Relevant bibliographies by topics / Iron slag – Analysis

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Iron slag – Analysis'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Iron slag – Analysis"

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Brenko, Tomislav, Tena Karavidović, Sibila Borojević Šoštarić, and Tajana Sekelj Ivančan. "The contribution of geochemical and mineralogical characterization of iron slags in provenance studies in the Podravina region, NE Croatia." Geologia Croatica 75, no. 1 (2022): 165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4154/gc.2022.11.

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Archaeological excavations in the Podravina region led to discovery of sites with traces of bloomery iron production during Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. Mineralogical analysis of the slags recognized fayalite as the main mineral phase, while geochemical analysis confirmed high Fe contents, typical for bloomery iron smelting. Based on the previously established occurrences of bog iron ores in the study area, provenance studies were carried out using trace and rare earth elements to create a geochemical signature. Similar shapes and patterns of bog iron ores and iron slag signatures imply a genetic connection between the ore and the slag, as well as variation related to the temporal and spatial context of both slags and ores.
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Miller, Duncan, and David Killick. "SLAG IDENTIFICATION AT SOUTHERN AFRICAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES." Journal of African Archaeology 2, no. 1 (2004): 23–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3213/1612-1651-10017.

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nents of southern African Iron Age sites. Their correct identification is crucial to understanding technological processes performed at these sites. This paper presents criteria for distinguishing between iron smelting slags, iron forging slags, copper smelting slags, crucible slags resulting from melting activities, vitrified clay and various biomass materials. Slag identification should entail a combination of morphology, microscopic study, chemical analysis, and assessment of the archaeological context. It is a necessarily specialist activity and superficial classification without materials analysis can be misleading. Archaeologists need to be mindful of both the archaeological opportunities and the potential technical difficulties in the interpretation of slags.
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Chen, Xiao Ling, Kui Yu Gao, and Cheng Li. "Cleaning Waste Sulfuric Acid from PVC Gas Analysis Scheme Design and Composition Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 675-677 (October 2014): 280–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.675-677.280.

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HWasu Corporation produces an enormous amount of PVC acetylene gas to wash waste sulfuric acid every year, and the composition of waste acid impurity is complex. The stench restricts the reuse of waste sulfuric acid, This paper establishes the detection scheme which is divide int three parts,respectively: escaping of the exhaust gas, liquid slag washing and washing slag quantitative analysis.Burning waste acid solid content of 11.40%, light component is 97.18%, sulfuric acid content of 79.22%, after washing slag of weight percent is 7.30%, Washing liquid slag quality percentage of 4.10%.Escaping gases mainly contain acetylene, hydrogen chloride, sulfur oxide impurities. Washing slag liquids mainly contain phosphoric acid root, organophosphorus, chloride, calcium, magnesium,iron ions and sulfuric acid root ion. Washing slags mainly contain silicon dioxide, carbon, hydrogen, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, ferric oxide,and etc. Finally through the balance calculation of data, We can figure out that the experimental data is accurate and reliable for comprehensive utilization of wast sulfuric acid to provide basic theory data.
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Uchida, Etsuo, Motoki Murasugi, Ayaka Kuroda, and Yusu Lu. "Chemical Compositional Signatures of Constituent Minerals of Iron Slags and Ores from the Khmer Monuments." Heritage 2, no. 2 (2019): 1724–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage2020105.

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Iron slags and ores were collected from 22 sites (A to V) in Preah Khan of Kompong Svay, the area surrounding Phnom Daek, and the Angkor monuments. Iron ores were taken from two outcrops in Phnom Daek. The chemical compositions of fayalite and wüstite in the iron slags and magnetite in the iron ores were determined using a scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis using averaged chemical compositional data for fayalite allowed for the investigated slag dumps to be classified into two main groups: Groups 1 and 2. The slag dumps in the area surrounding Phnom Daek and those in the Angkor monuments were classified as Group 1, and those in Preah Khan of Kompong Svay were classified as Group 2, except for sites C and U, which were classified as Group 1. Radiocarbon dating was carried out on 10 charcoal fragments from slag dumps outside the Angkor area. The dating results indicate that iron making in Preah Khan of Kompong Svay was conducted in and after the 13th century except for sites C and U, where iron ores may have been supplied from Phnom Daek before the 13th century.
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Shubina, Marianna V., and Elena S. Makhotkina. "Analysis of the Leaching Stage Effect on the Vanadium Extraction from Technogenic Raw Materials." Materials Science Forum 1052 (February 3, 2022): 462–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-27ijw5.

