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Journal articles on the topic 'Iron and steel Roofing'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 July 2024

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1

Steau, Edward, Poologanathan Keerthan, and Mahen Mahendran. "Web crippling study of rivet fastened rectangular hollow flange channel beams with flanges fastened to supports." Advances in Structural Engineering 20, no. 7 (October 20, 2016): 1059–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433216670172.

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Thin-walled steel hollow flange channel beams are commonly used as joists and bearers in various flooring systems in buildings. A new rivet fastened rectangular hollow flange channel beam was proposed using an intermittently rivet fastening process as an alternative to welded beams. This flexible fastening process allows rectangular hollow flange channel beams to have greater section optimisation, by configuring web and flange widths and thicknesses. In the industrial applications of rectangular hollow flange channel beams as flooring, roofing or modular building systems, their flanges will be fastened to supports, which will provide increased capacities. However, no research has been conducted to investigate the web crippling capacities of rectangular hollow flange channel beams with flanges fastened to supports under two-flange load cases. Therefore, an experimental study was conducted to investigate the web crippling behaviour and capacities of rectangular hollow flange channel beams based on the new American Iron and Steel Institute S909 standard test method. The web crippling capacities were compared with the predictions from the design equations in Australia/New Zealand Standard 4600 and American Iron and Steel Institute S100 to determine their accuracy in predicting the web crippling capacities of rectangular hollow flange channel beams. Test results showed that these design equations are considerably conservative for the end two-flange load case while being unconservative for the interior two-flange load case. New equations are proposed to determine the web crippling capacities of rectangular hollow flange channel beams with flanges fastened to supports. Test results showed that web crippling capacities increased by 78% and 65% on average for the end two-flange and interior two-flange load cases when flanges were fastened to supports. This article presents the details of this web crippling experimental study of rectangular hollow flange channel beam sections and the results.

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2

Maheri, Mahmoud R. "Performance of Building Roofs in the 2003 Bam, Iran, Earthquake." Earthquake Spectra 21, no. 1_suppl (December 2005): 411–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2098859.

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Roofs covering buildings in the city of Bam, Iran prior to the earthquake of 26 December 2003 can be categorized into three main groups: traditional masonry dome or vault, steel I-beam jack-arch system, and concrete beam-hollow block system. The collapse of nonengineered masonry roofs and floor slabs during the earthquake was the single largest contributor to the large number of fatalities. This paper discusses the seismic performance of each type of roofing and their strengths and weaknesses. The poor seismic performance of traditional domes and vault roofs and unanchored jack-arch slabs are noted and the seismic merits of the anchored jack-arch slabs and concrete beam-hollow block slabs are discussed.

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3

Okoye, Peter Uchenna. "Occupational Health and Safety Risk Levels of Building Construction Trades in Nigeria." Construction Economics and Building 18, no. 2 (June 27, 2018): 92–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ajceb.v18i2.5882.

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This study assessed the occupational health and safety risk-level of common building construction trades in Nigeria. It also identified the sources, frequency and magnitude of risks inherent in the activities of various building construction trades. Being site-based survey research, it made use of a structured questionnaire administered to the selected building construction workers of different trades in Anambra State, Nigeria. The collected data were subjected to quantitative risk analysis using mean value method and risk prioritisation number. The study found that masonry, carpentry (including formwork and roofing), and iron bending and steel fixing are common building trades associated with high risks; whereas electrical fitting and installation, painting, tiling, and plumbing are medium risk building trades. It also found that the rate of occurrence and magnitude of impact of different safety risk factors differ across the building trades, which could be attributed to the differences in activities and modes of operation in different building trades. On this premise, the study suggested a multi-risk management and control approach for construction managers on building construction sites since the frequency of risk occurrence and the magnitude of risk severity differ across trades. It further called for institutional and legislative re-strengthening of extant labour laws in Nigeria.

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4

Rosami, Roohollah. "A Systematic Review on Concentration of Heavy Metal in the Ambient Air of Different Industries and the Health Risk Assessment." Advances in Clinical Toxicology 8, no. 2 (2023): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/act-16000265.

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Heavy metals are a group of pollutants that are found in ambient air of the industries. The metals can lead to cancerous and non-cancerous diseases in the exposed persons. In this systematic review, the concentration of heavy metals in the ambient air of industries and the related health risks were studied. In general, heavy metals with different average concentrations were found in various industries. Given the results, Zinc (539.96 µg/m³ ), Iron (216.04 µg/m³), Mercury (19.37 µg/m³), Lead (19.24 µg/m³), Arsenic (17/51 µg/m3), Chromium (12/18 µg/m³), Titanium (10/63 µg/m³ ), Nickel (9/09 µg/m³), Copper (8/11 µg/m³), Cadmium (6/7 µg/m³), Antimony (3/2 µg/m³), Manganese (2.99 µg/m³), Cobalt (1.32 µg/m³ ) were found in the air of the industries. For the zinc smelting, atomic energy, steel, roofing, printing, tape production, and cement, the highest concentration was for zinc (2518 µg/m³), lead (41/35 µg/m³), lead (45 µg/m³), lead (1/38 µg/m³), copper (20/20 µg/m³) and iron (216/04 µg/m³), respectively. All of the concentration in this research is reported in µg/m³. The average carcinogenic risk for the metals were 1.78×10-2, 3.32×10-3, 3.6×10-2, and 1.79×10-3 respectively for arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and nickel. The average non-carcinogenic risk of chromium, manganese, and mercury were 8.06×104 , 77×10-4, and 1.22×10-2, respectively. According to the results, the variety of heavy metals in cement industry is more than in other industries, while the concentration of heavy metals in zinc smelting and atomic energy industries was more than remain. Zinc showed the highest average concentration and chromium showed the highest expected risk of carcinogenicity for occupational exposure.

