Journal articles: 'Iron Soldier'

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Johnson, Anthony E. "Iron Supplementation and the Female Soldier." Military Medicine 171, no. 4 (April 2006): 298–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.7205/milmed.171.4.298.

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Leasher, Evelyn, and Coralou Peel Lassen. "Dear Sarah: Letters Home from a Soldier of the Iron Brigade." Michigan Historical Review 26, no. 2 (2000): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20173873.

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Nishikawa, Hiroshi, Tadashi Takemoto, Takashi Uetani, and Norihisa Sekimori. "Effect of Grain Size on Reaction between Pb-Free Solder and Plated Iron." Materials Science Forum 502 (December 2005): 405–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.502.405.

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Recently the soldering iron tip has been severely damaged by molten Pb-free solders during operation due to the high reaction rate of metals in molten lead-free solder. The tip is usually protected by plated iron to prevent the direct contact of copper with molten solders. However, the plated iron tip is heavily dissolved into molten Pb-free solders and the life time of the iron tip is reduced. In this study the simple reaction test between Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu (mass%) solder and plated iron was carried out to estimate the dissolution of plated iron in molten Pb-free solder and the effect of the grain size of plated surface on the reaction between Pb-free solder and plated iron. An iron-plated copper was used as the test piece. The Pb-free solder was placed on the test piece and it was put into an oven held at 673, 703 and 733K for 3.6, 10.8 and 32.4ks. After heating, the dissolution thickness of plated iron was measured and the intermetallic compound between Pb-free solder and plated iron was analyzed by XRD. As a result, it has been made clear that the dissolution thickness of plated iron decreases with the decrease of the grain size and then the dissolution of plated iron in molten Pb-free solder is attributable to the grain size of plated iron.

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Silva, Luis F. P., Geoff W. Brown, and Peter J. James. "Nutritional Value of Black Soldier Fly Grown on Abattoir Waste." Proceedings 36, no. 1 (April 10, 2020): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019036216.

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Meat processing plants generate a range of solid and liquid wastes, including manure, paunch solids, and biological solids from wastewater treatment. There is growing interest in alternative technologies for treating abattoir waste, including using insects to transform waste into high-value products. Black Soldier Fly (BSF) larvae may be a competitive source of digestible amino acids and, depending on the protein digestibility, can be used as a replacement for fish meal, soybean meal or cottonseed meal in livestock and aquaculture rations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of using different substrates and substrate mixes from abattoir waste streams on the nutritional quality of BSF harvested at two growth stages (larvae and prepupae). Protein digestibility was evaluated using an adapted pepsin digestion. Averaged across all substrates, there was no difference between growth stages in total protein content (43.7%). However, protein digestibility was higher for larvae (86.5%) than for prepupae (65.1%). The substrate used greatly influenced the nutritional composition of BSF. Prepupae protein content varied from 42 to 48% and protein digestibility varied from 42 to 80%, according to the substrate. Variation in larvae across substrates was greater than prepupae for protein content (34% to 53%) but much lower for digestibility (80% to 91%). Both substrate and growth stage altered the mineral composition of BSF prepupae and larvae. Iron levels varied from 79 (paunch) to 453 mg/kg DM (substrate containing blood), illustrating the plasticity of BSF. In conclusion, BSF can be used to transform abattoir waste into high-value products.

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Szema, Anthony M., Millicent P. Schmidt, Antonio Lanzirotti, Andrea D. Harrington, Sergey Lyubsky, Richard J. Reeder, and Martin A. A. Schoonen. "Titanium and Iron in Lung of a Soldier With Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonitis and Bronchiolitis After Returning From Iraq." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 54, no. 1 (January 2012): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jom.0b013e31824327ca.

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Gawlik-Dziki, Urszula, Piotr Sugier, Dariusz Dziki, Danuta Sugier, and Łukasz Pecio. "Water Soldier Stratiotes aloides L.—Forgotten Famine Plant With Unique Composition and Antioxidant Properties." Molecules 25, no. 21 (October 31, 2020): 5065. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25215065.

