 26, 2016): 45–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10437-016-9213-3.

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9

Wilmsen, Edwin N. "MYTHS, GENDER, BIRDS, BEADS: A READING OF IRON AGE HILL SITES IN INTERIOR SOUTHERN AFRICA." Africa 84, no. 3 (July 23, 2014): 398–423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972014000370.

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ABSTRACTHomologous origin myths concerning the Tsodilo Hills in north-western Botswana, Polombwe hill at the southern tip of Lake Tanganyika in Zambia and Kaphiri-Ntiwa hill in northern Malawi are examined. Parallels are drawn between the myths, where, in the process of creation, a primal pair in undifferentiated space and time passes through a series of liminal states, thereby bringing structure to the landscape and legitimacy to society in Iron Age Central and Southern Africa. These myths narrate the instituting of social legitimacy in their respective societies based on a resolution of the inherent contradiction between the concepts of authority and power, lineage and land. The structure of rights to possession of land is examined, and the text considers the role of sumptuary goods such as glass beads and metonymic signifiers such as birds within this structure. This study examines the prominence of hilltops as the residence of paranormal power and its association with human authority, and relates this to the archaeological interpretation of the Iron Age site Nqoma (Tsodilo Hills); this is compared with Bosutswe (eastern Botswana), Mapungubwe (Shashe-Limpopo basin), and the Shona Mwari myth recorded by Frobenius as used by Huffman in his analysis of Great Zimbabwe.

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10

Daggett, Adrianne M. "Early Iron Age social and economic organisation in Sowa Pan, Botswana, Michigan State University, 2015." Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 51, no. 3 (April 26, 2016): 412–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0067270x.2016.1179481.

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11

Hagens, Graham. "An ultra-low chronology of Iron Age Palestine." Antiquity 73, no. 280 (June 1999): 431–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00088384.

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The dating of the complex historical events of Palestine, Syria and Egypt during the Iron Age have long occupied scholarly research. Here, a new scheme of dating is offered, which may help to remove gaps and anomalies in the sequence.

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12

Sutton, J. E. G. "Further excavations, and the Iron Age sequence of the Central Rift." Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 28, no. 1 (January 1993): 103–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00672709309511650.

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13

Whitelaw, Gavin. "Lydenburg Revisited: Another Look at the Mpumalanga Early Iron Age Sequence." South African Archaeological Bulletin 51, no. 164 (December 1996): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3888842.

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14

Vogel, J. C. "Radiocarbon Dating of the Iron Age Sequence in the Limpopo Valley." Goodwin Series 8 (December 2000): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3858046.

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15

Sagona, Antonio. "The Bronze Age-Iron Age transition in northeast Anatolia: a view from Sos Höyük." Anatolian Studies 49 (December 1999): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3643070.

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The ancient settlement of Sos Höyük, situated east of Erzurum, is providing a significant stratigraphic sequence of human occupation from the Late Chalcolithic to the Medieval period. This sequence includes the transition from the end of the Bronze Age into the first centuries of the Iron Age, a period which is surrounded by difficult but intriguing historical questions. At the mound of Sos Höyük evidence for this transition is starting to emerge from a relatively small operation on the northern slope, midway down the mound, in trenches M15 and L16.The stratigraphic record at Sos Höyük together with a large range of radiocarbon readings taken from samples collected over four seasons of excavation indicate that the site was occupied throughout the late fourth/third millennium BC and intermittently in the second millennium. The earliest centuries of the second millennium BC are best defined by storage pits, wattle and daub dwellings and burials that conform generally to a tradition initially documented by Kuftin in his excavations of the Trialeti kurgan burials near Tbilisi, Georgia (Kuftin 1941; Miron, Orthmann 1995: 79–94).

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16

Wilmsen, Edwin N., Anne Griffiths, David Killick, and Phenyo Thebe. "The Manaledi Clay Mine: a ca. 1500 Year-Long Record of Potting from a Single Clay Source in the Tswapong Hills, Eastern Botswana." Journal of African Archaeology 17, no. 2 (December 2, 2019): 121–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/21915784-20190013.

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Abstract Current potters in Manaledi village in the Tswapong Hills of Botswana aver that they and their ancestors for five generations have made pottery exclusively with clay from nearby sources. We begin with an examination of Manaledi and its clay mine to uncover current dialectics between village, landscape, clay, potters, and ancestors. Archaeological sherds found around the village and clay sources document occupation by makers of Early Iron Age (ca. AD 500-750), Middle Iron Age (ca. AD 750-1050), Late Iron Age (ca. AD 1420-1800), and 18th-20th century wares related to current Manaledi pottery. The proximity of archaeological deposits, clay sources, and village made it possible to conduct simultaneously what might otherwise be considered three separate projects. As a consequence, we are able to document that Manaledi clays have been used to make pottery for some 1500 years and to consider long-standing constraints on potting this implies.

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17

Harrison, Timothy. "The Iron Age I–II Transition in the Northern Levant: An Emerging Consensus?" Jerusalem Journal of Archaeology 1 (June 18, 2021): 325–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.52486/01.00001.12.

