Academic literature on the topic 'Iron air'
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Journal articles on the topic "Iron air"
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Sinurat, Merry Ananda Pratiwi, Bellinda Dara Dinanti, Widiya Widiya, and Rizki Purnaini. "Kombinasi Aerasi-Filtrasi dalam Pengolahan Air Sumur Gali Menjadi Air Bersih." Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan Lahan Basah 12, no. 2 (2024): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/jtllb.v12i2.76659.
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The increasing population growth will lead to an increased demand for clean water. Homewer, in some areas, people still use raw water from dug wells without any prior treatment. This research aims to develop well water treatment technology using a combination of aeration and filtration systems and to evaluate its effectiveness in reducing iron and turbidity levels in well water. The combination of aeration-filtration technology can achieve a 95% reduction in iron content, with the iron parameter value before treatment being 0,791 mg/L and after treatment being 0,062 mg/L. As for turbidity parameter, it has an effectiveness of 97% with an initial value before treatment of 16 NTU and after treatment becoming 0,355 NTU. This combination technology offers an effective solution to improve water quality with a significant reduction in iron and turbidity parameters.
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Unhold, Locke. "Iron and Sand and Air." Scope: Contemporary Research Topics (Art & Design), no. 24 (2023): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.34074/scop.1024011.
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Zhou, Jingkun, and Yunkai Zhou. "Spatial Effect and Threshold Characteristics of China’s Iron and Steel Industrial Agglomeration on Fog-Haze Pollution." Atmosphere 14, no. 2 (2023): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14020415.
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The iron and steel industry is an important foundation of the national economy. It is the inevitable choice, to achieve high-quality development in the new era of the iron and steel industry, to speed up the green development of the iron and steel industry. This paper studies the effect of steel industry agglomeration on regional economic growth and air pollution. Through the analysis of the characteristics of iron and steel industry agglomeration, and the empirical analysis of the relationship between iron and steel industry agglomeration, regional economic growth, and air pollution, it is found that: (1) Iron and steel industry agglomeration helps to promote economic growth; (2) Iron and steel industry agglomeration has an obvious spatial correlation effect and obviously drives the development of surrounding areas; (3) Iron and steel industry agglomeration will cause air pollution. The marginal effect of air pollution will decline rapidly with the development of iron and steel industry agglomeration. (4) The impact of green process innovation investment on air pollution presents an inverted U-shaped effect, which has a positive effect on air recovery after exceeding the critical point. (5) The air self-purification capacity represented by precipitation, helps to reduce air pollution. Based on the above conclusions, this paper puts forward some policy suggestions, such as making a scientific development plan for the iron and steel industry, accelerating green process innovation, effectively improving regional precipitation and precipitation times, vigorously promoting high-quality development of the regional economy, and comprehensively promoting coordinated development of the iron and steel industry, so as to cope with the dilemma of the coordinated development of the iron and steel industry, regional economic growth, and smog pollution, and strive for international development in the future. In the competition, we should gain the first opportunity and obvious competitive advantage.
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Gani, Asnah Junitriani, Rosdiana Rosdiana, and Wa Ndibale. "Analisis Kualitas Air Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum Unit Anduonohu." Jurnal TELUK: Teknik Lingkungan UM Kendari 2, no. 2 (2022): 046–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.51454/teluk.v2i2.538.
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The quality of clean water is an important factor in all matters, especially for the Regional Drinking Water Company (PDAM) which will distribute clean water to the community. Maintaining the quality of clean water to avoid contaminants is something the needs to be considered. Therefore, it is necessary to periodically test water quality in order to maintain the quality of clean water obtained, such as testing the level of turbidity and Fe (iron). In this study, the result of the analysis of water quality testing parameters of turbidity and Fe (iron) at each point namely point 1, point 2, point 3, and point 4 had different result. The turbidity level obtained at point 1 (reservoir) was 0,8 NTU, increased at point 2 to 0,81 NTU and again increased at point 3 to 0,82 NTU. Then at point 4, the result obtained are back to 0,8 NTU. While the result of the analysis of the content of iron (Fe) obtained at point 1 (reservoir) is 0,006 mg/L, while at point 2 and point 3 the same results are obtained, namely 0,0052 mg/L, then at point 4 it is much increased to 0,02 mg/L. Things that effect the result of the analysis obtained at each point, including the difference in distance and contours of the soil at each point.
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Ghio, Andrew J., Joleen M. Soukup, and Lisa A. Dailey. "Air pollution particles and iron homeostasis." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects 1860, no. 12 (2016): 2816–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.05.026.
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Saleh, Rosani M. Hi, Zulkifli Zam Zam, Merlin -, Muhamamd Amin, and Sudir Umar. "FITOREMEDIASI TANAMAN KANGKUNG AIR (Ipomoea aquatica) TERHADAP LOGAM BESI (Fe) PADA AIR SUMUR." Jurnal Pendidikan Kimia Unkhair (JPKU) 4, no. 1 (2024): 7–11. https://doi.org/10.33387/jpku.v4i1.8404.
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 Informasi Jurnal Kata Kunci:               Fitoremediasi, Tanaman Kangkung Air (Ipomoea aquatica), logam berat Besi (Fe)AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan konsentrasi air sumur sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan fitoremediasi, kemampuan tanaman kangkung air (Ipomoea aquatica) dalam meyerap kadar besi (Fe) pada air sumur dan pengaruh penyerapan kadar besi (Fe) pada kangkung air sesudah fitoremediasi. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode fitoremediasi dengan memanfaatkan tanaman kangkung air. Analisis yang digunakan adalah Spektrofotometri UV-Vis, faktor biokonsentrasi, faktor translokasi. Hasil Penelitian di dapatkan konsentrasi (Fe) pada air sumur sebelum perlakuan sebesar 1,40 mg/L, sesudah perlakuan dengan variasi 10, 15, dan 20 tangkai berturut-turut 1,29 mg/L, 0,95 mg/L, dan 0,61 mg/L. Kangkung air mampu menyerap kadar besi (Fe) pada air sumur dengan penyerapan tertinggi terjadi di akar dengan jumlah variasi 20 tangkai sebesar 937,5 mg/kg. Terdapat pengaruh sesudah dilakukan perlakuan fitoremediasi terhadap terjadinya penyerapan kadar besi (Fe) pada air sumur..    Keyword:Phytoremediation, water spinach plant (Ipomoea aquatica), heavy metal iron (Fe).AbstractThis study aims to determine the difference in well water concentrations before and after phytoremediation treatment, the ability of water spinach plants (Ipomoea aquatica) to absorb iron (Fe) levels in well water and the effect of absorption of iron (Fe) levels in water spinach after phytoremediation. The Method used is the phytoremediation method by utilizing water spinach plants. The analysis used is UVVis spectrophotometry, bioconcentration factor, translocation factor. The research results obtained the concentration (Fe) in well water before treatment amounted to 1.40 mg/L, after treatment with a variation of 10, 15, and 20 stalks respectively 1.29 mg/L, 0.95 mg/L, and 0.61 mg/L. Water spinach is able to absorb iron (Fe) levels in well water with the highest absorption occurring in the roots with the number of variations of 20 stalks amounting to 937.5 mg/kg. There is an influence after the phytoremediation treatment on the absorption of iron (Fe) levels in well water.
