Relevant bibliographies by topics / Iron electrolysis

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Academic literature on the topic 'Iron electrolysis'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 5 June 2025
Last updated: 24 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Iron electrolysis"

1

Huck, Marten, Lisa Ring, Karsten Küpper, Johann Klare, Diemo Daum, and Helmut Schäfer. "Water splitting mediated by an electrocatalytically driven cyclic process involving iron oxide species." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8, no. 19 (2020): 9896–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ta03340e.

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The water splitting reaction mediated by an electrocatalytically driven cycle with suspended iron oxide species enables significantly lower overpotentials for the oxygen evolution reaction compared to classic electrolysis of clear electrolytes.
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2

Wang, Yi Bo, Yong Hong Liu, Wei Fu, Li Cheng Chen, Yao Zhong Li, and Su Hua Wu. "Treatment of Actual Dyeing Wastewater by Continuous Iron-Carbon Micro-Electrolysis Process." Advanced Materials Research 838-841 (November 2013): 2395–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.838-841.2395.

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Continuous treating process by iron-carbon micro-electrolytic technology treating actual dyeing wastewater was studied, performance of the micro-electrolysis reactor (MER) assembled homemade iron-carbon micro-electrolysis materials (MEM) and the process of alkaline addition, the properties of iron mud (flocculation precipitation produced from alkaline addition) were also investigated. The results shows that:(1) COD removal rate of MER was stable at around 60%, and the chroma could reached less than 40 times at stable stage of 60 days operation; (2) According to 30 days of continuous operation test, 7.6 kg of iron mud was produced when one ton wastewater was treated in this system; it was also found that iron mud can be recycled as raw materials for the synthesis of MEM by EDS analysis; (3)Effluent reflux (reflux ratio 1~1.5) could effectively reduce the dosage of alkali in practical process.
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3

Sun, Zhen-Zhu, Zhong-Hai Liu, Le Han, Dong-Ling Qin, Gang Yang, and Wei-Hong Xing. "Study on the treatment of simulated azo dye wastewater by a novel micro-electrolysis filler." Water Science and Technology 79, no. 12 (2019): 2279–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2019.234.

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Abstract A new type of iron-copper-carbon (Fe-Cu-C) ternary micro-electrolysis filler was prepared with a certain proportion of iron powder, activated carbon, bentonite, copper powder, etc. The effect of the new type of micro-electrolysis filler on the simulated methyl orange dye wastewater was studied. The effects of various operational parameters, such as reaction time, initial pH value, aeration rate, filler dose and reaction temperature, on the degradation rate of methyl orange were studied to determine the optimum treatment conditions, and the micro-electrolysis filler was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The experimental results show that the degradation rate of 220 mL of simulated dye wastewater with a concentration of 100 mg/L reached 93.41% ± 2.94% after 60 mL/min of aeration, with an initial pH = 2, a dose of 45 g and 125 minutes of reaction at room temperature. The new micro-electrolysis filler has a high degradation rate for methyl orange solution, which is attributed to the iron and activated carbon particles sintered into an integrated structure, which makes the iron and carbon difficult to separate and affects the galvanic cell reaction. The addition of copper also greatly increases the transmission efficiency of electrons, which promotes the reaction. In addition, the surface iron is consumed, the adjacent carbon is stripped layer by layer, and the new micro-electrolytic filler does not easily passivate and agglomerate during its use.
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Badalbayli, Anar, Nicholas Scott Sinclair, and Rohan Akolkar. "Molten Salt Electrolysis for Sustainable Iron Metal Production." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 22 (2024): 1853. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-02221853mtgabs.

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Iron and steel production, comprising approximately 95% of the global metal output annually1, are integral to modern industrialization, with steel serving as a critical material across various sectors, including construction and automotive industries. However, the industry's significant environmental impact is evident in the escalating CO2 emissions observed over the last decade. Due to this massive environmental burden, efforts to develop cleaner alternatives that benefit from advantages of electrochemistry have grown. Existing and emerging electrochemical processes ideally aim for emission-free operations by utilizing energy extracted from renewable sources. While processes operating at high temperatures (using molten oxides at 1600°C) show promise, they face some challenges related to complex materials choices2, resulting in increased production costs. Conversely, processes operating at low temperatures using aqueous electrolytes (60-100°C) suffer from significantly lower production rates and efficiency3,4. In this study, we present a novel approach—moderate temperature, chloride-based molten salt electrolysis (MSE) of iron—under development at CWRU. This method combines the advantages of both high and low-temperature electrolytic processes, offering a clean, cost-effective, and practical solution for sustainable iron metal production. During chloride MSE, iron is electrodeposited from a binary (NaCl+FeCl3) or ternary (LiCl+KCl+FeCl3) chloride mixture at moderate temperatures ranging from 300-500°C. Electrowinning in these molten salts capitalizes on their several attractive properties, including low viscosity, high ionic conductivity, high diffusivity, high solubility for electroactive species, electrochemical stability over a wide potential range, and fast electrochemical kinetics.5 Figure 1 illustrates the overall process flow of iron production via chloride MSE, including the upstream non-carbothermic chlorination of ore to FeCl3 resulting in the separation of ore impurities and the subsequent electrolytic deposition process. Initial findings indicate promising outcomes for sustainable iron electrowinning at lower operational costs, attributed to the moderate temperatures, high electrolyte conductivity (1-2 S/cm), and adequate FeCl3 concentrations (>2 M), allowing for high current efficiencies (>85%) at high electrodeposition rates (approaching 1 A/cm2). Furthermore, the chloride MSE process enables the incorporation of a proprietary dimensionally stable anode (DSA) to catalyze the chlorine evolution reaction at the anode. This innovation significantly reduces cell voltage, thereby enhancing the overall process energy efficiency. Figure 1. Iron metal production from ore via chloride-based Molten Salt Electrolysis (MSE) process. References: Iron and Steel Statistics and Information | U.S. Geological Survey. www.usgs.gov. https://www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center/iron-and-steel-statistics-and-information. Fan, Z.; Friedmann, S. J. Low-Carbon Production of Iron and Steel: Technology Options, Economic Assessment, and Policy. Joule 2021, 5 (4), 829–862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2021.02.018. Quader, M.; Ahmed, S.; Dawal, S. Z.; Nukman, Y. Present Needs, Recent Progress and Future Trends of Energy-Efficient Ultra-Low Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) Steelmaking (ULCOS) Program. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2016, 55, 537–549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.101. Monteiro, J. F.; Ivanova, Y. A.; A.V. Kovalevsky; D.K. Ivanou; Frade, J. R. Reduction of Magnetite to Metallic Iron in Strong Alkaline Medium. Electrochimica Acta 2016, 193, 284–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2016.02.0 Holcombe, B.; Sinclair, N.; Ruwani Wasalathanthri; Badri Mainali; Guarr, E.; Baker, A. A.; Sunday Oluwadamilola Usman; Kim, E.; Shohini Sen-Britain; Jin, H.; McCall, S. K.; Rohan Akolkar. Sustainable and Energy-Efficient Production of Rare-Earth Metals via Chloride-Based Molten Salt Electrolysis. ACS sustainable chemistry & engineering 2024, 12 (10), 4186-4193. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c07720. Figure 1
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Mishima, I., M. Hama, Y. Tabata, and J. Nakajima. "Long-term investigation of phosphorus removal by iron electrocoagulation in small-scale wastewater treatment plants." Water Science and Technology 78, no. 6 (2018): 1304–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.402.

