Relevant bibliographies by topics / Iron and steel bridges Bridges Building

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Iron and steel bridges Bridges Building'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Iron and steel bridges Bridges Building"

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Mikesell, Stephen. "The Suspension Bridges of Andrew Smith Hallidie." California History 95, no. 2 (2018): 52–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ch.2018.95.2.52.

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Andrew Smith Hallidie (1836–1900) played a central role in the development of the suspension bridge, not only in California but across the United States. While Hallidie did not invent the suspension bridge, he made improvements in the manufacture of iron and steel cables for such bridges. He also built at least eight substantial bridges, all in remote regions of California and elsewhere in the late 1850s and early 1860s. He made a meaningful contribution to the transportation history of the Mother Lode, building bridges that were able to withstand the ferocious floods that decimated the region during the early 1860s.
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Leslie, Thomas. "Built Like Bridges: Iron, Steel, and Rivets in the Nineteenth-century Skyscraper." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 69, no. 2 (June 1, 2010): 234–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jsah.2010.69.2.234.

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Thomas Leslie explains that the wind-induced collapse of the Tay Bridge in Scotland in 1879 illustrated the vulnerability of tall metal frames to lateral forces. Built Like Bridges: Iron, Steel, and Rivets in the Nineteenth-century Skyscraper recounts the revolution in structural methods that followed, culminating in the mid-1890s with the invention of the riveted all-steel skeleton frame and the elimination of thick masonry shear walls. The first generation of wind-braced skyscraper metal frames relied on bridgelike systems of cross bracing or shiplike systems of knee bracing, but these structures intruded into rentable spaces. The second generation of frames better exploited the material properties of steel, making stiff connections between girders and columns that, when multiplied throughout the building, could collectively resist lateral forces without such intrusions. Steel——which had replaced cast iron as a structural material by 1895——excelled in this role because it could be rolled into efficient, workable shapes and riveted to form tight connections.
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Saito, Noritaka. "Estimation of rheological characteristics of dual phase fluid at high temperature utilizing transfer learning." Impact 2020, no. 1 (February 27, 2020): 82–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2020.1.82.

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Steel, when first refined and put into widescale use changed construction and engineering. Skyscrapers, mega bridges and other massive structures reinforced with this miracle material changed skylines all over the world and opened the door for vast improvements in infrastructure. Steel is still a major component of building projects today and the steel beam is often considered as one of the impressive feats of human engineering. Steel is what chemists and engineers refer to as an alloy, meaning it is a composite material of several different elements. This alloy is mostly made with iron and carbon but can contain other elements as well. The blending of these elements with iron, the base metal of steel, gives it a high tensile strength at a low cost of production, making it the transformative material we know today. However, this metal is not without drawbacks as the process of refining steel generates several difficult to deal with by-products. Professor Noritaka Saito, who is based in the Department of Materials Science & Engineering, at Kyushu University in Japan, is looking at developing accurate ways to measure the properties of these mixtures so that industry can more efficiently produce precise composite materials.
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Hooper, Jennifer J., Tim Foecke, Lori Graham, and Timothy P. Weihs. "Metallurgical Analysis of Wrought Iron From the RMS Titanic." Marine Technology and SNAME News 40, no. 02 (April 1, 2003): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.2003.40.2.73.

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The discovery of the RMS Titanic has led to a number of scientific studies, one of which addresses the role that structural materials played in the sinking of the ship. Early studies focused on the quality of the hull steel as a contributing factor in the ship's rapid sinking, but experimental results showed that the material was "state-of-the-art" for 1911. Instead, it was suggested that the quality of the wrought iron rivets may have been an important factor in the opening of the steel plates during flooding. Here the quality of RMS Titanic wrought iron is examined and compared with contemporary wrought iron obtained from additional late 19th-/early 20th-century buildings, bridges, and ships. Traditional metallurgical analysis as well as compositional analysis, mechanical testing, and computer modeling are used to understand the variation in the mechanical properties of wrought iron as a function of its microstructure.
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Wang, Lai Gui, Chunbin Wu, Feng He, and Shu Hong Wang. "Experimental Study on the Infrared Information of Metal Specimen when Loaded." Key Engineering Materials 297-300 (November 2005): 1968–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.297-300.1968.

