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Journal articles on the topic 'Iron liquor'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Nouioua, A., and D. Barkat. "Liquid-liquid extraction of iron (III) from Ouenza iron ore leach liquor by tributylphosphate." Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 9, no. 3 (September 14, 2017): 1473. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jfas.v9i3.14.

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2

Pramanik, Swati, Sushanta K. Sahu, Pratima Meshram, and Banshi Dhar Pandey. "Arsenic Removal from Spent Liquor Generated during Processing of Vanadium Sludge." Advanced Materials Research 828 (November 2013): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.828.55.

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During production of ammonium meta-vanadate from vanadium sludge an arsenic containing (~2.2g/L) spent liquor is generated. Safe disposal of such liquor without arsenic contamination to the environment is essential. Therefore, various methods such as ion-exchange, adsorption, solvent extraction and precipitation were applied for recovery of arsenic from the spent liquor. Based on the Eh-pH diagram of As-H2O, the arsenic based species were delineated. For ion exchange Lewatit FO 36 and Amberlite IRA 400 Cl- resins were used to extract arsenic from the spent liquor. With Lewatit FO 36 a maximum of 20% arsenic was recovered at A/R ratio of 50. Amberlite IRA 400 Cl- on the other hand didnt extract arsenic at all. A two stage solvent extraction process using TBP as an extractant, with a recovery of 97% arsenic from the spent liquor was developed. From the loaded TBP almost complete stripping of arsenic was obtained with 0.1-0.5M NaOH solution. Precipitation of arsenic from the spent liquor as copper arsenate or iron arsenate was also examined. During the fixation of arsenic with iron, 70% arsenic was recovered in the precipitate. This process needs to be evaluated further with the aim of using the iron hydroxide containing arsenic for different applications.

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3

Vu, Minh X., Ha T. T. Le, Lan T. Pham, Nam H. Pham, Huong T. M. Le, Lu T. Le, and Dung T. Nguyen. "SYNTHESIS OF MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES FROM SPENT PICKING LIQUORS IN AQUEOUS SATURATED SOLUTION OF CALCIUM HYDROXIDE." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 61, no. 9-10 (October 22, 2018): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/ivkkt20186109-10.5861a.

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Spent pickling liquor is a considered hazardous waste because of its very high level of acidity and high metal concentration, and the conventional neutralization method regenerates an excessive quantity of sludge that poses a serious problem concerning to the landfill disposal and risk of ground water contamination. Therefore, recovery of spent pickling liquor is necessary. Several approaches have been investigated for spent pickling liquor recovery, but they are generally costly and lead to produce various iron salts or oxides which have a limited value. In the present study, we explore the potential of using spent pickling liquor as iron precursor for the synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles. Here, Fe3O4 nanoparticles were prepared easily by oxidation-precipitation from spent hydrochloride acid pickling liquors in aqueous saturated solution of calcium hydroxide at room temperature, in the air, and under suitable speed of rotation. The FT-IR, XRD and TEM results shown that monodisperse Fe3O4 nanoparticles in the size range of 10-25 nm were obtained, with a high level of crystallinity. The BET surface area was about 46 m2 g-1. The synthesized Fe3O4 nanoparticles exhibited the superparamagnetic behavior with relatively high saturation magnetization, Ms = 73 emu/g. The synthesis procedure of magnetic nanoparticles revealed here will provide a new possibility for spent pickling liquors recovery more effectively. For citation: Vu Minh X., Le Ha T. T., Pham Lan T., Pham Nam H., Le Huong T. M., Le Lu T. Nguyen Dung T. Synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles from spent picking liquors in aqueous saturated solution of calcium hydroxide. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2018. V. 61. N 9-10. P. 59-63

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4

Wang, Xing Yao, Ma Cong, and Juan Liu. "Studies of Selective Removal of Iron (III) from the Simulated Bauxite Hydrochloric Acid Leaching Liquor by Solvent Extraction." Advanced Materials Research 746 (August 2013): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.746.31.

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Solvent extraction technique was performed to optimize the conditions for maximum removal of iron (III) from the simulated bauxite hydrochloric acid leaching liquor of FeCl3+AlCl3+CaCl2+HCl. Some factors influencing the extraction, such as the extractant and concentration of Fe, Al, and Ca were investigated. The results indicated that the N235 is an effective extractant for selective extraction of iron (III) from chloride liquor. The concentration of Fe in raffinate is under 0.0165 gL-1 and the losing of Al is 0.50 % by N235.

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5

Liu, Chen, Hang Jun He, Duo Qiang Liang, Peng Su, Chao Wei Luo, Ting Li, and Ze Liu. "Removal of Iron in Hot Acid Leach Liquor by Hematite Process." Advanced Materials Research 581-582 (October 2012): 731–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.581-582.731.

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Lab-scale iron removal experiments were carried out in a batch 2-L autoclave to investigate the variables such as temperature, gas kind, for a better option for removal of iron in hot acid leach liquor in zinc conventional process. Experimental results showed precipitation temperature and duration is the most important factors, followed by pressure, and finally gas kind and stirring rate. Under a reasonable precipitation conditions: gas kind, air; temperature, 130oC; pressure, 0.8 MPa; duration, 15 min, iron precipitation yield reached 75.12%. Iron precipitation is relative pure and therefore it can be marketable.

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6

Sahoo, Pravat K., Sarat C. Das, Subir K. Bose, and Sisir C. Sircar. "Separation of iron from manganese ore roast-leach liquor." Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology 29, no. 5 (April 24, 2007): 307–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.503290506.

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7

Kupka, Daniel, Michal Lovás, and Vladimir Šepelák. "Deferrization of Kaolinic Sand by Iron Oxidizing and Iron Reducing Bacteria." Advanced Materials Research 20-21 (July 2007): 130–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.20-21.130.