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As a result of titanomagnetite iron ore processing, technogenic waste is formed in the form of vanadium-containing slags. The industrial processing of these slags is important to improve the environmental situation in industrial regions and expand vanadium raw material base. The study purpose was the vanadium extraction from slags of titanomagnetite ore processing (ITmk3 process slag and JSC “EVRAZ NTMK” slag) in the soluble vanadate form. Research tasks: hydrometallurgical vanadium extraction from slags of different chemical composition using soda technology; determination of the leaching mode effect (temperature and duration) on the vanadium extraction degree. Experimental samples in the form of slag and soda Na2CO3 mixture were processed to oxidative roasting and subsequent water leaching at different temperatures from 50 °C to 80 °C for 1, 2 and 3 hours. In the resulting solutions the vanadium content was determined with X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF). Analysis of the research results showed that the slag chemical composition and the water leaching conditions had a significant effect on vanadium extraction degree. The vanadium extraction degree from the JSC “EVRAZ NTMK” slag was 2 – 2.5 times higher than from the ITmk3 process slag after applying the same leaching modes. The highest degree of vanadium extraction was obtained after leaching at a temperature of 80 °C for 3 hours. These leaching modes increased the vanadium extraction degree from the JSC “EVRAZ NTMK” slag to 65 – 87%, and from the ITmk3 process slag to 31 – 33%.
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Myasoedov, S. V., S. V. Filatov, V. V. Panteleev, V. S. Listopadov, and S. A. Zagainov. "Analysis of possible ways to reduce sulfur content in pig iron." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 63, no. 11-12 (2021): 878–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2020-11-12-878-882.

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One of the ways to increase the energy efficiency and intensity of blast furnace smelting, especially when using pulverized coal fuel, is to increase the hot strength of coke. In the conditions of OJSC NLMK, an oil additive was introduced into the coal charge to improve the coke quality. At the same time, sulfur content in the coke increases, and, consequently, sulfur content in the cast iron increases as well. In this regard, the task of finding ways to improve the desulfurization of cast iron in blast furnace becomes urgent. The main factors determining the desulfurization of cast iron are slag basicity, content of MgO oxide in it, temperature of the smelting products, and the slag viscosity. The purpose of this work was to compare the efficiency of sulfur removal by increasing the slag basicity and MgO content. On the basis of wellknown equations, an algorithm was developed that allows the problem to be solved. It was established that an increase in MgO content in the slag promotes desulfurization of cast iron to a greater extent than a basicity increase. In addition, an increase in MgO content by 1 % is accompanied by an increase in slag yield by 3.0 – 3.5 kg/t of cast iron. At the same time, an increase in basicity by 0.01 leads to an increase in the slag yield by 4 – 5 kg/t of pig iron. Consequently, reducing the sulfur content in pig iron by increasing the slag basicity requires less heat. In terms of the specific consumption of coke, difference in heat demand is 0.4 – 0.5 kg/t of pig iron. It is shown that with an increase in MgO content in the slag, the slag viscosity at a temperature of 1450 °C increases to a lesser extent than with an increase in basicity.
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Myasoedov, S. V., S. V. Filatov, V. V. Panteleev, V. S. Listopadov, and S. A. Zagainov. "Analysis of possible ways to reduce sulfur content in pig iron." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 63, no. 11-12 (2021): 878–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2020-11-12-878-882.

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One of the ways to increase the energy efficiency and intensity of blast furnace smelting, especially when using pulverized coal fuel, is to increase the hot strength of coke. In the conditions of OJSC NLMK, an oil additive was introduced into the coal charge to improve the coke quality. At the same time, sulfur content in the coke increases, and, consequently, sulfur content in the cast iron increases as well. In this regard, the task of finding ways to improve the desulfurization of cast iron in blast furnace becomes urgent. The main factors determining the desulfurization of cast iron are slag basicity, content of MgO oxide in it, temperature of the smelting products, and the slag viscosity. The purpose of this work was to compare the efficiency of sulfur removal by increasing the slag basicity and MgO content. On the basis of wellknown equations, an algorithm was developed that allows the problem to be solved. It was established that an increase in MgO content in the slag promotes desulfurization of cast iron to a greater extent than a basicity increase. In addition, an increase in MgO content by 1 % is accompanied by an increase in slag yield by 3.0 – 3.5 kg/t of cast iron. At the same time, an increase in basicity by 0.01 leads to an increase in the slag yield by 4 – 5 kg/t of pig iron. Consequently, reducing the sulfur content in pig iron by increasing the slag basicity requires less heat. In terms of the specific consumption of coke, difference in heat demand is 0.4 – 0.5 kg/t of pig iron. It is shown that with an increase in MgO content in the slag, the slag viscosity at a temperature of 1450 °C increases to a lesser extent than with an increase in basicity.
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Levkov, Leonid, Denis Pankratov, and Dmitry Shurygin. "Iron Oxidation State Analysis in ESR Slag." Materials Science Forum 946 (February 2019): 437–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.946.437.