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5

Floricel, Andra, Giuseppe Zagari, Viorel Ungureanu, and Adrian Ciutina. "Structural solutions based on intensive use of steel for over-roofing of existing precast concrete panel buildings." Advances in Structural Engineering 19, no. 12 (July 28, 2016): 1940–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433216653507.

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An important segment of the Romanian urban population, similar to other Eastern European countries, lives in collective residential apartment buildings made using large prefabricated concrete panels. Most of these structures were built between 1960 and 1989 and present major issues concerning aesthetical aspects, lack of internal space, problems related to thermal comfort and, last but not least, weak energy efficiency. The presence of flat roofing system, generally with hydrothermal faults, represents an additional problem which leads to deficient living conditions of the last-storey inhabitants in many cases. Besides other ways of improving the conditions of such apartment houses, the over-roofing is welcome in order to both increase the habitable area and provide adequate roofing for the building. This article presents three types of over-roofing structural solutions, in two solutions, based on intensive use of steel, using (1) hot-rolled steel profiles, (2) rectangular hollow sections and (3) cold-formed steel profiles, respectively. In order to determine the optimum over-roofing system, the study analyses the structural design possibilities and particularly the connection between the new and old structural elements.

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6

OHKUMA, Takeshi, Hitomitsu KIKITSU, Yukinori KUDO, and Yasunori OSUMI. "Outline of Standard of Steel Roofing-2007." Wind Engineers, JAWE 2008, no. 115 (2008): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5359/jawe.2008.131.

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7

Baehre, R. "Good practice in steel cladding and roofing." Thin-Walled Structures 4, no. 1 (January 1986): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0263-8231(86)90016-9.

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8

RICHMAN, Russell, Evan BENTZ, Denver JERMYN, and Chang SUN. "STRUCTURAL AND DURABILITY ANALYSIS OF A NOVEL RE-ROOFING CONCEPT." Engineering Structures and Technologies 9, no. 4 (December 21, 2017): 158–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/2029882x.2017.1404939.

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Metal roof decks in long-span light steel structures can become damaged and obsolete by corrosion should the roofing system become compromised. Re-roofing is conducted by either removing and replacing damaged areas (resulting in suspension of interior operations and lost revenue) or installing new decking directly over the damaged areas which can transfer corrosion to the new deck. This research conducts structural and durability analyses on a novel proposed re-roofing concept that installs a new metal roof deck over the existing deck by using a proprietary deck strap resulting in no interruption of interior processes. Preliminary structural analysis shows the proposed concept to be applicable to generic conditions around Southern Ontario. Recommendations for project specific structural analysis are made. Durability analysis demonstrates that the proposed concept system improves hygrothermal performance of the roof assembly in all cases except when insulation in the existing roof assembly is saturated. Saturated insulation should be removed prior to installing the re-roofing system.

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9

Harshitha, M. N., and S. Vivek. "Affordable Roofing System with Square and Rectangular Dome Panels." Revista Gestão Inovação e Tecnologias 11, no. 4 (July 22, 2021): 2941–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.47059/revistageintec.v11i4.2330.

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Affordable roofing is a word, which refers to residence units or habitation units whose prices are assumed/expected to be affordable or economical to a category of community with an identified remuneration limit or scale. Structural roofs are taken in to computation for considerable or valuable price of building in ordinary condition. Thus some savings accomplished in roofing operation or roofing system, significantly decreases the price of the structural units or building unit. In India, BMTPC (Building material and technology promotion council) and HUDCO ( Housing and urban development corporation limited) are the main tow organization or council who have been advertising or promoting appropriate building material and construction technologies in different territory or division of the country. In this roofing, systemized, standardized, advanced roofing units or parts have been used to avoid the temporary structures like shuttering. Hence, the roofing will be economical and progress of work is fast which ensures better in quality. Even though the studies, experiments or researching on this affordable roofing system as not been completely utilized as in other sector or region, a concentrated examination or exploration is to be done to verify the prefabricated roofing which would change the common roofing procedure. The major requisite of choosing affordable roofing system is to develop or advance the rapidity in construction and to decrease the price. In the current work, staadpro software is used for designing the precast RCC roofs and analysis of joist by analytical study using the finite element method. The outcomes which manifest the satisfactory volume of price or cost depletion for various set of panels. In this design, we have considered two least dimensions of 0.5m and 0.75m panels. The aspect ratios which is varying from 1 to 2 and the price depletion is of 0.4% to 9.4% for the least dimension of 0.5m panels. Likewise aspect ratio varying from 1 to 2 with a price depletion from 19.7% to 34.7% for a least dimensions of 0.75m panel size. As the size of the panels increases it becomes cost effective. The preferred roofing system was found to be more cost beneficial as compared with regular RCC roofing system with the increase in dimension of the slab. The roofing system is designed considering M20 concrete and fe415 steel. The beam system panels are precasted and can be easily placed in the position. 3 to 5 masons are enough to easily handle the loads of panels and primary, secondary beam because of weights of panels are less as compare to Conventional slabs. The affordable roofing systems requires lesser time for construction when compare to conventional RCC slab. The major advantage of this roofing is that false roofing works is not required for the dome shaped portion. This dome shaped portion sealing gives good attractive or decorative appearance. The cost analysis made between conventional roofing system and proposed roofing system indicates a cost reduction or depletion of 40% when compare to RCC slab of same size.