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Abstract Small-scale wastewater treatment plants (SWTPs), called Johkasou, are widely used as decentralized and individual wastewater treatment systems in sparsely populated areas in Japan. Even in SWTPs, nutrients should be removed to control eutrophication. An iron electrolysis method is effective to remove phosphorus chemically in SWTPs. However, it is necessary to determine the precise conditions under which phosphorus can be effectively and stably removed in full scale SWTPs for a long period. Therefore, long-term phosphorus removal from SWTPs was investigated and optimum operational conditions for phosphorus removal by iron electrolysis were analyzed in this study. Efficient phosphorus removal can be achieved for a long time by adjusting the amount of iron against the actual population equivalent. The change of the recirculation ratio had no negative effect on overall phosphorus removal. Phosphorus release to the bulk phase was prevented by the accumulated iron, which was supplied by iron electrolysis, resulting in stable phosphorus removal. The effect of environmental load reduction due to phosphorus removal by iron electrolysis was greater than the cost of power consumption for iron electrolysis.
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Wahyono, Y., R. Irviandi, N. K. Lo, et al. "Producing Fe and Cu ions and oxides in water with electrolysis as artificial liquid waste." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1098, no. 1 (2022): 012032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1098/1/012032.

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Abstract Water - in the context of an inland water source - is complex when used as an object of research. Often when using river water samples, researchers struggle to find the desired composition. Therefore, a simple and controlled method is needed to produce test samples with specific substance compositions. This study aims to use electrolysis to produce artificial heavy metal waste. Iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) provided the electrodes and water the electrolytes. Electrolysis of water with Fe electrodes produced Fe3+ ions and Fe(OH)3 precipitation. Electrolysis of water with Cu electrodes produced Cu2+ ions and Cu(OH)2 precipitation. Electrolyte samples were collected at intervals of 30 min for 180 min and were tested with atomic absorption spectroscopy. Fe and Cu concentrations increased during electrolysis. Electrolysis can therefore be used to produce artificial heavy metal waste cheaply and on a small scale.
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Arakcheev, Evgeny N., V. E. Brunman, M. V. Brunman, A. V. Konyashin, V. A. Dyachenko, and A. P. Petkova. "Complex technology for water and wastewater disinfection and its industrial realization in prototype unit." Hygiene and sanitation 96, no. 2 (2019): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2017-96-2-137-143.

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Usage of complex automated electrolysis unit for drinking water disinfection and wastewater oxidation and coagulation is scoped, its ecological and energy efficiency is shown. Properties of technological process of anolyte production using membrane electrolysis of brine for water disinfection in municipal pipelines and potassium ferrate production using electrochemical dissolution of iron anode in NaOH solution for usage in purification plants are listed. Construction of modules of industrial prototype for anolyte and ferrate production and applied aspects of automation of complex electrolysis unit are proved. Results of approbation of electrolytic potassium ferrate for drinking water disinfection and wastewater, rain water and environmental water oxidation and coagulation are shown.
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Hong, Zhen Wei, Chun-I. Lee, and Chun-Jern Pan. "Nickel-Based Metal-Organic Framework Materials with Mixed Ferrocene-Based Ligands As Anodic Catalysts for Water Electrolysis and Urea Electrolysis." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-01, no. 34 (2024): 1887. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-01341887mtgabs.

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Water electrolysis is a highly promising technology for hydrogen production, generating green hydrogen with no greenhouse gas emissions. The water electrolysis reaction involves two half-reactions: hydrogen evolution and oxygen evolution. While oxygen evolution in water electrolysis involves a four-electron transfer requiring higher overpotential and thus leading to energy consumption. Urea electrolysis offers lower theoretical energy consumption than water electrolysis, making them a key technology in future electrolytic hydrogen production processes. Conventional anodic catalysts, such as Ir and Ru, exhibit good performance in oxygen evolution, but being precious metals, they face limitations due to high cost and limited abundance. Its is crucial to find an active, durable and cost-effective anode catalyst for realistic application. Metal-organic framework (MOF) materials, due to their high porosity, large surface area, and unique structural features, have emerged as promising materials for water electrolysis. However, their relatively poor stability is a drawback that needs to be overcome. In herein, we design the mixed ligand strategy for synthesizing the MOF materials. Ferrocene-based ligands, ferrocenedicarboxylic acid (Fd), combing with terephthalic acid (H2BDC) as the mixed ligands for this study. The MOF catalysts, namely Ni-BDC and Ni-BDC-Fd, was synthesized using a simple one-step hydrothermal method with ferrocenedicarboxylic acid and terephthalic acid. Raman spectra revealed the presence of Fe-O, originating from the iron in Fd, demonstrating a structural transformation during the hydrothermal process. XRD analysis also confirmed the existence of FeO. The SEM images showed nanosheets and nanoneedles morphologies for Ni-BDC, while a dense nanofiber structure for Ni-BDC-Fd demonstrating the effect of 2nd ligand on the MOF structure. Electrochemical tests were conducted in 1 M KOH electrolyte and 1 M KOH + 0.5 M urea electrolyte, including oxygen evolution reaction (OER), urea oxidation reaction (UOR). The overall reaction comprising the same catalysts for the anode and the cathode side is performed to examine the real electrolysis performance. Results showed that the addition of Fd enhanced OER and UOR activity in alkaline and urea electrolytes. Ni-BDC-Fd achieved 1.483 V vs. RHE and 1.386 V vs. RHE at 65 mA/cm-2 driving potential for OER and UOR, respectively, requiring a smaller potential than Ni-BDC to achieve the same current density. To verify that the performance improvement was not solely due to iron, NiFe-BDC was synthesized by adding iron nitrate, showing inferior UOR performance compared to Ni-BDC-Fd but superior OER performance to NiFe-BDC. This indicated that the performance improvement resulted from structural changes rather than just the presence of iron atoms. Ni-BDC-Fd exhibited the lowest Tafel slope in OER, indicating a faster reaction rate due to the increased active surface area during OER. After continuous catalysis for 80 hours in the alkaline water electrolysis cell and urea electrolysis cell, a significant improvement in the loss of potential was observed. These results suggest that the addition of ferrocene dicarboxylic acid altered the structure of Ni-BDC, maintaining an appropriate interlayer distance. This not only enhanced its catalytic performance but also improved its catalytic stability, demonstrating a promising strategy for preparing metal-organic framework materials for electrocatalysis applications. Figure 1
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Kisel', YU E., S. P. Simokhin, and S. A. Murachev. "Intensification of the recovery of hydraulic equipment parts by iron in the electrolyte flow." Traktory i sel hozmashiny 88, no. 4 (2021): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31992/0321-4443-2021-4-63-70.