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It is shown that the value of the equilibrium oxygen partial pressure,Po2as a value available for measurements is possible to be taken as a measure of slag redox potential of, taking into account its electronic system performance. Application of the electromotive force method (EMF) allowed establishing the character of a change in the average oxidation state of iron νFedepending onPo2, the temperature and slag composition. The study of Mössbauer absorption spectra of quenched slag samples confirmed the possibility of simultaneous presence of iron in the flux in oxidation states from 0 to +3.
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Iurii, Erokhin, Zakharov Anatolii, and Leonova Liubov. "Slags of chromium cast iron production from Alapaevsky plant (composition and geoecology)." Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii Gornyi zhurnal, no. 5 (August 6, 2020): 90–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21440/0536-1028-2020-5-90-99.

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Relevance. The Ural region has been the metallurgical center of Russia for more than 300 years, and a huge amount of waste slag has accumulated here. The study of the material composition of the slag is an urgent task. Many slags are potential ores that can be further processed. 98 "Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Gornyi zhurnal". No. 5. 2020 ISSN 0536-1028 Research aims to study of the mineral composition of slag from the Alapaevsky metallurgical plant, obtained in the production of chromium cast iron. Research methodology. The chemical composition of minerals was established using a JSM-6390LV Scanning Electron Microscope from Jeol with the INCA Energy 450 X-Max 80 energy-dispersive attachment from Oxford Instruments (IGG UB RAS, Ekaterinburg). For the analysis polished petrographic thin sections cut from pieces of slag were used. Originality. Slags material composition was studied from the point of view of classical mineralogy and with the use of modern mandatory nomenclature of the International Mineralogical Association. Findings. The mineralogy of the Alapaevsky plant chromium cast iron production slags has been studied for the first time. It has been established that they are composed of a periclase-larnite aggregate with a significant content of gehlenite, magnesiochromite and the Ti-analogue of schulamitite, as well as the constant presence of wustite, spinel, sulfides and cast iron. These slags are the waste products of low-alloy heat-resistant chromium cast iron and pose a geo-ecological threat to the environment. Practical relevance. These slags can be recycled, as they contain easily distinguishable magnetic chromium cast iron and wustite. Almost half of the rock consists of periclase, which is a refractory raw material, and spinel can be used as an abrasive material
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Belskii, S. S., A. A. Zaitseva, A. A. Tyutrin, Z. Z. Ismoilov, A. N. Baranov, and Yu V. Sokolnikova. "Current state of steelmaking slag processing." iPolytech Journal 25, no. 6 (2022): 782–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/1814-3520-2021-6-782-794.

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In the present work, the properties and composition of steelmaking slag are assessed by analysing existing processing methods, including desulfurisation and dephosphorisation. The atomic absorption and optical emission methods were used to study the chemical composition of slag samples, and metallographic analysis was used to study their microstructure. Major approaches to processing slags applied in Russia and abroad were studied. It was shown that steelmaking slags are neutralised and treated by various methods and subsequently applied in construction and road industries, while the obtained phosphorus-containing products are used in agriculture instead of superphosphate. In addition, these products reduce lime consumption and improve slag formation in steelmaking. The key factor hampering reusing electric steelmaking and converter slags for metal refining is shown to be the presence of phosphorus. The chemical composition of slag samples from the electric steelmaking production was analysed; the iron content amounted to 33.2 wt%, calcium – 19.15 wt%, phosphorus – 0.33 wt% and silicon – 5.39 wt%. Iron is present in the oxidised form (FeO, Fe2O3 and Fe3O4), silicon and calcium in the form of dicalcium silicate (2CaO ∙ SiO2 ), phosphorus in the form of calcium silicophosphate having complex composition – Ca2(SiO4)6(Ca3(PO4)2. Phosphorus is fed to the melting units with gangue minerals, agglomerate, ore and fluxes. When the slags are reused, phosphorus returns to the metal, thus contaminating the final product. Possible methods for extracting phosphorus from steelmaking slags include magnetic and electrostatic separation, gravity and flotation concentration, as well as hydrometallurgical processing.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Iron slag – Analysis"

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Stetkiewicz, Scott Serreze. "Iron Age iron production in Britain and the near Continent : compositional analyses and smelting systems." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/22982.