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Metal materials especially steel or cast iron are used extensively in many types of construction such as buildings, bridges, cranes, vehicles and so on, so detection or prediction of metal failure is very important, but deformation of metal material often deliveries heat energy which can be detected by infrared imager. The test specimen is installed between the two grips of the testing machine and then loaded in tension and in compression. The IR913A infrared imager is used to observe the deformation of metal specimen. The high-sensitive infrared thermal images of metal specimen in the different phase of deformation are obtained. The paper theoretically analyzes the reason from the thermodynamics and plastic mechanics, the conclusions are drawn as follows: 1) When applying loads, temperature field on the surface of metal specimen is changing, the local rise of temperature is remarkable, this can be observed from the infrared thermal images. 2) From the infrared thermal images, rising temperatures are found in the regions of stress concentrations. 3) When the test specimen approaches to failure or appears fracture, there is a remarkable change that can be shown from the infrared thermal images with remarkable colors.
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Dolling, C. N., and R. M. Hudson. "Weathering steel bridges." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Bridge Engineering 156, no. 1 (March 2003): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/bren.2003.156.1.39.

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Abe, Hidehiko, Hans-Peter Andrä, Rolf Grüter, Jochen Haensel, Philippe Ramondenc, Reiner Saul, André Colson, and Eugene Brühwiler. "Steel Composite Railway Bridges." Structural Engineering International 2, no. 4 (November 1992): 259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/101686692780608444.

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Biezma, María Victoria, and Frank Schanack. "Collapse of Steel Bridges." Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities 21, no. 5 (October 2007): 398–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0887-3828(2007)21:5(398).

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Smith, I. F. C., and M. A. Hirt. "Fatigue-resistant steel bridges." Journal of Constructional Steel Research 12, no. 3-4 (January 1989): 197–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0143-974x(89)90055-2.

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Zhuravov, L. N., O. I. Chemerinsky, and V. A. Seliverstov. "Launching Steel Bridges in Russia." Structural Engineering International 6, no. 3 (August 1996): 183–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/101686696780495527.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Iron and steel bridges Bridges Building"

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Alhasawi, Anas. "Computational tools for nonlinear analysis of steel and composite steelconcrete structures considering connection bahaviour : Application to buildings and bridges." Thesis, Rennes, INSA, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ISAR0006/document.