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The technology of bath-free ironing of parts in an electrolyte flow with simultaneous hydromechanical activation of the growing surface is proposed. Its advantages over the traditional type of coating are introduced. The structure, some physicomechanical and operational properties of iron coatings were studied depending on the electrolysis regimes and the composition of electrolytes. The possibility of high-speed electrodeposition of iron with a wide range of physical and mechanical properties is shown. There were shown the electrolysis modes, which make it possible to obtain high-quality strong-adhered pure-iron coatings with a wear resistance several times higher than hardened alloy steels and a precipitation growth rate tens of times higher than with traditional ironing. A typical technological process of parts ironing was developed. It was tested on the example of restoration of hydraulic valve spools of agricultural machinery. The design of an installation and an electrochemical cell for ironing the valve hydraulic distributors, providing optimal hydrodynamic conditions when applying coatings to worn surfaces, was proposed. Recommendations for the post-electrolysis treatment of restored parts by iron are given. Bench and field tests of hydraulic valves with remanufactured valves were carried out. They confirmed the results of laboratory studies, and showed that no malfunctions were identified during the operation period. Technical and economic calculations have shown the high efficiency of the proposed technology in comparison with traditional ironing. The introduction of the technology in production will reduce the production area and the time spent on restoring parts by increasing the productivity of the iron process and reducing the number of operations, reducing the cost of materials for preparing electrolytes by reducing the operation of anodic treatment and washing, and increasing the reliability of the technology by improving its structural scheme.
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Suryarao, Kimaya Prasad, Katrin Ellen Daehn, and Antoine Allanore. "Iron Production By Molten Sulfide Electrolysis." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-01, no. 55 (2024): 2914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-01552914mtgabs.

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With urgency and incentives to cut CO2 emissions, alongside increasing demand for steel, there is a need for technologies that use solely electricity for iron ore reduction, eliminating the role of carbon as a reductant. Herein, we propose the electrolytic production of liquid cast iron using a novel sulfide route, molten sulfide electrolysis (MSE). The process operates using sulfide chemistry and an inert anode. Sulfides are well known from non-ferrous metallurgy1 and the exclusion of oxygen supports a virtual elimination of green-house gases(GHG) emissions from the reduction step. The electrolytic decomposition of iron sulfide into iron and elemental sulfur gas operates in a multi-component molten sulfide electrolyte. The underlying thermodynamics suggests the absence of trivalent iron species (Fe3+) in such conditions, supporting the reduction of only divalent iron (Fe2+) and reducing the energy need proportionally, as compared to other oxide-based routes. Iron sulfide deposits or tailings, as well as conventional iron oxide ores after sulfidation2 are some of the suitable feedstocks for MSE. Both thermal only, and galvanostatic electrochemical experiments were carried out on electrolyte droplets (~200mg) in a thermal imaging furnace, to confirm the electrolytic deposition of Fe and the evolution of sulfur in a 2-electrode set-up. Faradaic efficiency estimates based on mass-loss measurements – i.e. with respect to gaseous sulfur anodic evolution – are of the order of 90%. Key electrochemical attributes of MSE to be reported include impedance measurement at various fixed DC potentials, measurements at various current densities up to 2A/cm2, and the role of the total charge passed, to highlight the potential limitations observed in such an experimental set up. Characterization of the electrochemical deposits are also presented. References: Daehn, Katrin & Stinn, Caspar & Rush, Lucas & Benderly-Kremen, Ethan & Wagner, Mary Elizabeth & Boury, Charles & Chmielowiec, Brian & Gutierrez, Carolina & Allanore, Antoine. (2022). Liquid Copper and Iron Production from Chalcopyrite, in the Absence of Oxygen. Metals. 12. 1440. 10.3390/met12091440. Allanore, Antoine, and Caspar R. Stinn. "Selective sulfidation and desulfidation." U.S. Patent Application 17/134,429, filed September 9, 2021.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Iron electrolysis"

1

Adcock, Peter Anthony, University of Western Sydney, and School of Civic Engineering and Environment. "Zinc electrowinning in the presence of iron (II)." THESIS_XXX_CEE_Adcock_P.xml, 1999. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/669.