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Arin, Anif Nur Fauziah, Sri Poerwati, and Karno. "SHOWER UNTUK PENURUNAN KADAR BESI (Fe) AIR TANAH." Gema Lingkungan Kesehatan 21, no. 1 (2023): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.36568/gelinkes.v21i1.48.
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Ground water that is consumed as drinking water is water which has passed processing system or water which has not passed any process that meets the healthstandard/requirements and can be consumed/drunk directly. Drinking water that fulfills the requirements according to the minister of health no 492 of 2010 has the maximum limit of iron (Fe) content which is 0.3 mg/l. The iron (Fe) content of ground water for drinking water in this research location exceeds the established quality standards, which yields 1,20 mg/.The objective of this research is to measure the iron content (Fe) before and after the treatment with the shower by using several variations of height 30 cm, 50 cm, 160 cm.Sampling method applied in this research was the grab sample with 9 times of replication and analyzed by using the Friedman statistic test. And the laboratory tests were carried out by using spectrophotometry.The results of laboratory examinations of iron (Fe) levels in ground water for drinking water after treatment using a shower with a height variation of 30 cm has reduced the iron content.in groundwater by 30.45%, height variation of 50 cm has reduced the iron (Fe)content in groundwater for drinking water which was 50.45%, and a height variation of 160 cm has effectively reduced iron (Fe) level by 80.75% which was the most effective height in reducing iron (Fe) levels. The results obtained have met the quality standards set by Minister of Health No. 492 In 2010. The results of the Friedman Statistical Test showed that there were differences in the decrease in iron (Fe) levels with the use of a circularshower with variations in height of 30 cm, 50 cm and 160 cm, so the hypothesis wasaccepted. In this research, the most effective height can be found by increasing the height of the shower and adding a longer contact time.
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Weinrich, Henning, Yasin Emre Durmus, Hermann Tempel, Hans Kungl, and Rüdiger-A. Eichel. "Silicon and Iron as Resource-Efficient Anode Materials for Ambient-Temperature Metal-Air Batteries: A Review." Materials 12, no. 13 (2019): 2134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12132134.
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Metal-air batteries provide a most promising battery technology given their outstanding potential energy densities, which are desirable for both stationary and mobile applications in a “beyond lithium-ion” battery market. Silicon- and iron-air batteries underwent less research and development compared to lithium- and zinc-air batteries. Nevertheless, in the recent past, the two also-ran battery systems made considerable progress and attracted rising research interest due to the excellent resource-efficiency of silicon and iron. Silicon and iron are among the top five of the most abundant elements in the Earth’s crust, which ensures almost infinite material supply of the anode materials, even for large scale applications. Furthermore, primary silicon-air batteries are set to provide one of the highest energy densities among all types of batteries, while iron-air batteries are frequently considered as a highly rechargeable system with decent performance characteristics. Considering fundamental aspects for the anode materials, i.e., the metal electrodes, in this review we will first outline the challenges, which explicitly apply to silicon- and iron-air batteries and prevented them from a broad implementation so far. Afterwards, we provide an extensive literature survey regarding state-of-the-art experimental approaches, which are set to resolve the aforementioned challenges and might enable the introduction of silicon- and iron-air batteries into the battery market in the future.
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Singh, Gurdeep, and Atahar Perwez. "Depreciation in Ambient Air Quality in Iron Ore Mining Region of Goa." Current World Environment 10, no. 1 (2015): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.10.1.17.
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Goa is one of the most famous international tourist destinations of the world. Export of Iron ore extracted from the midland of Goa is a major economic activity. However, there is a serious concern of air pollution due to iron ore mining activities. In order to assess the impact of mining activities on the environmental regime, the air quality depreciation index was adopted for this study due to its realistic and meaningful presentation of deterioration in ambient air quality. The index had been applied to the ambient air quality monitoring results of thirty four locations in the iron ore mining region of Goa. To envisage upon the deterioration in air quality due to various activities, eight stations were selected around mines, twelve in the buffer zone (within 4 Km radius of the core mining activities) and fourteen along the ore transportation routes for monitoring of SPM, PM10, SO2 and NOX. The deterioration of air quality in the iron ore mining region of Goa is clearly apparent as the depreciation in air quality was found < -1 from the most desired value of 0 at all the stations. In general, the air quality was found most depreciated along the ore transportation routes, which is also evidenced by a considerable load of particulate matters observed. This infers that ore transportation is the most devastating activity in the iron ore mining region of Goa and accordingly mitigation plan should be adopted.
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Sri Komala, Puti, Yenni Ruslinda, Ansiha Nur, Regina Mardatillah, and Srideva Salsabila. "Karakterisasi Air Kondensat AC sebagai Sumber Air Alternatif." Dampak 22, no. 1 (2025): 61–67. https://doi.org/10.25077/dampak.22.1.61-67.2025.
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This study analyzes the potential to reuse AC condensate water in Andalas University. The research was conducted in the Rectorate Building, the Civil Engineering Department, and the Environmental Engineering Department. AC condensate water sampling was conducted in 8 locations from the Rectorate, Civil Engineering, and Environmental Engineering office buildings. The parameters analyzed were pH, DO, Turbidity, COD, Metals, E.coli, and Total Coliform. Water quality was compared with the Minister of Health Regulation Number 2 of 2023, World Health Organization (WHO) for Drinking Water Quality Standards and Government Regulation Number 22 of 2021 concerning implementing Environmental Protection and Management. The results of water quality testing show that in addition to the parameters of pH, DO, Turbidity, COD, and Metals that have met the quality standards, the levels of iron (Fe), COD, and Total Coliform exceed the quality standards of the Minister of Health Regulation Number 2 of 2023. Used AC water is not recommended for consumption as drinking water. However, condensate AC water can be used for several activities, such as watering plants, cleaning floors and specific areas, and flushing toilets. The AC condensate water characterization results show that iron (Fe), COD, and Total Coliform parameters exceed the quality standards for drinking water requirements. AC condensate water is not recommended for consumption as drinking water without prior treatment. Used AC water can be utilized for several activities, such as watering plants, cleaning the floor, and cleaning the toilet. Keyword: condensate water; office building; potential; water source
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Iron air"
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Brown, Robert Alexander. "The combustion of titanium powder in air and iron oxide." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2000. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/28106/.
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The quest for ever stronger and tougher steels has lead to an interest in the 'Acicular Ferrite' microstructure, its chaotic and disordered morphology imparting a high degree of toughness to the steel. To date, only complex and expensive materials and manufacturing processes have formed acicular ferrite within bulk cast steel. As such, the thrust of this research is to produce a cheap steel addition, an iron - titanium oxide metal-ceramic composite, that will facilitate the formation of acicular ferrite in conventionally manufactured bulk cast steels. The Self-propagating High-temperature Synthesis (SHS) process has been utilised to manufacture the iron - titanium oxide material from compacts pressed from Fe203 + Ti powders. The fundamental reactions that occur as titanium powder and Fe203 + Ti powder compacts are heated in air and argon atmospheres have been investigated. The process’s involved are reported and have been modelled mathematically. A computer simulation of the reaction process has been developed and tested against experimental evidence. The effect of various compact parameters, the starting compact stoichiometry and other processing variables have been examined with respect to the composition of the products and their morphology.
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Donuk, Atilla. "Modeling And Design Of Iron-core Shunt Reactors With Discretely Distributed Air-gaps." Phd thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614923/index.pdf.