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10

Аполлонский, S. Apollonskiy, Коровченко, and P. Korovchenko. "Electromagnetic Fields in Urbanized Space with Metal Roof." Safety in Technosphere 2, no. 3 (June 25, 2013): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/449.

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The roofing iron influence on distribution of electromagnetic fields in the air environment of urbanized space is considered. The approximate calculation method of this influence is given. Possible impact on human being is estimated.

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11

Xu, Y. L. "Fatigue Performance of Screw-Fastened Light-Gauge-Steel Roofing Sheets." Journal of Structural Engineering 121, no. 3 (March 1995): 389–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1995)121:3(389).

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12

Shadravan, Shideh, Mark Emde, and Chris Ramseyer. "Investigation of torsional bracing of cold-formed steel roofing systems." Journal of Structural Integrity and Maintenance 4, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 6–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/24705314.2019.1567046.

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13

Ji, Xiaowen, Guoqing Huang, Xinxin Zhang, and Gregory A. Kopp. "Vulnerability analysis of steel roofing cladding: Influence of wind directionality." Engineering Structures 156 (February 2018): 587–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.11.068.

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14

Andrzej Wojnar, Katarzyna Sieńkowska, and Olena Chernieva. "RESISTANCE OF A STEEL ROOF STIFFENING SYSTEM OF INDUSTRIAL HALLS MADE FROM COLD FORMED PROFILES." Journal of Civil Engineering, Environment and Architecture 36, no. 66/4 (February 27, 2020): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.7862/rb.2019.20.

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Single-nave halls with a steel structure are used in industrial construction and as storage, sports, public facilities, temporary buildings, etc. In terms of design, they consist of: main load-bearing systems, purlins and support systems for the wall casing and roofing. Individual elements of the hall structure can be made of hot-rolled profiles or cold formed, thin-walled elements with slender walls. The load capacity of the roof structure of an industrial hall, unconstrained by roofing, was analysed in the paper. The rigidity of the roof structure in its plane was ensured by an appropriate roof bracing system. It was also assumed that the work of the roof structure in a perpendicular direction to the roof plane is to be similar to the behavior of a steel grate - cooperation between purlins and rigid tie rods was assumed, with vertical loads applied only to the purlins.

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15

Kalantar, B., S. Mansor, Z. Khuzaimah, M. Ibrahim Sameen, and B. Pradhan. "MODELLING MEAN ALBEDO OF INDIVIDUAL ROOFS IN COMPLEX URBAN AREAS USING SATELLITE IMAGES AND AIRBORNE LASER SCANNING POINT CLOUDS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W7 (September 12, 2017): 237–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w7-237-2017.

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Knowledge of surface albedo at individual roof scale is important for mitigating urban heat islands and understanding urban climate change. This study presents a method for quantifying surface albedo of individual roofs in a complex urban area using the integration of Landsat 8 and airborne LiDAR data. First, individual roofs were extracted from airborne LiDAR data and orthophotos using optimized segmentation and supervised object based image analysis (OBIA). Support vector machine (SVM) was used as a classifier in OBIA process for extracting individual roofs. The user-defined parameters required in SVM classifier were selected using v-fold cross validation method. After that, surface albedo was calculated for each individual roof from Landsat images. Finally, thematic maps of mean surface albedo of individual roofs were generated in GIS and the results were discussed. Results showed that the study area is covered by 35% of buildings varying in roofing material types and conditions. The calculated surface albedo of buildings ranged from 0.16 to 0.65 in the study area. More importantly, the results indicated that the types and conditions of roofing materials significantly effect on the mean value of surface albedo. Mean albedo of new concrete, old concrete, new steel, and old steel were found to be equal to 0.38, 0.26, 0.51, and 0.44 respectively. Replacing old roofing materials with new ones should highly prioritized.

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16

Sulegin, D. A., and V. N. Zuzov. "Topological optimization of the roofing structure of a passenger vehicle to increase energy intensity in a side impact." Izvestia MGTU MAMI 1, no. 1 (2021): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.31992/2074-0530-2021-47-1-81-88.

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This article considered the main issues of finding options for strengthening the roofing of the ve-hicle body based on topological optimization in order to meet the requirements of passive safety with a minimum mass. The method for achieving this goal was mathematical modeling using the Topology Optimization modules of the ANSYS software package and the explicit dynamics of LS-Dyna. In order to test the effectiveness of the reinforcements, the pillar side impact according to UNECE 135 “Uniform provisions concerning the approval of vehicles with regard to their perfor-mance in side impact on a pillar” was selected as the loading mode. The efficiency criterion was the energy intensity of the body, defined as the ratio of the energy of the system to the residual (plastic) deformation at the level of the center of the door. Based on the topological optimization, two vari-ants of the arrangement of the reinforcing elements, practically equivalent in efficiency, were ob-tained. For the most complete assessment of the influence of the parameters, several options for strengthening the roofing were considered: placement of steel reinforcing elements; placement of foam aluminum under the roof; combination of steel elements with filling their cavities with foam aluminum. Based on the simulation results, a comparative assessment of the effectiveness of the considered amplification options was carried out. The most effective were the options for reinforc-ing the roofing with channel-shaped beams and filling them with foam and the option for reinforc-ing the roofing with channel-shaped beams and diagonal bridges in them, causing it to increase compared to the original structure by 20.88 and 19.94%, respectively, but at the same time the mass of the first option is 42 kg less than the mass of the second.