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In the hydrometallurgical processing route for primary production of zinc, one of the most significant impurities in terms of cost of processing is iron. In the last two decades, electroplating of steel sheet with alloys such as zinc/iron has seen considerable industrial development. In this process, there is an 'anomalous co-deposition', in which zinc is deposited at a higher rate than iron, even though it is more cathodic in the electrochemical series.In the 1980's research papers reported high current efficiencies for zinc electroplating in the presence of a comparable concentration of iron. It is of interest to the zinc industry to know conditions under which zinc could be electrowon efficiently without prior separation of iron. The chief aim of the current project was to obtain data which would allow evaluation of a zinc electrowinning step carried out in the presence of iron. It was necessary to understand the robustness of such a process towards variations in parameters such as electrolyte composition and purity, temperature, and current density. Means of producing smooth, strippable deposits at high current efficiencies also required evaluation. In order to electrolyse high iron solutions at high current efficiency, it is necessary to introduce a separator into the cell, to prevent cycling of iron oxidation at the anode and reduction at the cathode. The focus of this project was on the cathode process, particularly the determination of factors influencing morphology and current efficiency. Experiments involved modifications of some cells typically used in studies of conventional zinc electrowinning. A range of techniques for morphological studies and for electrochemical tets was evaluated for application to this problem, as well as to studies of conventional zinc electrowinning operations<br>Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
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2

Paramore, James D. "Candidate anode materials for iron production by molten oxide electrolysis." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/62687.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, 2010.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 61-63).<br>Molten oxide electrolysis (MOE) has been identified by the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) as one of four possible breakthrough technologies to alleviate the environmental impact of iron and steel production. This process has also been identified by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) as a means to produce oxygen gas, as well as iron and silicon raw materials on the Moon. MOE produces iron by electrolysis of an iron oxide containing electrolyte. The electrolysis results in the production of pure iron metal at the cathode and pure oxygen gas at the anode. Because of the low vapor pressure of the electrolyte at temperatures above 1538°C, MOE can be performed above the melting temperature of iron. The production of liquid metal, ready for continuous casting, is a prerequisite for any industrial-scale extractive metallurgical process. Therefore, if an inert anode can be identified, MOE could provide a an industrial process to produce iron from its ore with pure oxygen gas as the only direct emission. The feasibility of MOE as a carbon-neutral process hinges on the identification of an inert anode material. Therefore, the scope of this study was to determine the criteria of an inert anode for MOE, identify candidate materials, and evaluate the performance of these materials. Previous studies of MOE at MIT found iridium, a platinum group metal, to be an excellent candidate for an inert anode. The high cost of iridium makes it an unlikely candidate for a commercial iron production process. However, iridium provides a likely candidate for lunar production of oxygen, or high-purity iron production. Furthermore, the use of iridium on the laboratory-scale provides a widely available inert anode material to facilitate the study of other areas of MOE. Therefore, unique anode morphologies were evaluated as a means to reduce the economical strain of using an iridium anode. In addition to iridium, a wide array of readily available, high-temperature electrode materials were tested. Due to the highly corrosive environment of MOE, none of the readily available materials tested are compatible with the process. It is believed that the most likely candidate for an inert anode lies in an engineered material, composed of a refractory substrate and an oxide passivation layer. Therefore, the criteria for such a material were determined and likely candidates are discussed.<br>by James D. Paramore.<br>S.M.
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3

Adcock, Peter Anthony. "Zinc electrowinning in the presence of iron (II)." Thesis, View thesis, 1999. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/669.

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In the hydrometallurgical processing route for primary production of zinc, one of the most significant impurities in terms of cost of processing is iron. In the last two decades, electroplating of steel sheet with alloys such as zinc/iron has seen considerable industrial development. In this process, there is an 'anomalous co-deposition', in which zinc is deposited at a higher rate than iron, even though it is more cathodic in the electrochemical series.In the 1980's research papers reported high current efficiencies for zinc electroplating in the presence of a comparable concentration of iron. It is of interest to the zinc industry to know conditions under which zinc could be electrowon efficiently without prior separation of iron. The chief aim of the current project was to obtain data which would allow evaluation of a zinc electrowinning step carried out in the presence of iron. It was necessary to understand the robustness of such a process towards variations in parameters such as electrolyte composition and purity, temperature, and current density. Means of producing smooth, strippable deposits at high current efficiencies also required evaluation. In order to electrolyse high iron solutions at high current efficiency, it is necessary to introduce a separator into the cell, to prevent cycling of iron oxidation at the anode and reduction at the cathode. The focus of this project was on the cathode process, particularly the determination of factors influencing morphology and current efficiency. Experiments involved modifications of some cells typically used in studies of conventional zinc electrowinning. A range of techniques for morphological studies and for electrochemical tets was evaluated for application to this problem, as well as to studies of conventional zinc electrowinning operations
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4

Yagi, Shunsuke. "Surface modification process for high-purity iron and carbon steel by alternating pulsed electrolysis." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/136229.

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Adcock, Peter Anthony. "Zinc electrowinning in the presence of iron (II) /." View thesis, 1999. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20031112.143926/index.html.

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6

Wiencke, Jan-Christian. "Analysis of the electrochemical processes during the production of liquid iron by Molten Oxide Electrolysis." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0329.