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Iron oxidizing bacteria Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, iron reducing bacteria Acidiphilium spp. and their mixture were applied for leaching of iron impurities from quartz sand. The bacterial leaching was carried out in order to decrease the amount of colouring iron oxides and to improve the technological properties of the raw material. Mineralogical analysis confirmed the presence of siderite, iron-bearing muscovite and various amorphous and crystalline forms of iron oxides occurring both free and coating siderite and quartz particles. Mössbauer spectroscopy revealed various oxidation and magnetic states of iron ions, with the prevalence of reduced ionic species. Highest extraction of iron was achieved with pure culture of iron-reducing bacteria with ferrous iron as dominant species in the leaching liquor. Surprisingly, iron oxidizing bacteria caused passivation of the surface of iron-bearing minerals, resulting in the depression of iron leaching in comparison with abiotic control. Ferric iron was major species in the leaching solution containing the mixed culture of iron-oxidizing and iron-reducing bacteria. The mixture was far less efficient in iron extraction than pure culture of iron-reducing bacteria.

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8

Sun, Jiangang, Yi-Fan Xiu, Kai Huang, Jin-Tao Yu, Shafiq Alam, Hong-Min Zhu, and Zhan-Cheng Guo. "Selective recovery of phosphorus from acid leach liquor of iron ore by garlic peel adsorbent." RSC Advances 8, no. 40 (2018): 22276–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra03203c.

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9

Sanghvi, Sheel, Nathalie Pereira, Anna Halajko, and Glenn G. Amatucci. "Investigation of stainless steel pickling liquor as a precursor for high Capacity battery electrode materials." RSC Adv. 4, no. 100 (2014): 57098–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra11539b.

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Stainless steel and battery manufacturing industries can be united for mutual economic and environmental benefits by utilizing stainless steel pickling liquor waste as a precursor for high energy iron fluoride based positive electrode materials in batteries.

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10

Khanramaki, Fereshte, Jaber Safdari, Amir S. Shirani, and Rezvan Torkaman. "Investigations on the complete removal of iron(III) interference on the uranium(VI) extraction from sulfate leach liquor using Alamine 336 in kerosene." Radiochimica Acta 106, no. 8 (August 28, 2018): 631–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ract-2017-2906.

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Abstract Uranyl sulfate obtained by uranium ore leaching of an industrial sample deposit of Gachin site was used for uranium separation by the solvent extraction technique. The presence of other elements in the sulfate leach liquors has a negative impact on the uranium extraction process using Alamine 336; therefore, the operating costs are increased. In this study, the separation of uranium(VI) and iron(III) by Alamine 336 and kerosene have been examined as an extractant and a diluent, respectively. For this purpose, the effects of operating parameters on the extraction process such as Alamine 336 concentration, modifier concentration, contact time, initial aqueous pH, sulfate ion concentration, temperature, and stripping agents were investigated. Also, the complete removal of iron(III) interference from the sulfate leach liquor before the extraction step has been studied with reducing agents. The equilibrium constants and stoichiometric coefficients for uranium and iron extraction with Alamine 336 in the sulfate leach liquors were calculated. Likewise, the values of the thermodynamic parameters such as Gibbs energy, enthalpy and entropy were determined to prove the exothermic and spontaneous reactions. The mentioned procedure is proposed for the uranium separation from the impurities in the sulfate ores using tertiary amine for production of purified uranium.

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11

Zhou, Xin Mu, Huan Peng, and Zhi Jun Cen. "Recycling of Lead and Zinc from Gold and Silver Tailings." Advanced Materials Research 455-456 (January 2012): 840–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.455-456.840.

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The recycling conditions of lead and zinc from gold and silver tailings by wet processing are as follows: leaching in confined condition and liquid to solid ratio of 5, at 90 ∽ 950C, for 4h, using NaCl (300g / L), CaCl2 (105% of theoretical amount), the acidity is 130% theoretical amount and the granularity is 300 mesh size; sponge lead can be obtained by using reduced iron (110% of theoretical amount) at 75∽850C for 3h; iron and zinc can be separated from hydrochloric acid system by TBP and then used for the preparation of the corresponding products; all the mother liquor can be recycled and the consumption amount of raw materials is low because there is no need for additional sodium chloride in the cycling. This processing method has better economic and environmental benefits.

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12

Ebunilo, Patrick Okechukwu, Victor Eruero Atumah, and Ejiroghene Kelly Orhorhoro. "Performance Evaluation of a Developed Dried Grass Shredding Machine for Composting." Advanced Engineering Forum 40 (April 2021): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.40.73.

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In Nigeria Arable land covers approximately 745,000km2 of the total land area and at present organic farming is not prevalent, encouraged or facilitated despite its sustainability advantages. The anaerobic digestion process produces two main outputs (biogas and digestate). The digestate when properly harnessed can be used as a substitute for inorganic fertilizer. The digestate retains a high content of organic matter such as Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Potassium (K), as well as a range of other macro-and micronutrients like Calcium, Magnesium, Iron, Manganese, Zinc and ammonium. In this research work, a developed grass shredding machine for the composting of a digestate was evaluated for performance. Preliminary studies were undertaken to determine the liquid absorbability of non-shredded grass vise-visa dry shredded grass, the moisture content of fresh elephant and spear grass. An internal combustion powered shredding machine was developed to shred dry and sieve crushed grasses to be used as absorbent of digestate. The machine was evaluated for performance using different samples of properly dried elephant and spear grass. The shredded grasses samples were mixed with discharge digestate collected from a bio-digester to produce organic fertilizer. The shredding time, machine throughout capacity efficiency, mass of fibre and liquor were determined. The results of performance evaluation with elephant grass sample revealed that an average value of efficiency (90.97%), machine through put capacity (1.225g/sec), shredding time (126.54seconds), percentage loss (8.393%), fibre (288.58g) and liquor (119.83g) were established. Similar result were obtained with spear grass; efficiency (90.50%), machine through-put capacity (1.225g/sec), shredding time 126.54 seconds), percentage loss (8.32%), fibre (294.12g), and liquor (118.85g). The outcome of the results revealed that both solid fertilizer (fibre) and liquid fertilizer (liquor) were extracted from the digestate, and an average mass of 138.86g dried grass can absorb 269.55g of liquid digestate to produce organic fertilizer.

