Relevant bibliographies by topics / Iron slags

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
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Academic literature on the topic 'Iron slags'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 3 June 2025
Last updated: 23 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Iron slags"

1

Miller, Duncan, and David Killick. "SLAG IDENTIFICATION AT SOUTHERN AFRICAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES." Journal of African Archaeology 2, no. 1 (2004): 23–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3213/1612-1651-10017.

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nents of southern African Iron Age sites. Their correct identification is crucial to understanding technological processes performed at these sites. This paper presents criteria for distinguishing between iron smelting slags, iron forging slags, copper smelting slags, crucible slags resulting from melting activities, vitrified clay and various biomass materials. Slag identification should entail a combination of morphology, microscopic study, chemical analysis, and assessment of the archaeological context. It is a necessarily specialist activity and superficial classification without materials analysis can be misleading. Archaeologists need to be mindful of both the archaeological opportunities and the potential technical difficulties in the interpretation of slags.
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Belov, B., A. Trotsan, and O. Vlasova. "ANALYSIS OF THE STRUCTURAL-CHEMICAL MILL DUPLEX-SYSTEMS OF SILICATE-SILICIDE OF LUNG-EARTH METALS. Message 3. The mechanism of desulfurization in the smelting of blast-furnace pig iron." Casting processes 152, no. 2 (2023): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/plit2023.02.033.

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The mechanism of cast iron desulfurization through structural and chemical reactions in smelting slags corresponding to the composition of the main mineral phases is presented: monticellite (MT, SiO2MgOCaO) → mervinite (MP, 2SiO2MgO3CaO) → ockermannite (OK, 2SiO2MgO2CaO) →diopside (DP, 2SiO2MgOCaO) → rankinite (pH, 2SiO23CaO) and eutectic slags (E, 3SiO2MgO4CaO). A sequential series of adsorption capacity of slag phases with respect to sulfur (АС, mas. %) and the depth of metal desulfurization – Δ(S), ppm was determined: Е (3.54/36) → MR (4.8/49) → OK (5, 7/59) → DP (7.14/74) → MT (9.8/103) → RN (20/222). In factory conditions, the efficiency of smelting slags of eutectic composition and diopside for ladle processing of cast iron was tested. The expediency of using such blast furnace slags for ladle processing of cast iron has been established, which at a consumption of 5-10 kg/t provide a desulfurization depth of 200-400 ppm. The consumption of slag is significantly reduced with the additional deoxidation of smelting slags with carbon during the release of melt in the ditch of the foundry and in the pig iron ladle.
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Long, Xiao, Wenbo Luo, Guohong Lu, et al. "Iron Removal from Metallurgical Grade Silicon Melts Using Synthetic Slags and Oxygen Injection." Materials 15, no. 17 (2022): 6042. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15176042.

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Novel SiO2-CaO-CaF2-R2O-MgO based synthetic slags (R2O represents alkali metal oxides) with varied binary basicity values were used with oxygen injection to refine silicon melts and remove Fe from metallurgical-grade silicon. Silicon samples and slags at the silicon-slag interfaces were obtained during refinement. The compositions of the silicon samples were analyzed, and the quenched slag samples and mild cooling slags from the final crucible were inspected using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. After 15 min of refinement, the Fe removal rate ranged from 52.3 to 60.1 wt%. During the refining process, the Fe-concentrated phase formed within the silicon droplets and was then transferred to the silicon-slag interfaces and wetted with slags. The Fe-concentrated phase at the silicon-slag interface can dissolve directly in the slags. It can also be transferred into the slag phase in the form of droplets, which can be affected by the binary basicity of the slags. Ti removal demonstrated a similar mechanism. Fe-bearing crystals were not detected in the quenched slag samples obtained during refinement, while complex Fe-bearing phases were detected in the final slag. This study demonstrates Fe removal from metallurgical-grade Si using slag refining methods and reveals the removal mechanism during the refinement.
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Haubner, Roland, and Susanne Strobl. "Slag Investigation from Iron Smelting and Iron Processing Sites in Austria – From Hallstatt and Medieval Period and the 19th Century." Materials Science Forum 782 (April 2014): 635–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.782.635.

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Slags from three iron smelting and processing sites were investigated. The composition of the slags is connected to the metallurgical processes and the investigation should provide an indication of the process conditions.A slag from a small bloomery furnace at the archaeological site Waschenberg (Hallstatt period) was investigated. Slags from the medieval period were found near Eisenerz and at this time iron was produced in developed bloomery furnaces (Stuckofen). These slags are termed fayalitic slags and they consist of wustite (FeO), fayalite (Fe2SiO4) and glass-phase (amorphous silicates) in various concentrations. Three solidification-types were described and correlated with the microstructures and the FeO-SiO2-CaO2 phase diagram.During the 19th century steel was produced in puddling furnaces by remelting iron products from Eisenerz. Such slags, from this process, found in the surroundings of Palfau, were investigated and contain FeO and Ca rich glass-phase, but no fayalite.Due to the different compositions of the slags the solidification and the microstructures are different.
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Klemettinen, Lassi, Katri Avarmaa, Hugh O’Brien, Ari Jokilaakso, and Pekka Taskinen. "Control of Platinum Loss in WEEE Smelting." JOM 72, no. 7 (2019): 2770–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-019-03960-4.