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The development of a refined, and widely accepted, chronological and cultural sequence has eluded the study of the Iron Age Northern Levant, despite more than a century of archaeological exploration and research. The renewed investigations at Tell Tayinat (ancient Kunulua), capital of the Neo-Hittite Kingdom of Palastin/Walastin and scene of large-scale excavations by the Syrian-Hittite Expedition in the 1930s, have resulted in a tightly constructed stratigraphic and chronological cultural sequence, or “local history,” for this period. This refined “Amuq Sequence” indicates a number of culturally and historically significant transitions, including the transition from the Iron Age I to the Iron Age II, ca. 900 BCE, and it offers the prospect of forging a consensus regarding the cultural and chronological periodization of the broader Iron Age Northern Levant and Southeast Anatolia.

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18

Kourou, Nota. "A Cypriot Sequence in Early Iron Age Crete: Heirlooms, Imports and Adaptations." Cahiers du Centre d'Etudes Chypriotes 46, no. 1 (2016): 51–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/cchyp.2016.1676.

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19

Boeyens, Jan C. A. "The Late Iron Age Sequence in the Marico and Early Tswana History." South African Archaeological Bulletin 58, no. 178 (December 2003): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3889303.

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20

Quarta, G., M. I. Pezzo, S. Marconi, U. Tecchiati, M. D'Elia, and L. Calcagnile. "Wiggle-Match Dating of Wooden Samples from Iron Age Sites in Northern Italy." Radiocarbon 52, no. 3 (2010): 915–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200046014.

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Archaeological excavations carried out at the sites of Laion/Lajen (Bolzano/Bozen) and Stufles-Oberegger (Bressanone/Brixen) in northern Italy uncovered well-preserved wooden samples in cultural layers archaeologically dated to the Iron Age. From the 2 sites, different wooden samples were recovered that were well preserved enough to allow clear identification of the tree species and of the ring structure. Among the different wooden samples, 2 were selected for radiocarbon analyses: from Laion/Lajen, a beam with an unbroken sequence of 158 rings; from Stufles-Oberegger, a combusted trunk with a sequence of 217 rings. Both samples were identified as Larix decidua species. From each sequence, single rings were selected and submitted for accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 14C dating analysis at CEDAD. Conventional 14C ages were then calibrated to calendar ages using the IntCal04 atmospheric data set, while the statistical constraints resulting from the defined ring sequence were used to develop a wiggle-matching approach by making use of the Bayesian analysis functions available in OxCal. The obtained results are an important contribution in refining the chronology of the studied sites.

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21

Mosothwane, M. N., and M. Steyn. "In sickness or in health? Assessment of Early Iron Age human skeletons from Toutswe sites, east central Botswana." International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 19, no. 1 (June 3, 2008): 66–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oa.979.

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22

Pollard, Joshua, Val Fryer, Peter Murphy, Maisie Taylor, and Patricia Wiltshire. "Iron Age Riverside Pit Alignments at St Ives, Cambridgeshire." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 62 (1996): 93–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00002759.

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Excavations at a deeply alluviated site near St Ives, Cambridgeshire, revealed a complex sequence of boundary works of later prehistoric and Roman date running along the edge of a former course of the river Great Ouse. The most significant of these were two successive pit alignments constructed in the early-mid 1st millennium BC. One alignment ran along the very edge of the channel and was waterlogged over much of its length; upon excavation producing a rich assemblage of worked wood, including hedging debris. Broader discussion on the social context of pit alignments as boundary systems is offered.

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23

Iskra, Mateusz, and Tigran Zakyan. "Bronze and Iron Age pottery from Metsamor (2018 season)." Fieldwork and Research, no. 28.2 (December 28, 2019): 309–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/uw.2083-537x.pam28.2.17.

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A rich and diverse pottery assemblage from the Middle Bronze Age through the Urartian Red Burnished Ware and local “post-Urartian ware” of the Iron III period comes from occupational deposits discovered within the lower town of Metsamor during fieldwork in 2018. The stone architecture recorded in this sector functioned in the first half of the 1st millennium BC. The pottery finds thus represent periods from Iron Age I to Iron Age III, for the first time producing a detailed sequence for the previously less than satisfactorily documented Iron Age I phase. New types of pottery were also distinguished for the Urartian and post-Urartian phases.

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24

Waiman-Barak, P., A. Gilboa, and Y. Goren. "A Stratified Sequence of Early Iron Age Egyptian Ceramics at Tel Dor, Israel." Ägypten und Levante 24 (2015): 315–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/s315.

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25

Power, Timothy, Anne Benoist, and Peter Sheehan. "An Iron Age ceramic sequence from the Bayt Bin Ati, al‐Ain,UAE." Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 30, no. 1 (April 22, 2019): 75–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aae.12122.

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26

Gilboa, Ayelet, Ilan Sharon, and Jeffrey Zorn. "Dor and Iron Age Chronology: Scarabs, Ceramic Sequence and ¹⁴C." Tel Aviv: Journal of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University 2004, no. 1 (March 1, 2004): 32–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/033443504787997836.

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27

Higham, C. F. W. "The Iron Age of the Mun Valley, Thailand." Antiquaries Journal 91 (July 25, 2011): 101–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581511000114.

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AbstractThe archaeological landscape of the Mun River valley in north-east Thailand is dominated by many large, prehistoric settlements. These are easily recognized from the air, since they are encircled by banks and moats. Several of these sites were later occupied under the Angkorian kingdom, and incorporate brick temples. These sites present both an enigma and a challenge. Few have ever been excavated, and then only on a very small scale. This article presents the results of a fifteen-year research programme designed to illuminate the cultural sequences at several sites, investigate the social organization as it changed over time, and to identify the period when the moats and banks were constructed. Three sites have been excavated and a cultural sequence covering more than 2,000 years has been dated. This paper concentrates on the Iron Age (450bc–ad500), a period of effervescent social change that may be linked with population growth, engagement in a maritime trade network that incorporated India and China, the development of militarism and, in due course, the rapid transition into the period of the early states that anticipated the foundation of the kingdom of Angkor.