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13

Song, Qiong, Guang Sheng Huo, and Can Cao. "A Novel Technology of Molybdenum Extraction from Ni-Mo Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 997 (August 2014): 512–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.997.512.

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The recovery of molybdenum from Ni-Mo alloy was investigated by acid oxidation leaching in H2SO4-NaClO3 system and then ion exchange process of leach liquor. The results in the leaching tests show that the leaching rates of nickel, molybdenum and iron are 99%, 97% and 98% respectively under the optimum conditions of H2SO4 dosage of 0.24mol per 20g Ni-Mo alloy, mass ratio of NaClO3/Ni-Mo alloy of 1.0, liquid-solid ratio of 4:1, leaching temperature of 100oC and time of 4h. The extraction of molybdenum in leach liquor was studied by ion exchange. The test results of resins selection show that the D308 resin is the best among resins on molybdenum adsorption. The results from the column tests of the D308 resin indicate that the mass ratio of Ni/Mo in effluent reaches to 10.84 from initial ratio of 0.607 and the adsorption rate of molybdenum is 94.4%.

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14

Wedi, D., and E. König. "Elimination of Nitrogen and Phosphorus from Sludge Liquor." Water Science and Technology 28, no. 1 (July 1, 1993): 283–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0060.

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Sludge handling and dewatering results in an additional load on biological wastewater treatment. Especially for the process of biological phosphorus removal, high phosphorus release during anaerobic sludge treatment is expected. In this study the reduction of phosphorus and nitrogen load from sludge liquor in different pilot scale tests was performed. The processes examined here are P-precipitation with salts of aluminium and iron, as well as pH-controlled precipitation with lime. For nitrogen removal this process can be extended to air stripping at high pH-values. The combined MAP (magnesia-ammonia-phosphate)-precipitation of ammonia and phosphorus was subject of the study, too. At proper applications of the different processes P and N removal could be attained.

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15

Wang, Shih Chung, Jun Yi Wu, and Yun Hwei Shen. "Discussion of a Treatment Technique for Spent Picking Solution Recycling." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 2655–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.2655.

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Pickling is a necessary process in many metal processing industries, such as wire rod, iron and steel sheet plate, and tubing processing industries, screw and nut manufacturing and processing industries, corrosion resistant plate processing industries, and paint industry. Pickling is used to remove black rust, oxides, and other contaminants from metal surfaces in order to improve processing quality. Hydrochloric acid is often used in the pickling process. As the acid concentration decreases gradually during the process, while metal (Fe and Zn) concentrations increase gradually, when the residual concentration of hydrochloric acid in the spent pickle liquor decreases to about 3%, or the specific gravity of spent pickle liquor is greater than 1.3 (iron ion concentration is greater than 100g/L), the aged pickle liquor must be discharged and fresh pickling solution is prepared. In the wire rod industry in Taiwan, the pickling process results in highly corrosive spent pickle liquor. Although there have been multiple resource processing schemes developed, including spray roasting process, fluidized bed roasting process, and sulfuric acid displacement process, it is limited to various factors, such as the treatment capacity, initial cost, operating cost, selling prices, purity of recycled products, and market scale. This study reviewed related patented processing modes in literature, and considered the reclamation cost of waste pickling solution (SPS). The proposed technique adopts wet-process metallurgy, combined with diffusion dialysis, for reclamation of SPS and mineralization crystallization of heavy metal of residue iron. The mineralization crystallization treatment produces high-purity recycled products of ferrite and goethite processes. SPS is reclaimed, and the ferric heavy metal recycling meets the economic benefit of an actual plant. The research site of this study produces 12 tons of SPS per day, which is about 300 tons monthly, and about 3,600 tons annually, with the removal cost of 7.2 million NTD annually. If the proposed treatment system is adopted, the costs of fresh hydrochloric acid, removal, and the traditional neutral agent treatment and subsequent landfill could be greatly reduced, thus effectively reducing the environmental load. In comparison to other recycling treatment techniques, the main advantage of the proposed technique is that the treatment capacity depends on the amount of SPS, the energy consumption is relatively low, the treatment scheme is simple, the operating and maintenance costs are low, and the mineralization can produce magnetic ferrite and iron oxide recycled products with high purity.

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16

HOSHINO, MINORU, TOSHIO WATANABE, and KAZUHIRO UCHINO. "A new technology recovering acid and iron from stainless steet waste liquor." RESOURCES PROCESSING 34, no. 1 (1987): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4144/rpsj1986.34.15.

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17

Marañón, E., F. Suárez, F. Alonso, Y. Fernández, and H. Sastre. "Preliminary Study of Iron Removal from Hydrochloric Pickling Liquor by Ion Exchange." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 38, no. 7 (July 1999): 2782–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie9806895.

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18

Semibratova, V. A., and Yu M. Titov. "A method for determining iron-containing components of liquor in neurosurgical problems." Optics and Spectroscopy 105, no. 3 (September 2008): 384–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0030400x08090117.