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17

Wu, Jian Hua, and Han Shi Lu. "High Altitude Steel Roof Truck Crane Installation." World Construction 6, no. 1 (May 2, 2017): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18686/wc.v6i1.85.

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In order to solve the problems of crane operating range in blind areas and insufficient weight support of crane for steel structure bubble roof lifting construction, it is a must to design propelling crane on the roof, so that it can move on selected routes, completing the lifting work of steel roofing bubble. Mainly introduce the technical measures and related technical preparation of propelling crane on the roof for steel structure lifting process, to ensure the originality of steel structure during lifting process and safety of construction work,also to guarantee the progress of steel structure lifting work.

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18

Ghosh, Arghya, and Sukanta Jana. "On Structural Design of Steel Roof Truss Geometry Used in Factory Shed." Proceedings of the 12th Structural Engineering Convention, SEC 2022: Themes 1-2 1, no. 1 (December 19, 2022): 321–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.38208/acp.v1.516.

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Use of steel is steadily increasing all over the world in civil engineering related fields due to its superior material properties like high strength and durability, high ductility, light weight etc. Various types of steel structures become more popular because of their high aesthetic appearance. Among these steel structures, roof trusses are widely used to cover large column free open areas like shopping malls, auditoriums, car parking lots, stadiums as well as factory sheds etc. Design of steel truss members is an important aspect to the practicing civil engineers. Hence this paper aims to study the design and analysis of different types of truss geometries used in a factory shed using commercial well-established software package STAAD Pro V8i. Various types of truss geometries like Pratt truss, Howe truss, Fink truss are considered in the present investigations with different aspect ratios. Besides these truss geometries, portal frame geometry is also taken up here to examine the best suitable geometries which are to be used as roofing units in industrial purposes. The results obtained from the present numerical experimentations are studied meticulously to extract a set of meaningful conclusions regarding the design and optimum choice of steel truss geometry which is used as roofing units in industrial sheds. The practical design guidelines along with the best choice of roof trusses are highlighted in the results and discussions section of this paper.

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19

Caramelli, Stefano, Pietro Croce, and Walter Salvatore. "Multiple stiffened cold-formed steel profiles for cylindrical vault roofing systems." Journal of Constructional Steel Research 57, no. 8 (August 2001): 831–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0143-974x(01)00018-9.

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20

Krentowski, Janusz, Tadeusz Chyzy, Piotr Dunaj, and Pawel Dunaj. "Delayed catastrophe of a steel roofing structure of a shopping facility." Engineering Failure Analysis 98 (April 2019): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2019.01.082.

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21

Cao, Xinli, Huamei Mo, Guolong Zhang, Qingwen Zhang, and Feng Fan. "Experimental Study on Shear Strength of Roof–Snow Interfaces for Prediction of Roof Snow Sliding." Buildings 14, no. 4 (April 8, 2024): 1036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings14041036.

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The sliding of roof snow may result in surcharges of snow load on lower roofs or the injury of pedestrians on the ground. It is therefore of great significance to study the mechanism of roof snow sliding, such that prevention or control measures can be developed to manage the risk. Considering four commonly used roofing materials, glass, steel, membrane, and concrete, two types of experiments were carried out in this study to possibly reveal the influence of roofing materials on the shear strength of the roof–snow interface: one is the critical angle tests where the angle at which the snow starts to slide off from the roof is tested, and the other is the shearing tests which aim to test the shear strength of the roof–snow interfaces at specific temperatures. The results showed that the critical angle for roof snow sliding, as well as the shear strength of the roof–snow interface for the four considered roofing materials, show a U-shape trend with the increase in surface roughness and that the shear strength of the roof–snow surface ranges from 0.15 kPa to 2 kPa for the cases considered, while the strength reaches its maximum at certain temperatures near −5 °C for a specific roofing material and snow thickness. These findings could be a useful reference for future experimental or simulation studies on roof snow sliding.

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22

Lu, Bo, Wen Zhao, Xi Du, Shengang Li, Yongping Guan, and Zijun Wang. "Analysis of Ultimate Bearing Capacity and Parameters of Steel Support Cutting Pipe Roofing Structure." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2676, no. 4 (December 7, 2021): 348–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03611981211059771.