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L'électrolyse en milieu oxydes fondus (MOE) peut être envisagée comme une nouvelle technologie de l’industrie sidérurgique pour la production de fer liquide sans émission de CO2. Dans ce concept, l'électrolyse est utilisée pour produire de l’oxygène gazeux et du fer liquide à des températures supérieures à 1810 K. Dans cette étude sont présentées les principales réactions électrochimiques lors de l’électrolyse en milieu fondu (MgO-Al2O3-SiO2). Une quantité importante de fer liquide a été produite lors d'électrolyses conduites pendant plusieurs heures. L'analyse MEB-EDS du dépôt a révélé un alliage de fer métallique quasi pur, uniquement contaminé par le matériau cathodique. Ce résultat traduit une sélectivité élevée du procédé électrolytique. L'étude de la réponse de l'électrolyte en fonction de la tension électrique et de la concentration de fer a révélé une limitation par la diffusion lors de l’électrolyse de bains de faibles concentrations en oxyde de fer, et à des potentiels inférieurs à 1,5 V. La demi-réaction de la cathode a été identifiée comme la réduction du fer ferreux en fer métallique. L’extrapolation des droites de Tafel sur les courbes courant-tension corrigées de la chute ohmique a conduit à des coefficients de transfert (de la réaction cathodique) proches à 0,6. L’ordre de réaction de réduction de FeII en Fe0 a été évalué autour de 1. L'analyse de la demi-réaction anodique dans les oxydes fondus à faible teneur en fer a montré que les premières espèces éctroactives sont les anions oxydes libres. Pour des tensions électriques croissantes, le transport des anions O2- libres devient limité et le transfert de charge est partiellement attribué à l’oxydation du fer ferreux. Au contraire, dans des mélanges d’oxydes fondus à concentrations élevées en fer, le transfert de charge est réalisé dans toute la gamme de tension par l'oxydation du fer ferreux. C’est seulement à haute tension, que l’oxydation des anions oxyde contribue au transfert des charges. Dans l'ensemble des compositions testées, aucune limitation du courant n’a été observée sur la réaction anodique<br>Molten oxide electrolysis (MOE) is an ambitious technique for the production of liquid iron by the use of renewable energies and thus lower CO2 emissions in the steel industry. In this concept, electrolysis is used to produce gaseous O2 and liquid iron metal at temperatures above 1810 K. In the experimental study presented here the key-parameters of the electrochemical reactions in a magnesio-aluminosilicate electrolyte and at the electrodes during MOE are investigated. A significant amount of liquid iron metal was produced during experiments of several hours. SEM-EDS analysis of the deposit revealed an alloy of iron metal and of the cathode material, which thereby indicates high process selectivity. Investigation of the electrolyte’s response in dependence of cell voltage and iron concentration inferred a diffusional limitation at low iron oxide concentrations at potentials below 1.5 V. The cathode half-reaction was identified as the reduction of ferrous iron to liquid iron metal. Using Tafel interpretation reaction-transfer coefficients close to 0.6 and an order of reaction around 1 were determined. The analysis of the anode half-reaction showed that in low iron bearing molten oxides, oxide anions were firstly oxidized into O2 gas. At high iron concentrations the charge transfer is conducted in the entire cell voltage range by the oxidation of ferrous iron. The participation of oxide anions in the charge transfer was only witnessed at high cell voltages. In the entire compositional range a limitation of the measured current due to the anode half reaction was not observed
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Allanore, Antoine. "Étude expérimentale de la production de fer électrolytique en milieu alcalin : mécanisme de réduction des oxydes et développement d'une cellule." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007INPL109N/document.

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Le fer est l'un des rares métaux qui ne soit pas produit industriellement par électrolyse. Pour aider au développement d'un tel procédé pour l'acier, l'électrolyse des oxydes de fer en milieu sodique est examinée, selon deux approches. La première démarche consiste en l'étude expérimentale du mécanisme réactionnel. L'électrochimie des ions indique qu'il est possible de produire du métal par électrodéposition en milieu alcalin. Parallèlement, l'étude de la réduction d'une particule d'oxyde hématite révèle qu'elle subit, lors de sa conversion en fer métallique, une transformation macroscopique en phase solide. Les analyses démontrent la formation de magnétite comme intermédiaire réactionnel. La seconde démarche est dédiée à la production du fer métallique, par électrolyse d'une suspension de particules d'oxyde dans diverses configurations de cellules. L'incidence des paramètres de procédé a été établie et permet de proposer des éléments de conception d'une cellule industrielle<br>Iron is one of the few metals which is not industrially produced by electrolysis. The electrowinning of iron metal from its oxides in alkaline solution has been studied to develop such an ironmaking route. Two approaches have been adopted. The first one concerns the evaluation of the reaction mechanism. The study of iron ions electrochemistry in alkaline media shows that the electrodeposition of iron metal is possible. The study of a single iron oxide particle reduction reveals that a reaction of the hematite solid phase is possible. The analysis of a partially converted particle proves that magnetite is formed as an intermediate. The second field of study is dedicated to the production of iron metal in various electrochemical cells, using a suspension electrolysis process. The influence of the key operating parameters is established to assess the possible scale-up. All these elements are gathered to propose the main features of an industrial cell dedicated to the reaction
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Roessler, Maxie M. "EPR investigations of iron-sulfur cluster relays in enzymes." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ac6fa892-f54a-490d-927b-161231f00777.

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Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is a powerful tool for obtaining structural information about chemical centres with unpaired electrons. In complex biological systems, EPR spectroscopy can be used to probe these paramagnetic centres and the long-range interactions between them. This thesis investigates two important types of enzymes, and in particular the role of the iron-sulfur electron-transfer centres they contain, with a variety of EPR techniques. Complex I (NADH:Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase) plays a key role in the electron transfer chain essential to the formation of ATP, and its malfunction has been related to numerous human diseases. It is a giant enzyme that contains the longest relay of iron-sulfur clusters known. EPR experiments conducted on complex I from bovine mitochondria yield crucial insight into the mechanism of efficient long-range electron transfer and bring us a step closer to understanding the functioning of this important complex. Hydrogenases are produced by micro-organisms and catalyse the reversible oxidation of H2. Most hydrogenases, including Hyd-2 from Escherichia coli, are very air-sensitive, but some, including E. coli Hyd-1 and Salmonella Hyd-5, are able to function in the presence of atmospheric levels of O2. Understanding the origins of this 'O2-tolerance' is of paramount importance if hydrogenases are to be exploited in future energy technologies. In this thesis, native E. coli Hyd-1 and Hyd-2, Salmonella Hyd-5, as well as O2-tolerant and O2-sensitive variants of E. coli Hyd-1 are characterised using EPR. The EPR investigations elucidate properties of the active site and the electron-transfer relay and, in conjunction with other techniques, reveal structural and mechanistic details of how a highly unusual iron-sulfur cluster in the electron-transfer chain enables some hydrogenases to sustain catalytic activity in the presence of O2.
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Karakurkchi, A. V., M. V. Ved, N. D. Sakhnenko, I. Yu Yermolenko, and S. I. Zyubanova. "Electroplating and functional properties of amorphous Fe-Mo(W) and Fe-Mo-W coatings." Thesis, Институт химии растворов им. Г. А. Крестова РАН, 2015. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/22618.

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Sporar, Daniel. "Sputter Deposition of Iron Oxide and Tin Oxide Based Films and the Fabrication of Metal Alloy Based Electrodes for Solar Hydrogen Production." Connect to Online Resource-OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=toledo1183481021.

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Thesis (M.S.Ch.E.)--University of Toledo, 2007.<br>Typescript. "Submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for The Master of Science degree in Chemical Engineering." Bibliography: leaves 72-77.
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Books on the topic "Iron electrolysis"

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Wood, Matthew Patterson. Rustless Coatings: Corrosion and Electrolysis of Iron and Steel. Franklin Classics Trade Press, 2018.