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Cette thèse a pour objectifs de développer une modélisation aussi fine que possible des structures aciers et mixtes acier-béton sous sollicitations cycliques avec prise en compte d'une part du comportement des assemblages et d'autre part des non-linéarités géométriques et du contact à l'interface acier-béton. Notre attention porte en particulier sur l'assemblage de type poutre acier/mixte sur poteau métallique par platine d'extrémité boulonnée. L'objectif étant de proposer un modèle «élément fini» d'assemblage qui reproduit aussi fidèlement que possible le comportement cyclique de ce dernier pour ensuite l'assembler à un élément fini de poutre non-linéaire acier ou mixte avec prise en compte, pour ce dernier, du soulèvement à l'interface. Le travail se compose de 3 parties distinctes. Un premier modèle qui se base sur la méthode des composantes a été développé ayant pour objectif de suivre la déformation de chaque composante au cours des cycles et de prendre en compte les non-linéarités induites par la séparation entre la platine d'extrémité et la semelle du poteau auquel elle est boulonnée. Ce modèle type composantes, a été développé pour une rangée de boulons. Dans le cas le plus fréquent, de deux rangées de boulons, une résistance de groupe (en plus des résistances individuelles de chacune des rangées) est susceptible de se développer. Pour rendre compte de ce phénomène, nous avons implanté le modèle proposé par Cerfontaine qui repose sur la définition d'une surface de charge et une règle d'écoulement associée pour déterminer les allongements des ressorts équivalents. Seul le cas de plasticité parfaite est considéré. Il est mis en évidence que l'influence de l'effet de groupe s'avère non négligeable sur le comportement post-élastique de l'assemblage et donc de la structure. Dans une seconde phase, nous proposons un modèle de poutre métallique classique en grands déplacements (approche co-rotationnelle) avec rotules généralisées aux extrémités. Nous faisons l'hypothèse que les déformations plastiques sont concentrées aux rotules dont le comportement plastique est contrôlé par une surface de charge asymétrique (anisotrope) qui peut prendre différentes formes selon la valeur donnée à un facteur q dit « facteur de forme». Chacune de ces rotules plastiques comprend un ressort longitudinal pour l'effort normal Net un ressort spiral pour le moment fléchissant M. L'interaction (M-N) entre ces deux efforts dans le domaine plastique est régie par le critère de plasticité. Le modèle de rotule plastique généralisé proposé permet de rendre compte de l'adoucissement cyclique, de la ductilité et du « pinching effect ».Nous montrons aux travers de plusieurs exemples la pertinence mais également les limites d'une telle approche. Dans une troisième partie, nous proposons un nouvel élément fini de poutre mixte (à 6 ddl par nœud) en petits déplacements avec prise en compte de la non-linéarité matérielle de la poutre ainsi que du contact entre l'acier et le béton. Une stratégie efficace de type nœud mobile (Flying Node) est proposée pour déterminer l'étendue de la surface de contact au sein d'un élément fini et d'adapter le maillage de l'élément poutre/poteau. Pour la résolution du problème de contact, la technique du Lagrangien Augmenté a été retenue. On montre que dans certaines situations, le soulèvement modifie la redistribution des efforts
The goal of this thesis is to develop computational tools for the nonlinear analysis of steel and composite steel-concrete structures under cyclic loading taking into account the actual behaviour of joint, material and geometry non-linearities and contact conditions at the steel-to-concrete interface. In particular, our efforts focuses on typical bolted end-plate connection between steel or composite beam and steel column. The objective is to develop a new «joint finite element" able to reproduce accurately the cyclic behavior of the beam-to-column connection. Next this model is combined with a non-linear steel/composite beam element considering slip and possible uplift at the interface. The thesis consists of three major parts. The first part deals with the behavior of a steel beam-to-column bolted end-plate connection under arbitrarily cyclic loading. The proposed model is based on an improved component method that closely follows the deformation of each component taking into account non-linearities induced by possible gap between the column flange and the end-plate. This model has been developed for a single row connection. In the case of multiple row bolted connection group effects may develop. Possible group effect between two bolt-rows has been implemented considering the model proposed by Cerfontaine based on the definition of the multi-surface yield criterion and the associated flow rule that govern deformation of equivalent springs. Only the case of perfect plasticity is considered. It is shown that the influence of the group effect is not negligible on the nonlinear response of the joint. In the second part, we have developed a flexible co-rotational two-noded beam with generalized elasto-plastic hinges at the beam ends. It is assumed that plastic deformations concentrate at these hinges. These hinges have the ability to elongate/shorten along the beam axis and to rotate. A family of asymmetric and convex yield surfaces of super-elliptic shape is considered for the plastic behavior of the hinges. By varying the roundness factor, an infinite nun1ber of yield surface are obtained. It is shown that the nonlinear response of bolted connections subjected to both bending and tension are conveniently modeled with such a yield surface. It was observed that cyclic loading produces pinching effect, cyclic softening and ductile behavior. Advantages and limitations of the approach are discussed. Finally, the third part is dedicated to the problem of contact at the interface of steel-concrete composite beams. A "new" finite element for composite steelconcrete beam is proposed. The beam element has 6 degrees of freedom per node. The concrete beam is allowed to separate from the steel beam. An efficient contact algorithm is proposed. The Flying node concept is introduced and used to determine the extent of the contact area within a single element and modify the mesh of the beam structure. The contact problem is solve using the Augmented Lagrangian Method. The influence of contact on the loading capacity of the beam and its influence on some design variables are highlighted
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Jãuregui, David Villegas. "Measurement-based evaluation of non-composite steel girder bridges /." Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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Nagy, Gabor I. "Development of an optimized short-span steel bridge design package." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2008. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5994.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2008.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xiv, 153 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 113-114).
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Al-Shaleh, Khaled. "Optimum design of straight steel box girder bridges." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/15373.