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28

Gilboa, Ayelet, and Ilan Sharon. "Early Iron Age Radiometric Dates from Tel Dor: Preliminary Implications for Phoenicia and Beyond." Radiocarbon 43, no. 3 (2001): 1343–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200038583.

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The absolute date of the Iron Age I and IIa periods in Israel, and by inference in the Southern Levant at large, are to date among the hottest debated issues in Syro-Palestinian archaeology. As there are no pegs of absolute chronology throughout this range, conventional chronology had been established on proposed correlations of the material record with events and social phenomena as portrayed in historical and literary sources, chiefly the Hebrew Bible. With the growing impact of so-called “revisionist” notions in Biblical studies, which to various extents question the historicity of the Bible, it is imperative to try to establish a chronological framework for the Iron I–IIa range that is independent of historical and so forth considerations, inter alia in order to be able to offer an independent archaeological perspective of the biblical debate. The most obvious solution is to attempt a radiocarbon-based chronology. This paper explores the possible implications of a sequence of 22 radiometric dates obtained from a detailed Iron I–IIa stratigraphic/ceramic sequence at Tel Dor, on Israel's Mediterranean coast. To date, this is the largest such sequence from any single early Iron Age site in Israel. Having been part of the Phoenician commercial sphere in the early Iron Age, Dor offers a variegated sequence of ceramics that have a significant spatial distribution beyond Phoenicia, and thus transcend regional differences and enable correlation with the surrounding regions. By and large, the absolute dates of these ceramics by the Dor radiometric chronology are up to a century lower than those established by conventional Palestinian ceramic chronology. The ramifications of the lower Dor dates for some Phoenician, Israelite, and Cypriot early Iron Age archaeological issues are explored.

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Manuelli, Federico, Cristiano Vignola, Fabio Marzaioli, Isabella Passariello, and Filippo Terrasi. "THE BEGINNING OF THE IRON AGE AT ARSLANTEPE: A 14C PERSPECTIVE." Radiocarbon 63, no. 3 (April 21, 2021): 885–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2021.19.

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ABSTRACTThe Iron Age chronology at Arslantepe is the result of the interpretation of Luwian hieroglyphic inscriptions and archaeological data coming from the site and its surrounding region. A new round of investigations of the Iron Age levels has been conducted at the site over the last 10 years. Preliminary results allowed the combination of the archaeological sequence with the historical events that extended from the collapse of the Late Bronze Age empires to the formation and development of the new Iron Age kingdoms. The integration into this picture of a new set of radiocarbon (14C) dates is aimed at establishing a more solid local chronology. High precision 14C dating by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) and its correlation with archaeobotanical analysis and stratigraphic data are presented here with the purpose of improving our knowledge of the site’s history and to build a reliable absolute chronology of the Iron Age. The results show that the earliest level of the sequence dates to ca. the mid-13th century BC, implying that the site started developing a new set of relationships with the Levant already before the breakdown of the Hittite empire, entailing important historical implications for the Syro-Anatolian region at the end of the 2nd millennium BC.

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30

MacKie, Euan W. "Iron Age and Early Historic Occupation of Jonathan's Cave, East Wemyss." Glasgow Archaeological Journal 13, no. 1 (January 1986): 74–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/gas.1986.13.13.74.

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Summary Excavations in 1980 in front of the Well Cave 3 and Jonathan's Cave (which contains Pictish carvings) uncovered a clear sequence of deposits on top of a raised beach; these included probably Iron Age and Pictish levels, and Medieval and recent layers. More of the strata in front of Jonathan's cave were exposed by new sea erosion in 1985. A full report on the discoveries is being prepared by the SDD.

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31

Insoll, Timothy, Rachel MacLean, Ceri Ashley, and Benjamin W. Kankpeyeng. "The Iron Age Ceramics from the Tong Hills, Northern Ghana. Sequence and Comparative Perspective." Journal of African Archaeology 9, no. 1 (June 2011): 15–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3213/1612-1651-10185.

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32

Noetzli, Leila J., Ashok Panigrahy, Mehrdad Joukar, Aleya Hyderi, Steven D. Mittelman, Thomas Coates, and John C. Wood. "Pituitary Iron and Volume in Transfusional Iron Overload: Normative Data." Blood 114, no. 22 (November 20, 2009): 4073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v114.22.4073.4073.