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Rustless Coatings: Corrosion and Electrolysis of Iron and Steel. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.

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Rustless Coatings: Corrosion and Electrolysis of Iron and Steel. Franklin Classics, 2018.

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Wood, Matthew Patterson. Rustless Coatings: Corrosion and Electrolysis of Iron and Steel. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.

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Wood, Matthew Patterson. Rustless Coatings: Corrosion and Electrolysis of Iron and Steel. Franklin Classics Trade Press, 2018.

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Rustless Coatings: Corrosion and Electrolysis of Iron and Steel. Franklin Classics, 2018.

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Electrolytic Corrosion of Irons in Soils. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.

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Electrolytic Corrosion of Irons in Soils. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2022.

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National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Staff. Oxygen and Iron Production by Electrolytic Smelting of Lunar Soil. Independently Published, 2018.

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John, Barton, Rupert Gammon, and Abdulla Rahil. Characterisation of a Nickel-Iron Battolyser: An Integrated Battery and Electrolyser. Eliva Press, 2021.

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Book chapters on the topic "Iron electrolysis"

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Allanore, Antoine. "Iron Production by Molten Sulfide Electrolysis." In Proceedings of the 63rd Conference of Metallurgists, COM 2024. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-67398-6_121.

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Cavaliere, Pasquale. "Electrolysis of Iron Ores: Most Efficient Technologies for Greenhouse Emissions Abatement." In Clean Ironmaking and Steelmaking Processes. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21209-4_10.

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Bi, Songhu, Zhen Geng, Liming Jin, Mingzhe Xue, and Cunman Zhang. "Porous Heterogeneous Sulfide Nickel/Nickel Iron Alloy Catalysts for Oxygen Evolution Reaction of Alkaline Water Electrolysis at High Current Density." In Proceedings of the 10th Hydrogen Technology Convention, Volume 1. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8631-6_13.

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AbstractAlkaline water electrolysis is the important pathway for the green hydrogen production, where oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is the rate-limiting step due to the sluggish reaction kinetics. Transition metal heterogeneous catalyst is the kind of important OER catalyst for alkaline water electrolysis due to its good performance, low price and environmental friendliness. In this work, the porous sulfide nickel@nickel iron alloy catalyst (i.e. NM/NS@Ni3Fe) is prepared by the designed high-temperature vulcanization and multi-step electrodeposition method. The NM/NS@Ni3Fe catalyst exhibits an outstanding OER performance in an alkaline environment, with a low potential of 1.53 V at high current density of 1000 mA cm−2 and a low Tafel slope of 89 mV dec−1. The excellent OER performance is attributed to the unique electronic structure of Ni3S2/Ni3Fe heterogeneous interface and the catalyst layer with porous structure. The results indicate that Ni3S2 provides good electronic conductivity and the low electronegativity S atoms increase the formation of oxygen vacancies, which effectively improves the OER performance. In addition, the hydrophilic and porous structure of the electrode facilitates bubbles release and electrolyte flow at high current density. It provides the guidance for the design of porous heterogeneous OER catalysts with good-performance.
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Hekmat-Ardakan, Alireza, Gervais Soucy, and Loig Rivoaland. "Microstructural Evolution of Cast Iron Used for Cathode Rodding in Aluminum Electrolysis Cell." In Light Metals 2013. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118663189.ch220.

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Hekmat-Ardakan, Alireza, Gervais Soucy, and Loig Rivoaland. "Microstructural Evolution of Cast Iron Used for Cathode Rodding in Aluminium Electrolysis Cell." In Light Metals 2013. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65136-1_220.

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Allanore, Antoine, Luis A. Ortiz, and Donald R. Sadoway. "Molten Oxide Electrolysis for Iron Production: Identification of Key Process Parameters for Largescale Development." In Energy Technology 2011. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118061886.ch12.

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Dupuis, Marc, Xianan Liao, and Xiangting Ren. "Modelling Aluminium Electrolysis Cell Cathode Assembly with Iron-Copper Composite Bars and Super Pastes." In The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-80676-6_66.

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Ma, Mengnan, and Jianjun Cai. "Combined High-Temperature Acid Digestion, Iron-Carbon Micro-electrolysis, and Coagulation Reaction for Degrading Pharmaceutical Wastewater with a High Concentration of Dimethylformamide." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3737-0_14.

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Winkelmann, Jochen. "Diffusion coefficient of water into bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinic acid sodium salt, tri(1,10-phenanthroline iron(2+) and octane at infinite dilution." In Diffusion in Gases, Liquids and Electrolytes. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54089-3_2864.

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Gamboa, Philip, Arian Norouzi, Kristian Waters, and George P. Demopoulos. "Direct Electrolytic Conversion of Hematite to Metallic Iron in a Caustic Solution at 50 °C." In Proceedings of the 63rd Conference of Metallurgists, COM 2024. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-67398-6_109.

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Conference papers on the topic "Iron electrolysis"

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Cox, Allen H. "Stray Current and Segmented Ductile Iron Pipelines." In CONFERENCE 2025. AMPP, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2025-00439.

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Abstract Stray direct current, commonly called stray current, is an electrolytic process that is typically associated with buried metallic structures. Often, this mechanism of electrochemical action is generated from various sources, such as cathodic protection systems, direct current power trains or street cars, arc-welding equipment, direct current transmission systems, and electrical grounding systems. For underground pipelines, the most frequent source is from an impressed current cathodic protection system. Typically, corrosion engineers deal with stray current corrosion on welded-steel, electrically continuous pipelines. This paper will focus on ductile iron pipelines, which typically are segmented pipelines with electrically discontinuous joints. The idea that segmented pipelines are less inclined to be affected by stray current corrosion has long been known. Often, most of the buried metallic structure installations are quite commonly considered remote from stray current sources; therefore, the dielectric property of polyethylene encasement conforming to ANSI/AWWA C105/A21.5 is adequate to shield against this type of electrolytic activity. However, when the segmented ductile iron pipe is in relatively close proximity to the anode bed of an impressed current cathodic protection system a more far-reaching measure for mitigation might be necessary.
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Whitecavage, Joseph B. "Coupon Evaluations of Manhole Hardware Metals Considering Corrosive Ions in Electrolyte." In CORROSION 1985. NACE International, 1985. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1985-85374.