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AbstractIn spite of significant economic value, the solubilities of the platinum group and precious metals in metallurgical copper smelting slags are not well known. Recent experimental information on iron-free and low-iron silicate melts indicates that the chemical solubility of platinum is very low, < 1 ppmw (part per million weight). In this study, the concentration of platinum in alumina spinel-saturated iron silicate slags in equilibrium with a solid iron-platinum alloy was measured as a function of oxygen partial pressure at 1300°C. The results were converted to unit activity of platinum by the thermodynamic properties of the iron-platinum alloy formed. This allowed the mechanism of dissolution of platinum in the slag and the forms of platinum species in alumina-rich iron silicate slags in copper scrap smelting and refining conditions to be obtained. Our findings explain some inconsistent results in the geochemical literature by proposing an anionic dissolution mechanism at low oxygen partial pressures in iron-containing silicate slags.
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Andersson, Anton, Linus Brander, Andreas Lennartsson, Åke Roos, and Fredrik Engström. "A Method for Synthesizing Iron Silicate Slags to Evaluate Their Performance as Supplementary Cementitious Materials." Applied Sciences 13, no. 14 (2023): 8357. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13148357.

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Utilizing iron silicate copper slag as supplementary cementitious material (SCM) is a means to improve resource efficiency and lower the carbon dioxide emissions from cement production. Despite multiple studies on the performance of these slags in SCM applications, the variations in cooling procedure, grinding, and methods for evaluating reactivity limit the ability to assess the influence of chemical composition on reactivity from the literature data. In this study, a methodology was developed to synthesize iron silicate slags, which were then evaluated for their inherent reactivity using the R3 calorimeter-based experiments. The results demonstrated that laboratory-scale granulation produced the same reactivity as industrially granulated slag. Furthermore, a synthesized triplicate sample showed high repeatability. Based on these two aspects, this method can be used to systematically study the influence of chemical composition on the inherent reactivity of iron silicate slags while producing results that are directly translatable to industrial slags.
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Anatoliy, Shevchenko, Volodymyr Kislyakov, Borys Dvoskin, Ivan Manachyn, and Kostyantin Chubin. "STUDY OF CHANGES OF THE SULFUR CONTENT IN CAST IRON AND THE COMPOSITION OF SLAG IN TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSING DURING THE PREPARATION OF CAST IRON FOR THE CONVERTER MELTER." Modern Problems of Metalurgy, no. 25 (April 8, 2022): 201–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.34185/1991-7848.2022.01.17.

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The article analyzes the change in the sulfur content of cast iron and the composition of slag in the technological chain of preparing cast iron for converter smelting. On the basis of the results of the conducted research, technical solutions and technological techniques aimed at eliminating cast iron resulfurization were developed and recommended. Spot probe scanning of bucket slag samples showed that in the slag phase, along with CaO∙SiO2∙Al2O3 type systems with different ratios of components containing 0.2–3.5% sulfur, CaxSiyAlz type systems containing up to 1% sulfur were found; in "beads" the sulfur content varies no more than 0.1 - 0.85% and in the form of sulfides of the (Fe, Mn)S type, mainly MnS, and in the non-metallic inclusions of "beads" the sulfur content is no more than 15 - 30%. Studies of the compositions of dry, friable and liquid glassy ladle slags after desulfurization showed that they do not change the phase composition, but unlike the original ladle slags, in the slag phase of such slags there are mainly CaO·SiO2·Al2O3·MgO type systems, enriched with magnesium oxides with variable ratio of components. At the same time, sulfur in the slag phase of dry slags is mainly in the form of (Ca, Mn, Mg, Al, Si)S complexes, and in the slag phase of liquid slags it is mainly in the form of MnS and less often in the form of (Ca, Mn)S complexes. According to the results of industrial experiments carried out at a number of enterprises in Ukraine and China, it was established that in order to limit the introduction of sulfur into converter steel with slag at the level of ≤0.002%, the remaining ladle slag after desulfurization should not exceed 0.5-0.7 kg/t of cast iron.
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Brenko, Tomislav, Tena Karavidović, Sibila Borojević Šoštarić, and Tajana Sekelj Ivančan. "The contribution of geochemical and mineralogical characterization of iron slags in provenance studies in the Podravina region, NE Croatia." Geologia Croatica 75, no. 1 (2022): 165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4154/gc.2022.11.

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Archaeological excavations in the Podravina region led to discovery of sites with traces of bloomery iron production during Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. Mineralogical analysis of the slags recognized fayalite as the main mineral phase, while geochemical analysis confirmed high Fe contents, typical for bloomery iron smelting. Based on the previously established occurrences of bog iron ores in the study area, provenance studies were carried out using trace and rare earth elements to create a geochemical signature. Similar shapes and patterns of bog iron ores and iron slag signatures imply a genetic connection between the ore and the slag, as well as variation related to the temporal and spatial context of both slags and ores.
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Sinel'nikov, V. O., D. Kalish, and R. D. Kuzemko. "The investigation of the converter slag's phase and mineralogical properties in splashing to improve the lining resistance." NOVYE OGNEUPORY (NEW REFRACTORIES), no. 8 (December 27, 2018): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/1683-4518-2018-8-36-42.

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The methods to improve the slag splashing operation were regarded in the article. The phase and mineralogical properties were studied for the converter slag's of one of the Europe Iron and Steel Works. The modeling results for the slags with different compositions are given on base of the earlier studies of the physical and chemical properties.Ill.8. Ref. 28. Tab.1.
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Lazou, Adamantia, Casper Van Der Eijk, Kai Tang, Efthymios Balomenos, Leiv Kolbeinsen, and Jafar Safarian. "The Utilization of Bauxite Residue with a Calcite-Rich Bauxite Ore in the Pedersen Process for Iron and Alumina Extraction." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 52, no. 3 (2021): 1255–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-021-02086-w.