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This thesis presents the results of compositional and statistical analyses of Iron Age ironworking residues from sites in Scotland, England, Wales and France. As no framework for ferrous archaeometallurgy previously existed in the main research area of Scotland, a catalog of sites was compiled to determine where targeted scientific analyses could be of most use in creating a regional metallurgical profile. Fieldwork carried out at the site of Meunet Planches in France provided the non- British research component, as extant analyses matching this study’s temporal criteria were not available. A total of 80 new SEM-EDS samples were generated (58 from Scotland and 22 from France), and used together with existing site- and regional-level compositional studies to explore chemical behavior following the procedures laid out by Charlton (2007) and others. These included a range of multivariate statistical techniques such as Hierarchical Clustering Analysis (HCA), Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and Discriminant Analysis (DA). These approaches were considered within the wider discussion of smelting “systems” as defined by Dillmann and L’Heritier (2007), in an effort to visualize the relationship between compositional groups and parent geographic regions. Results indicate overall chemical homogeneity within and between the study regions, suggesting that the systems producing the slag were broadly similar in terms of their operation and reduction “efficiency”. This trend remains stable even when accounting for resource-based influence; implying that appreciable similarities existed between system operations (and therefore potentially human decisions) regardless of the size, age, or complexity of manufacturing industries. Deviation from this main compositional group, exhibited by only a handful of sites, seems to be similarly unrelated to temporal or geographic factors. Rather, it appears to follow the diffusion of slag between the two slag Optima identified by Rehren et al (2007), and on several of the outlier sites relates to the production of hypereutectoid steel.
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Kalcioglu, Ali Ferdi 1960. "Distribution of antimony between carbon-saturated iron and blast furnace slags." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277129.

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Understanding the effects of the process parameters on the distribution behaviour of antimony between metal and slag in the iron blast furnace is critical to develop a universal method of controlling temper embrittlement in commercially pure low alloy steels.
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Godfrey, Evelyne. "The technology of ancient and medieval directly reduced phosphoric iron." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5511.

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After carbon, phosphorus is the most commonly detected element in archaeological iron. The typical phosphoric iron range is 0.1wt% to 1wt%P. The predominant source of phosphorus in iron is the ore smelted. Around 60% of economic UK rock iron ore formations contain over 0.2%P. Under fully reducing conditions, both in liquid-state (cast iron) and solid-state bloomery smelting (direct reduction) processes, such rock ores would be predicted to produce phosphoric iron, and bog iron ores even more so. Ore-metal-slag phosphorus ratios for bloomery iron are derived here, by means of: laboratory experiments; full-scale experimental bloomery smelting; and analysis of remains from three Medieval and two Late Roman-Iron Age iron production sites in England and the Netherlands. Archaeological ore, slag, metal residues (gromps), and iron artefacts were analysed by metallography, SEM-EDS, EPMA, and XRD. The effects of forging and carburising on phosphoric iron were studied by experiment and artefact analysis. The ore to slag %P ratio for solid-state reduction was determined to range from 1:1.2 to 1: 1.8. The ore to metal %P ratio varied from 1:0.2 to 1:0.7-1.4, depending on furnace operating conditions. Archaeological phosphoric iron and steel microstructures resulting from non-equilibrium reduction, heat treatment, and mechanical processing are presented to define the technology of early phosphoric iron. Microstructures were identified by a combination of metallography and chemical analysis. The phosphoric iron artefacts examined appear to be fully functional objects, some cold-worked and carburised. Modern concepts of 'quality' and workability are shown to be inapplicable to the archaeological material.
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Mamani-Calcina, Elmer Antonio. "Microanálise de inclusões não-metálicas de artefatos ferrosos: investigação da assinatura química de procedência (Real Fábrica de Ferro São João de Ipanema, Sítio de Afonso Sardinha, Sítio de Missões e Mossend Iron Works) por análise hierárquica de conglomerados." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3133/tde-18012017-151954/.