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19

Sinha, Manish K., Sushanta K. Sahu, Pratima Meshram, and Banshi D. Pandey. "Solvent extraction and separation of zinc and iron from spent pickle liquor." Hydrometallurgy 147-148 (August 2014): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2014.05.006.

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20

Sokolov, Artem, Dmitry Valeev, and Aleksandr Kasikov. "Solvent Extraction of Iron(III) from Al Chloride Solution of Bauxite HCl Leaching by Mixture of Aliphatic Alcohol and Ketone." Metals 11, no. 2 (February 12, 2021): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11020321.

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Research into the solvent extraction of iron(III) from a chloride solution after bauxite HCl leaching by neutral oxygen-containing extractants and their mixtures were studied and the iron(III) extraction degree from chloride solutions using alcohols is presented. The effect of dilution of alcohol with a ketone by an extraction mixture in relation to its effectiveness was investigated. The iron(III) was efficiently extracted by the mixture of 1-octanol and 1-decanol (70%) with 2-undecanone (30%) from hydrochloric bauxite leach liquor at an O:A ratio = 2-4:1 at an iron(III) concentration of 7.4 g/L and 6 M HCl. For the removal of iron-containing organic phase from impurities (Al, Ca, Cr) that are co-extracted with iron(III), we used two step scrubbing at O:A = 5:1 by 7 M HCl as a scrub solution. The iron(III) stripping at the O:A ratio is shown. Using counter-current cascade of extractors, it was possible to obtain an FeCl3 solution with the iron(III) content of 90.5 g/L and total impurities less than 50 mg/L.

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21

Caza, Mélissa, François Lépine, Sylvain Milot, and Charles M. Dozois. "Specific Roles of the iroBCDEN Genes in Virulence of an Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli O78 Strain and in Production of Salmochelins." Infection and Immunity 76, no. 8 (June 9, 2008): 3539–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00455-08.

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ABSTRACT Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) strains are a subset of extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) strains associated with respiratory infections and septicemia in poultry. The iroBCDEN genes encode the salmochelin siderophore system present in Salmonella enterica and some ExPEC strains. Roles of the iro genes for virulence in chickens and production of salmochelins were assessed by introducing plasmids carrying different combinations of iro genes into an attenuated salmochelin- and aerobactin-negative mutant of O78 strain χ7122. Complementation with the iroBCDEN genes resulted in a regaining of virulence, whereas the absence of iroC, iroDE, or iroN abrogated restoration of virulence. The iroE gene was not required for virulence, since introduction of iroBCDN restored the capacity to cause lesions and colonize extraintestinal tissues. Prevalence studies indicated that iro sequences were associated with virulent APEC strains. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of supernatants of APEC χ7122 and the complemented mutants indicated that (i) for χ7122, salmochelins comprised 14 to 27% of the siderophores present in iron-limited medium or infected tissues; (ii) complementation of the mutant with the iro locus increased levels of glucosylated dimers (S1 and S5) and monomer (SX) compared to APEC strain χ7122; (iii) the iroDE genes were important for generation of S1, S5, and SX; (iv) iroC was required for export of salmochelin trimers and dimers; and (v) iroB was required for generation of salmochelins. Overall, efficient glucosylation (IroB), transport (IroC and IroN), and processing (IroD and IroE) of salmochelins are required for APEC virulence, although IroE appears to serve an ancillary role.

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22

Duan, Ting, Mei Yan Xing, Ming Zhuo Li, Zheng Zhong Liu, Wen Liu, and Jian Yang. "Treatment of Cotton Pulp Black Liquor Using Micro-Electrolysis in Sequencing Batch Reactor." Key Engineering Materials 500 (January 2012): 180–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.500.180.

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Micro-electrolysis process was conducted to treat the anaerobic digestion effluent of cotton pulp black liquor in sequencing batch reactor (SBR). Three key factors including reaction time, pH, and iron-carbon volume ratio were investigated for their impacts on the treatment efficiency. The effluent of micro-electrolysis polished by coagulation process was performed with Al2(SO4)3and PAC as coagulators. The results show that the optimum conditions of the micro-electrolysis treatment were pH 5.5, iron-carbon volume ratio 1:1, and reaction time 8h. Al2(SO4)3was selected as the coagulator with the addition of 400mg/L. The removal efficiency of COD reaches 93.2% with Micro-electrolysis combined with coagulation process. In addition, the B/C ratio has risen from 0.016 to 0.68(>0.3), which creates favorable conditions for the subsequent aerobic process. Consequently, the micro-electrolysis and coagulation process are highly efficient to dispose the anaerobic digestion effluent of cotton linters pulp black liquor. What’s more, this technology has the advantages of low operating cost, small land occupation and high efficiency.

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23

Xie, Z. M., X. Y. Li, and K. Y. Chan. "Nitrogen removal from the saline sludge liquor by electrochemical denitrification." Water Science and Technology 54, no. 8 (October 1, 2006): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.716.

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Sludge liquor from the sludge dewatering process has a high ammonia content. In the present study, a lab-scale electrochemical (EC) system with a pair of Ti electrode plates was used for treating the sludge centrate liquor of digested wastewater sludge with a NH+4−N content of around 500 mg/L. The sludge liquor had a high salinity due to seawater being used for toilet flushing in Hong Kong. The results show that the EC process is highly effective for denitrification of the saline sludge liquor. Complete nitrogen removal could be achieved within 1 hr or so. The rate of EC denitrification increased with the current intensity applied. The best current efficiency for nitrogen removal was obtained for a gap distance between the electrodes at 8 mm. Electro-chlorination was considered to be the major mechanism of EC denitrification. The formation of chlorination by-products (CBPs) appeared to be minimal with the total trihalomethanes (THM) detected at a level of 300 μg/L or lower. The power consumption for EC denitrification was around 23 kWh/kg N. Additional electro-flocculation with a pair of iron needle electrodes could enhance the flocculation and subsequent sedimentation of colloidal organics in the sludge liquor, increasing the organic removal from less than 30% to more than 70%. Therefore, the EC process including both electro-denitrification and electro-flocculation can be developed as the most cost-effective method for treatment of the saline sludge liquor.