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AbstractMetallurgical grade alumina is produced worldwide through the well-known Bayer process, which unavoidably generates bauxite residue (BR, also known as red mud) in almost equal amounts to alumina. This study aims the valorization of BR through a smelting-reduction process to obtain calcium aluminate slags that can be a proper feed for alumina recovery via the Pedersen process. It investigates the thermodynamics and characteristics of the slags and pig iron produced from mixtures of BR, a bauxite beneficiation byproduct, and lime. In this context, the evolution of the different phases in the slags is studied with advanced analytical techniques and thermodynamic calculations. According to the results, a CaO/Al2O3 mass ratio within 1.3 to 1.4 in the slags can yield more Al2O3-containing leachable phases, such as CaO·Al2O3 and 12CaO·7Al2O3. The cooling dictates the amount and the characteristics of these phases, and the slower cooling rate yields improved slag characteristics. The distribution of the elements between the slag and metal phases shows that iron is separated, and the majority of the P, Cr, Ni, and V are distributed in the produced pig iron, while S, Ti, and Si are mostly concentrated in the slags.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Iron slags"

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Ionescu, Denisa V. "The hydraulic potential of high iron bearing steel slags." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0018/NQ46358.pdf.

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Monaghan, Brian Joseph. "The kinetics of liquid iron dephosphorization using lime based slags." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.626859.

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Borode, J. O. "Dephosphorization of molten pig iron at 1400deg.C using soda slags." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.372115.

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VAZ, GUILHERME DEMBERG. "QUANTIFICATION OF METALLIC IRON LOSSES IN ELECTRIC ARC FURNACE SLAGS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2011. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=18624@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO<br>A metalurgia é a ciência que estuda os diversos meios para a transformação dos metais em materiais úteis à sociedade. A metalurgia do ferro representa a maior fatia da aplicação dos metais. Por ser tão representativa é chamada de Siderurgia. Dentre as diversas rotas para a transformação do ferro em aço, as usinas semi-integradas apresentam um forte apelo ecológico, pois utilizam a sucata, oriunda da reciclagem de ferro, e o ferro gusa como matérias-primas para a fusão no Forno Elétrico a Arco. Naturalmente, em todo processo industrial há a geração de resíduos e, neste caso, o principal é a escória, composta de óxidos formados e adicionados ao longo da fusão. Seus principais constituintes são: CaO, SiO2, FeO, MnO, MgO, Al2O3 e P2O5. No entanto, ainda há a presença de Ferro Metálico, um fato indesejável, pois atua negativamente no rendimento metálico e, consequentemente, aumenta o custo do aço. Toda escória gerada é beneficiada com o intuito de recuperar a parte metálica. Este material beneficiado retorna para as usinas como sucata metálica, contendo teores definidos de ferro metálico. O teor de ferro presente na sucata recuperada é avaliado pelas empresas processadoras de escória de maneira indireta por um ensaio de densidade específica. Havia dúvidas se a sucata recuperada da escória do forno apresentava teores de ferro que justificasse seu emprego como matéria-prima ferrosa. Assim sendo, foi proposta uma rota de processamento capaz de mensurar o teor de ferro presente e permitir a comparação com os teores obtidos com o ensaio de densidade. Os resultados mostram que i) é possível calcular o impacto no rendimento, ii) que as sucatas recuperadas apresentam valores inferiores ao esperado, iii) que a equação de densidade superestima o teor de ferro e iv) que modificações propostas nos coeficientes da equação vigente melhoram seu grau de assertividade. Estes resultados foram comprovados em 3 plantas siderúrgicas.<br>Metallurgy is the science that studies the various processes for the transformation of metals into society useful materials. The iron metallurgy represents the largest body of the metals application, hence it is called Steel industry. Among the various routes for the transformation of iron into steel, semiintegrated plants have a strong ecological appeal due to their extensive use of scrap, derived from the recycling of iron, and pig iron as raw materials for the Electric Arc Furnace. Of course, industrial processes generate waste. The major waste of the Electric Arc Furnace is the slag, a mixture of oxides produced during the process, containing CaO, SiO2, FeO, MnO, MgO, Al2O3 e P2O5. However, there is also the presence of metallic iron, a fact undesirable, because it acts negatively on the metallic yield and therefore increases the cost of steel. All slag generated is processed in order to recover the metallic iron. The slag beneficiation returns to the mills a material containing defined levels of iron. The content of recovered iron is assessed by slag processing companies indirectly by a specific gravity test. There have been doubts whether the recovered scrap iron content justify its use as raw ferrous materials. Therefore, it is proposed a processing route capable of measuring the amount of iron present in the recovered scrap. The measured iron content is also compared with the levels obtained from the test density. The results show that i) it is possible to calculate the impact on iron yield, ii) the recovered iron content is lower than expected, iii) the density equation overestimates the amount of iron and iv) a correction is proposed to improve the assertiveness of the density equation. Three steel plants confirmed the results from this research.
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Bilen, Idil. "Direct Reduced Iron Production from EAF Slags in Fixed Bed Furnace." Thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-117981.