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Zubeck, Michael W. "Nonlinear analysis of intermediate support regions of continuous span steel griders /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9974706.

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Oesch, Everett Ralph. "Strength and performance field testing of hybrid HPS bridge A6101 /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p1418053.

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Freeman, Lora B. "Development of an optimized short-span steel bridge package." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2005. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=4310.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2005.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xv, 141 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 139-141).
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Gandiaga, Lorehana. "Serviceability limits and economical bridge design." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1939207291&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Davidson, Michael. "Assessment of Passive Fire Protection on Steel-Girder Bridges." TopSCHOLAR®, 2012. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1213.

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Bridges in the US are severely damaged or suffer collapse from fires at significant rates, even when compared to other hazards such as earthquakes. Fire-induced bridge collapses are perpetuated by the general lack of installed fire protection systems. Therefore, new materials and applications are needed to mitigate structural damage that can be caused to civil infrastructure by severe fires. Accordingly, the objective of this study is to further the development of new fire protection applications in transportation structures. Specifically, the investigation centers on the development of new applications in passive fire protection materials, within the context of shielding steel-girder bridges against severe fire effects. A steel-girder bridge has been selected for study, and a high-resolution finite element model has been formed based on the corresponding bridge structural drawings. Temperature-dependent structural material properties and thermal properties have been synthesized and incorporated into the model. Additionally, a representative fire scenario has been formed (in part) based on a recent fire incident that occurred at the selected bridge site. The fire scenario also incorporates the characteristics of a fully loaded gasoline tank truck fire, where a means of incorporating the severe fire into the finite element model (as thermal loading) has been identified and enacted. Coupled thermal-mechanical finite element analyses have been carried out using the (unprotected) steel-girder bridge model. An additional finite element simulation has been carried out, where the steel-girder bridge model has been fitted with a refractory cement material that insulates the underside of the bridge spans. Also, a finite element simulation has been carried out where the steel-girder bridge model has been fitted with intumescent coating material as insulation against fire effects. Both the refractory cement and the intumescent coating materials have been found to possess robust insulation characteristics from the simulation results. Namely, the finite element analysis results indicate that, in the event of a bridge fire, both materials are capable of preventing the buildup of damaging temperatures in underlying structural members. Accordingly, the refractory cement and intumescent coating materials have been identified as successful passive fire protection materials for the fire scenario and bridge case considered.
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Cullen, Lauren E. "An evaluation of the strength characteristics of horizontally curved steel I-girder bridges." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2007. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5033.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2007.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 226 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 179-187).
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Books on the topic "Iron and steel bridges Bridges Building"

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Czech and Slovak International Conference on Steel Structures and Bridges (17th 1994 Bratislava, Slovakia). 17. Česko-slovenská konferencia Ocel̓ové kons̆trukcie a mosty-94: Zborník referátov. Edited by Baláž I, Spoločnost pre ocel̓ové kons̆trukcie ZSVTS., Česká společnost ocelových konstrukcí, and Slovenská technická univerzita (Bratislava, Slovakia). Stavebná fakulta. Bratislava: Vydala Stavebná fakulta Slovenskej technickej univerzite v Bratislave, 1994.

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Sabottka, Larissa. Die eisernen Brücken der Berliner S-Bahn: Bestandsdokumentation und Bestandsanalyse. Berlin: Gebr. Mann Verlag, 2003.

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Pablo de Alzola y Minondo. Puente de hierro para la ría de Bilbao. [Bilbao]: Colegio Oficial de Aparejadores y Arquitectos Técnicos de Vizcaya, 1986.

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Ermanno, Guida, ed. Alfredo Cottrau, 1839-1898: L'architettura del ferro nell'Italia delle grandi trasformazioni. Napoli: Electa Napoli, 2003.

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Miller, Duane K. Welding of steel bridges. Chicago, Ill: AISC, 1994.