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A new pipe-roof construction method, the steel support cutting pipe method (SSCP), was proposed to improve the construction security and accuracy of pipe jacking as well as underground space usage. The pipe-roof method is one of the underground excavation methods which push multiple steel pipes into the soil, then connect the steel pipes horizontally to form a whole. The proposed structure’s failure mode and force characteristics were determined through theoretical analysis, and then its ultimate bearing capacity and influencing parameters were analyzed through laboratory experiments and numerical simulation. The research results show that the structure’s bearing capacity depends on the steel pipe’s buckling load; the structure’s failure mode is a result of the steel pipe’s buckling. The ultimate bearing capacity of the pipe-roof structure first increases and then decreases with the increase of the steel pipe chord height ratio. The ultimate bearing capacity reaches the maximum when the ratio is 0.33. In addition, the structure’s ultimate bearing capacity is positively related to the steel pipe wall thickness and the pipe section’s length. This can be obtained from the relationship curve showing that the steel pipe wall thickness should be selected according to the engineering requirements and that the pipe section’s length is preferably 2.3 times the diameter of the steel pipe in the construction design.

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23

Kato, Masahiko, and Shoji Hirai. "Carburizing and Decarburizing of Iron Nails for Roofing Tiles by Smithing." Tetsu-to-Hagane 94, no. 8 (2008): 278–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane.94.278.

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24

Cárdenes Van den Eynde, V., R. Paradelo, and C. Monterroso. "Passivation techniques to prevent corrosion of iron sulphides in roofing slates." Corrosion Science 51, no. 10 (October 2009): 2387–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2009.06.025.

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25

Potgieter-Vermaak, S. S., A. Mmari, R. van Grieken, R. I. McCrindle, and J. H. Potgieter. "Degradation of galvanised iron roofing material in Tanzania by atmospheric corrosion." Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology 46, no. 5 (August 2011): 642–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/147842210x12695149033972.

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26

Melyokhin, Evgeniy A. "Translucent Arched Roofing Made of Modular Trihedral Trusses." Light & Engineering, no. 02-2023 (April 2023): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.33383/2023-013.

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In modern conditions, there is an increasing role for the construction of multifunctional buildings based on universal load-bearing structures of frame systems to take advantage of mass construction. The developed universal arched covering made of modular trihedral trusses can be used for multi-purpose production, storage and auxiliary buildings of various industries, as well as buildings of sporting and socio-cultural purposes. The arrangement of light apertures along the full length of the external contour of the steel lattice arches makes it possible to form a uniform background of daylighting. Directly on the inclined lattice edges of the arches, sunscreens can be placed. Changing the spacing and width of the steel lattice arches makes it possible to regulate the area of light openings and influence changes in the parameters of daylighting and insolation of the building. The aim of the research is to evaluate the design features and layout of the universal arch cover for a translucent cover with a fragmented combined system of daylight and insolation for public and industrial buildings of different technological specialization. The research methodology is based on the use of graph-analytical methods on the placement of geometric bodies in space from the condition of striving to minimize their dimensions. Analytical dependences influencing the formation of the geometric layout of lattice arch structures are presented. The results of assembling the arched coverage of a sports hall from the segments of modular trihedral trusses for different spans are given. Conclusions are formulated according to the results of the research and recommendations are given for further investigations of the presented structures.

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27

Wu, Jianhua, and Hanshi Lu. "High Altitude Steel Roof Truck Crane Installation." Urban Transportation & Construction 3, no. 1 (August 16, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18686/utc.v3i1.1.

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<p>In order to solve the problems of crane operating range in blind areas and insufficient weight support of crane for steel structure bubble roof lifting construction, it is a must to design propelling crane on the roof, so that it can move on selected routes, completing the lifting work of steel roofing bubble. Mainly introduce the technical measures and related technical preparation of propelling crane on the roof for steel structure lifting process, to ensure the originality of steel structure during lifting process and safety of construction work, also to guarantee the progress of steel structure lifting work. </p>

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28

Islam, S. M. Zahurul, Dalia Khatun, and Al Amin. "A Study on the Structural Strength and Behaviour of Composite Profiled Steel Sheet with Plywood." Applied Mechanics and Materials 860 (December 2016): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.860.105.

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Shelter, the second basic need of man, has been a preoccupation for many governments all over the world trying to house their growing population. Roof is the covering on the uppermost part of a building. Roof not only provides protection to the buildings from the effects of weather but also plays an important role in architectural and aesthetic point of view. Profiled steel sheet are increasingly used in structural application in recent years. Profiled steel sheet connected to plywood which is known as profiled steel sheeting plywood (PSSPW) system can be used as an alternative to traditional form of roof construction. This study investigated experimentally and analytically the possibility of employing the PSSPW as a roof surface to provide an efficient emergency shelter. The aim of this study to investigate the structural strength and behaviour of composite profiled steel sheet with plywood. The tests were performed on profiled steel sheet and profiled steel sheeting with plywood. The failure loads, failure modes and the load-web deformation behaviour of profiled steel sheeting with plywood are also presented. The experimental and analytical results were compared to validate and determine the structural strength and behavior of profiled steel sheet and composite profiled steel sheet with plywood (PSSPW). This PSSPW composite roofing helps to enhancing the stiffness and strength of the composite system. The proposed PSSPW composite roofing system has a great potential to be exploited for the construction of housing as well as disaster relief shelter. The application of plywood as a load bearing structural component in PSSPW system has the potential to meet the demands of building construction. This system can reduce time and overall cost of construction and has the potential of opening up new composite system in the building construction industry.

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ITO, Toshiyuki, Tsukasa TOMABECHI, and Masayuki HOSHINO. "STUDY ON DETERIORATION OF PAINTED STEEL SHEET FOR ROOFING IN SNOWFALL AREA." Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) 444 (1993): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijsx.444.0_7.