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24

Puhakka, Jaakko A., Päivi H. M. Kinnunen, Tuomas van der Meer, Bestamin Özkaya, Erkan Sahinkaya, Anna H. Kaksonen, and Pauliina Nurmi. "High-Rate Fluidized-Bed Ferric Sulfate Generation for Hydrometallurgical Applications." Advanced Materials Research 20-21 (July 2007): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.20-21.54.

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An overview is presented of a multi-year research effort on developing high-rate fluidized-bed bioprocesses for ferric sulfate production to be used as a unit process in various hydrometallurgical applications including indirect tank leaching of ore concentrates, regeneration of heap leach liquors and control of iron containing acidic mine wastewater. Iron oxidation rates of over 26 kg m-3 h-1 were achieved at hydraulic retention times of less than 1 h at 37 °C. Oxygen supply became the rate-limiting factor even with 99.5% dioxygen aeration. Fe2+ oxidation proceeded at pH below 1 even in the presence of 60 g Fe3+ L-1 allowing the regeneration of concentrated ferric sulphate solutions required in indirect tank leaching of sulfidic ore concentrate applications. Of several tested FBR carrier materials activated carbon was the most suitable based on its availability, long-term durability and the achieved high iron oxidation rates. Jarosite precipitates accumulating to the top of the inert carrier materials played an important role in the FBR biomass retainment. For regeneration of synthetic and actual sulfidic ore heap leaching liquors, a gravity settler was installed in the recycle line of the FBR. The system produced iron precipitates with good settling characteristics and settling tank effluent with low turbidity and suspended solids concentrations. These results revealed the potential of FBR process in both heap leach liquor regeneration and controlling the iron containing waste streams. The PCR-DGGE-partial seguencing of the 16S rRNA gene protocol revealed that the FBR culture at 25-37 °C remained dominated by Leptospirillum ferriphilum over a range of operational conditions studied over the years. A modeling approach for managing Fe3+ production by FBR in combination with heap leaching was based on an artificial neural network-back propagation algorithm (ANN-HEAP) and resulted in excellent match between the measured and the predicted concentrations. High-rate fluidized-bed iron oxidation is amenable to regeneration of tank and heap leaching solutions as well as controlling iron containing waste streams.

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25

Adebayo, A. O., and K. Sarangi. "Separation of copper from chalcopyrite leach liquor containing copper, iron, zinc and magnesium by supported liquid membrane." Separation and Purification Technology 63, no. 2 (October 2008): 392–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2008.06.003.

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26

Webster, Nathan A. S., Ian C. Madsen, Melissa J. Loan, Robert B. Knott, Fatima Naim, Kia S. Wallwork, and Justin A. Kimpton. "An investigation of goethite-seeded Al(OH)3precipitation usingin situX-ray diffraction and Rietveld-based quantitative phase analysis." Journal of Applied Crystallography 43, no. 3 (April 15, 2010): 466–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889810008484.

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Anin situX-ray diffraction investigation of goethite-seeded Al(OH)3precipitation from synthetic Bayer liquor at 343 K has been performed. The presence of iron oxides and oxyhydroxides in the Bayer process has implications for alumina reversion, which causes significant process losses through unwanted gibbsite precipitation, and is also relevant for the nucleation and growth of scale on mild steel process equipment. The gibbsite, bayerite and nordstrandite polymorphs of Al(OH)3precipitated from the liquor; gibbsite appeared to precipitate first, with subsequent formation of bayerite and nordstrandite. A Rietveld-based approach to quantitative phase analysis was implemented for the determination of absolute phase abundances as a function of time, from which kinetic information for the formation of the Al(OH)3phases was determined.

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Chang, Yong Feng, Chuan Lin Fan, Bin Chuan Li, Xiu Jing Zhai, and Ting An Zhang. "Selective Leaching Nickel from the Pre-Reduced Limonitic Laterite Ore at Atmospheric Pressure." Advanced Materials Research 560-561 (August 2012): 494–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.560-561.494.

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In this paper a novel method for selective leaching nickel from pre-reduced laterite ore at atmospheric pressure was reported. The reduced calcine was leached in thin acid liquor to liberate the nickel and iron together firstly. By properly controlling the leaching condition, the leached iron ion could hydrolyze as goethite precipitate and regenerate the acid consumed in the leaching procedure. Finally, the nickel is selectively extracted into the leaching solution. The main factors in the leaching process, such as reduction degree of the laterite ore, acidity of the leaching solution were investigated as influence on the nickel extraction. The test results showed that selectively leaching of nickel could be achieved with an extraction degree up to 90% by reducing most of the iron in the lateritic ore to wuestite and controlling the pH value of the leaching solution below 2.5.

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McDonald, Robbie G., Jian Li, and Peter J. Austin. "High Temperature Pressure Oxidation of a Low-Grade Nickel Sulfide Concentrate with Control of the Residue Composition." Minerals 10, no. 3 (March 9, 2020): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10030249.

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High temperature pressure oxidation of a low-grade nickel concentrate was examined to demonstrate the potential benefits and shortcomings of this approach. The high iron sulfide content ensured that acid generation was much greater than for higher grade concentrates. This results in the formation of basic iron sulfate phases and a significant amount of sulfuric acid. Kinetic sampling during pressure oxidation tests also demonstrated the transformation of sulfide minerals, including the oxidative transformations of pentlandite to violarite and then to vaesite, the latter phase not previously noted in studies of this kind. Finally, addition of a divalent metal sulfate buffer, here magnesium sulfate, mitigates the formation of basic iron sulfates but with greater generation of sulfuric acid in the leach liquor. Under the conditions employed in this study, this acid could be employed to leach other nickel-containing materials such as nickel laterites.