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Biddle, A. R. Integral steel bridges: Design guidance. Ascot, Berkshire: Steel Construction Institute, 1997.

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Brown, C. W. Design of steel bridges for durability. Ascot: Steel Construction Institute, 1995.

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Prestressed steel bridges: Theory and design. New York, N.Y: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1990.

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Moses, F. Fatigue evaluation procedures for steel bridges. Washington, D.C: Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, 1987.

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Beckmann, Fred R. Steel bridge erection practices. Washington, D.C: Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, 2005.

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Book chapters on the topic "Iron and steel bridges Bridges Building"

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Schröter, Falko, and Tobias Lehnert. "Trends in the Application of High-Performance Steel in European Bridge Building." In The Eight International Conference "Bridges in Danube Basin", 35–50. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-03714-7_2.

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Lwin, M. Myint, Alexander D. Wilson, and Vasant C. Mistry. "High-Performance Steels in the United States." In Use and Application of High-Performance Steels for Steel Structures, 11–44. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/sed008.011.

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<p>In 1992, the U.S. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) initiated an effort with the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) and the U. S. Navy (Navy) to develop new high-performance steels (HPS) for bridges. The driving force for this project was the need to develop improved higher strength, improved weldability, higher toughness steels to improve the overall quality and fabricability of steels used in bridges in the United States. It was furthermore established that such steels should be "weathering". By this is meant the ability to perform without painting under normal atmospheric conditions.</p>
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Sharr, Adam. "2. Iron and steel." In Modern Architecture: A Very Short Introduction, 12–47. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198783442.003.0002.

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‘Iron and steel’ explains how the Iron Bridge in Shropshire, UK, completed in 1779, illustrates the industrial cultures where modern architecture started to form. It indicates the beginnings of a shift in global culture, over two centuries, from artisan manufacturing towards mass production. The association of technology with progress became inseparable from modernity. Engineers such as Gustave Eiffel and Joseph Paxton reimagined iron as structural framing that could define the spaces of buildings. The development of less brittle steel resulted in new steel frameworks allowing walls—no longer loadbearing—to become separated conceptually from the building’s structure. The work of influential architects Frank Lloyd Wright and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe is also discussed.
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Atkins, Peter. "The Death of Metal: Corrosion." In Reactions. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199695126.003.0012.

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As in life, so in redox reactions: some are good and some are bad. Corrosion is one of the evil among redox reactions. It is the unwanted oxidation of a metal that cuts short the lifetimes of steel products such as bridges and vehicles. Replacing corroded metal parts costs industry and society a huge amount each year. Understanding it helps us to find ways to prevent it. Not all corrosion, however, is unwanted: the green patina of copper roofs is often sought and can be beautiful; the induced oxidation of aluminium in the presence of dyes can also be intentional and can bring graceful colour to a building. I shall focus on the corrosion of iron, Fe (from the Latin ferrum), its rusting, as it is so common a way of death for our everyday artefacts. Iron rusts when it is exposed to damp air, with both oxygen and water present. In the process the Fe atoms of the metal are oxidized—lose some electrons—and become Fe3+ ions. These ions pick up some oxide ions, O2–, and are deposited as the red–brown oxide, Fe2O3. The corrosion of iron is very much like its reversion to the ore, which is also typically Fe2O3, from which, with so great an effort and all the expensive and energy-intensive, environmentally invasive fury of a blast furnace, it was originally obtained (Reaction 4). In the process of forming Fe3+, the oxygen of the air, the oxidizing agent, is converted to water. The hydrogen atoms needed for the formation of H2O molecules from O2 molecules are scavenged from the surrounding solution, especially if it is acidic and rich in hydrogen ions. I shall now show you the reaction in more detail and try to lead you into appreciating visually what is going on inside a small droplet of water on the surface of a sheet of rusting iron. Although rusting is rarely thought beautiful, there is a beauty and subtlety in the choreography of the atomic events that underlie its formation. As usual, you should imagine shrinking to the size of a molecule, plunging below the droplet’s surface, and descending diver-like through the densely agitating, bustling, tumbling water molecules.
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"CHAPTER V. Cantilever Bridges." In THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION IN TIMBER, IRON AND STEEL, 151–74. Thomas Telford Publishing, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/ttapobcitias.52604.0005.