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In this research work detailed parallel and series equivalent circuits of a gapped iron-core shunt reactor with discretely distributed gaps are derived. The validity of the recommended equivalent circuits is verified by Finite Element Analysis and laboratory tests. Effects of fringing flux and discretely distributed gaps on inductance parameters and reactor losses are also investigated. Moving Strip Method for discretely distributed gapped shunt reactors is recommended. Two design procedures for shunt reactor with discretely distributed gaps are developed within the scope of this thesis. A simple and practical design approach is also developed which does not need any Finite Element Analysis software. This practical method is very useful for design engineers and researchers. The results of practical design approach are shown to be in good agreement with Finite Element Analysis and experimental work.
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Acquaviva, Alessandro. "Analytical Modeling of Iron Lossesfor a PM Traction Machine." Thesis, KTH, Elektrisk energiomvandling, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-105477.
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Permanent magnet (PM) machines offer several advantages in traction applications such as high efficiencyand high torque per volume ratio. The iron losses in these machines are estimated mostly with empiricallaws taken from other types of machines or with finite element simulations (FEM). In the first part of thisthesis the objective is to define an accurate analytical model for the stator yoke, teeth and rotor of a PMmotor which should work well enough for all operating point (different loads and frequency).This analytical model is found using an iterative process. After building a loss matrix and flux matrix basedon FEM simulations, it is possible to curve fit each of the lines or the rows of the matrix in order to achievethe best fitting for every operating point. This is a very new approach; it was shown that it gives thepossibility, even with a very limited number of FEM simulations, to achieve an accurate estimation of thelosses.The second part of this report focuses on optimizing this analytical method, comparing it with otherpossibilities, analyzing limits and advantages. Special attention is also given to the effects of the losses onthe temperatures in different parts of the machine. In the last part of the thesis, the analytical model isused to test a new control strategy. Its goal is to reduce the total losses of the motor and optimize the ratiobetween torque and total losses for a given driving cycle.
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Ohmori, Hiroko. "A Numerical Study of Solid Oxide Iron-Air Battery:Thermodynamic Analysis and Heat and Mass Transfer Characteristics." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/215529.
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Hailom, Yosef Futsum. "Solidification of iron and nickel base alloys and its relation to hot crack and air gap formation /." Stockholm : Casting of Metals, Royal Institute of Technology, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3856.
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Paul, Michael. "The catalytic effect of vanadium, iron and lead on the air oxidation of pile grade A graphite." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.385529.
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Smith, Kevin Richard. "The Role of Iron and Reactive Oxygen Species in Particulate Air Pollution-Dependent Biochemical and Biological Activities." DigitalCommons@USU, 1999. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4342.
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Particulate air pollution is known to exacerbate respiratory diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, in humans. It has been proposed that transition meta ls from inhaled particles may play a role in this exacerbation by generating radical species leading to damage in the lungs.
The aim of this research was to determine the role that iron from particulate air pollution played in the generation of reactive oxygen species and subsequently the induction of inflammatory mediators in cells in culture. The production of reactive oxygen species by particulate air pollution was found to be dependent on the mobilization of iron from the particles by chelators, such as the physiologically relevant citrate. The amount of iron mobilized from the combustion particulate, coal fly ash, was dependent on the type of coal used to generate the fly ash and was greatest
in the smallest size fraction collected for three different coal types. In addition, the amount of iron mobilized from coal fly ash by citrate correlated closely with the amount mobilized in human lung epithelial (A549) cells, as indicated by induction of the iron storage protein, ferritin. The amount of the proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin-8, secreted in response to coal fly ash treatment varied with the amount of iron mobilized intracellularly from the particles, with the greatest response to the smaller size fractions which released the largest amounts of iron. There was a direct relationship, above a threshold level of bioavailable iron, between the level of interleukin-8 and bioavailable iron in cells treated with coal fly ash. Tetramethyl thiourea and dimethyl sulfoxide prevented the increased production of interleukin-8 by human lung epithelial cells treated with coal fly ash, suggesting the role of a radical species in the induction of this inflammatory mediator.
The mobilization of iron from coal fly ash by citrate or in human lung epihelial cells, as well as the induction of interleukin-8, did not correlate with the total amount of iron in the particles. Instead, preliminary results suggest that these measured values vary directly with the amount of iron contained in the aluminosilicate fraction of the fly ash.
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Omur-Ozbek, Pinar. "Macromolecular Reactions and Sensory Perception at the Air-Water-Human Interface." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77226.
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During 20th century main concern was to have sanitary water flowing through the tap. In 21st century constant supply of safe drinking water is common at any home in USA. Hence consumers pay attention to aesthetic quality of tap water. Odorous algal metabolites in source water and metals introduced to drinking water due to corrosion of pipes in the distribution system cause taste, odor and color problems, and result in complaints and perception of tap water as unhealthy. Millions of dollars are spent each year by water industry to address and prevent these issues.
This research focused on some of the taste-and-odor issues associated with drinking water. First aim was to understand when geosmin, 2-MIB, and nonadienal become detectable, employing two-resistance mass transfer theory to determine the concentration of odorants in bathroom air. Results showed that water temperature and odorant concentration in water play an important role. Next focus was to develop an international odor standard to be used for training of sensory analysis panelists. There are many sensory methods to monitor drinking water to detect the off-flavors however an odor standard has been missing. Hexanal was studied with trained flavor profile analysis panels and was proposed as an ideal odor reference standard to be used for training and sensory assessment of water samples. Main focus was to understand metallic flavor of drinking water caused by iron and copper. It was shown that metallic sensation has taste and retronasal components creating the flavor and humans are very sensitive to it. Occurrence of lipid oxidation in the oral cavity was shown when metals were ingested, that produces carbonyls which are responsible for the metallic flavor. Antioxidants and chelators were investigated to study prevention of lipid oxidation and, chelators were determined to be more effective. Oral epithelial cell cultures were developed as a model for oral cavity to further investigate lipid oxidation and effectiveness of the antioxidants and chelators.
This dissertation is a result of inter-disciplinary work and possibly a good example for how problems may be solved by incorporating different methods and point of views from several disciplines.<br>Ph. D.
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Uliana, Alexandro. "A célula pneumática e sua aplicabilidade à flotação reversa do minério de ferro itabirítico." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3134/tde-03082017-084519/.