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Stratiotes aloides L. is common water plant in central Poland. Due to its expansive character, S. aloides L. can strongly affect the functioning of aquatic ecosystems. S. aloides L. was an important famine plant in central Poland. This plant was commonly collected and cooked until the turn of the 20th century. It has also been used to heal wounds, especially when these are made by an iron implement. The objective of the present work was to study the phenolic profile in the leaves and roots of S. aloides as well as their antioxidant potential and ability to inhibit lipoxygenase (LOX) in the light of their potential bioaccessibility. The dominant compound in its leaves was luteolin-7-O-hexoside-glucuronide (5.84 mg/g DW), whereas the dominant root component was chrysoeriol-7-O-hexoside-glucuronide (0.83 mg/g DW). Infusions from leaves, roots, and their 1:1 (v/v) mixture contained potentially bioaccessible antiradical compounds. S. aloides is a good source of water-extractable reductive compounds. Especially valuable are the leaves of this plant. The roots of S. aloides contained very active hydrophilic compounds able to chelate metal ions. However, their potential bioaccessibility was relatively low. The hydrophilic compounds from the leaves were the most effective XO inhibitors (EC50 = 9.91 mg DW/mL). The water-extractable compounds derived from the leaves and roots acted as uncompetitive LOX inhibitors.

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Sekunowo, Olatunde, Stephen Durowaye, and Gbenga Fashakin. "Electrical and Thermal Characterisation of Millscale Modified Sn-Cu Lead-Free Solders." Journal of the Institute of Engineering 15, no. 1 (January 31, 2019): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v15i1.27702.

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Lead-free solders are gaining much attention as a result of legislation against the inclusion of lead and other hazardous materials in solders used in joining electronic components. This study investigated the effect of iron millscale (IMS) modified tin-copper (Sn-Cu) alloy on the electrical resistivity, electrical, and thermal conductivities of the solder samples under increasing applied current. The input materials consist of tin, zinc and iron millscale while the copper was varied from 0.2 – 1.0 wt. %. Fabrication of the alloy employed metal casting technique followed by relevant test samples preparation for characterisation in terms of microstructure, electrical, and thermal conductivities. Results show that the sample with 1 wt. % Cu addition exhibited the highest electrical and thermal conductivity values of 9967.9 S/m and 11.24 x 10-5 W/mK respectively at applied current value of 600 A with the lowest resistivity of 1 x 10-4 (Ωm). The solder alloy microstructure confirmed the presence of Cu6Sn5-FeO intermetallic phase dispersed in Sn matrix forming a continuous network. Contribution to the overall desirable performance of the solder alloy may have stemmed from the strong and coherent inter-crystal cohesion between the Cu6Sn3 and FeO phases which resulted in improved electrical and thermal conductivities of the as cast solder. The grade of solder alloy fabricated is adjudged suitable for assembling electronic components in industrial plant control panels.

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Nyakeri, E. M., H. J. Ogola, M. A. Ayieko, and F. A. Amimo. "An open system for farming black soldier fly larvae as a source of proteins for smallscale poultry and fish production." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 3, no. 1 (March 25, 2017): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2016.0030.

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The utilisation of insect as ingredients for animal feeds has gained considerable interest recently. For example, the potential of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens; BSF) larvae as a cheap alternative protein source for animal feeds seems to show promising perspectives, especially for poultry and aquaculture feeds. In the present study, we sought to establish the wild availability of BSF in Bondo area of Western Kenya, and to develop appropriate methods for larvae farming for utilisation in smallholder farming systems using organic waste substrates. Using an open system involving a larvae feeding structure, study results showed that BSF is native to the study area with higher production observed on substrates of plant origin compared to those of animal origin. Proximate, mineral and vitamin analysis showed that wild BSF larvae contained: 40% crude protein, 33% crude fat, 15% ash, 12% crude fibre, 0.56% manganese, 3.07% sodium, 0.57% iron, 2.27% potassium, 0.24 mg/100 g thiamin, 2.2 mg/100 g riboflavin and 1.3 mg/100 g vitamin E. This nutritional profile of the wild BSF larvae indicates its potential to serve as a cheap and sustainable substitute protein source. We therefore recommend small-scale poultry and fish farmers to adopt the identified methods for its cultivation as a way of lowering production costs and also contributing to environmental hygiene and sanitation.