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Técnicas de caracterização microestrutural, incluindo microanálise química EDS (energy dispersive spectrometry), foram usadas para investigar as inclusões não-metálicas de amostras ferrosas da Real Fábrica de Ferro São João de Ipanema (Sorocaba, século XIX), da Ponte D. Pedro II (Bahia, produzida na Escócia, Mossend Iron Works, século XIX) e dos sítios arqueológicos de São Miguel das Missões (Rio Grande do Sul, século XVII) e de Afonso Sardinha (Sorocaba, século XVI). Estes resultados foram analisados por métodos estatísticos com o objetivo de estabelecer a assinatura química de cada uma das quatro procedências testadas. A análise dos gráficos bivariantes dos resultados de microanálise de inclusões \"globais\" (% SiO2 versus %Al2O3; %CaO versus %K2O; %MgO versus %Al2O3 e % SiO2 versus %FeO) não permitiu separar os resultados em agrupamentos significativos com relação à procedência das amostras. Os resultados de microanálise da correlação dos teores de %TiO2 e %V2O5 presentes na fase wüstita da microestrutura das inclusões de escória mostraram, no entanto, um agrupamento significativo para os resultados dos artefatos ferrosos de Bahia e de Missões, mas não permitiram separar os resultados dos artefatos de Ipanema e de Sardinha. Deste modo, foi usada a análise hierárquica de conglomerados dos resultados de microanálise das inclusões \"globais\" e de seus microconstituintes (fase wüstita e \"matriz\") com o objetivo de separar os resultados em quatro grupos coincidentes com as quatro procedências investigadas. Somente a análise hierárquica de conglomerados usando os teores de %MgO, %TiO2, %V2O5, %MnO e %Al2O3 presentes na fase wüstita permitiu separar com sucesso os quatro grupos de resultados. Finalmente, a baixa fração volumétrica de inclusões de escória das amostras de Ipanema (~1% contra uma média de 4% das demais amostras) indica a existência de certo grau de domínio tecnológico dos processos produtivos da Real Fábrica de Ferro São João de Ipanema.<br>Microstructural characterization techniques, including EDX (Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis) microanalyses, were used to investigate the slag inclusions of the microstructure of ferrous artifacts of the Royal Iron Factory of São João de Ipanema (first steel plant of Brazil, XIX century), the D. Pedro II Bridge (located in Bahia, assembled in XIX century and produced in Scotland) and the archaeological sites of São Miguel de Missões (Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, production site of iron artifacts, the XVIII century) and Afonso Sardinha (São Paulo, Brazil production site of iron artifacts, XVI century). The microanalyses results were analyzed by a hierarchical cluster analysis and the dendrogram with the microanalyses results of the wustite phase (using as critical variables the contents of MnO, MgO, Al2O3, V2O5 and TiO2) allowed the identification of four clusters, which successfully represented the samples of the four production sites (Ipanema, Sardinha, Missões and Bahia). The comparatively low volumetric fraction of slag inclusions in the samples of Ipanema (~1% whit an average of 4% others samples) indicated the existence of some degree of proficiency in the ironmaking processing of the Royal Iron Factory of São João de Ipanema.
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Goy, Julie. "La métallurgie du cuivre à l'âge du Fer en péninsule d'Oman : organisations et caractéristiques techniques." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01H063.

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La péninsule d’Oman est une entité géo-culturelle qui s’organise autour des montagnes d’al-Hajjar, extrêmement riches en minerais de cuivre. Ce dernier a probablement été exploité dès la période Hafit (3000 - 2500 av.n.è.) et le métal produit deviendra une matière d’échange avec la Mésopotamie à la période Umm an-Nar (2500 - 1900 av.n.è.). À l’âge du Fer (1350 - 300 av.n.è.), ces échanges deviennent plus flous, mais la production de cuivre elle, ne diminue pas. Les sites de réduction et de travail du métal de la péninsule d’Oman sont extrêmement massifs et fonctionnent à l’aide d’une gestion et d’une organisation complexes. De plus, ce métal ne connaît pas de concurrence, le fer n’ayant été produit qu’à partir de la fin de l’âge du Fer et le bronze étant relativement peu représenté au sein du corpus métallique. Notre étude a tenté d’identifier les procédés mis en place par les métallurgistes grâce à une méthodologie croisant prospections archéo-métallurgiques et analyses physico-chimiques des vestiges de la production (scories, lingots et objets finis). Ces objets ont été retrouvés dans des contextes d’habitats, de caches ou d’ateliers métallurgiques, il s’agit principalement d’armes, de bracelets, de bols et de figurines de serpent, animal auquel les populations locales semblaient vouer un culte exclusif. Les analyses chimiques attestent une fabrication locale, à partir d’un minerai issu des montagnes d’al-Hajjar. Cependant, il apparaît que la pratique du recyclage d’objets contribue activement à l’approvisionnement des populations en cuivre. Le métal obtenu est chimiquement très mélangé et semble avoir été utilisé dans la fabrication de beaucoup d’objets, sans distinction de type ou d’usage. Malgré l’absence d’un système d’écriture connu, les populations de l’âge du Fer livrent des vestiges archéologiques qui attestent d’une organisation sociale complexe, au sein de laquelle le cuivre semble avoir joué un rôle important, en contribuant au maintien d’une identité locale forte<br>The Oman Peninsula is a geo-cultural entity organized around the al-Hajjar mountains, which are extremely rich in copper ores. This metal was probably exploited since the Hafit period (3000 - 2500 BC) and the metal produced will become a trading material with Mesopotamia during the Umm an-Nar period (2500 - 1900 BC). During the Iron Age (1350 - 300 B.C.), these exchanges became more blurred, but copper production did not decrease. The reduction and metalworking sites of the Oman Peninsula are extremely massive and operate with complex management and organization. Moreover, this metal is not competitive, as iron was only produced at the end of the Iron Age and bronze is relatively under-represented in the metallic corpus. Our study attempted to identify the processes implemented by metallurgists using a methodology that combines archaeometallurgical prospecting and physico-chemical analysis of production remains (slag, ingots and finished objects). These objects were found in various contexts : settlements, hiding places or metallurgical workshops. They are mainly weapons, bracelets, bowls and snake figurines, an animal to which the local populations seemed to devote an exclusive cult. Chemical analysis attest a local production, using ore from the al-Hajjar mountains. However, it appears that the practice of recycling objects actively contributes to the supply of copper to the population. The resulting metal is chemically highly mixed and appears to have been used in the manufacture of many objects, regardless of type or use. Despite the absence of a writing system, archaeological remains of the Iron Age populations attest to a complex social organization, in which copper seems to have played an important role, contributing to the development of a strong local identity
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Wang, Li, and 王勵. "Simulation Analysis on Separation Efficiency of Iron and Slag in Main Trough of the Blast Furnace." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/10774471775646209569.