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A realização deste estudo teve por objetivo caracterizar o funcionamento de uma célula pneumática de flotação e comparar o seu desempenho às diferentes tecnologias [células mecânicas e colunas de flotação] já instaladas e em operação nos circuitos industriais da Samarco Mineração - no Circuito de Grossos e no Circuito de Finos. Utilizou-se, para a realização dos ensaios e/ou das análises, uma célula mecânica laboratorial [modelo Wemco®], uma célula pneumática piloto [modelo MBE®] e um medidor de tamanho de bolhas e de velocidade superficial do ar [modelo APBS®]. Neste estudo, utilizaram-se amostras coletadas na alimentação dos dois referidos circuitos industriais de flotação - executando-se, posteriormente, etapas complementares de caracterização mineralógica, levantamento de dados e análise estatística dos resultados. Como conclusões, em maior relevância, citam-se: a) Para as células pneumáticas, maiores aplicabilidades industriais foram identificadas para o modelo Pneuflot®, processando carvão e em operações na China. Foram mapeadas células de 4,1 a 5,0 m de diâmetro processando volumes de polpa superiores a 1.000 m3/h; b) Em análise de influência das variáveis, foi identificado que o percentual de sólidos da alimentação e a velocidade da polpa no distribuidor possuem elevada influência sobre as variáveis respostas do processo de flotação; c) Em célula pneumática, em escala piloto e em regime batch, observou-se que: para a flotabilidade de sílica, a constante cinética (k) foi fortemente influenciada pela granulometria, sendo de 0,719 min-1 para a amostra CG e de 0,237 min-1 para a amostra CF; d) Utilizando-se de modelos cinéticos, dimensionaram-se circuitos de células pneumáticas. Conforme especificações atualmente praticadas e sem otimizações, seriam necessárias 8 células para o Circuito de Grossos e 11 células para o Circuito de Finos. e) Em comparativos entre células mecânicas e colunas de flotação [em escala industrial], constataram-se maiores eficiências de circuitos contendo células pneumáticas [dimensionados a partir de resultados em escala piloto]; e f) Em análise de dispersão do ar, realizaram-se medições e/ou identificação das correlações existentes entre as variáveis velocidade superficial do ar (Jg), diâmetro médio de bolhas ou diâmetro de Sauter (d32), hold-up do ar (Eg) e fluxo superficial de área de bolhas (Sb).<br>This study aimed to characterize the operation of pneumatic cells and compare their performance to other different technologies [mechanical cells and columns] already installed and in operation in the industrial circuits of the company Samarco Mineração - Circuit of Coarse materials and Circuit of Fine materials. It was used, for the tests and/or assays, a laboratorial mechanical cell [Wemco® model], a pilot pneumatic cell [MBE® model] and a bubbles size and superficial air velocity measurer [APBS® model]. For these, feed samples of both industrial flotation circuits were taken - followed by complementary steps of mineralogical characterization, data collection and statistical analyzes of results. As conclusions, in higher relevance, have been noted: a) For the pneumatic cells, larger industrial applications were identified for the Pneuflot® model, processing coal and in operation in China. Cells measuring from 4,1 to 5,0 m of diameter were listed processing volumes higher than 1.000 m3/h; b) In an analysis of the influence of variables, it was identified that the percentage of solids in the feed and the velocity of slurry in the distributor have high influence on the process responses of flotation; c) In a pneumatic cell, on a pilot scale and under batch regime, for the floatability of silica, the kinetic constant (k) was strongly influenced by the size of particles, of 0,719 min-1 for the sample CG [from Coarse Circuit] and of 0,237 min-1 for the sample CF [from Fine Circuit]; d) Using kinetic models, circuits of pneumatic cells have been designed. According to the current specifications and without optimizations, 8 cells would be necessary for the Coarse Circuit and 11 cells for the Fine Circuit; e) In comparisons between mechanical cells and columns [on an industrial scale], greater efficiencies were noted for circuits containing pneumatic cells [designed from results on a pilot scale]; and f) In an analysis of the air dispersion, measurements and/or identification of existing correlations between the variables superficial air velocity (Jg), bubble size diameter (d32), air hold-up (Eg) and superficial area bubble flux (Sb) have been done.
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Li, Dazhi. "Synthesis and Applications of Novel Chiral NHC Precursors. Synthesis of Urea Derivatives through Decomposition of Cu-NHC under Air. Iron-mediated Synthesis of Dihydroquinoxalinones." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37234.
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Depuis sa première isolation, les ligands carbènes N-hétérocycliques (NHC) s’avèrent très utiles pour la coordination avec les métaux de transition ainsi que pour la catalyse. Étant abondant et moins onéreux, le fer en tant que catalyseur a connu un essor considérable au cours de ces dernières décennies. De nombreux Fe-NHCs ont été synthétisés, mais le Fe-NHC chiral utilisé pour la catalyse asymétrique en est encore à ses débuts. En comparaison avec les métaux rares, le cuivre en tant que métal de transition polyvalent et moins coûteux, a également suscité beaucoup d’attention. Cependant, le développement du Cu-NHC chiral en tant que catalyseur efficace reste difficile. Ainsi, plusieurs types de nouveaux précurseurs de ligand NHC chiral ont été synthétisés. Les synthèses de Fe-NHCs et de Cu-NHCs chiraux ont été initiées à partir des précurseurs chiraux. Il a été constaté que les Fe-NHCs et les Cu-NHCs se décomposent au contact de l’air. Les Fe-NHCs et Cu-NHCs chiraux générés in situ sont utilisés dans les réactions d'hydrosilylation, les réactions de Mukaiyama aldol, l'insertion de carbène métallique dans la liaison SiH et les réactions de type Heck. Les Fe- NHCs in situ se sont avérés non utilisables dans la réaction d'hydrosilylation de l'acétophénone. Pour les réactions de Mukaiyama aldol, les conditions d'utilisation de Fe-NHCs in situ ont permis d'obtenir les produits souhaités avec un rendement allant jusqu'à 88%. Cependant, aucune énantiosélectivité n'a été observée, probablement pour des raisons de désactivation du ligand NHC. La réaction d'insertion du métal-carbène dans la liaison SiH catalysée in situ par des Cu-NHCs a donné un rendement pouvant atteindre 84% et 24% ee de produit. En outre, les réactions de type Heck ont été testées avec un catalyseur chiral Pd-NHC, qui a aboutit à un rendement supérieur à 91% sans avoir fournir d’énantiosélectivité. De plus, les décompositions de différents types de Cu-NHCs et Ag-NHCs dans des solutions sous air humide ont été étudiées. L’hydrolyse et l’oxydation de Cu- NHCs ont généré, sous air, des imidazoliums et des dérivés d'urée. Les Ag-NHCs ont été hydrolysés pour donner des formamides ou des imidazoliums en solution sous air humide. Par la suite, une nouvelle méthode de synthèse du dérivé d'urée utilisant du cuivre et de l'air en tant qu'oxydant a été developpée. Elle a permis d'obtenir des rendements modérés voire même très bons pour des substrats sans encombrement stérique. Les conditions d'oxydation douces conviennent à la synthèse de dérivés d'urée possédant des groupes alkyle, benzyle, aryle, hydroxy primaire, un groupe tertbutyloxycarbonyle sensible aux acides et des groupes amine tertiaire. Dans le dernier projet, une synthèse générale et efficace des dihydroquinoxalinones énantiopures a été développée. La cyclisation réductrice de N-(o-nitroaryl)amino esters a été réalisée en utilisant du fer et du zinc métallique dans des conditions douces pour donner des dihydroquinoxalinones avec des rendements modérés à élevés et une pureté énantiomérique élevée.<br>Since its first isolation, N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHC) have been found very useful to coordinate with metals and serve as ligand in catalysis. With the advantages of environmental friendliness, abundance and being less expensive, iron as a metal catalyst has received growing attention in recent decades. Despite that many Fe-NHCs have been synthesized, chiral Fe-NHC for asymmetric catalysis is still in its infancy. In comparison to precious metals, copper as a versatile and less expensive transition metal also has recieved much attention. However, the development of chiral Cu-NHC as efficient catalyst is still challenging. Thus, several types of novel chiral NHC ligand precursors have been synthesized. The synthesis of chiral Fe-NHCs and Cu-NHCs were attempted using those chiral precursors. It was found that the Fe-NHCs and Cu-NHCs would decompose under air. On the other hand, the applications of in situ generated generated chiral Fe-NHCs and Cu-NHCs were carried out for hydrosilylation reactions, Mukaiyama aldol reactions, insertion of metal-carbene into SiH bond and Heck-type reactions. The in situ generated Fe-NHCs were found not applicable in the hydrosilylation of acetophenone. For the Mukaiyama aldol reactions, the conditions using in situ generated Fe-NHCs led to the desired products in up to 88% yield. However, no enantioselectivity was observed for all attempts, probably due to the deactivation of NHC ligand. The insertion reaction of metal-carbene into SiH bond catalyzed by in situ generated Cu-NHCs afforded up to 84% yield and 24% ee of product. Besides, the Heck-type reactions were tested using a chiral Pd-NHC as catalyst. The reactions afforded up to 91% yield, but no enantioselectivity was observed. Furthermore, the decompositions of different types of Cu-NHCs and Ag-NHCs in solutions under humid air were studied. The Cu-NHCs underwent hydrolysis and oxidation to generate imidazoliums and urea derivatives under air. The Ag-NHCs were hydrolyzed to yield formamides or imidazoliums in solution under humid air. Subsequently, a new synthetic method of urea derivative using copper and air as oxidant was developed, which provided moderate to very good yields for sterically unhindered substrates. The mild oxidation conditions are suitable for the synthesis of urea derivatives possessing alkyl, benzyl, aryl, primary hydroxy, acid-sensitive tertbutyloxycarbonyl group, and tertiary amine groups. In the last project, a general and efficient synthesis of enantiopure dihydroquinoxalinones has been developed. The reductive cyclization of N-(o-nitroaryl)amino esters was performed by using iron and zinc metal under mild conditions to afford dihydroquinoxalinones in moderate to high yields and high enantiomeric purity.