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29

Inoue, Ryo, and Hideaki Suito. "Purification of roasted iron oxide product from waste pickling liquor by glass-ceramic method." ISIJ International 30, no. 9 (1990): 704–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.30.704.

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INOUE, Ryo, and Hideaki SUITO. "Purification of Roasted Iron Oxide Product from Waste Pickling Liquor by Glass-Ceramic Method." Tetsu-to-Hagane 76, no. 10 (1990): 1680–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.76.10_1680.

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31

Agrawal, Archana, and K. K. Sahu. "Treatment of Chloride Waste Pickle Liquor by Solvent Extraction for the Recovery of Iron." Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review 31, no. 3 (May 18, 2010): 121–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08827501003727006.

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32

Patnaik, P., A. A. Baba, K. C. Nathsarma, K. Sarangi, and T. Subbaiah. "Separation of iron and zinc from manganese nodule leach liquor using TBP as extractant." Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy 122, no. 3 (September 2013): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1743285513y.0000000044.

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33

Ghatak, Himadri Roy. "Iron complexated lignin from electrolysis of wheat straw soda black liquor and its characterization." Industrial Crops and Products 43 (May 2013): 738–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.07.076.

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34

Chang, Yongfeng, Xiujing Zhai, Binchuan Li, and Yan Fu. "Removal of iron from acidic leach liquor of lateritic nickel ore by goethite precipitate." Hydrometallurgy 101, no. 1-2 (February 2010): 84–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2009.11.014.

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35

Jalava, Juho Pertti. "Precipitation and properties of titania pigments in the sulfate process. 1. Preparation of the liquor and effects of iron(II) in isoviscous liquor." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 31, no. 2 (February 1992): 608–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie00002a024.

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36

Öfverström, Svetlana, Åsa Davidsson, Salar Haghighatafshar, Hamse Kjerstadius, and Jes la Cour Jansen. "Waste Ochre for Control of Phosphates and Sulfides in Digesters at Wastewater Treatment Plants with Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal." Clean Technologies 2, no. 1 (March 6, 2020): 116–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol2010008.

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Ochre, waste iron sludge from the treatment of iron rich groundwater for potable use, makes up a significant waste problem. Furthermore, wastewater treatment plants with enhanced biological phosphorus removal and the digestion of sludge are in lack of iron for the prevention of hydrogen sulfide production and the release of phosphorous during anaerobic digestion. Thus, the addition of ochre to anaerobic digestion is a potential beneficial reuse of ochre. Sludge from wastewater treatment plants with enhanced biological phosphorus removal was used for the experiments. Batch and continuous pilot-scale tests were performed for the mesophilic digestion of primary and waste-activated sludge with different doses of ochre. Two different doses of ochre corresponding to molar ratios of 1 and 2 moles Fe3+/mole P released in the batch test resulted in 29% and 57% reductions of phosphates respectively in the sludge liquor compared to the control sludge without inhibiting the digestion process. In the pilot experiment, the dosing of ochre at both a high and low dose (molar ratios of 1.6 and 0.8 Fe3+/S2−, respectively) resulted in an immediate drop in the H2S concentration (from >2000 ppm down to 570 ppm), while the control reactor still produced biogas with a high hydrogen sulfide concentration. The inhibition of the digestion process was observed (accumulation of acetate) at the higher dose. In a second pilot scale experiment, lower doses of ochre were tested continuously (1.5 and 0.75 mole Fe3+/mole Preleased) to avoid any inhibition, while evaluating the phosphate precipitation. A reduction of phosphates in sludge liquor (33% and 66% for the low and high doses respectively) was obtained.

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Cui, Li, Zesen Zhao, Yanxia Guo, and Fangqin Cheng. "Stripping of iron(III) from iron(III)-loaded Aliquat 336 generated during aluminum recovery from coal waste leach liquor using sodium sulfite." Separation and Purification Technology 199 (June 2018): 304–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2018.01.048.

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Ivanov, V., V. Stabnikov, W. Q. Zhuang, J. H. Tay, and S. T. L. Tay. "Phosphate removal from the returned liquor of municipal wastewater treatment plant using iron-reducing bacteria." Journal of Applied Microbiology 98, no. 5 (May 2005): 1152–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02567.x.

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39

Kwiecińska-Mydlak, Anna, Marcin Sajdak, Katarzyna Rychlewska, and Jan Figa. "The role of a chemical loop in removal of hazardous contaminants from coke oven wastewater during its treatment." Open Chemistry 17, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 1288–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/chem-2019-0142.

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AbstractCoke oven liquor is one of the most contaminated liquid streams generated by the coal processing industry, thus its proper treatment and utilization is crucial for sustainable and environmentally neutral plant operation. The conventional wastewater treatment process comprises of chemical and biological processes. Within the current research the detailed role of chemical treatment is described. Commercially available iron-based coagulants (PIX100, PIX100COP, PIX113, PIX116) were tested to understand their removal efficiency and impact on the stream parameters. The influence of iron dose in the range of 300-500 mgFe/L on the process performance was also examined.It was found that the main role of chemical treatment was to bind toxicants harmful to activated sludge microorganisms, i.e. free and complex cyanides and sulphides. Among the tested iron-based conventional coagulants ferrous salts were more efficient than ferric salts. It was also observed that efficiency of the process strongly depended on wastewater properties (especially in regard to pH, which should be in the range of 9-10) and the coagulant selection needed to be done individually for a given wastewater type. The removal rates of particular contaminants were diversified and for free cyanides, complex cyanides and sulphides they were in the range of 23-91%, -156-77% and -357-98%, respectively. The expected, simultaneous removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) during the treatment was not observed and even the parameter value increased after the process due to probable formation of compounds less vulnerable to oxidation.