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碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>化學工程學系所<br>101<br>Iron and steel industry turn on making every steely product and it is the basic of country reconstruction. It is called the mother of industry. For any countries, it would be considered to view as strong or weak of nation power. In order to increase production capacity on iron and steel industry in our country, the article will concentrate deeply on making iron processing. This paper aims to simulate three phases fluid flow and separation of iron and slag in main trough of the blast furnace during tapping process by means of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technology. The physical model is based on main trough of the blast furnace no. 4 at China Steel Co. (CSC BF4). The k-εequations and volume of fluid (VOF) were used for describing turbulent flow at the impinging zone of trough and indicating liquid iron and air in the governing equation respectively. The pressure field and velocity profile were then obtained through finite volume method (FVM) and pressure implicit with splitting of operators (PISO), followed by calculating the wall shear stress through the Newton’s law of viscosity to analyze the wall shear stress profile of simulation, and comparing with the wear profile of CSC BF4 main trough to test the numerical solution. Finally, we use the mass flow rate to calculate the separation efficiency in this study. As shown in the numerical results, the thermal buoyancy results in the erosion of the main trough but its effect is lower than turbulent flow in the impinging zone. It was found that the fluid velocity in the main trough is faster, then the separation efficiency is worse; and if the height difference between iron dam and slag port is higher than about 0.2m, the separation efficiency will be an optimum. In addition, the results indicate that the height of skimmer is higher, the separation is better; if the width of the main trough is narrow, the flow field nearby slag port will produce turbulence. It can carry some iron into slag port; the angle of taphole can affect the position of impinging zone, so it can also influence result of separation efficiency.
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Cao, Lian-Ji, and 曹連吉. "Numerical Analysis on Optimizing Separation of Iron and Slag in the Blast Furnace Main Trough Assisted with Taguchi Method." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/18456389356957940023.

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碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>化學工程學系所<br>102<br>Iron and steel industry is a basic property, the fundamental of national economic development and construction, any countries in the pursuit of higher productivity. For the purpose of increasing the production of steel, it is important to reduce the liquid iron losses associated with the slag from the slag port. In this study, we use computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to simulate the three-phase flow for slag-metal separation. The three-phase fluid includes liquid iron, slag and air. Moreover, the Taguchi method was used to optimize the influence of each factor in separation of slag-metal. This study is divided into two parts. The first part discusses the influence on fixed geometry of blast furnace trough for iron-metal separation. The controlling factors are the ratio of iron and slag, the height difference of slag port and iron dam, the opening height of skimmer and the iron mass flow rate.When the ratio of iron to slag is 8:1, the height difference between slag port and iron dam is 0.15m, the opening height of skimmer is 0.25m and the iron mass flow rate is 15 ton/min, the optimizing separation efficiency is 100% of the iron-slag. The height difference between slag port and iron dam is the main factor of iron-slag separation efficiency, which the contribution is 50.67%. The other investigates the influence on variable geometry of blast furnace trough for iron-slag separation. The controlling factors are the width of blast furnace trough, the angle between slag port and blast furnace trough, the opening height of skimmer and the iron mass flow rate. When the width of blast furnace main trough is varied from 1.196m to 1.42m, the angle between slag port and blast furnace trough is -30?, the opening height of skimmer is 0.25m and the iron mass flow rate is 20 ton/min. The optimizing separation efficiency is 93.89% of the iron-slag. In the variable geometry of blast furnace trough, the opening height of skimmer is the main facter of iron-slag separation efficiency, which the contribution is 80.11%.
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Books on the topic "Iron slag – Analysis"

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Iron, steel and cast iron before Bessemer: The slag-analytical method and the role of carbon and phosphorus. Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, 2008.