Books on the topic "Iron air"
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Thornborough, Anthony M. Iron hand: Smashing the enemy's air defences. P. Stephens Ltd., 2002.
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Asher, Manshi. Info pack on sponge iron industry: Issues & campaign. Edited by Mumtaz Rifat, Gandhy Sherna, and National Centre for Advocacy Studies (India). National Centre for Advocacy Studies, 2007.
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Sylvain, David C. Bath Iron Works Corporation, Bath, Maine. U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1996.
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Jeffrey, John. Gray iron foundry industry particulate emissions: Source category report. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, 1987.
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Jeffrey, John. Gray iron foundry industry particulate emissions: Source category report. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, 1987.
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Barnard, William R. Emission factors for iron and steel sources: Criteria and toxic pollutants. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, 1990.
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Skupniewicz, C. E. Lompoc Valley Diffusion Experiment analysis - Mt. Iron comparison and two zone convective scaling model. Naval Postgraduate School, 1992.
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Kinch, James Craig. Phytotoxicology survey report: Moss bag surveys in the vicinity of Benn Iron/Eaton Yale, Wallaceburg (1994). Queen's Printer for Ontario, 1996.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Iron air"
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Biswas, Subir, and Debasish Sarkar. "Hot Stove and Hot Air Carrying System." In Introduction to Refractories for Iron- and Steelmaking. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43807-4_4.
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Arafa, Isam M., Kenton R. Rodgers, and Harold M. Goff. "Iron Porphyrin Catalyzed Air Oxidation of Aldehydes and Alkenes." In Oxygen Complexes and Oxygen Activation by Transition Metals. Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0955-0_27.
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Frontasyeva, M. V., and E. Steinnes. "Heavy Metal Atmospheric Deposition around an Iron Smelter Complex Studied by the Moss Biomonitoring Technique." In Air Pollution in the Ural Mountains. Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5208-2_35.
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Bergas-Massó, Elisa, María Gonçalves-Ageitos, Stelios Myriokefalitakis, Ron L. Miller, and Carlos Pérez García-Pando. "How Does the Use of Different Soil Mineralogical Atlases Impact Soluble Iron Deposition Estimates?" In Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XXVIII. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12786-1_34.
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Pham Minh, Tu, Hung Bui Duc, Thinh Tran Van, Dung Dang Chi, and Vuong Dang Quoc. "Investigating Effects of Distance Air-Gaps on Iron-Core Shunt Reactors." In Advances in Engineering Research and Application. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92574-1_57.
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Duce, Robert A. "The Impact of Atmospheric Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Iron Species on Marine Biological Productivity." In The Role of Air-Sea Exchange in Geochemical Cycling. Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4738-2_19.
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Schneeweiss, O., and K. Voleník. "Analysis of powder particles of high carbon cast iron after air plasma spraying." In ISIAME 2008. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01370-6_5.
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Chalavadi, Ganesh, Ranjeet K. Singh, and Monica Sahoo. "Fine Size Dry Iron Ore Beneficiation Using Thin Bed Air Fluidized Dry Separator." In Springer Proceedings in Earth and Environmental Sciences. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50262-0_9.
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Hayes, Peter C., Jiang Chen, and Evgueni Jak. "Phase Equilibria Study of the CaO-“Fe2O3”-SiO2System in Air to Support Iron Sintering Process Optimisation." In Advances in Molten Slags, Fluxes, and Salts. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119333197.ch75.
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Yu, Pingping, Zihui Xu, Xiaodong Zhao, and Eugene Murray. "Simulation Research on Iron Core Air Gap of Energy-Taking Current Transformer (CT) Based on Ansys." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06791-4_51.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Iron air"
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Li, Yang, Zi Qiang Zhu, Dawei Liang, et al. "Comparative Study of Air- and Iron-cored Halbach Machines Considering PM Demagnetization." In 2024 Third International Conference on Sustainable Mobility Applications, Renewables and Technology (SMART). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/smart63170.2024.10815508.
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Tortorelli, P. F., J. H. DeVan, and U. K. Abdali. "Cyclic Oxidation of Iron Aluminides." In CORROSION 1993. NACE International, 1993. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1993-93258.
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Abstract Iron aluminides containing 16 to 28 at.% Al and other more minor alloying elements were subjected to air oxidation under moderate thermal cycling conditions. Aluminides with 16 at.% Al and additions of chromium (5%) and zirconium (0.1%) were superior to binary alloys of 16 and 20% Al in oxidation resistance at 900 and 1000°C and were comparable in scaling behavior to spallation-resistant Fe3Al aluminides (28% Al). Weight changes were of the same order as those measured under isothermal conditions. The presence of yttrium in the 16%-Al-Cr-Zr alloys had little overall effect on the cyclic oxidation behavior. More aggressive thermal cycling conditions (higher cycle frequencies) may compromise the ability of these iron aluminides to offer protection at high temperatures, particularly those alloys containing lower concentrations (16%) of aluminum.
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Neale, Douglas H., and David Ellicks. "U.S. Air Force Mobile Bomb Renovation System (MOBRS)." In CORROSION 2002. NACE International, 2002. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2002-02174.
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Abstract The U.S. Air Force has developed and fielded a prototype mobile/modular bomb renovation facility for reconditioning general-purpose (GP) bombs at remote sites. The facility applies environmentally compliant “lifetime” sealed metallized coatings for corrosion protection of cast iron bomb casings. Fuze wells are protected with a zinc-rich “cold galvanizing compound”. The prototype unit is currently undergoing field tests and evaluation at Andersen AFB in Guam.