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"CHAPTER XIV. Suspension Bridges." In THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION IN TIMBER, IRON AND STEEL, 370–94. Thomas Telford Publishing, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/ttapobcitias.52604.0014.

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Deloney, Eric. "Surviving cast- and wrought-iron bridges in America." In Structural Iron and Steel, 1850–1900, 129–59. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315242217-6.

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Sparks, S. "Evaluation of iron and steel in historic bridges." In Structural Analysis of Historic Construction: Preserving Safety and Significance, 451–58. CRC Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781439828229.ch50.

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"CHAPTER XVII. Floors of Bridges." In THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION IN TIMBER, IRON AND STEEL, 442–510. Thomas Telford Publishing, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/ttapobcitias.52604.0017.

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"CHAPTER XV. Opening or Draw Bridges." In THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION IN TIMBER, IRON AND STEEL, 395–429. Thomas Telford Publishing, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/ttapobcitias.52604.0015.

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Conference papers on the topic "Iron and steel bridges Bridges Building"

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Slewa, Muna. "Crystalline Phase Change due to High Speed Impact on A36 Steel." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-24394.

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Abstract The well-known industrial standard called A36 alloy steel is an iron-based alloy that has many applications due to its ability to be easily machined and welded. The alloy has less than 0.3% carbon by weight and is therefore considered a low carbon alloy. Because of this low carbon content, the alloy is useful as a general-purpose steel. It is altogether strong, tough, ductile, weldable, and formable. It is used in the construction of bridges, buildings, automobiles, and heavy equipment as well as in the construction industry. A36 steel also contains small amounts of other elements including manganese, sulfur, phosphorus, and silicon. These elements are added to give the steel alloy desired mechanical and chemical properties. The A36 steel alloy gets the number 36 in its name because of its yield strength. The steel, in most to all configurations, will have a yield strength of a minimum of 36,000 pounds per square inch. This shows high ductility in the material. The physical characteristics and molecular structure of A36 steel are also well known. However, there is little known about the effect of high-velocity impact on the crystalline structure and material phase of this metal alloy. Sections of approximately 90 × 90 square microns were cut off the test samples, keeping with the required standards for surface finish. These surfaces were examined and analyzed after impact. The surface sections were selected from a range of areas including those immediately under the impact crater to locations not physically affected by the impact. Three different impact speeds were applied, and the prepared samples were examined. An EBSD (Electron Backscatter Diffraction) imaging microscope is used to examine the crystalline structure of the test sample post-impact. Most metals crystallize in one of three prevalent structures: body-centered cubic (BCC), hexagonal close-packed (HCP), or face-centered cubic (FCC). Since these crystalline structures are the most expected lattice formations, the samples are examined post impact for changes in the allocation of molecular structure. The results were then tabulated according to the regions relative to the impact crater. In previous research, results show that post-impact inspection of HCP phase change, in iron specifically, is completely and rapidly reversible during impact. However, in this study, traces of HCP were found at some locations in all stages of post-impact. This study also found that the BCC crystalline structure remained the dominant phase structure after impact. This is true with all test samples and all levels of shock loading.
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2

Helmerich, Rosemarie. "How to assess historic iron and steel bridges." In IABSE Conference, Copenhagen 2018: Engineering the Past, to Meet the Needs of the Future. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/copenhagen.2018.468.