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Abstract Abstract 4073 Poster Board III-1008 Introduction Despite continuing advances in iron chelation therapy, endocrine dysfunction is common in chronically transfused patients with iron overload. In thalassemia major, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH), impaired glucose tolerance, delayed growth, and hypothyroidism are common, but gonadotrophic function is the most vulnerable and least reversible. Unfortunately, clinical effects of gonadotrophe iron toxicity are not detectable until puberty. Provocative GnRH stimulation can be used to detect preclinical HH, but it can be difficult to interpret in adolescents. Thus, surrogates for preclinical pituitary iron deposition and damage are imperative. MRI can be used to measure pituitary iron (R2) and volume, analogous to its use for the heart, liver, and pancreas. Increased pituitary R2 and decreased pituitary volume predict clinical and biochemical HH in adults with thalassemia major 1,2. However, to apply these techniques to prepubertal patients with iron overload, it is imperative to develop age-appropriate normative data for pituitary iron and volumes. The goal of this study was to determine trends/limits of pituitary R2 and volume in normal subjects between the ages of 2 and 25 years. Methods We studied 49 normal volunteers between the ages of 2 and 25 years old; informed consent was obtained in all examinations. Patients as young as four years of age were studied without anesthesia by using video goggles and appropriate coaching. Seven patients were studied under general anesthesia by adding the research MRI (< 10” duration) on to a clinically indicated sedated head MRI. All studies were performed on a 1.5 T Philips Achieva. Anterior pituitary R2 was assessed in the sagittal and coronal planes using a multi-echo spin echo sequence using eight echoes from 15 to 120 ms, five mm thick slices, 1 mm2 inplane resolution, and repetition time (TR) of 500 ms. Pituitary volume was assessed using a 3D spoiled gradient echo sequence with 1 mm3 isotropic voxels, TR 7.2 ms, echo time 3.3 ms, and flip angle of eight degrees. Pituitary R2 was calculated by pixelwise fitting to a monoexponential without a background offset. Regions of interest incorporating the anterior pituitary were manually traced, with mean and median values were used to represent the overall gland R2. All contours were confirmed by a board certified neuroradiologist. Piecewise linear regression was used to describe anterior pituitary volume, while R2 values were well described by simple linear regression. All statistics were performed using JMP5.1 (SAS, Cary, NC). Results Anterior pituitary volume increased linearly with age (Figure 1, left) and plateaued at 18 years of age. Normalization with respect to age produced lower variability than normalization with respect to height, weight, and body surface area. No gender differences were observed. Posterior pituitary volume also increased with age but appeared larger in mid puberty than in adulthood (not shown). Sagittal and coronary pituitary R2 increased linearly (r2 = 0.10 and 0.38, p = 0.03 and < 0.001) with age throughout the study interval (Figure 1, right). Mean and median R2 values were unbiased and highly correlated (r2 = 0.93) with one another but median values were more robust to outliers. Pituitary R2 estimates in the sagittal and coronal planes were not statistically equivalent. Sagittal R2 values exhibited a bias of -3% that increased with R2 value. Limits of agreement were ± 20%. With respect to age-normalization, coronal R2 values exhibited 31% lower variability than sagittal images. Discussion Pituitary R2 values and pituitary volumes are age-dependent. Coronal R2 estimates were slightly higher and had lower variability than values calculated in the sagittal plane. This likely reflects the larger and more homogeneous sampling area in coronal pituitary views. Nomograms from these data will improve recognition of preclinical pituitary iron loading and volume-loss in iron overloaded patients. Additional subjects will be necessary to resolve peripubertal changes in posterior pituitary volume, trends in early adulthood, and gender or ethnicity differences. Disclosures: Coates: Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau. Wood:Novartis: Research Funding.

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33

BOUCHARLAT, Rémy, Henri-Paul FRANCFORT, and Olivier LECOMTE. "The Citadel of Ulug Depe and the Iron Age Archaeological Sequence in Southern Central Asia." Iranica Antiqua 40 (May 21, 2005): 479–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/ia.40.0.583223.

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34

Shochat, Harel, and Ayelet Gilboa. "Elusive destructions: reconsidering the Hazor Iron Age II sequence and its chronological and historical implications." Levant 50, no. 3 (September 2, 2018): 363–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00758914.2019.1669337.

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35

Hingley, Richard. "Esoteric Knowledge? Ancient Bronze Artefacts from Iron Age Contexts." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 75 (2009): 143–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00000335.

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‘Esoteric knowledge is knowledge of the unusual, the exceptional, the extraordinary; knowledge of things that in some way lie beyond the familiar everyday world’ (Helms 1988, 13)This paper explores the ways in which Bronze Age bronze artefacts may, on occasions, have been used in the commemoration of place during the southern British Iron Age. The chronologically-based typological systems adopted by archaeologists indicate that these artefacts occur out of their time as they were already several centuries old when they were buried, but it should not be supposed that Iron Age societies necessarily viewed these items entirely in terms of a linear sequence of time. While broadly similar in form and material to items in the cultural repertoire of contemporary society, the bronzes were also quite distinct in the particular forms that they adopted. That these items often appear to have been deposited at sites with a pre-existing monumentality may suggest that objects and places were felt to share ‘otherworldliness’. These items and places may have been used to construct esoteric knowledge through reference to spirits but it is also likely that particular acts of curation and deposition created genealogical associations, incorporating ideas of the mythical past into the context of the present. Drawing on the evidence for the form and contexts of depositions of these objects, this paper addresses the connected topics of what Iron Age society did to objects and sites derived from its own past and what we, in turn, do to (and can do with) the information derived from the Iron Age.

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36

Massey, Richard, Matt Nichol, Dana Challinor, Sharon Clough, Matilda Holmes, E. R. McSloy, Katie Marsden, et al. "Iron Age and Roman Enclosed Settlement at Winchester Road, Basingstoke." Hampshire Studies 74, no. 1 (December 1, 2019): 36–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.24202/hs2019003.