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Harper, Mark A., and Robert A. Rapp. "Chromized/Siliconized Diffusion Coatings for Iron-Base Alloys by Pack Cementation." In CORROSION 1991. NACE International, 1991. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1991-91066.
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Abstract The codeposition of chromium and silicon into a 2.25Cr-1.0Mo-0.15C steel, Alloy 800, and 304 stainless steel has been achieved using the pack cementation process. The ferritic coating produced on the 2.25Cr-1.0Mo steel was approximately 225 microns (9 mils) thick, whereas the inward diffusion of chromium and silicon produced a two-phase structure of ferrite and austenite for the 304 stainless steel. Chromium and silicon were incorporated into the austenitic solid solution upon diffusion into Alloy 800. Ail of the coatings had approximately 25-35wt% Cr and 24% Si at the surface. Cyclic oxidation testing in air of the coated 2.25Cr-1.0Mo steel (T=700°C) and 304 stainless steel (T = 1035°C) showed a dramatic decrease in the oxidation kinetics compared to the original uncoated alloys. The cyclic oxidation of Alloy 800 was also improved.
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Lu, Q., Mf Gittos, K. Govender, and V. Kumar. "Effect of Iron Content on Corrosion Resistance of Ni-Cr-Mo Alloy Weld Overlays in H2S-containing Environments." In CORROSION 2016. NACE International, 2016. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2016-07629.
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Abstract Corrosion tests were carried out to determine the effect of iron content on localised corrosion and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) resistance of Ni-Cr-Mo alloy weld overlays (i.e. Alloy 625) in H2S environments. In addition, the influence of iron content on the fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) of the weld overlay in both air and a sour environment was investigated. Weld overlays with a range of iron contents (5–36%), were examined. These weld overlays were manufactured using gas metal arc/metal inert gas (GMA/MIG) welding and gas tungsten arc/tungsten inert gas (GTA/TIG) welding techniques and the required iron level in the weld overlay was achieved by changing the welding parameters. SCC tests were conducted in 25%w/v sodium chloride (NaCl) solution containing H2S and CO2 (pH2S=14 bara, pCO2=28 bara) at 177°C. FCGR tests were conducted in air and in 25%w/v NaCl solution saturated with an H2S/CO2 gas mixture (pH2S=0.4 bara) at ambient temperature and pressure.
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Cook, Desmond C., Mark J. Shaw, Eric Schindelholz, Bruce L. Bramfitt, Samuel J. Lawrence, and Robert C. Nester. "Spectroscopic Evaluation of the Corrosion Products on the Turret of the American Civil War Ironclad, USS Monitor." In CORROSION 2007. NACE International, 2007. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2007-07238.
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Abstract Spectroscopic analysis of artifacts from the American Civil War ironclad, USS Monitor, has been undertaken in order to determine the present state of degradation of the objects, and to identify foreign compounds that will require removal during the stages of conservation. Metallic artifacts consisting of wrought iron from the rotating gun turret have been studied by a variety of analytical techniques to determine the effect of long-term exposure to salt, and the anaerobic environment of the deep ocean. Mössbauer spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction have been used to identify the corrosion products, concretion, and marine sediments attached to the turret when it was recovered in 2002, and subsequently during storage. Optical microscopy and Electron-Probe Micro-Analysis have been used to characterize the wrought iron morphology, and to locate and map the chlorine and other potentially detrimental elements in the iron. While submerged in the ocean, the corrosion of the turret has resulted in a thin coating of the reduced iron oxide, Corrosion Magnetite, which, when covered or incorporated with marine concretions, appears stable, and offers the wrought iron protection from accelerated corrosion often observed following recovery of metal artifacts from the ocean. However, if the concretion is breached and the rust or metal is exposed to air, further and immediate oxidation of the metal and existing rust occurs, and is believed to be detrimental to conservation processes. Elemental X-ray mapping by Wavelength Dispersive Spectroscopy shows that during ocean submersion, chloride ions diffuse deep into the inclusions in the wrought iron, where they are trapped and become responsible for significant and continued corrosion. Once exposed to air and dried, the trapped chlorides have a detrimental effect on the longevity of the artifact.
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Chiu, H., L. Qiao, and X. Mao. "Hydrogen Role in Stress Corrosion Cracking Process of Iron Aluminide Fe3Al in NaCl Solution." In CORROSION 1995. NACE International, 1995. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1995-95178.
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Abstract The stress corrosion cracking behavior of Fe3Al based intermetallic alloy in 3.5% NaCl solution was studied. The role of hydrogen in the cracking process was also defined. The susceptibility of the alloy to hydrogen embrittlement was first investigated by performing tensile tests in air environment and mineral oil. It was found that ductility increased with increasing strain rate when tested in air, but stayed at a high value when tested in mineral oil. This behavior indicates that the alloy is sensitive to hydrogen embrittlement in air. In 3.5 % NaCl solution, the environmental effect was studied by slow strain rate tests that were done at electrochemical potentials ranging from -1000 mV to 0 mV vs SCE. When tested at anodic potentials, from -500 mV to 0 mV vs SCE, ductility reduced from 8.7% to 3.9%. When tested in cathodic region, from -500 mV to -1000 mV, the ductility was between 7.3% to 9.1%. Results of tests done on pre-immersed specimens and notched tensile specimens confirmed this material degradation to be caused by stress corrosion cracking (SCC). To identify the mechanism, an electrochemical permeation technique was employed. By measuring the diffusible hydrogen concentration, sensitivity to hydrogen embrittlement has been assessed at different potentials. Anodic dissolution is believed to be the controlling mechanism of the SCC as the alloy is less sensitive to hydrogen embrittlement at anodic potentials. Fracture surfaces were examined under the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Fracture mode was found to be mainly transgranular quasi-cleavage, except the ones tested at anodic potentials on which intergranular fracture area was found near the edge. This intergranular fracture, which increases with increasing anodic potential, is believed to be the stress corrosion cracking area. Pits which corroded intergranularly are the crack initiation sites.
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Bakker, Wate T., Jeffrey L. Blough, and Werner W. Seitz. "Fireside Corrosion under Iron Sulfide and Chloride Rich Deposits." In CORROSION 2004. NACE International, 2004. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2004-04521.
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Abstract Corrosion of water walls in fossil fueled boilers and gasifiers has traditionally been considered the result of gaseous corrodants such as H2S and HCl, reacting with the heat exchanger tube surfaces. Under reducing conditions these corrodants prevent the formation of a protective oxide scale, leading to increased metal loss. Recent field experience in boilers, using staged combustion systems have shown much greater corrosion rates than predicted by simple gas/solid corrosion processes. The presence of large quantities of unoxidized iron sulfide in deposits in areas where high corrosion rates were found suggests that deposits play a role as well. Subsequent laboratory corrosion studies found that the presence of FeS can indeed lead to very high corrosion rates, but only under oxidizing conditions. Since FeS usually deposits only where reducing conditions are present, the accelerated corrosion observed requires alternating reducing and oxidizing conditions. Such conditions may exist in areas in staged boilers where the overfire air mixes with substoichiometric fluegas from the burner zone. It will further be shown that chlorine corrosion may be caused or at least accelerated by chloride containing deposits in fossil fueled boilers instead of or in addition to corrosion due to HCl in the fluegas. Due to the high sulfur content of fossil fuels, chloride deposits can form only under reducing conditions. However, once formed they are highly corrosive under mildly reducing and oxidizing conditions. It is therefore likely that the basic chlorine corrosion mechanisms in fossil fueled boilers are the same as those in waste incinerators.