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The early industrialization process required a higher and higher developed infrastructure to transfer more and more people and goods. These requirements lead to the development of new materials that can resist the higher loading, to advances in mechanical engineering, more sophisticated calculation methods and transfer of all these advances to infrastructure to build longer spanning or higher rising structures. During the 18th and 19th century, the advances in industrialization resulted in new production processes, for iron, too. After using iron in mechanical engineering, it was applied to infrastructure as well [1]. Today, these first old iron and early mild steel structures belong to the cultural and technical heritage of the world. When looking at them as an assessing engineer, it is in favour understanding the production process, the resulting microstructure and the mechanical properties of the specific material. Any historic iron structure requires special knowledge about connections, structural design and of course, the material behaviour [2]. The paper presents these basics and some guiding documents on how to “engineer the past”. Selected representative heritage structures made of cast iron, wrought iron and early mild iron as well their material- and structurespecific requirements on rehabilitation are presented. Appropriate assessment procedures, developed e.g. in technical committees and European projects, allow us keeping the witnesses of the early industrialisation in service and the surviving structures being still in use. Finally, the background documents prepared in Europe will be shortly presented to guide the assessment of old iron bridges considering the past but in line with modern methodology. The background documents support the implementation, harmonization and further development of the Eurocodes for assessment, not only for design.
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Tarhini, Kassim M., Mounir E. Mabsout, and Imad Y. Naddaf. "A Study of Multidesign Trucks in Steel Bridges." In Eighth International Conference on Computing in Civil and Building Engineering (ICCCBE-VIII). Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40513(279)163.

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Huang, Carl, Alfred R. Mangus, and Jay Murphy. "Building Big Using the A. B. C. Techniques for Large Steel Orthotropic Bridges." In Structures Congress 2007. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40946(248)76.

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Zhou, Meng, Xiao-Xv Ning, Jian-Sheng Fan, Jian-Guo Nie, and Xiao-Gang Yang. "4D Multi-Scale Analysis of the Hybrid Zone for Cable-Stayed Bridges with Steel-Concrete Hybrid Girders." In 2014 International Conference on Computing in Civil and Building Engineering. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784413616.169.

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6

Stragys, Modestas. "Non-linear behavior of innovative steel cable-stayed bridge stiffening girder." In The 13th international scientific conference “Modern Building Materials, Structures and Techniques”. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mbmst.2019.156.

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Until these days there are three very well-known structural forms in cable-stayed bridge construction: radial, harp and fan. These three well-known and analyzed systems ensure the stability of the cable-stayed bridges in a variety of conditions. In order to reduce the amount of materials various solutions are used. One way to reduce the cost of steel may be a new, innovative structural form. A new cable-stayed bridge structure, which requires smaller quantities of materials, is proposed in this Paper. New structural form is compared with traditional cable-stayed structures and the conclusions, which reflect the advantages of this construction, are presented. Result of the analysis is evaluation of innovative cable-stayed structure bending moments, axial forces, deflections and non-linear behavior compared with traditional cable-stayed structure under the influence of both symmetric as asymmetric loads. Technical-economical assessment is also proposed in the Paper. The Paper gives an overview of the differences between traditional and innovative design of cable-stayed bridges.
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Guimarães, Miguel, and Alberto Teixeira. "Coura and Valença Bridges on Minho Railway line – old structures, updated performance." In IABSE Symposium, Guimarães 2019: Towards a Resilient Built Environment Risk and Asset Management. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/guimaraes.2019.0455.

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<p>The pleasant Minho railway single lane line section from Caminha to Valença crosses the Minho river at Valença, through a very interesting and beautiful steel bridge. At Caminha it crosses the river Coura, by an also attractive steel bridge. Both are more than a century old and were refurbished and upgraded in a recent past and had before severe speed restrictions and load limitations:</p><ol><li> <p>Coura bridge: This 1879 iron bridge is a 3 span 164m lower deck continuous closed lattice girder, for a live load of only 4t/m without dynamic effects allowance. It was totally supported by a new continuous steel arch bridge, so both work together, combining in a very elegant construction.</p></li><li> <p>Valença bridge: This double-deck 1886 bridge is a steel 5 span 333m continuous lattice girder. Pathologies like excessive bending on the columns top sections, changing inappropriate bearing and a lock-up system for the braking action resulted in a demanding but discrete reinforcement.</p></li></ol>
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Cusson, Benoit. "Two Outstanding Aluminum Pedestrian Bridges in a National Historic Site." In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.1641.