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Excavation in Area 1 identified an enclosed settlement of Middle–Late Iron Age and Early Roman date, which included a roundhouse gully and deep storage pits with complex fills. A group of undated four-post structures, situated in the east of Area 1, appeared to represent a specialised area of storage or crop processing of probable Middle Iron Age date. A sequence of re-cutting and reorganisation of ditches and boundaries in the Late Iron Age/Early Roman period was followed, possibly after a considerable hiatus, by a phase of later Roman activity, Late Iron Age reorganisation appeared to be associated with the abandonment of a roundhouse, and a number of structured pit deposits may also relate to this period of change. Seven Late Iron Age cremation burials were associated with a contemporary boundary ditch which crossed Area 1. Two partly-exposed, L-shaped ditches may represent a later Roman phase of enclosed settlement and a slight shift in settlement focus. An isolated inhumation burial within the northern margins of Area 1 was tentatively dated by grave goods to the Early Saxon period.<br/> Area 2 contained a possible trackway and field boundary ditches, of which one was of confirmed Late Iron Age/Early Roman date. A short posthole alignment in Area 2 was undated, and may be an earlier prehistoric feature.

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37

Biagetti, Stefano, Jonas Alcaina-Mateos, Abel Ruiz-Giralt, Carla Lancelotti, Patricia Groenewald, Jordi Ibañez-Insa, Shira Gur-Arie, Fred Morton, and Stefania Merlo. "Identifying anthropogenic features at Seoke (Botswana) using pXRF: Expanding the record of southern African Stone Walled Sites." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 12, 2021): e0250776. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250776.

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Numerous and extensive ‘Stone Walled Sites’ have been identified in southern African Iron Age landscapes. Appearing from around 1200 CE, and showing considerable variability in size and form, these settlements are named after the dry-stone wall structures that characterize them. Stone Walled Sites were occupied by various Bantu-speaking agropastoral communities. In this paper we test the use of pXRF (portable X-ray fluorescence analysis) to generate a ‘supplementary’ archaeological record where evident stratigraphy is lacking, survey conditions may be uneven, and excavations limited, due to the overall site size. We propose herein the application of portable X-ray fluorescence analysis (pXRF) coupled with multivariate exploratory analysis and geostatistical modelling at Seoke, a southern African SWS of historical age (18th century CE). The aim of the paper is twofold: to explore the potential of the application of a low cost, quick, and minimally invasive technique to detect chemical markers in anthropogenic sediments from a Stone Walled Site, and to propose a way to analyse the results in order to improve our understanding of the use of space at non-generalized scales in such sites.

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Longley, David. "Bryn Eryr: An Enclosed Settlement of the Iron Age on Anglesey." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 64 (January 1998): 225–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00002231.

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Excavations on the site of a rectangular earthwork at Bryn Eryr, Angelsey, have identified a sequence of occupation. In the Middle Iron Age a single clay-walled round-house stood within a timber stockade. By the later Iron Age a second house had been added, adjacent to the first, and these two houses became the focus of a planned settlement. A rectangular bank and ditch enclosure was established of 0.3 ha internal area. A yard developed in front of the houses, at the head of a trackway leading from the entrance. Rectangular post-built structures, perhaps granaries, were built and pits were dug to provide clay flooring and, perhaps, wall plastering for the houses. By the early 1st millennium AD the perimeter ditch had become choked with silt and the bank was eroding badly. A third house, with stone footings, was added to the south of the original two, one of which was by now out of use. Romano-British pottery, in small quantities but of good quality, was in use on the site. The farm appears to have been abandoned, after perhaps 700 years of development, during the late 3rd or 4th century AD.

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Dueppen, Stephen A. "Early evidence for chickens at Iron Age Kirikongo (c. AD 100–1450), Burkina Faso." Antiquity 85, no. 327 (February 2011): 142–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00067491.

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An excavated sequence from Burkina Faso shows that the Asian jungle fowlGallus gallus, also known as the chicken, had made its way into West Africa by the mid first millennium AD. Using high precision recovery from a well-stratified site, the author shows how the increasing use of chickens could be chronicled and distinguished from indigenous fowl by both bones and eggshell. Their arrival was highly significant, bringing much more than an additional source of food: it put a sacrificial creature, essential for numerous social and economic transactions, in reach of everyone.

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Higham, C. F. W., B. F. J. Manly, R. Thosarat, H. R. Buckley, N. Chang, S. E. Halcrow, S. Ward, D. J. W. O'Reilly, L. G. Shewan, and K. Domett. "Environmental and Social Change in Northeast Thailand during the Iron Age." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 29, no. 4 (April 1, 2019): 549–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774319000192.

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The Iron Age of Mainland Southeast Asia began in the fifth centurybcand lasted for about a millennium. In coastal regions, the development of trade along the Maritime Silk Road led to the growth of port cities. In the interior, a fall in monsoon rains particularly affected the Mun River valley. This coincided with the construction of moats/reservoirs round Iron Age settlements from which water was channelled into wet rice fields, the production of iron ploughshares and sickles, population growth, burgeoning exchange and increased conflict. We explore the social impact of this agricultural revolution through applying statistical analyses to mortuary samples dating before and after the development of wet rice farming. These suggest that there was a swift formation of social elites represented by the wealth of mortuary offerings, followed by a decline. Two associated changes are identified. The first involved burying the dead in residential houses; the second considers the impact of an increasingly aquatic environment on health by examining demographic trends involving a doubling of infant mortality that concentrated on neonates. A comparison between this sequence and that seen in coastal ports suggests two interconnected instances of rapid pathways to social change responding to different social and environmental stressors.

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Kuzmin, Yaroslav V., Alexander A. Vasilevski, Sergei V. Gorbunov, G. S. Burr, A. J. Timothy Jull, Lyobov A. Orlova, and Olga A. Shubina. "Chronology of Prehistoric Cultural Complexes of Sakhalin Island (Russian Far East)." Radiocarbon 46, no. 1 (2004): 353–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200039655.