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Electric arc furnace (EAF) slags are basic characteristic slags that include approximately 40 % iron oxide compounds. Iron oxide can be recycled and re-used in the process to decrease amount of waste product besides reducing loss of raw materials. According to result of survey performed by The European Association Representing Metallurgical Slag Producers and Processors (EUROSLAG) in 2010, 8.5 million tons of EAF slag is produced in Europe. High percentage of EAF slag is re-used in road construction as aggregate. However it can be re-cycled in the internal use for metallurgical processes as well. In order to re-use EAF slag in the process as a raw material, direct reduction is a new approach. Direct reduction is reduction of iron containing raw materials with gas or solid reductants without melting of charge. In this study, reduction conditions of 39 % Fe2O3 containing EAF slag in tube furnace was examined. As the reducing agent, metallurgical coke was used. EAF slag was milled and pelletized in raw material preparation step. Pellets were charged to fixed bed type tube furnace in a graphite boat at 1050, 1100 and 1150°C respectively with 150 and 200% of stoichiometrically required amount of metallurgical coke. 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes process durations were performed. Direct reduced pellets were milled to be characterized by using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and chemical analysis methods. Results indicate that increased temperature, process duration and stoichiometry have a positive impact on direct reduction of EAF slag in terms of iron metallization. 90 % metallization degree has been achieved as the result of the study with the process conditions of 200 % stoichiometry and 90 minutes process duration at 1150 °C.
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Kalcioglu, Ali Ferdi 1960. "Distribution of antimony between carbon-saturated iron and blast furnace slags." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277129.

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Understanding the effects of the process parameters on the distribution behaviour of antimony between metal and slag in the iron blast furnace is critical to develop a universal method of controlling temper embrittlement in commercially pure low alloy steels.
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Mai, Paolo. "Effect of iron redox state on crystallization behaviour of Fayalite slags." Thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-286327.

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In the copper smelting processes, the viscosity of the matte and the slag is an important factor for establishing efficiency. Impurities in the concentrates affect the viscosity not only by changing the melt structure but also by promoting precipitation of solid phase which sharply rises it. In this master thesis, a comprehensive methodology was established to study the MgO effects on the properties of a copper smelting slag. Thus, glassy samples were obtained and after confirmation of the composition and the glassy structure with EDS, SEM, and XRD analysis, they were examined through Ramanspectroscopy to study their glassy structure. Moreover, Mössbauer spectroscopy was used to determine the amount of Fe3+ in the samples. Models from the literature were compared to the experimental data. Coherence with the literature was found with the effect of MgO as a network modifier of the oxide melt structure and a promoter of high coordinated structures. Estimations through models were performed to study the iron redox equilibria of the melt and were compared with experimental data, but it was not possible to find the limit of Fe3+ at which precipitation of solid phase initiates.<br>I kopparsmältningsprocesserna är mattans och slaggens viskositet en viktig faktor för att uppnå effektivitet. Föroreningar i koncentraten påverkar viskositeten inte bara genom att ändra smältstrukturen utan också genom att främja utfällning av fast fas som kraftigt höjer den. I denna magisteruppsats fastställdes en omfattande metod för att studera MgO-effekterna på egenskaperna hos en kopparsmältningsslagg. Således erhölls glasiga prover och efter bekräftelse av kompositionen och den glasiga strukturen med EDS-, SEM- och XRD-analys undersöktes de genom Ramanspektroskopi för att studera deras glasstruktur. Dessutom användes Mössbauerspektroskopi för att bestämma mängden Fe3+ i proverna. Modeller från litteraturen jämfördes med experimentella data. Överensstämmelse med litteraturen hittades med effekten av MgO som ett nätverksmodifierare av oxidsmältstrukturen och en promotor för högkoordinerade strukturer. Uppskattningar genom modeller utfördes för att studera smältans järnredoxjämvikter och dessa jämfördes med experimentella data, men det var inte möjligt att hitta gränsen för Fe3+ vid vilken utfällning av fast fas initierades.
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Okafor, Edwin Eme. "Early iron smelting in Nsukka-Nigeria : information from slags and residues." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.700957.

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Liu, Xuliang. "The solubility of cobalt in iron silicate slags at 1573 K." Thesis, Liu, Xuliang (1992) The solubility of cobalt in iron silicate slags at 1573 K. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 1992. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/52726/.