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<p>In 2017, WSP undertook the challenge of designing two non-conventional aluminum multifunctional walkways for Parks Canada at the Lachine Canal National Historic Site. The designer retained the geometry of the early 19<span>th</span> railway bridges to recall the rich heritage of the industrial era that marked the site. Choosing aluminum for the structures emphasizes Parks Canada’s vision: walking towards the future and using innovative, maintenance-free materials. The 27 m x 4.5 m pony truss aluminum structures are completely welded, thus requiring no assembly on site. This is a feat given the constraints of this material. With nearly 5,000 pedestrian and cyclist crossings per day, the works were planned to limit the duration of the building site to only three weeks.</p><p>This article focuses on the design of the non-redundant chords of the structures and the vibration issues due to pedestrian crossing. Explanations are provided regarding how the designer applied the provisions that have mainly been prepared for steel and concrete structures to aluminum structures. In the context of a non- redundant single span, it was still possible to obtain a nearly constant demand over capacity ratio for the compressed top chord over its entire length. Moreover, it describes how it is possible to quantify the performance of a footbridge with regards to vibration behavior at the serviceability limit state.</p>
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Panik, Michal, and Vladimir Necas. "Evaluation of External Exposure During Building and Operation of Concrete Bridges Constructions That Reuse the Conditionally Released Steels." In ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59120.

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This paper presents ongoing results of the project presented at ICEM’10 [1] related to the topics of reusing the conditionally released materials from decommissioning. The subject of the reuse of conditionally released materials in this case is modeling of bridge constructions which reuse the conditionally released steel in the form of reinforcement bars for the concrete bridges. A general approach for the project was presented at ICEM’10. The activities of the project continue in evaluating the individual effective doses from the external exposure based on reused conditionally released steels separately for public and for professionals (the internal exposure will be evaluated in next stages of the project). Evaluated scenarios are related to critical groups of professionals constructing the bridges (worker’s scenarios). The computer code VISIPLAN 3D ALARA 4.0 planning tool was used for the calculation of the individual effective dose for professionals. Various limits of the annual individual effective dose are used for the evaluation of calculation results. The aim of the ongoing modeling is to develop a set of data of maximal radioactivity concentration for individual radionuclides in the conditionally released steel used in the bridges model constructions in order not to exceed the limits for the individual effective dose.
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Panik, Michal, Tomas Hrncir, and Vladimir Necas. "Reuse of Conditionally Released Radioactive Materials From NPP Decommissioning Applied in Motorway Bridges Construction." In ASME 2010 13th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2010-40073.

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During the operation and especially during decommissioning of nuclear installation is produced considerable amount of solid materials (metals, non-metals, building structures) that can fix radioactivity in forms of contamination or activation. The materials present radioactive waste, part of radioactive waste may just slightly exceed limits for unconditional release of materials into the environment. On the other side, there is possible, after proving of defined safety limits fulfillment, to conditionally release radioactive waste for special purpose. In opposite case it would be inevitable to dispose radioactive waste in radioactive waste repository. Approaches of different countries to release of materials vary and the extent of this issue processing is related to each approach. Requirements set down in Slovak Republic legislation are given in the paper. Before the conditional release of materials there must be done consistent analysis of the materials impact on the inhabitants and the environment in short and long time period. The analysis comprises the evaluation of considered scenarios of specific utilization of conditionally released materials. This analysis necessarily precedes the realization of utilization. Scenarios describing utilization of radioactive waste carbon steel in the motorway bridge building process is stated in the paper. Radioactive steel can be utilized in many parts of the bridge. In the paper it is described its use as reinforcement of piles. Short time period external irradiation of workers and inhabitants is taken into account. Critical group (i.e. the group that gets the highest accumulated dose) of workers or inhabitants is chosen. Specific mass activity of released radioactive waste carbon steel is related to individual effective dose taken by critical group. Following legislation rules, annual effective dose taken by critical group must not overstep the limit of 10 μSv/year. The determination of value of the specific mass activity is the target of scenarios evaluating. Evaluation of model scenarios can be realized with the appropriate calculation tool. In the paper VISIPLAN 3D ALARA planning tool was chosen.
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