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Dugstad, Arne, Simona Palencsár, Gaute Svenningsen, et al. "The Combined Effect of O2 and CO2 on Corrosion of Flexible Armour Wires." In CORROSION 2020. NACE International, 2020. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2020-14790.
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Abstract A static flexible pipeline lost containment before the expected field lifetime despite being operated well within established limits. In the following failure investigation, it was found that the failure most likely was the result of significant corrosion of the armour wires, although verification of the failure mode was not possible as the source of the leak from the pressure sheath was not found. It was also discovered that the outer sheath had been punctured during the installation process. At the time of installation, the annulus was filled with air, originating from manufacturing and from annulus pressure testing with air. When the outer sheath was damaged, seawater entered the annulus creating pockets of compressed air at local high points. This resulted in oxygen corrosion in the air/water interface initially, but after the flexible pipe was taken into operation it gradually changed to CO2 corrosion. The combined oxygen and CO2 corrosion phenomenon was studied by laboratory experiments in simulated annulus conditions. The experiments showed that in a normal situation with CO2 containing annulus gas without oxygen (air), the armour wires would quickly be passivated by the build-up of protective iron carbonate products on the metal surface. However, if the wires were exposed to oxygen first, this resulted in increased corrosion rates, formation of localised corrosion attacks and build-up of porous corrosion products. After the purge gas was changed from O2 to CO2, it took long time for the wires to build up protective iron carbonate layers and more importantly the resulting corrosion rate was much higher than for the wires that only had been exposed to CO2. Thus, it was experimentally demonstrated that pre-exposure to O2 before CO2 may result in significantly enhanced corrosion since the process of protective iron carbonate formation is disturbed.
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Zhang, Y., Y. Q. Wang, and B. A. Pint. "Evaluation of Iron Aluminide Coatings for Oxidation Protection in Water Vapor Environment." In CORROSION 2007. NACE International, 2007. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2007-07468.
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Abstract Long-term (&gt; 10,000h) oxidation behavior of aluminide coatings made by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or pack cementation on representative ferritic (Fe-9Cr-1Mo) and austenitic (type 304L stainless steel) are being studied in air + 10% water vapor in the temperature range of 650-800°C. Unlike the uncoated alloys, which are severely attacked in this environment, the CVD aluminide coatings have not failed after 16,000h at 700°C or 10,000h at 800°C. The pack aluminide coatings also show good oxidation protection after testing for ~5,000h at 700°C. In addition, initial efforts have been made to fabricate coatings at lower aluminizing temperatures and the current results suggest that FeAl coatings can be synthesized at temperatures as low as 700°C.
Reports on the topic "Iron air"
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Meskhidze, Nicholas. Iron at the Air-Sea Interface. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1922824.
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Olson, Stephen E. Iron Sharpens Iron: A Comparative Study of the Advanced Military Studies Program and the School of Advanced Air and Space Studies. Defense Technical Information Center, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada606816.
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Punjani, Shahnaz M. The Iron Triangle Manifested: U.S. Air Force Tanker Lease 2001-2005 Case Study. Defense Technical Information Center, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada577540.
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Gavaskar, Arun, Mohit Bhargava, and Wendy Condit. Cost and Performance Report for a Zero Valent Iron (ZVI) Treatability Study at Naval Air Station North Island. Defense Technical Information Center, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada506092.
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Esser, Bradley K., Richard K. Bibby, and Craig Fish. Magnesium, Iron and Aluminum in LLNL Air Particulate and Rain Samples with Reference to Magnesium in Industrial Storm Water. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1335784.
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Tobias, M. L., and R. E. Adams. Uranium oxide--iron oxide mixed aerosol experiments in steam--air atmospheres: NSPP Tests 611, 612, 613, and 631, Data record report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5194442.
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Adams, R. E., and M. L. Tobias. Iron oxide aerosol experiments in steam-air atmospheres: NSPP (Nuclear Safety Pilot Plant) tests 501-505 and 511: Data record report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6993743.
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Lahav, Ori, Albert Heber, and David Broday. Elimination of emissions of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide from confined animal and feeding operations (CAFO) using an adsorption/liquid-redox process with biological regeneration. United States Department of Agriculture, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7695589.bard.
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The project was originally aimed at investigating and developing new efficient methods for cost effective removal of ammonia (NH₃) and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) from Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFO), in particular broiler and laying houses (NH₃) and hog houses (H₂S). In both cases, the principal idea was to design and operate a dedicated air collection system that would be used for the treatment of the gases, and that would work independently from the general ventilation system. The advantages envisaged: (1) if collected at a point close to the source of generation, pollutants would arrive at the treatment system at higher concentrations; (2) the air in the vicinity of the animals would be cleaner, a fact that would promote animal growth rates; and (3) collection efficiency would be improved and adverse environmental impact reduced. For practical reasons, the project was divided in two: one effort concentrated on NH₃₍g₎ removal from chicken houses and another on H₂S₍g₎ removal from hog houses. NH₃₍g₎ removal: a novel approach was developed to reduce ammonia emissions from CAFOs in general, and poultry houses in particular. Air sucked by the dedicated air capturing system from close to the litter was shown to have NH₃₍g₎ concentrations an order of magnitude higher than at the vents of the ventilation system. The NH₃₍g₎ rich waste air was conveyed to an acidic (0<pH<~5) bubble column reactor where NH₃ was converted to NH₄⁺. The reactor operated in batch mode, starting at pH 0 and was switched to a new acidic absorption solution just before NH₃₍g₎ breakthrough occurred, at pH ~5. Experiments with a wide range of NH₃₍g₎ concentrations showed that the absorption efficiency was practically 100% throughout the process as long as the face velocity was below 4 cm/s. The potential advantages of the method include high absorption efficiency, lower NH₃₍g₎ concentrations in the vicinity of the birds, generation of a valuable product and the separation between the ventilation and ammonia treatment systems. A small scale pilot operation conducted for 5 weeks in a broiler house showed the approach to be technically feasible. H₂S₍g₎ removal: The main goal of this part was to develop a specific treatment process for minimizing H₂S₍g₎ emissions from hog houses. The proposed process consists of three units: In the 1ˢᵗ H₂S₍g₎ is absorbed into an acidic (pH<2) ferric iron solution and oxidized by Fe(III) to S⁰ in a bubble column reactor. In parallel, Fe(III) is reduced to Fe(II). In the 2ⁿᵈ unit Fe(II) is bio-oxidized back to Fe(III) by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (AF).In the 3ʳᵈ unit S⁰ is separated from solution in a gravity settler. The work focused on three sub-processes: the kinetics of H₂S absorption into a ferric solution at low pH, the kinetics of Fe²⁺ oxidation by AF and the factors that affect ferric iron precipitation (a main obstacle for a continuous operation of the process) under the operational conditions. H₂S removal efficiency was found higher at a higher Fe(III) concentration and also higher for higher H₂S₍g₎ concentrations and lower flow rates of the treated air. The rate limiting step of the H₂S reactive absorption was found to be the chemical reaction rather than the transition from gas to liquid phase. H₂S₍g₎ removal efficiency of >95% was recorded with Fe(III) concentration of 9 g/L using typical AFO air compositions. The 2ⁿᵈ part of the work focused on kinetics of Fe(II) oxidation by AF. A new lab technique was developed for determining the kinetic equation and kinetic parameters (KS, Kₚ and mₘₐₓ) for the bacteria. The 3ʳᵈ part focused on iron oxide precipitation under the operational conditions. It was found that at lower pH (1.5) jarosite accumulation is slower and that the performance of the AF at this pH was sufficient for successive operation of the proposed process at the H₂S fluxes predicted from AFOs. A laboratory-scale test was carried out at Purdue University on the use of the integrated system for simultaneous hydrogen sulfide removal from a H₂S bubble column filled with ferric sulfate solution and biological regeneration of ferric ions in a packed column immobilized with enriched AFbacteria. Results demonstrated the technical feasibility of the integrated system for H₂S removal and simultaneous biological regeneration of Fe(III) for potential continuous treatment of H₂S released from CAFO. NH₃ and H₂S gradient measurements at egg layer and swine barns were conducted in winter and summer at Purdue. Results showed high potential to concentrate NH₃ and H₂S in hog buildings, and NH₃ in layer houses. H₂S emissions from layer houses were too low for a significant gradient. An NH₃ capturing system was designed and tested in a 100-chicken broiler room. Five bell-type collecting devices were installed over the litter to collect NH₃ emissions. While the air extraction system moved only 10% of the total room ventilation airflow rate, the fraction of total ammonia removed was 18%, because of the higher concentration air taken from near the litter. The system demonstrated the potential to reduce emissions from broiler facilities and to concentrate the NH₃ effluent for use in an emission control system. In summary, the project laid a solid foundation for the implementation of both processes, and also resulted in a significant scientific contribution related to AF kinetic studies and ferrous analytical measurements.