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Freund, Holger, ed. E&G - Quaternary Science Journal Vol. 61 No 2. Geozon Science Media, 2012.

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Analyses of slag, iron, ceramics, and animal bones from excavations in Mozambique. Eduardo Mondlane University, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Iron slag – Analysis"

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Zeng, Xiao-Yi, Yu Wang, Hong-Yi Li, Bing Xie, and Jiang Diao. "Kinetic Analysis of Smelting Reduction of V2O3in Blast Furnace Slag by Dissolved Carbon in Liquid Iron." In 5th International Symposium on High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118887998.ch37.

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Meyer, Christoph, Matthias G. Wichmann, and Thomas S. Spengler. "Techno-economic Analysis and Evaluation of Recycling Measures for Iron and Steel Slags." In Operations Research Proceedings 2013. Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07001-8_41.

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Brenko, Tomislav, Sibila Borojević Šoštarić, and Stanko Ružičić. "Mineralogical and Geochemical Characterization of Selected Bog Iron Ores and Archaeological Samples of Roasted Iron Ores and Iron Slags Towards Their Provenance Studies in the Podravina Region." In Interdisciplinary Research into Iron Metallurgy along the Drava River in Croatia. Archaeopress Archaeology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/9781803271026-6.

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The present contribution aims to summarise current state of the research in regard to iron ore occurrences and its usage for iron production in the Podravina region. Special attention is given to mineralogical and geochemical analysis results of soils, different bog iron types and archaeological samples of bog iron ores (roasted and unroasted) and iron slags in the study area. Results on the incompatible elements geochemistry of three iron slag types is presented. An attempt at provenance studies is given between bog iron ores and roasted iron ores, as well as between ores and iron slags. Such detailed analysis allows further discussion on the issue of iron ore provenance in the region and opens the discussion regarding development of iron smelting recipes, crafting, and trade through the Podravina region.
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Timothy J., Anderson. "Stone and iron: economic interactivity at the Roman rural site of Châbles (Fribourg, Switzerland)." In Paisajes e historias en torno a la piedra. Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (España), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/monografias.prehistoria.arqueologia.2020.04.

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The current article presents the analysis of the rural Roman complex of Châbles excavated in the Canton of Fribourg, Switzerland. The site dates to the first century AD and comprises four contemporary features: a small quarry (grès coquillier) serving to extract rotary querns; a segment of a major road six metres wide; a smithy characterised by workshop sheltering a hearth and numerous slag, metal cuttings and hammer scales; and traces (postholes) of a modest wooden house. The study focuses on the economic interactivity of the site’s different elements.
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Simović, Vesna. "O JEDNOJ ALTERNATIVNOJ SLICI FRANCUSKE." In JEZIK, KNJIŽEVNOST, ALTERNATIVE/LANGUAGE, LITERATURE, ALTERNATIVES - Jezička istraživanja. Filozofski fakultet u Nišu, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46630/jkaj.2022.34.

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The research we conducted among students of the University of Nis (Ignjatović &amp; Simović 2016; Simović 2020) showed that, despite many years of learning French, their view of France is almost without exception marked by stereotypical notions of France as a land of love, romance, refined cuisine, high fashion, a luxury lifestyle, the tourist attractions of Paris and the Cote d’Azur. The aim of this paper is to point out a different picture of France that exists among Serbophone speakers. As a corpus for analysis, we used terms related to France in Vukajlija’s online slang dictionary. Unlike the positive and idyllic representations of students, this picture indicates social aspects that are not present in the representations of students about France and the French. Although it reflects the everyday, real life of native speakers (numerous immigrants, unemployment, difficult living conditions in favored neighborhoods, the multiculturalism of French society, etc.), this image of France is deeply imbued with individual and collective stereotypes whose affective charge ranges between irony and ridicule, even contempt towards this country and its inhabitants. We believe that in modern foreign language teaching and learning, the establishment of dominant stereotypes about the target language and culture, whether positive or negative, is a prerequisite for the successful mastery of that language and for any further work on awareness and overcoming simplified and generalized ideas about the country whose language is being learned, about native speakers and their culture (stereotype awareness). Hence the interest in researching this topic.
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Conference papers on the topic "Iron slag – Analysis"

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Kelk, Rachel M., Dori J. Farthing, and Maria L. Leonard. "MINERALOGICAL ANALYSIS OF IRON SLAG FROM STANDISH, NY." In Joint 69th Annual Southeastern / 55th Annual Northeastern GSA Section Meeting - 2020. Geological Society of America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2020se-345144.