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The solubility of cobalt in non-ferrous smelting slags has been studied at 1573 K. The study involved both sulfur-free and sulfur-containing systems. In the sulfur-free systems, the solubility of cobalt in slag was examined by equilibrating iron silicate slag with liquid Co-Au-Fe or solid Co-Fe alloys under an oxygen pressure of either 10^-9 or 10^-10 atmospheres as controlled by mixture of CO/CO2 gas. Three series of experiments were carried out to evaluate the respective effects of cobalt content, iron/silica ratio and oxide additives on the solubility of cobalt in slags. The melts were contained in either silica, alumina, cobalt or magnesium oxide crucibles. The cobalt solubility in slag was interpreted in terms of an activity coefficient of cobalt oxide, calculated from a knowledge of the activity of cobalt in the alloy, the oxygen pressure in the gas phase and the temperature of equilibration. The activity coefficient of ferrous oxide in the slag was calculated in a similar way. In the systems containing sulfur, a novel experimental method was employed to study the effect of sulfur on the activity coefficient of cobalt oxide in slag at 1573 K. Iron silicate slag was equilibrated with a liquid Co-Au-Fe alloy and a cobalt matte, with the oxygen and sulfur pressures controlled by mixtures of CO/CO2/SO2 gas at 1573 K. The method was novel since the presence of a low sulfur alloy phase, in addition to matte, allowed the metal activities in the system to be defined. In this way, the activities of cobalt oxide and the activity of cobalt sulphide could be calculated when the respective oxygen and sulfur pressures were defined. Thermodynamic analysis indicated that the solubility of cobalt in slag containing sulfur could be attributed to a solubility of cobalt sulphide in addition to cobalt oxide. The respective activity coefficients of these species were calculated for the slag along with the activity coefficient of cobalt sulphide in the matte. The data were combined to quantify the distribution coefficient of cobalt between slag and matte as a function of mole fraction of cobalt sulphide in matte as well as the sulfur and oxygen partial pressures. The effect of iron/sulfur ratio in nickel matte on the distribution coefficients of both cobalt and nickel was investigated finally by the equilibration of nickel matte (with minor cobalt), iron silicate slag and a Ni-Co-Fe-Au alloy, system was allowed to find its own equilibrium under argon, but the oxygen pressure was calculated indirectly and correlated with the change in matte composition.
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Barati, Sedeh Mansoor Coley Kenneth S. "Kinetics of carbon monoxide-carbon dioxide reaction with iron oxide containing slags." *McMaster only, 2005.

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Books on the topic "Iron slags"

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Rackham, J. W. Design of asymmetric slimflor beams with precast concrete slabs. Steel Construction Institute, 2006.

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Serneels, Vincent. Archéométrie des scories de fer: Recherches sur la sidérurgie ancienne en Suisse occidentale. Cahiers d'archéologie romande, 1993.

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Lovejoy, Steven C. A fitness-for-purpose evaluation of electro-slag flange butt welds: Final report. Oregon Dept. of Transportation, Research Group, 2002.

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Lovejoy, Steven C. A fitness-for-purpose evaluation of electro-slag flange butt welds: Final report. Oregon Dept. of Transportation, Research Group, 2002.

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Palacios, Jose Manuel. The solubility of copper in lime-saturated and calcium ferrite-saturated liquid iron oxide. UMI Dissertation Services, 1991.

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Joachim, Herrmann. Slavi︠a︡ne i skandinavy. Progress, 1986.

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Herring, Jackson R. Unusual, high-temperature, iron-rich, mineral phases produced by natural burning of coal seams: Analytical data. U.S. Geological Survey, 1990.

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J, Modreski P., and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Unusual, high-temperature, iron-rich, mineral phases produced by natural burning of coal seams: Analytical data. U.S. Geological Survey, 1990.

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J, Modreski P., and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Unusual, high-temperature, iron-rich, mineral phases produced by natural burning of coal seams: Analytical data. U.S. Geological Survey, 1990.

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J, Modreski P., and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Unusual, high-temperature, iron-rich, mineral phases produced by natural burning of coal seams: Analytical data. U.S. Geological Survey, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Iron slags"

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Chiang, Pen-Chi, and Shu-Yuan Pan. "Iron and Steel Slags." In Carbon Dioxide Mineralization and Utilization. Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3268-4_11.

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Fatollahi-Fard, Farzin, and Petrus Christiaan Pistorius. "Electrochemical Upgrading of Iron-Rich Titanium Ores." In Advances in Molten Slags, Fluxes, and Salts. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119333197.ch81.

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Urata, Kentaro, and Yoshinao Kobayashi. "Formation of Copper Sulfide Precipitate in Solid Iron." In Advances in Molten Slags, Fluxes, and Salts. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119333197.ch132.

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Fatollahi-Fard, Farzin, and Petrus Christiaan Pistorius. "Electrochemical Upgrading of Iron-Rich Titanium Ores." In Advances in Molten Slags, Fluxes, and Salts: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Molten Slags, Fluxes and Salts 2016. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48769-4_81.

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Wang, Min, Min Wang, Rie Endo, Yoshinao Kobayashi, Zuoyong Dou, and Masahiro Susa. "Reduction of Iron Oxides in Mould Fluxes with Additions of CaSi2." In Advances in Molten Slags, Fluxes, and Salts. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119333197.ch39.

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Shi, Huayue, Liugang Chen, Annelies Malfliet, Tom Peter Jones, Bart Blanpain, and Muxing Guo. "Rheological Behavior of Fayalite Based Secondary Copper Smelter Slag in Iron Saturation." In Advances in Molten Slags, Fluxes, and Salts. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119333197.ch141.

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Urata, Kentaro, and Yoshinao Kobayashi. "Formation of Copper Sulfide Precipitate in Solid Iron." In Advances in Molten Slags, Fluxes, and Salts: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Molten Slags, Fluxes and Salts 2016. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48769-4_132.

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Chen, Mao, Zhixiang Cui, Leonel Contreras, and Baojun Zhao. "Development of Reliable Viscosity Model for Iron Silicate Slags." In 7th International Symposium on High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48093-0_66.

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Orlokh, D., J. D. Cashion, and S. Jahanshahi. "Iron Phases in FeO-Fe2O3-CaO-SiO2 Metallurgical Slags." In Hyperfine Interactions (C). Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0281-3_123.

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Chen, Mao, Zhixiang Cui, Leonel Contreras, and Baojun Zhao. "Development of Reliable Viscosity Model for Iron Silicate Slags." In 7th International Symposium on High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119274643.ch66.