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Abstract Coupons of mild steel, stainless steel, cast iron, and zinc were exposed to utility manhole electrolytes that were chemically analyzed. A correlation was made of the metal loss considering corrosive ions present without a galvanic couple and in stagnant water manholes. The electrolytes of these same manholes were analyzed approximately two years ago and a comparison of the variations in concentrations of ions over this time period were also noted; the ion concentrations coincided proportionately with the the degree of road deicing salts applied during the relatively mild past two winters. Consequently, the chloride levels were generally lower in the manholes that were located in heavily salted road areas. As expected, the performance of the stainless steel(304), was the best, with the zinc ranking second; mild steel outperformed cast iron with ranges of approxmately 28% to 158% more cast iron metal loss or an overall average of 72% more for the eleven coupons evaluated; galvanic action on the surface of the cast iron was evident and accounted for the poorer performance. This is a continuing study of hardware corrosion with anticipated treatment of the manhole electrolytes with chemical inhibitors and biocides as a possible, economical, and feasible mitigation measure in stagnant water utility manholes.
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Bonds, Richard W. "Causes, Investigation, and Mitigation of Stray Current Corrosion on Ductile Iron Pipe." In CORROSION 1991. NACE International, 1991. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1991-91516.

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Abstract As the designation implies, stray currents pertaining to underground pipelines are direct currents flowing through the earth from a source other than the pipeline being affected. When these stray direct currents accumulate on a metallic pipeline or structure, they can induce electrolytic corrosion of the metal or alloy. Sources of stray current include impressed current cathodic protection systems, electric transit systems, arc-welding equipment, direct current transmission systems, and grounding of electric systems to water pipe. For many years, the Ductile Iron Pipe Research Association (DIPRA) has conducted research on the effects of electrolytic corrosion on both bare and polyethylene-encased iron pipe. This paper presents some of the findings obtained from these investigations of stray current influence as they apply to ductile iron pipe in the vicinity of impressed current cathodically protected pipelines.
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Eichinger, M., M. Truschner, D. Zwittnig, A. Trautmann, and G. Mori. "Hydrogen Charging of Armco Iron and L80 Steel in Various Electrolytes." In CONFERENCE 2022. AMPP, 2022. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2022-17604.

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Abstract Armco iron and L80 steel (according to API 5CT) were charged under various conditions due to the lack of knowledge of the amount of hydrogen, which is absorbed during operation and laboratory charging. These two materials were charged in sodium chloride (NaCl), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), both with and without addition of thiourea (CH4N2S) and in H2S (NACE TM0177) at open circuit potential. Additionally, cathodic charging was done in sodium chloride and sulfuric acid, both with thiourea added at a current density of 1 mA/cm2. The charging time was between 2 and 200 hours for both methods. Most of the immersion tests at open circuit potential resulted in hydrogen concentrations of up to 1 wt. ppm, while cathodic loading led to values of up to 4 wt. ppm. In addition, the NACE TM0177 test provided the highest hydrogen concentrations and was the only test to show higher hydrogen concentrations for the Armco iron than for the L80 steel.
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Gadala, Ibrahim, Magd Abdel Wahab, and Akram Alfantazi. "A Finite Element Model of the External Corrosion of Buried Pipeline Steel under the Combined Influence of Heat Transfer, Cathodic Protection, and Oxygen Diffusion in Surrounding Soil." In CORROSION 2016. NACE International, 2016. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2016-07012.

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Abstract This work presents a numerical model of the coupled interactions between temperature profile, electrolytic potential drop, and steady-state oxygen concentration gradient in soils surrounding buried pipelines. Three different soil types are considered (sand, clay, and peat), with porosity ratios varying between 0.4 and 0.8. Two volumetric wetness ratios are simulated for each soil type, representing moisture changes during successive soil drying-wetting cycles. The motivation behind this study is to model the interdependencies of heat transfer, cathodic protection, and oxygen diffusion on pipeline steel corrosion in various soil environments. A key benefit of the developed model is its rapid scalability, allowing the simulation of these interrelated phenomena for different geometries, dimensions, and boundary/initial conditions. The results of a select number of cases are presented in this paper. Based on the oxygen diffusion, cathodic protection, and iron oxidation behavior of an exposed 90° arc on the pipeline’s external surface facing a magnesium cathodic protection anode, it is found that drier sand and clay soil structures cause the most corrosion. The geometric location of the coating holiday relative to the ground surface and the cathodic protection anode has a particular influence on oxygen concentration and iron oxidation. Temperature fluctuations during seasonal weather cycles have observable effects on iron oxidation rates due to influences on heat transfer and oxygen diffusivity. An overall trend of decreased oxygen concentration and iron oxidation in wetter and warmer soils is detected and quantified.
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Yang, Lietai, Xiaodong Sun, and Ronald Barnes. "Coupled Multielectrode Array Sensors with Solid Electrolyte-Coated Finger-Like Electrodes for Applications in Oil-Water Mixtures and Natural Gas Systems Containing Hydrogen Sulfide." In CORROSION 2014. NACE International, 2014. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2014-4406.

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Abstract In systems that contain hydrogen sulfide, corrosion products like iron sulfide are electron conducting and are often formed between neighboring electrodes of electrochemical probes and on the sensing element of electrical resistance (ER) probes. Such deposits make it difficult to measure the corrosion rate using the ER and electrochemical probes. Coupled multielectrode array sensors (CMAS) with coated finger-like electrodes have been used in aqueous systems containing H2S to avoid the effect of electron-conducting deposits. However, such a sensor cannot be used in a gas phase or in oil-water mixtures that contain sparsely distributed water particulates, because of the lack of contiguous electrolytes between the sensing surface of one fingered electrode and the sensing surface of another fingered electrode. This paper describes a CMAS probe with coated finger-like electrodes that have an additional outer coating. The additional outer coating is made of a solid electrolyte and forms an ion-conducting path from the sensing surfaces of one fingered electrode to the sensing surfaces of the other fingered electrodes. Experiments in humid air demonstrated that such CMAS probes performed well when the sensing surfaces of the individual electrodes were covered by corrosive electrolytes.
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Leeds, Sarah S., and Robert A. Cottis. "The Influence of Cathodically Generated Surface Films on Corrosion and the Currently Accepted Criteria for Cathodic Protection." In CORROSION 2009. NACE International, 2009. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2009-09548.