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Henderson, David J., John D. Ginger, Murray J. Morrison, and Gregory A. Kopp. "Simulated tropical cyclonic winds for low cycle fatigue loading of steel roofing." Wind and Structures An International Journal 12, no. 4 (July 25, 2009): 383–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/was.2009.12.4.383.

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31

Henderson, David J., and John D. Ginger. "Response of pierced fixed corrugated steel roofing systems subjected to wind loads." Engineering Structures 33, no. 12 (December 2011): 3290–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.08.020.

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32

Krentowski, Janusz. "Steel roofing disaster and the effect of the failure of butt joints." Engineering Failure Analysis 45 (October 2014): 245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2014.07.008.

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33

Cheng, Laixiu, and Junfeng Cheng. "Experimental Study on Static Wind Uplift Resistance of Roofing Systems." Buildings 14, no. 1 (December 25, 2023): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010065.

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Metal roof systems were widely utilized in various important buildings; however, cases of wind damage were often observed. In this paper, wind uplift tests of standing seam aluminum magnesium manganese and continuous welded stainless-steel roof systems were conducted, and the wind resistance bearing capacity and mechanical properties of key joints in the two roof systems were compared and analyzed. Strain gauges and displacement sensors were arranged at different structural layers and key nodes of the roof system to compare and analyze the stress and displacement changes. The results showed that the wind resistance capacity of the continuous welded stainless-steel roof system was more than 25% higher than that of the standing seam aluminum magnesium manganese roof system. The stress and displacement of the roof system gradually increased with the increase in wind load. Obvious differences in stress at different positions of the two roof systems were identified. The stress at the roof panel of the roof system was greater than that of other structural layers, and the maximum displacement of the roof panel in the elastic stage could reach more than 97.5 mm. The fitting coefficient between the test and the finite element was 0.976, and the ultimate bearing capacity of Specimen B was 479.64 MPa. The research results of this paper can provide some data support and reference for engineering design and applications.

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Seavhai, Kang, and S. P. Narayanan. "Evaluation of Roofing Systems in Malaysia Based on MS 1553 BS 6399, EC1-1-4 and IS 875 Wind Codes." Applied Mechanics and Materials 567 (June 2014): 577–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.567.577.

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This paper evaluates the performance of different roofing sheet systems for different roof types using four different codes namely MS 1553, EC1-1-4, IS 875 and BS 6399. The maximum roof pressures using different codes (MS 1553, EC1-1-4, IS 875 and BS 6399) on critical and general area of the different roof types considering buildings with non-dominant opening, dominant opening and canopies have been evaluated. The maximum recommended wind speed in MS 1553 namely 33.5 m/s has been used as the reference for the numerical comparison. The major differences in the codes include averaging time for wind speed, terrain, reference height, and pressure coefficients. The study examines the conservativeness or not of the codes if used in the Malaysian context, even though they have been developed for a different wind climate and region. Further, the results of static test on different steel roofing sheets used in Malaysia using AS 1562.1 available as the limit state wind pressure capacities in the technical brochures are compared with design wind pressures for critical and interior regions of the roof for different wind zones. The suitability of a particular roofing sheet system for a particular wind zone is then assessed.

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FUJITA, Masanori, Tomomichi HAYASHI, Yasuhiro RYUDA, and Fumiyoshi ONO. "CORROSION RESISTANCE OF METAL FITTINGS FOR FOLDED-PLATE ROOFING USING THIN STEEL PLATES." AIJ Journal of Technology and Design 22, no. 52 (2016): 851–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijt.22.851.

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36

Ito, Toshiyuki, Tsukasa Tomabechi, and Masayuki Hoshino. "Regarding surface properties and snow-sliding performance of deteriorated steel sheet for roofing." Journal of Snow Engineering of Japan 10, no. 2 (1994): 76–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4106/jsse.10.76.

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37

Ito, Toshiyuki. "Regarding surface properties and snow-sliding performance of deteriorated steel sheet for roofing." Journal of Snow Engineering of Japan 13, no. 4 (1997): 369–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4106/jsse.13.369.

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38

Huynh, Tran T., Ili Jamil, Nicole A. Pianegonda, Stephen J. Blanksby, Philip J. Barker, Mike Manefield, and Scott A. Rice. "Investigation of the microbial communities colonizing prepainted steel used for roofing and walling." MicrobiologyOpen 6, no. 2 (December 20, 2016): e00425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mbo3.425.

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39

Jareemit, Daranee, and Manat Srivanit. "A Comparative Study of Cooling Performance and Thermal Comfort under Street Market Shades and Tree Canopies in Tropical Savanna Climate." Sustainability 14, no. 8 (April 13, 2022): 4653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14084653.