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A chronological framework for the prehistoric cultural complexes of Sakhalin Island is presented based on 160 radiocarbon dates from 74 sites. The earliest 14C-dated site, Ogonki 5, corresponds to the Upper Paleolithic, about 19,500–17,800 BP. According to the 14C data, since about 8800 BP, there is a continuous sequence of Neolithic, Early Iron Age, and Medieval complexes. The Neolithic existed during approximately 8800–2800 BP. Transitional Neolithic-Early Iron Age complexes are dated to about 2800–2300 BP. The Early Iron Age may be dated to about 2500–1300 BP. The Middle Ages period is dated to approximately 1300–300 BP (VII–XVII centuries AD).

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SÁNCHEZ-ELIPE LORENTE, MANUEL, ALFREDO GONZÁLEZ-RUIBAL, JESÚS F. JORDÁ PARDO, and CARLOS MARÍN SUÁREZ. "THE IRON AGE IN WEST CENTRAL AFRICA: RADIOCARBON DATES FROM CORISCO ISLAND (EQUATORIAL GUINEA)." Journal of African History 57, no. 3 (November 2016): 345–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185371600027x.

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AbstractOver the last few decades the number of radiocarbon dates available for West Central Africa has increased substantially, even though it is still meagre compared with other areas of the continent. In order to contribute to a better understanding of the Iron Age of this area we present and analyze a total of 22 radiocarbon dates obtained from sites from the island of Corisco (Equatorial Guinea). By comparing them with those from Equatorial Guinea, southern Cameroon, and coastal Gabon and Congo we intend to clarify the picture of the West Central African Iron Age and propose a more accurate archaeological sequence.

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Higham, Charles F. W., Judith Cameron, Nigel Chang, Cristina Castillo, Sian Halcrow, Dougald O'Reilly, Fiona Petchey, and Louise Shewan. "THE EXCAVATION OF NON BAN JAK, NORTHEAST THAILAND - A REPORT ON THE FIRST THREE SEASONS." Journal of Indo-Pacific Archaeology 34 (November 24, 2014): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.7152/jipa.v34i0.14721.

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<p class="1Abstract"><span lang="EN-US">Non Ban Jak is a large, moated site located in the upper Mun Valley, Northeast Thailand. Excavations over three seasons in 2011-4 have revealed a sequence of occupation that covers the final stage of the local Iron Age. The site is enclosed by two broad moats and banks, and comprises an eastern and a western mound separated by a lower intervening area. The first season opened an 8 by 8 m square on the eastern mound, while the second and third seasons uncovered part of the low terrain rising into the western mound, encompassing an area of 25 by 10 m. The former revealed a sequence of industrial, residential and mortuary activity that involved the construction of houses, kiln firing of ceramic vessels and the interment of the dead within residences. The latter involved four phases of a late Iron Age cemetery, which again incorporated house floors and wall foundations, as well as further evidence for ceramic manufacture. The excavation sheds light on a late Iron Age town occupied at the threshold of state formation.</span></p>

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Berrocal-Rangel, Luis, Rosario García-Giménez, Lucía Ruano, and Raquel Vigil de la Villa. "Vitrified Walls in the Iron Age of Western Iberia: New Research from an Archaeometric Perspective." European Journal of Archaeology 22, no. 2 (November 20, 2018): 185–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eaa.2018.69.

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The phenomenon of Iron Age vitrified ramparts has become increasingly recognisable in the last twenty years in the Iberian Peninsula. After the first walls with vitrified stones were discovered in southern Portugal, there have been several findings scattered throughout western Iberia. A chronological sequence from the Late Bronze Age to the Late Iron Age can be established on the basis of the archaeological remains, with reference to different historical and functional conditions. This article reviews the data obtained from the various sites, in order to understand the context in which the stone structures became vitrified. Furthermore, we have analysed samples of stones and mud bricks that have been altered by fire from these sites, which has allowed us to explain the variability in the archaeological record in relation to different historical processes. With all these data, we aim to contribute to our knowledge of a phenomenon that is widespread in Iron Age Europe.

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Fischer, Peter M., and Teresa Bürge. "The Swedish Jordan Expedition 2014 at Tall Abu al-Kharaz. Preliminary results from areas 12 and 13." Opuscula. Annual of the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome 8 (November 2015): 157–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.30549/opathrom-08-07.

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In previous seasons excavations have concentrated on the periphery of the city of Tall Abu al-Kharaz, a multi-period tell in the Central Jordan Valley. Tall Abu al-Kharaz flourished from the Early Bronze to Islamic times, from roughly 3200 BC to the 10th century AD. The main object of the field work in 2014 was to investigate the area around the geographical centre of the city (Area 12). Preference was given to further investigation of the Iron Age sequence, i.e. the period from the 12th to the 7th centuries BC (local Phases IX–XV). Another task was to extend the excavations in the northern part of the city, Area 7, which produced essential information on the Iron Age, towards the south (Area 13) in order to generate a coherent picture of Iron Age occupation in the city’s northern half. Domestic structures and a system of fortified walls were uncovered. The rich find assemblage confirmed connections with the Cypriote and Phoenician sphere of culture. The exposure of the remains in general stopped when Late Bronze Age levels were reached. Nevertheless, remnant “islands” of Late and Early Bronze Age remains, left aside by the Iron Age settlers, were uncovered. A burial pit with the skeleton of a female from Byzantine or Abbasid times was found in Area 12, cut into Iron Age layers.