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Gariglio, Marta, Sihem Dabbou, Manuela Crispo, Ilaria Biasato, Francesco Gai, Laura Gasco, Francesco Piacente, et al. "Effects of the Dietary Inclusion of Partially Defatted Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Meal on the Blood Chemistry and Tissue (Spleen, Liver, Thymus, and Bursa of Fabricius) Histology of Muscovy Ducks (Cairina moschata domestica)." Animals 9, no. 6 (May 31, 2019): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9060307.

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The present study has evaluated the effects of dietary partially-defatted black soldier fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens L.) larva meal on the blood parameters, antioxidant status, and histological features of the organs of broiler ducks. A total of 192 female 3-days of age Muscovy ducklings (Cairina moschata domestica) were divided into four dietary treatments (0%, 3%, 6%, and 9% BSF meal inclusion; 6 pens/treatment, 8 birds/pen). A total of 12 ducks/treatment (2 birds/pen) were slaughtered at 51 days of age and blood samples were collected to evaluate the haematological traits, serum protein, lipid and minerals, liver and renal function serum enzymes, plasma oxidative enzymes, and metabolites. Liver, spleen, thymus, and bursa of Fabricius samples were submitted to histopathological investigations. Between the serum and plasma traits, triglycerides, cholesterol, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, magnesium, malondialdehyde, and nitrotyrosine showed a linear decrease for increasing amounts of dietary BSF meal (p <0.01); in contrast, the serum iron concentration showed a linear increase (p <0.01). Moreover, the histopathological findings were not significantly affected by the dietary BSF larva meal inclusion. The results showed that the inclusion of up to 9% BSF larva meal represents a promising feed ingredient for Muscovy duck nutrition, and improved blood traits were observed.

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Takemoto, Tadashi. "High Dissolution Rate of Solid Materials in Molten Lead-Free Solders." Materials Science Forum 580-582 (June 2008): 205–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.580-582.205.

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Sn-based lead-free solders have some characteristics that are different from the conventionally used Sn-Pb eutectic. One is the high dissolution rate of metals and alloys into molten lead-free solder. Several problems due to this high dissolution rate were reviewed. The prominent materials that suffered from this high dissolution rate are copper and iron based. High dissolution rate of Cu resulted in thick Cu-Sn intermetallic compound formation during soldering and Cu enrichment in wave soldering bath. The iron-based materials used for soldering equipments are damaged by erosion. Suppression of the dissolution rate is important to secure quality of micro-soldered joints, to prevent contamination of solder bath and to prolong the life of soldering equipments. The method of suppressing dissolution in practical soldering operation and some examples of erosion damage are introduced.

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Sonawane, Pushkaraj D., V. K. Bupesh Raja, and Manoj Gupta. "Microstructure, Mechanical, and Electrical Properties and Corrosion Analysis of Lead-Free Solder CSI Joints on Cu Substrate Using Novel Concentrated Solar Energy Soldering (CSES) Method." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2020 (March 26, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7612186.

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In this study, “Concentrated Solar Energy (CSE)” is applied for soldering and is named as the “Concentrated Solar Energy Soldering (CSES) technique.” Lead-free solders are used for comparing novel CSES technique solder joints with CSI (Conventional Soldering Iron) solder joints. Tensile strength, bending/flexural strength, microhardness, electrical resistivity, fractography, optical microstructures, SEM microstructures, and EDS analysis were used to compare CSES solder joints with CSI solder joints. The salt spray test (SST) was used for corrosion analysis of CSES and CSI solder joints. Experimental results reveal that the tensile response, bending strength, and microhardness of the CSES solder joints were almost equal to those of the CSI solder joints. It was observed that after corrosion, the tensile strength, bending strength, and microhardness for CSES and CSI solder joints reduced. CSES solder joints were found to be slightly better than CSI solder joints for electrical resistivity. Electrical resistivity for all the cases studied was found to increase slightly after corrosion. Interfacial integrity and effect of corrosion were clearly observed on CSES and CSI solder joint microstructures. The intermetallic compounds (IMC) formed in case of CSES solder joints were found to be having slightly less thickness than that of CSI solder joints. The results demonstrate CSES technique as a green technology and a potential substitute to the CSI method.