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Walking through street markets is the most popular outdoor activity in Thailand, promoting local economies and tourism. In the year-round hot and humid conditions, living outdoors with long heat exposure throughout the midday can result in heat-related illness. Artificial shade structures and tree shade canopies are typical cooling strategies to protect market sellers and pedestrians from direct sun exposure and improve outdoor human thermal comfort in the street market. This study investigates microclimate conditions and cooling benefits of typical street market shade structures with different settings—three roofing materials, two roof shapes, and surrounding trees with dense and sparse canopies. The dimension of the single artificial shade was 2 m × 2 m with heights varying 2–2.5 m. The vertical air temperature and sky view factor profiles were measured on winter and summer days. The calculated physiological equivalent temperatures (PET) and thermal comfortable hours beneath different shade structures were assessed using RayMan 1.2 software. A cluster of trees with a dense canopy provided more effective cooling (with a satisfied thermal condition of 9 h) than artificial shade structures. Thermal conditions under the galvanized steel roofing and HDPE tarpaulin plastic roofing shades were cooler than those of polycarbonate roofing shade. Meanwhile, the space beneath the sparse tree canopy had the warmest condition. The temperature reductions beneath the artificial shade structure varied throughout the day, with the maximum reduction occurring during midday and the lowest reduction found in the late morning and late afternoon. Our study demonstrates that the tree canopies and artificial shade structures had limited application for providing comfortable conditions throughout midday. To reduce such extreme heat, a combination of shade structures with other cooling techniques is suggested, which should be the focus for further studies.

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40

Andrade, P. M., Carlos Maurício Fontes Vieira, Sérgio Neves Monteiro, and F. Vernilli Jr. "Recycling of Steel Sludge into Red Ceramic." Materials Science Forum 530-531 (November 2006): 544–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.530-531.544.

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The present paper has for objective to evaluate the effect of fine steel sludge waste incorporation on the properties and microstructure of a kaolinitic clayey body used to the fabrication of bricks and roofing tiles. Compositions were prepared with additions of waste of 0, 5 and 10 wt.% in a kaolinitic clay from the county of Campos dos Goytacazes, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. To determine the technological properties such as bulk density, linear shrinkage, water absorption and flexural strength, specimens were prepared by uniaxial pressure at 20 MPa and then fired in a laboratory furnace at 700°C, 900°C and 1100°C. The microstructure of the fired specimen was evaluated by SEM. The results showed that the incorporation up to 10 wt. % of fine steel sludge does not change the ceramic properties, specially, at low temperatures. Hence, the recycling of steel sludge into red ceramic fabrication can be considered as an environmentally correct solution for the final disposal of this type of waste.

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41

Roy, Krishanu, Aflah Alamsah Dani, Vince Say, Zhiyuan Fang, and James B. P. Lim. "The Circular Economy of Steel Roofing and Cladding and Its Environmental Impacts—A Case Study for New Zealand." Sustainability 14, no. 24 (December 15, 2022): 16832. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142416832.

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This paper investigates the environmental impacts of two commonly used steel roofing and wall-cladding products in New Zealand over their life cycle, taking into consideration the recycling process. The recycling process of steel is in line with the Circular Economy (CE) approach, where the goal is to prolong the material’s lifetime and possibly reduce its environmental impacts and material waste. Although the benefit of recycling steel is well recognised, the environmental impact values of different specific steel products cannot be generalised and need to be estimated. For this, life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology and Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) were implemented to quantify the environmental impacts of the investigated steel products and to analyse the significance of the recycling process in reducing the impacts on the environment. This study considered modules C1–C4 and D to estimate the impacts of steel products. It was found that the recycled steel materials have an effect on reducing the environmental impacts, particularly the global warming potential (GWP) and photochemical ozone creation potential (POCP), both of which were negative and of −2.36 × 106 kg CO2eq and −8.10 × 102 kg C2H4eq, respectively. However, it is important to note that not all impacts were reduced by recycling steel, which creates trade-offs within each impact indicator. In addition, when compared with locally sourced material cladding, the imported material cladding had a 6% higher negative impact value for both GWP and POCP.

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42

Suruji, Nur Farhana Ahmad. "The Physical and Mechanical Properties of Bamboo Fibres Filled with Calcium Carbonate Powder Reinforced Epoxy Composites in Coating Treatment Process for Roofing Application." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 11 (November 30, 2023): 1254–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.56551.

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Abstract: In Malaysia's construction industry, reinforced concrete utilisation is not a recent development. However, the problem of overuse of construction material including steel, bricks and cement are not environmentally friendly as it will lead to greenhouse effect. On the other hand, bamboo is a natural resource which have a big population and promising material to be used in construction due to the strength, durability, and ability to replace steel in concrete. To solve the issues, bamboo fibre will be utilised as reinforcement in concrete. The research objective of this study is to determine the value of maximum and minimum force of bamboo with different arrangement of layer orientation for usefulness in roofing construction and to determine the effect of water absorption in bamboo-composite reinforcement for long term effects in roofing structure. The effect of using flame retardant materials in mechanical properties for bamboo laminate composites also has been studied. The experimental work focuses on the fabrication method which is hand layup technique. Then, the physical and mechanical test to determine workability and strength between coated and uncoated bamboo laminate composite were compared. The chemical treatment may enhance surface interaction, and at coated bamboo fibre, it alters the fibres' capacity to compact, which improved stress distribution and resulted in minimal void formation. This study is also to encourage the usage of natural renewable material as an alternative construction material.

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43

Gao, Hong, Guo Lv, and Zheng Rong Bai. "The Implosion Performance Analysis of the Tube Truss Roof Based on Measured Defects." Applied Mechanics and Materials 256-259 (December 2012): 960–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.256-259.960.