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Conference papers on the topic "Iron slags"

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Fedorko, Patrik, Alena Pribulova, Jozef Petrik, Peter Blasko, and Peter Futas. "EXPERIENCES WITH THE USE OF CUPOLA FURNACE SLAG IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY." In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 24. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024/4.1/s18.34.

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Gray cast iron is still the most used material for the production of castings. It can be made in several ways, but the most efficient and economical way to make gray cast iron is in a cupola furnace. A by-product in its production is slag, which arises from impurities that may be present in the charge, from coke, which is used as fuel for the cupola furnace and part of it also passes into the slag, from the lining of the cupola furnace as well as from oxides formed during of the smelting process, sulfides and phosphides. The amount of slag from the cupola furnace represents 5-10% of the weight of the produced metal. Gray cast iron can be melted in a hot-air or cold-air cupola furnace, and the slag can be cooled on the air to form lump slag, or it can be water-cooled to form granular slag. In the article, the authors dealt with the treatment of slag and its use in the preparation of concrete. In the first series of experiments, slag was used as a substitute for sand in concrete, being added in different amounts and the properties of the concrete were tested after 28 days, 3 months, 6 months and after a year. In the second series of experiments, it was ground to the grain size of cement and was added as a substitute for cement in concrete. The quality of the raw concrete was monitored by the cone test and the quality of the hardened concrete by measuring the compressive strength and hardness. However, the achieved results did not meet our expectations and were the worst compared to other metallurgical slags.
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Malatji, Residence, Michel Kalenga, and Kasongo Didier Nyembwe. "A REVIEW ON THE USAGE OF BIOCHAR AS AN ALTERNATIVE REDUCTANT IN THE PYROMETALLURGICAL TREATMENT OF ORES." In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2024. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024v/4.2/s17.11.

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Carbon emission has increasingly become a topic of the day. Carbothermic reduction processes and energy generating units have for years used generic carbonaceous materials contributing to high carbon pollution. Ongoing investigations are showing good prospects. This paper corroborates a comprehensive review on the potential of biochar as an innovative and sustainable alternative to traditional carbon sources in pyrometallurgical processes, addressing the environmental ithreats caused by fossil fuel use, such as greenhouse gas emissions and global warming, and the urgent need for greener reductants in metallurgical operations. Derived from various biomass sources through pyrolysis, biochar exhibits unique chemical and physical properties that make it a promising reductant in high-temperature metallurgical operations, particularly in ferroalloy production and metal recovery from slags. The review delves into the characterization of biochar, examining its chemical composition, functional groups, and physical attributes such as high surface area, porosity, and thermal stability. These properties contribute to biochar's enhanced reactivity and efficiency in reduction processes. Multiple studies have demonstrated biochar's superiority over conventional reductants like coke and coal in various applications, including ferrosilicon production, copper slag cleaning, and iron ore reduction. Biochar's porous structure facilitates better gas-solid interactions and diffusion of reducing gases, leading to more uniform and complete reduction reactions. Its higher reactivity, lower activation energy, and potential catalytic effects from inherent mineral matter further enhance its performance in pyrometallurgical processes. The review also highlights the environmental benefits of using biochar, a renewable resource, in reducing the carbon footprint of metallurgical operations. However, the effectiveness of biochar can vary depending on its source material and production conditions, necessitating careful selection and potential tailoring for specific applications. Overall, this review underscores the significant potential of biochar to revolutionize pyrometallurgical processes, offering improved efficiency, lower energy consumption, and environmental sustainability in the metallurgical industry. This paper review only wood and woody biomass as well as herbaceous biomass are reviewed and discussed.
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Reddy, R. G., and A. Yahya. "Sulfur distribution ratio in iron and steelmaking slags." In 12th International Conference of Molten Slags, Fluxes and Salts (MOLTEN 2024) Proceedings. Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (AusIMM), 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.62053/osyh4816.

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The sulfur distribution ratio (Ls) is an expression of the amount of sulfur in slag to the amount of sulfur in molten metal. The sulfide capacities calculated from Reddy-Blander (RB) model were used to calculate the sulfur distribution ratio (Ls). A new Reddy model for sulfur distribution ratio (Ls) was developed for modelling Ls for ironmaking, steelmaking, and secondary steelmaking conditions. Besides calcium oxide, the major component in the ladle furnace (LF) slags is alumina. The Ls was calculated for typical LF slags as a function of temperature and composition. The model calculated Ls values are in good agreement with the experimental and industrial slags data. The extremely low oxygen potential in these furnaces after fully-killed steel is favourable for desulfurisation. For any given slag’s composition and temperature, its sulfide capacity can be calculated a priori. The equilibrium sulfur distribution ratio between this slag and liquid metal in a particular vessel can also be calculated a priori. The Ls for ladle furnace (LF) slags is about twice those for blast furnaces (BF) slags and ten times those of basic oxygen furnace (BOF) slags. The desulfurisation of pig iron in BF and desulfurisation of steel in LF during secondary steelmaking are recommended. Steel desulfurisation in steelmaking furnaces is not effective. Since the model used to calculate the sulfur distribution ratio (Ls) is a priori, it is a useful tool for the iron and steel makers in improving the product quality and optimisation of the industrial furnace operations.
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Andersson, A., J. Isaksson, L. Brander, A. Lennartsson, Å. Roos, and F. Engström. "The effect of FeO/SiO2 ratio on the feasibility of utilising iron silicate slags as supplementary cementitious materials." In 12th International Conference of Molten Slags, Fluxes and Salts (MOLTEN 2024) Proceedings. Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (AusIMM), 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.62053/grua2777.