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Abstract Cathodically generated surface films on steel specimens have been discovered to vary in composition and protective nature depending upon the electrolyte composition, pH and applied potential. Three electrolytes were studied, pure 3.5% NaCl, artificial seawater and an alkaline solution of composition similar to that found beneath a disbonded land-based pipeline coating. Specimen Potentials varied from free corrosion to -1400 mV (Ag/AgCl/3.5% NaCl). Films grown as a result of applying Cathodic Protection (CP) were analysed by X-Ray Diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscopy and corrosion rates were determined gravimetrically. Films grown in 3.5% NaCl were composed of iron corrosion products and were found to be more coherent and protective than calcareous deposits grown in artificial seawater. The ratio of magnesium to calcium of specimens exposed to artificial seawater influenced the film protective nature. Films grown in the land-based electrolyte were composed of a mixture of iron corrosion products and calcium carbonate with little magnesium present. Current Criteria for CP used to control land-and sea-based systems will be assessed in view of a better understanding of what happens at the metal /electrolyte interface upon the application of Cathodic Protection.
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Da Silva, S., R. Basséguy, and A. Bergel. "A New Definition of Cathodic Depolarization in Anaerobic Microbially Influenced Corrosion." In CORROSION 2002. NACE International, 2002. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2002-02462.

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Abstract The first part of the work describes experiments performed with a NAD-dependent hydrogenase and a 316L stainless steel electrode in thin spectroelectrochemical cells (TSEC). Constant potential electrolyses were carried out at different potential values. Current and absorbance through the TSEC were recorded simultaneously. The presence of hydrogenase catalyzed the reduction of NAD+ and increased the quantity of electricity consumed. The second part of the study deals with the galvanic coupling of two carbon steel electrodes and hydrogenase in contact of only one of the electrodes. The experiments revealed that the hydrogenase-catalyzed reduction of NAD+ spontaneously occurred on carbon steel. Hydrogenase very quickly initiated the corrosion of carbon steel, which was then controlled by other phenomena mainly involving the complexation of iron by phosphates. The cathodic depolarization induced by hydrogenase should be considered more as the catalysis of a reduction reaction, than as the consumption of a reduction product.
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Esmaeely, Saba Navabzadeh, David Young, Bruce Brown, and Srdjan Nešić. "Effect of Incorporation of Calcium into Iron Carbonate Protective Layers in CO2 Corrosion of Mild Steel." In CORROSION 2016. NACE International, 2016. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2016-07375.

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Abstract In aqueous carbon dioxide (CO2) solutions where both Ca2+ and ferrous iron (Fe2+) are present, such as downhole gas reservoirs or deep saline aquifers after CO2 injection, mixed metal carbonates with the formula FexCayCO3 (x+y=1) can form. This inhomogeneity may lead to localized corrosion. During carbon steel corrosion experiments conducted in electrolytes containing high Ca2+ concentrations, inhomogeneous corrosion product layers with the composition FexCayCO3 (x+y=1) were indeed observed, along with non-uniform corrosion. Determining relative molar fractions of Ca2+ and Fe2+ in FexCayCO3 is paramount to predicting the relative properties and stability of such mixed metal carbonates. Using Bragg’s Law and equations to relate inter-planar spacings to unit cell parameters, X-ray diffraction (XRD) data yielded values for the molar fraction of Ca2+ in FexCayCO3. Procedures in the current experimental study were designed to develop a range of specific corrosion product layers on mild steel samples. Experiments were conducted at constant Cl- concentration with and without 10,000 ppm Ca2+ in stagnant conditions, for two different flow conditions. In stagnant conditions, localized corrosion was associated with the presence of Ca2+ and the inhomogeneity of the corrosion product layer. The corrosion attack became uniform when flow was introduced.
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MacAdam, J., and S. A. Parsons. "Scaling on Heat Transfer Surfaces: Chemical versus Nonchemical Control." In CORROSION 2004. NACE International, 2004. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2004-04073.

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Abstract CaCO3 deposition on heated surfaces can be ameliorated by chemical, physical or biological methods each with various level of effectiveness. One of the most effective methods is addition of chemical inhibitors, although this can be a high OPEX solution due to the need to continually dose. Here the effects of a range of chemical inhibitors on scale formation were compared using a rapid scaling test, with the best results obtained when polyacrylic acid (PAA) was dosed. Non-chemical treatment methods include the use of magnetic, electronic and electrolytic devices. When comparing the effect of magnetic and electronic pre-treatment, reduction in scaling (51%) was observed only when using magnetic treatment in combination with particulate iron dosing. One option for non-chemical treatment is modification of the scaling surface and in this paper the effect of different surface material and its finish on CaCO3 formation was also investigated.
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Reports on the topic "Iron electrolysis"

1

Author, Unknown. PR-138-907-R01 Test Kit Manual Field Sampling and Analysis of Contaminant Ions on Pipe Surfaces. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012142.

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This document contains instructions for the sampling of steel pipe surfaces for contaminant ions using electrolytic limpet cell extraction or direct contact extraction with chromatographic papers, and analytical test methods for chloride, sulfate, nitrate/nitrite, and ferrous iron ions. The electrolytic limpet cell sampling method is the preferred technique for the recovery of ion contaminants from all pipe surfaces. Contact paper sampling may be used when operating conditions make the use of electrolytic limpet cell sampling impractical or inconvenient. Examples of sampling and analysis data forms to facilitate record keeping are located at the end of the manual.
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Morella, A. T. Evaluation of two lower-melting electrolytes in lithium silicon/iron disulfide thermal batteries. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/721555.

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Pickering, H. W. Effects of Pollutants and Micro-Organisms on the Absorption of Electrolytic Hydrogen in Iron. Defense Technical Information Center, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada380205.

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Buchanan, R. A., and J. G. Kim. Fe sub 3 Al-type iron aluminides: Aqueous corrosion properties in a range of electrolytes and slow-strain-rate ductilities during aqueous corrosion. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7143819.

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Buchanan, R. A., and J. G. Kim. Fe{sub 3}Al-type iron aluminides: Aqueous corrosion properties in a range of electrolytes and slow-strain-rate ductilities during aqueous corrosion. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10178708.

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