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In order to analyze the mechanical properties of the steel truss roof burst in the case of defective within, the use of non-linear display dynamic finite element analysis software ANSYS / LS-DYNA to study the different effects of different random defect structure. The measured defect data is obtained by a construction tube truss roof structure .To accord to the random sampling method, defects randomly distributed and the parametric statistical information is to establish. Defect structure antiknock performance is derived, considering the tube truss structure roofing layer, and unconsidering the two simulation models for pipe truss structure roofing layer, and taking into account the rod defects affect the dynamic characteristics of tube truss structure to explosivesposition, explosives equivalent parameters by analyzing and comparing the different parameters of the explosion of the power of the tube truss structure response. Roof layer, the location of the explosion, explosives equivalent with tube truss structure antiknock performance relationship and the weak position of the structure is determined to ensure that the building security to provide a theoretical basis . The results show that the tube truss structure system when the explosion shock wave loads, its dynamic response is a very complex process, the role of the explosion shock wave loading, pipe truss the plastic development process and the structure of the internal location of the explosion, explosivesweight, defects, and consider whether the the roofing layer has relationship.

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44

Tahmasebinia, Faham, Eason Chen, Andy Huang, and Jesse Li. "Designing Lightweight Stadium Roofing Structures Based on Advanced Analysis Methods." Sustainability 15, no. 4 (February 16, 2023): 3612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15043612.

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The current structural engineering practical standards are unable to offer an universal structural design standard for long-spanning lightweight stadium roofing structures. As such, the design procedure of a particular stadium roof is not replicable to another. This research aims to present a novel design procedure for lightweight stadium roofing structures considering the Lakhwiya stadium the Optus Stadium and the CommBank Stadium as experimental cases. Using the finite element analysis (FEA) software Strand7, the cases will be modelled and analysed. Varying load cases and combinations such as ultimate strength (ULS) and serviceability limit states (SLS) based on the Australian Standard AS1170.0:2002 will be calculated and subsequently applied. Linear static analysis will then be undertaken where critical members will be identified within the model. Based on this, preliminary member sizing and design feasibility checks will be conducted in order to ensure structural stability and compliance to the Australian Steel Structure code AS4100:2020. A linear buckling analysis is also conducted based on the selected sizes from the initial stage to determine critical loads. Advanced analysis including non-linear buckling computation is comprehensively managed. Some of the crucial parameters such as maximum displacement, maximum/minimum principal stresses, critical buckling loads, as well as load factors are examined. The main novelty of this study is to determine a clear road map to design stadium roofing systems subjected to a combination of different types of the loading.

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45

Landolfo, Raffaele, G. Di Lorenzo, M. R. Guerrieri, O. Mammana, and F. Portioli. "The Umberto I Gallery in Naples: The Influence of Corrosion Damage on the Seismic Performance of the Iron Roofing Structure." Key Engineering Materials 347 (September 2007): 345–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.347.345.

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This paper is concerned with the results of the vulnerability assessment of the iron roofing structures of the Umberto I Gallery in Naples. The study is performed considering both the damage caused by corrosive phenomena and the seismic risk. In particular, the evaluation of the seismic performance has been carried out by developing a three-dimensional finite element model of the structure and calculating the thickness loss due to corrosion on the basis of suitable damage curves.

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46

Sato, K. "Iron and Steel Industry." Sangyo Igaku 31, no. 7 (1989): 532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1539/joh1959.31.532.

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47

Yang, Ning, and De-ji Guo. "Chinese Iron and Steel." JOM 38, no. 3 (March 1986): 56–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03257900.

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48

Paterson, John Hamilton. "GALVANIZED IRON AND STEEL." Journal of the American Society for Naval Engineers 27, no. 2 (March 18, 2009): 503–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1915.tb00407.x.

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49

Izabel, David, Thibault Renaux, Tommy Gelders, Arritokieta Eizaguirre‐Iribar, Jörg Lange, Eric Man Pradhan, Helena Gervásio, et al. "Innovative bio‐based steel envelope systems." ce/papers 6, no. 3-4 (September 2023): 501–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cepa.2630.

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AbstractThe INCSEB project is aimed at developing 5 ultra‐low carbon envelope systems made in steel and that incorporate innovative use of wood fiber insulation. The systems under development are: 3 sandwich panels (cladding, pitch & flat roofing), 2 claddings (double skin & façade with plank). INCSEB includes tests to study various behaviors: mechanical, fire, thermal calculation, acoustic insulation, air/water/vapor permeability. Interpretation and classification reports will be done for each type of test. 2 full scale prototypes will allow to estimate the durability in real life conditions. LCA indicators and comparison of carbon footprint (GWP) to conventional systems based on a real office building will be provided. An economic study of the projected price of the 5 systems compared to existing conventional systems is also planned. Besides, as far as the production of innovative panels is concerned, it appears that they can be integrated in current production lines. Finally, actions to facilitate the dissemination of results and industrial application will be organized: drafts of design and installation guides, publications, submission of 3 amendments to relevant EN standardization committees, workshop, BIM objects. Lastly, the manufacturers plan to apply for patents protection.

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Xu, Y. L., and J. G. Teng. "Local plastic failure of light gauge steel roofing sheets: Finite element analysis versus experiment." Journal of Constructional Steel Research 30, no. 2 (January 1994): 125–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0143-974x(94)90047-7.

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