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46

Tasic, Nikola. "Bronze and Iron Age sites in Srem and the stratigraphy of Gomolava." Balcanica, no. 36 (2005): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/balc0536007t.

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Systematic excavation at Gomolava conducted almost interruptedly between 1953 and 1985 provided an almost full insight into the human occupation of the southern Pannonian Plain from the Early Neolithic to the successive arrival of Celts and Romans. This fact makes it possible for many of the excavated short-lived or horizontally-stratified settlements to be defined in relation to Gomolava's stratigraphic sequence. As a result, the paper attempts to establish a relative chronology for Bronze and Iron Age sites in the area between the Sava and Danube rivers. By way of illustration, it offers four maps suggesting synchronous developments. Thus Map 1 shows chronological parallelism between the Early Bronze Age layers and late Vucedol and Vinkovci sites (such as Pecine near Vrdnik, or Belegis, Vojka and Batajnica) belonging to the final Eneolithic and Early Bronze, while Map 2 shows synchronisms between Gomolava IVb-c and the Vinkovci layers at the sites of Gradina on the Bosut, Gradac at Belegis, Petrovaradin Fortress, and Asfaltna Baza on the outskirts of Zemun. The end of the Bronze Age represented by Gomolava IVb1 to IVc is shown to be synchronous with the settlements, necropolises and hoard horizons of an Ha A1 and A2 date. Finally, Early Iron Age sites are easy to fit in with the Srem sites owing to systematic excavations at Gradina on the Bosut near Sid, Kalakaca near Beska and numerous hoards of bronze artefacts marking a clear boundary between the Bronze and Early Iron Ages. At Gomolava this transition is reflected in horizons Va to Vd: the earliest is represented by black channeled pottery of the Gava type, while the other three are connected with the evolution of the Bosut-Basarabi complex.

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47

Brown, R. Clark, Deqiang Qiu, Laura Hayes, Vaughn Barry, and Richard Jones. "Quantitation of Iron in Brain Structures of Children with Sickle Cell Disease and Transfusion Hemosiderosis." Blood 124, no. 21 (December 6, 2014): 1393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v124.21.1393.1393.

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Abstract Introduction:Children with sickle cell disease (SCD) and abnormal cerebral blood flow often receive cyclic blood transfusions (CTx) to reduce risk of stroke. While effective for stroke prevention, CTx causes systemic iron accumulation that may damage multiple organs (Harmatz P., Blood 2000). Iron toxicity from CTx is poorly described for the brain, in comparison to the liver and heart. Quantifying iron in the subcortical structures and the choroid plexus is of renewed clinical importance, due to recent findings that iron accumulation in these regions may predict CNS injury in neurodegenerative disorders. In this study, a new imaging protocol is applied to quantify iron levels and measure structural volumes for the subcortical structures and choroid plexus of children with SCD on CTx, using healthy children for comparison. Methods:SCD patients were eligible if at least 12 consecutive months of CTx were received for abnormal transcranial doppler. Patients with history of CVA were excluded, due to potential confounding effects of prior ischemic damage.Healthysiblings and relatives were used as ethnic- and age-matched controls.MRI scans of the liver and brain, using a Siemens 3T Trio scanner, was performed without sedation for all subjects. A modified pulse sequence (R2*) for the 3T scanner was used to determine liver iron concentration. T1-weighted imaging sequence with MPRAGE was used for anatomical identification and volume measurements of brain regions (Kirk G., Cerebral Cortex 2009). A 3D multi-echo gradient-echo sequence (FOV=256x192mm, Matrix=256x192, Slice thickness = 2mm, 72 slices, TR = 50 ms, first TE = 3.7ms, 12 echoes, echo spacing = 3.8ms) was used for the quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM), a MRI method that is sensitive to tissue iron (Shmueli K., Magn Reson Med 2009). Iron levels were generated with a post-processing protocol developed for this application (modification of Qiu D., AJNR 2014). To compare iron levels between the two groups a general linear model (GLM) was used that incorporated the ages of the subjects into the comparison. For the patients, an additional GLM analysis was performed to determine if iron level when in each region when corrected for age was associated duration of transfusions, liver R2* and average serum ferritins. Results:MRI scans were evaluable for 25 SCD patients on CTx and 23 controls. There were no significant differences between patients and healthy controls with respect to age, sex or ethnicity. The average duration of CTx was 6.0 (1.5-12.6) yrs and the average serum ferritin and liver iron R2* were 2540 ng/ml and 819 Hz (~14.8mg/g dry weight), respectively. As anticipated, iron level in the choroid plexus was significantly elevated in patients compared to controls (p=1.4x10-7), and levels correlated well with serum ferritin (p=0.0003) and liver R2* (p=0.001) (panel a). While there were no significant differences detected between the groups with respect to iron levels in the subcortical structures, there was a trend to increasing differences between the groups with age in the Substanita Nigra, Red Nucleus and Dentate Nucleus (panels b,c,d). In the GLM analysis, age was significantly associated with iron levels in the subcortical structures, not in the choroid plexus. Although iron levels in some of the subcortical structures were associated with duration of CTx, ferritin and liver R2*, the significance was predominately lost when corrected for age. These observations suggest additional studies with older subjects may reveal increased differences. Volumetric analysis was performed to assess potential injury to deep gray matter. The measured volumes of the subcortical structures were not statistically different between the groups, with a noted exception of the caudate nucleus (p=0.021), a region of known predisposition to injury in SCD (Steen R., Ann Neurol 1999). Conclusions: The MRI protocol successfully quantified iron in brain structures, associated with neurodegenerative disorders. Iron accumulation in the choroid plexus was significant in SCD patients on CTx, and correlated with other markers of iron overload. While iron was detectable in subcortical structures, the levels were not significant different from controls after adjusting for age. These finding should be helpful in planning for a longitudinal study that includes a broader age range. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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48

Sevin, Veli. "The Early Iron Age in the Elaziǧ Region and the Problem of the Mushkians." Anatolian Studies 41 (December 1991): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3642931.