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Jackson, G. D. Bedrock geology, northwest part of Nuluujaak Mountain, Baffin Island, Nunavut, part of NTS 37-G/5. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/314670.
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The map area lies about 40 km northwest of Baffinland's iron mine. Dykes of unit mAnA3 within unit mAnA2 suggest that unit mAnA2 predates unit mAnA3. Unit nAMqf, basal Mary River Group unit, includes regolith material from units mAnA2 and mAnA3. Unit mAnAm may include some dykes of unit nAMb. The Mary River Group was deposited in a volcanic-arc environment, yielding zircon U-Pb ages mostly in the range of 2.88 to 2.72 Ga. Iron-formation (unit nAMi) is approximately 276 m thick locally, with oxide facies (unit nAMio) being most abundant. The quartzite triangle west of 'Iron lake' (unofficial name) may be a small horst. The main east-west-trending synclinal fold, including the area around 'Iron lake' and the no. 4 ore deposit, is upright, nearly isoclinal, and plunges mostly easterly at both ends with small scale anticlines and synclines in the middle. Magnetite constitutes about 75% of high-grade iron deposits in the north limb, whereas hematite predominates in south-limb deposits. K-Ar and Rb-Sr ages indicate middle Paleoproterozoic overprinting. Central Borden Fault Zone was active at ca. 1.27 Ga and during or after Ordovician time. Note: please be aware that the information contained in CGM 408 is based on legacy data from the 1960-1990s and that it has been superseded by regional-scale information contained in CGM 403.
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Hunter, Fraser, and Martin Carruthers. Iron Age Scotland. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.193.
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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings: Building blocks: The ultimate aim should be to build rich, detailed and testable narratives situated within a European context, and addressing phenomena from the longue durée to the short-term over international to local scales. Chronological control is essential to this and effective dating strategies are required to enable generation-level analysis. The ‘serendipity factor’ of archaeological work must be enhanced by recognising and getting the most out of information-rich sites as they appear. o There is a pressing need to revisit the archives of excavated sites to extract more information from existing resources, notably through dating programmes targeted at regional sequences – the Western Isles Atlantic roundhouse sequence is an obvious target. o Many areas still lack anything beyond the baldest of settlement sequences, with little understanding of the relations between key site types. There is a need to get at least basic sequences from many more areas, either from sustained regional programmes or targeted sampling exercises. o Much of the methodologically innovative work and new insights have come from long-running research excavations. Such large-scale research projects are an important element in developing new approaches to the Iron Age. Daily life and practice: There remains great potential to improve the understanding of people’s lives in the Iron Age through fresh approaches to, and integration of, existing and newly-excavated data. o House use. Rigorous analysis and innovative approaches, including experimental archaeology, should be employed to get the most out of the understanding of daily life through the strengths of the Scottish record, such as deposits within buildings, organic preservation and waterlogging. o Material culture. Artefact studies have the potential to be far more integral to understandings of Iron Age societies, both from the rich assemblages of the Atlantic area and less-rich lowland finds. Key areas of concern are basic studies of material groups (including the function of everyday items such as stone and bone tools, and the nature of craft processes – iron, copper alloy, bone/antler and shale offer particularly good evidence). Other key topics are: the role of ‘art’ and other forms of decoration and comparative approaches to assemblages to obtain synthetic views of the uses of material culture. o Field to feast. Subsistence practices are a core area of research essential to understanding past society, but different strands of evidence need to be more fully integrated, with a ‘field to feast’ approach, from production to consumption. The working of agricultural systems is poorly understood, from agricultural processes to cooking practices and cuisine: integrated work between different specialisms would assist greatly. There is a need for conceptual as well as practical perspectives – e.g. how were wild resources conceived? o Ritual practice. There has been valuable work in identifying depositional practices, such as deposition of animals or querns, which are thought to relate to house-based ritual practices, but there is great potential for further pattern-spotting, synthesis and interpretation. Iron Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report v Landscapes and regions: Concepts of ‘region’ or ‘province’, and how they changed over time, need to be critically explored, because they are contentious, poorly defined and highly variable. What did Iron Age people see as their geographical horizons, and how did this change? Attempts to understand the Iron Age landscape require improved, integrated survey methodologies, as existing approaches are inevitably partial. Aspects of the landscape’s physical form and cover should be investigated more fully, in terms of vegetation (known only in outline over most of the country) and sea level change in key areas such as the firths of Moray and Forth. Landscapes beyond settlement merit further work, e.g. the use of the landscape for deposition of objects or people, and what this tells us of contemporary perceptions and beliefs. Concepts of inherited landscapes (how Iron Age communities saw and used this longlived land) and socal resilience to issues such as climate change should be explored more fully. Reconstructing Iron Age societies. The changing structure of society over space and time in this period remains poorly understood. Researchers should interrogate the data for better and more explicitly-expressed understandings of social structures and relations between people. The wider context: Researchers need to engage with the big questions of change on a European level (and beyond). Relationships with neighbouring areas (e.g. England, Ireland) and analogies from other areas (e.g. Scandinavia and the Low Countries) can help inform Scottish studies. Key big topics are: o The nature and effect of the introduction of iron. o The social processes lying behind evidence for movement and contact. o Parallels and differences in social processes and developments. o The changing nature of houses and households over this period, including the role of ‘substantial houses’, from crannogs to brochs, the development and role of complex architecture, and the shift away from roundhouses. o The chronology, nature and meaning of hillforts and other enclosed settlements. o Relationships with the Roman world