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Schouwenaars, Rafael, and Rosa María Ramírez Zamora. "Microscopic Analysis of Iron and Steel Slag Used as a Source of Cationic Precipitation Agents in Water Treatment." In The Second International Conference on Materials Chemistry and Environmental Protection. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0008189102970300.

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Potapov, Sergey Sergeevich, Natalya Vladimirovna Parshina, Vladimir Pavlovich Lyutoev, and Roman Andreevich Filenko. "Results of studying the mineral composition of the supposed Yablonovy meteorite." In Проблемы минералогии, петрографии и металлогении. Научные чтения памяти П. Н. Чирвинского. ПЕРМСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/chirvinsky.2022.209.

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Using a complex of methods (X-ray phase analysis, X-ray fluorescence semi-quantitative chemical analysis, Infrared Fourier spectroscopy, synchronous thermal analysis), the mineral composition of the supposed Yablonovy meteorite from Transbaikalia was studied. It was found that the sample consists of native iron (practically free of nickel impuritie; Ni - 0.18 %), okermanite, melilite (gelenite), magnetite, goethite, calcite, siderite, which does not correspond to the composition of meteorite matter. The found sample is nothing more than a slag with a large amount of a metallic iron alloy of some, not yet established, historical metallurgical production on the territory of Transbaikalia.
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Quade, Ulrich. "Radiological Characterization of Steel Scrap Recycling by Melting." In ASME 2001 8th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2001-1139.

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Abstract Recycling of slightly radioactively contaminated steel scrap from nuclear installations to waste containers, shieldings or any other components for the nuclear cycle is practice in Germany since the early 90ies. To qualify the process, characterization of the radiological inventories in metal, slag and filter dust as well as metallurgical analysis is necessary. Therefore samples from the melt, slag and filter dust are taken to be analyzed by gammaspectroscopy. Alpha and beta emitting radionuclide inventories are calculated based on the typical nuclide ratio of the nuclear facility where the scrap results from. Activity distribution factors for each radio element are empirical values based on the melting of about 10,000 t of steel scrap with various nuclide ratios. High decontamination of the metal can be achieved for uranium, thorium, plutonium, cesium and strontium, which allows free release of the metal in most cases. For Co60 — the main radionuclide in reactor scrap — the decontamination by melting is limited and in most cases the strong criteria for free release can not be yielded. Such metal can be used for manufacturing cast iron components like containers or shieldings. To manage the expected large amount of metallic waste resulting from the decommissioning of nuclear facilities recycling is well developed and accepted in Germany. By the high cost of intermediate and final storage of nuclear waste recycling is a very economical alternative (3, 4).
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Jain, Jinesh C., Chet R. Bhatt, Christian L. Goueguel, Harry M. Edenborn, and Dustin L. McIntyre. "A RAPID METHOD FOR THE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF CHARCOAL IRON FURNACE SLAGS." In 66th Annual GSA Southeastern Section Meeting - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017se-290378.

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Latif, Yasir, Cesar Cadena, and Jose Neira. "Robust graph SLAM back-ends: A comparative analysis." In 2014 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS 2014). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iros.2014.6942929.

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Lee, Kwang, W. Wijesoma, and Javier Guzman. "On the Observability and Observability Analysis of SLAM." In 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iros.2006.281646.

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He, Min, Zaoxiao Zhang, and Guangxu Cheng. "The Adsorption Study of Hydrogen on Iron and Vanadium." In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-65582.

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Hydrogenation reactor, a typical equipment in petrochemical industry, usually works in tough condition, such as high temperature, high pressure, with hydrogen gas as medium. 2.25Cr-1Mo is widely used as reactor material. However, with the increase of operating condition, a better material is needed. At present, 2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V is proved having a better mechanical property in high temperature than that of 2.25Cr-1Mo. Hence, it is very important to study the hydrogen impact on 2.25Cr1Mo0.25V. This paper aims to study the relationship between H atom and metal crystal from microscopic view. Based on the first-principles calculation, the convergence analysis of parameters, the adsorption of H atom on Fe, V and their surfaces have been discussed. The results show that the parameter values of simple crystal surface (110) are less than surface (100), such as energy cutoff, k-point sampling, especially the number of slab layers. Tetrahedral-site is the stable site when H atom exists in bbc Fe, V lattice. And quasi three-ford site is the stable status when atomic H absorption on Fe(110) and V(110).
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Englot, Brendan, and Franz Hover. "Stability and robustness analysis tools for marine robot localization and SLAM applications." In 2009 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS 2009). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iros.2009.5354171.

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Aghili, Farhad. "Integrating IMU and landmark sensors for 3D SLAM and the observability analysis." In 2010 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iros.2010.5650359.

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