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Karimov, K. A., A. V. Kritskii, S. S. Naboichenko, O. B. Kolmachikhina, and D. A. Rogozhnikov. "Autoclave Precipitation Of Iron From Zinc Sulfate Solutions." KnE Materials Science 2, no. 2 (September 3, 2017): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kms.v2i2.950.

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<p>Zinc concentrates processing technology that includes high-temperature roasting – leaching of cinder – purification of leached liquor – electrowinning is the most widely used technology. Purified solution, which is fed to the electrowinning stage, has a high sensitivity to such an impurity as iron. The presence of iron in the zinc electrolyte has a negative influence both on the current efficiency and the quality of the cathode zinc. </p><p>The application of autoclave equipment for iron removal from zinc sulfate solutions, obtained after the leaching stage of zinc cinder, is described in this article. All experiments were carried out with a model solution of following composition, g/L: 10-33 H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, 1.5 Cu, 5 Mn, 110 Zn, 2.5 Fe. Neutralization and purification of the solution was implemented during low-temperature pressure leaching of the zinc cinder. </p><p>The optimum conditions for iron precipitation from zinc solution are following: molar flow rate Zn(cinder) / H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> = 1.3, t = 80 °C, τ = 1 hour, P<sub>O2</sub> = 0.2 MPa. It was found, that the concentration of iron can be reduced up to 1-2 mg/L, whereas 83.5% of Zn and 52.1% of Cu being recovered into the solution from zinc cinder.</p>

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Bhattacharjee, S., K. K. Gupta, S. Chakravarty, P. Thakur, and G. Bhattacharyya. "Separation of Iron, Nickel, and Cobalt from Sulphated Leach Liquor of Low Nickel Lateritic Oxide Ore." Separation Science and Technology 39, no. 2 (January 2, 2005): 413–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/ss-120027566.

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42

Nouh, El Said A., Mustafa Amin, Mohammed Gouda, and Ahmed Abd-Elmagid. "Extraction of uranium(VI) from sulfate leach liquor after iron removal using manganese oxide coated zeolite." Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 3, no. 1 (March 2015): 523–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2015.01.013.

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43

Charles, W., R. Cord-Ruwisch, G. Ho, M. Costa, and P. Spencer. "Solutions to a combined problem of excessive hydrogen sulfide in biogas and struvite scaling." Water Science and Technology 53, no. 6 (March 1, 2006): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.198.

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The Woodman Point Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) in Western Australia has experienced two separate problems causing avoidable maintenance costs: the build-up of massive struvite (MgNH4PO4· 6H2O) scaling downstream of the anaerobic digester and the formation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) levels in the digester gas to levels that compromised gas engine operation and caused high operating costs on the gas scrubber. As both problems hang together with a chemical imbalance in the anaerobic digester, we decided to investigate whether both problems could be (feasibly and economically) addressed by a common solution (such as dosing of iron solutions to precipitate both sulfide and phosphate), or by using separate approaches. Laboratory results showed that, the hydrogen sulfide emission in digesters could be effectively and economically controlled by the addition of iron dosing. Slightly higher than the theoretical value of 1.5 mol of FeCl3 was required to precipitate 1 mol of dissolved sulfide inside the digester. Due to the high concentration of PO43− in the digested sludge liquor, significantly higher iron is required for struvite precipitation. Iron dosing did not appear an economic solution for struvite control via iron phosphate formation. By taking advantage of the natural tendency of struvite formation in the digester liquid, it is possible to reduce the risk of struvite precipitation in and around the sludge-dewatering centrifuge by increasing the pH to precipitate struvite out before passing through the centrifuge. However, as the Mg2+ /PO43− molar ratio in digested sludge was low, by increasing the pH alone (using NaOH) the precipitation of PO43− was limited by the amount of cations (Ca2+ and Mg2+ ) available in the sludge. Although this would reduce struvite precipitation in the centrifuge, it could not significantly reduce PO43− recycling back to the plant. For long-term operation, maximum PO43− reduction should be the ultimate aim to minimise PO43− accumulation in the plant. Magnesium hydroxide liquid (MHL) was found to be the most cost-effective chemical to achieve this goal. It enhanced struvite precipitation from both, digested sludge and centrate to the point where more than 95% PO43− reduction in the digested sludge was achieved.

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Ofverstrom, Svetlana, Regimantas Dauknys, and Ieva Sapkaitė. "THE EFFECT OF IRON SALT ON ANAEROBIC DIGESTION AND PHOSPHATE RELEASE TO SLUDGE LIQUOR / GELEŽIES DRUSKOS ĮTAKA ANAEROBINIO DUMBLO PŪDYMO PROCESUI IR FOSFATŲ IŠSISKYRIMUI Į DUMBLO VANDENĮ." Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 3, no. 5 (December 19, 2011): 123–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2011.097.