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The salvage excavations and related surveys carried out both in the Keban and in the Karakaya reservoir areas during the last twenty years have made the Elazıǧ region one of the most thoroughly examined areas of Anatolia. Our archaeological information about this region, which previously was extremely limited, has now reached a significantly high level. Surveys conducted by the present writer during 1985–87, especially in the outlying areas of the reservoir regions, have resulted in the establishment of an archaeological sequence for almost the whole of the area. In spite of all this, it cannot be said that the history of the region is yet fully understood. For example, the two questions, when did the Early Iron Age begin in the region and what were the reasons behind its beginnings, are still far from being answered.In written documents relating to the Hittite ruler Shuppiluliuma I, the region is referred to as a kingdom, while in the time of Tudhalia IV it is clearly understood that the area, known as Ishuwa, had become a vassal kingdom of the Hittite empire, where people of Hurrian origin were living.

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Bouthillier, Christina, Carlo Colantoni, Sofie Debruyne, Claudia Glatz, Mette Marie Hald, David Heslop, Ekin Kozal, et al. "Further work at Kilise Tepe, 2007-2011: refining the Bronze to Iron Age transition." Anatolian Studies 64 (2014): 95–161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066154614000076.

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AbstractThe excavations at Kilise Tepe in the 1990s inevitably left a range of research questions unanswered, and our second spell of work at the site from 2007 to 2011 sought to address some of these, relating to the later second and early first millennia. This article gathers the architectural and stratigraphie results of the renewed excavations, presenting the fresh information about the layout and character of the Late Bronze Age North-West Building and the initial phases of the Stele Building which succeeded it, including probable symbolic practices, and describing the complex stratigraphic sequence in the Central Strip sounding which covers the lapse of time from the 12th down to the seventh century. There follow short reports on the analyses of the botanical and faunal materials recovered, a summary of the results from the relevant radiocarbon dating samples and separate studies addressing issues resulting from the continuing study of the ceramics from the different contexts. Taken together, a complex picture emerges of changes in settlement layout, archi¬tectural traditions, use of external space, artefact production and subsistence strategies during the centuries which separate the Level III Late Bronze Age settlement from the latest Iron Age occupation around 700 BC.

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Buder, S., K. Lind, M. K. Ness, M. Asplund, L. Duong, J. Lin, J. Kos, et al. "The GALAH survey: An abundance, age, and kinematic inventory of the solar neighbourhood made with TGAS." Astronomy & Astrophysics 624 (April 2019): A19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201833218.

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The overlap between the spectroscopic Galactic Archaeology with HERMES (GALAH) survey and Gaia provides a high-dimensional chemodynamical space of unprecedented size. We present a first analysis of a subset of this overlap, of 7066 dwarf, turn-off, and sub-giant stars. These stars have spectra from the GALAH survey and high parallax precision from the Gaia DR1 Tycho-Gaia Astrometric Solution. We investigate correlations between chemical compositions, ages, and kinematics for this sample. Stellar parameters and elemental abundances are derived from the GALAH spectra with the spectral synthesis code SPECTROSCOPY MADE EASY. We determine kinematics and dynamics, including action angles, from the Gaia astrometry and GALAH radial velocities. Stellar masses and ages are determined with Bayesian isochrone matching, using our derived stellar parameters and absolute magnitudes. We report measurements of Li, C, O, Na, Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, as well as Ba and we note that we have employed non-LTE calculations for Li, O, Al, and Fe. We show that the use of astrometric and photometric data improves the accuracy of the derived spectroscopic parameters, especially log g. Focusing our investigation on the correlations between stellar age, iron abundance [Fe/H], and mean alpha-enhancement [α/Fe] of the magnitude-selected sample, we recover the result that stars of the high-α sequence are typically older than stars in the low-α sequence, the latter spanning iron abundances of −0.7 < [Fe/H] < +0.5. While these two sequences become indistinguishable in [α/Fe] vs. [Fe/H] at the metal-rich regime, we find that age can be used to separate stars from the extended high-α and the low-α sequence even in this regime. When dissecting the sample by stellar age, we find that the old stars (>8 Gyr) have lower angular momenta Lz than the Sun, which implies that they are on eccentric orbits and originate from the inner disc. Contrary to some previous smaller scale studies we find a continuous evolution in the high-α-sequence up to super-solar [Fe/H] rather than a gap, which has been interpreted as a separate “high-α metal-rich” population. Stars in our sample that are younger than 10 Gyr, are mainly found on the low α-sequence and show a gradient in Lz from low [Fe/H] (Lz > Lz, ⊙) towards higher [Fe/H] (Lz < Lz, ⊙), which implies that the stars at the ends of this sequence are likely not originating from the close solar vicinity.

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