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Slags are the most voluminous solid by-products generated in pyrometallurgical operations, and, as such, finding an application for these oxidic materials is pertinent to maintaining resource efficiency. In particular, pyrometallurgical copper production is associated with high slag rates, typically ranging from 2.2 to 3.0 tons of slag per ton produced copper, which necessitates slag valourisation. A possible application for these iron silicate slags is as supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), which effectively lowers the CO2 emissions per ton of cementitious material. Although utilising iron silicate slags as SCMs has been studied in previous work, the scientific literature has limited data on the effect of composition on the inherent reactivity in cementitious systems. More specifically, no reports on the impact of FeO/SiO2 ratio have been presented in previous publications. Therefore, the present study aimed to isolate this parameter in a synthetic FeO-SiO2-Al2O3-CaO-MgO-Cr2O3 system. Since the amorphous content is a pertinent parameter for SCMs, a high-temperature confocal laser scanning microscope (HT-CLSM) was utilised to assess the crystallisation behaviour at continuous cooling conditions. Furthermore, high-temperature rheological experiments were conducted to measure the viscosities of the slags in relation to the crystallisation behaviour. The experiments showed that depolymerising the slag by increasing the FeO/SiO2 ratio generated a less viscous slag, which showed higher tendencies for crystallisation. Furthermore, experiments assessing the inherent reactivity as an SCM showed that depolymerising the slag by increasing the FeO/SiO2 ratio as the sole independent parameter generated an initially more reactive slag. However, replacing SiO2 with FeO was found to negatively affect the reactivity as measured over seven days within the tested compositional range.
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Hasegawa, M., and K. Saito. "The effect of iron oxide on sulfide capacities of CaO-based molten slags." In 12th International Conference of Molten Slags, Fluxes and Salts (MOLTEN 2024) Proceedings. Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (AusIMM), 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.62053/qhzq1288.

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Removing sulfur and phosphorus from molten iron can be expressed by the following reactions, respectively. [S]Fe + (O2-)slag = (S2-)slag + [O]Fe [P]Fe + (3/2) (O2-)slag + (5/2) (FeO)slag = (PO43-)slag + (5/2) Fe(liquid) These equations indicate that desulfurisation and dephosphorisation have opposite oxygen potential conditions. If a small amount of desulfurisation slag not removed is carried over to dephosphorisation process, the reaction of sulfur mentioned above proceeds toward left hand resulting in increasing sulfur content in molten iron. For better understanding of such re-sulfurisation reaction in hot metal pre-treatments, the present study aimed at evaluating the effect of iron oxide on the sulfur distribution ratio between slag and hot metal. To measure sulfide capacities and FeO activities simultaneously at temperatures below the melting point of pure iron, CaO-SiO2-FeO and CaO-Al2O3-FeO ternary molten slags were brought into equilibria with copper-iron-sulfur liquid alloys, and the equilibrium oxygen partial pressures were determined with an electrochemical technique involving the stabilised zirconia solid electrolyte. The experimental results showed that the sulfide capacity increased with an increase in FeO content, and this trend was consistent with the fact that FeO was basic. Although the addition of FeO raised the FeO activity and oxygen potential, the calculated value for sulfur distribution ratio between slag and hot metal increased with increasing FeO content.
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Grillo, Felipe Fardin, Eduardo Junca, Rodrigo de Oliveira Pezzin, et al. "EVALUATION OF CAST IRON DESULFURIZATION WITH SYNTHETIC SLAGS." In 47º Seminário de Aciaria - Internacional. Editora Blucher, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/1982-9345-27677.

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Betsis, Konstantinos, Apostolos Kourtis, Konstantinos Karalis, and Anthimos Xenidis. "Assessment of Magnesia Refractories Corrosion by Iron-Rich Slags." In RawMat 2021. MDPI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/materproc2021005135.

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Calvet, Nicolas, Guilhem Dejean, Lucía Unamunzaga, and Xavier Py. "Waste From Metallurgic Industry: A Sustainable High-Temperature Thermal Energy Storage Material for Concentrated Solar Power." In ASME 2013 7th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2013 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2013 11th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2013-18333.

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The ambitious DOE SunShot cost target ($0.06/kWh) for concentrated solar power (CSP) requires innovative concepts in the collector, receiver, and power cycle subsystems, as well as in thermal energy storage (TES). For the TES, one innovative approach is to recycle waste from metallurgic industry, called slags, as low-cost high-temperature thermal energy storage material. The slags are all the non-metallic parts of cast iron which naturally rises up by lower density at the surface of the fusion in the furnace. Once cooled down some ceramic can be obtained mainly composed of oxides of calcium, silicon, iron, and aluminum. These ceramics are widely available in USA, about 120 sites in 32 States and are sold at a very low average price of $5.37/ton. The US production of iron and steel slag was estimated at 19.7 million tons in 2003 which guarantees a huge availability of material. In this paper, electric arc furnace (EAF) slags from steelmaking industry, also called “black slags”, were characterized in the range of temperatures of concentrated solar power. The raw material is thermo-chemically stable up to 1100 °C and presents a low cost per unit thermal energy stored ($0.21/kWht for ΔT = 100 °C) and a suitable heat capacity per unit volume of material (63 kWht/m3for ΔT = 100°C). These properties should enable the development of new TES systems that could achieve the TES targets of the SunShot (temperature above 600 °C, installed cost below $15/kWht, and heat capacity ≥25 kWht/m3). The detailed experimental results are presented in the paper. After its characterization, the material has been shaped in form of plates and thermally cycled in a TES system using hot-air as heat transfer fluid. Several cycles of charge and discharged were performed successfully and the concept was validated at laboratory scale. Apart from availability, low-cost, and promising thermal properties, the use of slag promotes the conservation of natural resources and is a noble solution to decrease the cost and to develop sustainable TES systems.
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Lee, M. J., J. H. Heo, and J. H. Park. "Physicochemical properties of steelmaking slags for the mitigation of CO2 emissions in steel sector." In 12th International Conference of Molten Slags, Fluxes and Salts (MOLTEN 2024) Proceedings. Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (AusIMM), 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.62053/jxun4592.