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Iron salts are used at wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) for several reasons: for removing chemical phosphorus, preventing from struvite formation and reducing the content of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in biogas. Anaerobic digestion is a common scheme for sludge treatment due to producing biogas that could be used as biofuel. Laboratory analysis has been carried out using anaerobic digestion model W8 (Armfield Ltd, UK) to investigate any possible effect of adding FeCl3 on the anaerobic digestion of primary sludge (PS) and waste activated sludge (WAS) mixture as well as on releasing phosphates to digested sludge liquor. The obtained results showed that FeCl3 negatively impacted the anaerobic digestion process by reducing the volume of produced biogas. Fe-dosed sludge (max) produced 30% less biogas. Biogas production from un-dosed and Fe-dosed sludge (min) was similar to the average of 1.20 L/gVSfed. Biogas composition was not measured during the conducted experiments. Phosphorus content in sludge liquor increased at an average of 38% when digesting sludge without ferric chloride dosing. On the contrary, phosphate content in sludge liquor from digested Fe-dosed sludge decreased by approx. 80%. Santrauka Nuotekų valymo įrenginiuose geležies druskos naudojamos cheminiam fosforui šalinti, sieros vandeniliui biodujose mažinti ir struvito nuogulų formavimosi prevencijai. Tyrimai atlikti laboratorinėmis sąlygomis naudojant anaerobinio pūdymo modelį W8 (Armfield Ltd., Didžioji Britanija) ir pūdant pirminio perteklinio dumblo mišinį, į kurį buvo dedama geležies druskos, siekiant nustatyti geležies druskos naudojimo efektą anarobinio pūdymo procesui ir fosfatų išsiskyrimui į dumblo vandenį. Rezultatai parodė, kad pūdant dumblą be geležies druskos ir dedant geležies druskos minimalią dozę, susidarė vidutiniškai vienodi kiekiai biodujų (mL/gBSMtiekiam.), bet į pūdomą dumblą dedant maksimalią geležies dozę, biodujų išeiga vidutiniškai sumažėjo 30 %. Į pūdomą dumblą nededant geležies chlorido, fosfatų koncentracija dumblo vandenyje vidutiniškai padidėjo 38 %. Ir priešingai, geležies chlorido dozės fosfatų koncentraciją pūdyto dumblo vandenyje sumažino 80 %.

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Kaya, Elif Emil, Ozan Kaya, Srecko Stopic, Sebahattin Gürmen, and Bernd Friedrich. "NdFeB Magnets Recycling Process: An Alternative Method to Produce Mixed Rare Earth Oxide from Scrap NdFeB Magnets." Metals 11, no. 5 (April 27, 2021): 716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11050716.

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Neodymium iron boron magnets (NdFeB) play a critical role in various technological applications due to their outstanding magnetic properties, such as high maximum energy product, high remanence and high coercivity. Production of NdFeB is expected to rise significantly in the coming years, for this reason, demand for the rare earth elements (REE) will not only remain high but it also will increase even more. The recovery of rare earth elements has become essential to satisfy this demand in recent years. In the present study rare earth elements recovery from NdFeB magnets as new promising process flowsheet is proposed as follows; (1) acid baking process is performed to decompose the NdFeB magnet to increase in the extraction efficiency for Nd, Pr, and Dy. (2) Iron was removed from the leach liquor during hydrolysis. (3) The production of REE-oxide from leach liquor using ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method. Recovery of mixed REE-oxide from NdFeB magnets via ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method between 700 °C and 1000 °C is a new innovative step in comparison to traditional combination of precipitation with sodium carbonate and thermal decomposition of rare earth carbonate at 850 °C. The synthesized mixed REE- oxide powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). Morphological properties and phase content of mixed REE- oxide were revealed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. To obtain the size and particle size distribution of REE-oxide, a search algorithm based on an image-processing technique was executed in MATLAB. The obtained particles are spherical with sizes between 362 and 540 nm. The experimental values of the particle sizes of REE- oxide were compared with theoretically predicted ones.

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Sinha, Manish K., Sushanta K. Sahu, Pratima Meshram, L. B. Prasad, and Banshi D. Pandey. "Low temperature hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of iron oxide powders of diverse morphologies from spent pickle liquor." Powder Technology 276 (May 2015): 214–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2015.02.006.

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47

El Afifi, E. M., E. H. Borai, and A. M. Shahr El-Din. "New approaches for efficient removal of some radionuclides and iron from rare earth liquor of monazite processing." International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 16, no. 12 (January 1, 2019): 7735–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13762-018-02183-5.

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48

Wu, Meng, Yun Wang, Bin Lu, Bing Xiao, Rufen Chen, and Hui Liu. "Efficient activation of peroxymonosulfate and degradation of Orange G in iron phosphide prepared by pickling waste liquor." Chemosphere 269 (April 2021): 129398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129398.

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49

Ahmed, Sherien Hussein, Entesar Mohamed El Gammal, Mostafa Ibrahim Amin, and Walid Mohamed Yousef. "Studying the Effect of Potassium Amyl Xanthate Surfactant on Fe, Cu and U Ions for the Pretreatment of Abu Zeneima Sulphate Leach Liquor." Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering 65, no. 3 (February 1, 2021): 408–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppch.15795.

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In this study, batch experiments were performed to study the behavior of potassium amyl xanthate surfactant on Fe, Cu and U ions for the pretreatment of Abu Zeneima sulphate leach liquor. Various parameters, such as amount of potassium amyl xanthate, pH, stirring time, sample volume to potassium amyl xanthate mass (v/m ratio) and temperature were tested to determine the optimum conditions. The numerical results obtained support the experimental data on decreasing the iron and copper values where 0.1 g potassium amyl xanthate could remove 86.8 mg Fe and 0.98 mg Cu from the studied sulphate solution with no effect on uranium content. FTIR spectroscopy and XRF analysis were used for investigation.

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Olawale, John Oluyemi, Jamiu Kolawole Odusote, Abuldkarim Baba Rabiu, and Emmanuel Onazi Ochapa. "Evaluation of Corrosion Behaviour of Grey Cast Iron and Low Alloy Steel in Cocoa Liquor and Well Water." Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering 01, no. 02 (2013): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jmmce.2013.12009.

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