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In this paper, the challenging points regarding the high temperature physical chemistry of slags to achieve the improved and stable electric arc furnace (EAF) or electric smelting furnace (ESF) technology on the way to green steel will be reviewed, and the recent experimental and modelling research will be discussed. For example, the initial melting phenomena of hot briquetted iron (HBI) and the slag formation behaviour was observed using a high-frequency induction furnace. Main component of gangue oxides in HBI was SiO2, Al2O3, and CaO in conjunction with unreduced iron oxide. To increase the dephosphorisation efficiency, the distribution ratio of phosphorus between metal and slag was calculated using FactSage™ software, version 8.2 (CRCT ThermFact, Inc., Montreal, Canada) and was compared to the measured results. The optimisation of slag chemistry is required not only for maximum dephosphorisation efficiency with good slag foamability but also for minimum slag volume with less refractory corrosion in EAF process. The slag chemistry is also one of key parameters affecting the operation efficiency in ESF in view of FeO reduction behaviour, viscosity, sulfide capacity, etc.
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Kar, M. K., and J. Safarian. "Smelting of different hydrogen-reduced bauxite residue-calcite pellets for iron and alumina recovery." In 12th International Conference of Molten Slags, Fluxes and Salts (MOLTEN 2024) Proceedings. Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (AusIMM), 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.62053/nhuu7429.

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Bauxite residue is one of the most important by-products from the alumina industry with no commercial use till now. The utilisation of bauxite residue through pelletising with different lime additions, hydrogen reduction, and smelting has been studied in this work. Three different types of green pellets were made with varying calcite-to-bauxite residue ratio and subsequently sintered at elevated temperatures. The sintered pellets were isothermally reduced at 1000°C under hydrogen gas followed by smelting of the reduced pellets in argon at 1500°C. Smelting of the reduced pellets leads to the recovery of metallic iron and the formation of a leachable calcium aluminate slag. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to characterise the phases and microstructural analysis. The iron produced in the smelting process has a high purity, above 99.5 wt per cent. While the iron content of the slags is quite low, and the slags shows variations of krotite (CaAl2O4), gehlenite (Ca2Al2SiO7), and perovskite (CaTiO3) phases based on the variation of calcite addition. It was found that the more calcite addition in pelletising yields higher percentage of krotite phase as compared to lower calcite-containing pellets. Employing quantitative XRD analysis, the krotite phase fraction was found approximately 85 wt per cent for higher calcite-added pellet, and around 74 wt per cent for lower calcite-added pellet. FactSage™, ver 8.1 (Thermfact and GGT- Technologies) thermodynamic software was used to evaluate the obtained experimental data, they both revealed that the components of the bauxite residue are mostly distributed into the calcium aluminate slag phase.
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Reports on the topic "Iron slags"

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J.Y. Hwang. Verification of Steelmaking Slags Iron Content Final Technical Progress Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/892748.

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Cohen, A., and M. Blander. Removal of copper from carbon-saturated steel with an aluminum sulfide/iron sulfide slag. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/510297.

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Nelson, Margot, Michael Antonioni, Vincent Santucci, and Justin Tweet. Oxon Run Parkway: Paleontological resource inventory; supplement to the National Capital Parks-East paleontological resource inventory. National Park Service, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2287217.

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Oxon Run Parkway (OXRN) is a 51-hectare (126-acre) natural area within Washington, D.C. administered by the National Park Service under National Capital Parks East (NACE). The original plan called for a road, slated to follow Oxon Run stream, but this never came to fruition; despite this, the moniker stuck. The majority of the original Oxon Run Parkway is managed by the District of Columbia. The section of Oxon Run Parkway under NPS jurisdiction contains wetlands and forests, as well as the only McAteean magnolia bogs still remaining in the District. The lower Cretaceous Potomac Group, known as one of the few dinosaur-bearing rock units on the east coast of North America, crops out within Oxon Run. One of the most prevalent fossil-bearing resources are the siderite, or “bog iron” sandstone slabs that sometimes preserve the footprints or trackways of various vertebrates, including dinosaurs. Such trackways have been reported from Potomac Group outcrops throughout the Atlantic Coastal Plain of Maryland and Virginia. In 2019, National Capital Parks-East took possession of such a track, referred to a dinosaur, collected by paleontologist Dr. Peter Kranz. This report was compiled after a paleontological survey of Oxon Run Parkway and is intended as a supplement to the National Capital Parks East Paleontological Resource Inventory (Nelson et al. 2019). This report contains information on the history of Oxon Run Parkway and its geology, as well as discussion of the fossil track.
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