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Timofeev, Alexey Y. "The centenary of World War I in Serbia: A war of monuments." Slavic Almanac, no. 3-4 (2020): 127–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2073-5731.2020.3-4.1.07.

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The anniversary of the First World War in Serbia has become an oc-casion for exacerbating public discussion and drawing attention to the rise of revisionism in NATO countries. Fear of a revision of the history of World War I infl uenced Serbian society and elites on the eve of the centenary. The concerned Serb elites responded with a wide range of events organized in Serbia and Republika Srpska. Within the framework of the commemorative events dedicated to the anniversary, monuments, installed and restored by the Serbian authorities and their foreign part-ners, have received special signifi cance. These were monuments to the Serbian patriot G. Princip, to the famous Iron Regiment, to the woman volunteer-soldier Milunka Savic. They are traditional fi gures of the Ser-bian memory of the First World War. At the same time, Serbian authori-ties did not succeed in their attempt to perpetuate in monumental forms the head of the Serbian military intelligence D. Dimitrievic-Apis, the leader of the Serbian nationalist organization Black Hand, which patron-ized the Mlada Bosna organization that prepared the assassination on Franz Ferdinand. The Russian-Serbian monuments of the First World War in Serbia presenting Nicholas II and the military brotherhood of the two peoples were of special signifi cance. All new monuments have become memorial sites and at the same time attractive points for vari-ous political forces expressing their sympathies and antipathies through symbolic gestures towards them.

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Rutherford, Richard. "I - Introduction: Background and Problems." New Surveys in the Classics 41 (2011): 1–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017383512000381.

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EPICI have lived in important places, timesWhen great events were decided, who ownedThat half a rood of rock, a no-man's landSurrounded by our pitchfork-armed claims.I heard the Duffys shouting ‘Damn your soul’And old McCabe stripped to the waist, seenStep the plot defying blue cast-steel—‘Here is the march along these iron stones’That was the year of the Munich bother. WhichWas more important? I inclinedTo lose my faith in Ballyrush and GortinTill Homer's ghost came whispering to my mindHe said: I made the Iliad from suchA local row. Gods make their own importance.1 Patrick Kavanagh's short poem confronts the reader with a number of questions which will preoccupy us in this survey. The Homeric poems show us a world which in many respects seems primitive and remote; even if the expedition of the Greeks against Troy really happened, even if it took place on the scale which the Iliad asserts, and lasted the full ten-year span, it would still be ‘a local row’ compared with later historical conflicts, ancient or modern. Can the bad-tempered disputes of warrior chiefs, the violent revenge of a savage and undisciplined soldier, the lies and posturing of a vagabond rogue, still move or excite an audience today? It will be necessary to show here some of the ways in which Homer gives the conflict at Troy, and the homecoming of Odysseus, a timeless importance, so that these mere episodes in the vanished heroic age – long past even for the poet and his audience – become microcosmic images of human life. The vast subject of Homer's influence upon later western literature cannot be even superficially addressed here; but occasional comparisons and illustrations may help to show how much subsequent poets and artists have found in the Iliad and the Odyssey to enlighten and inspire their own work.

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Wood, James A. "The Burden of Citizenship: Artisans, Elections, and the Fuero Militar in Santiago de Chile, 1822-1851." Americas 58, no. 3 (January 2002): 443–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tam.2002.0030.

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On December 13, 1845 the recently founded Santiago newspaper El Artesano Opositor (The Opposition Artisan) published a letter submitted by “twenty artisan friends of Cerda.” The letter related the tragic case of José Agustin Cerda, a young tailor, soldier in the civic militia, and member of an electoral association called the Sociedad de Artesanos de Caupolicán (Caupolicán Artisans Society), who had been arrested on November 12 by the city's military prosecutor on the charge that he was involved in an anti-government “conspiracy.” Claiming innocence, Cerda, according to his companions, denied his involvement in the alleged conspiracy “with noble arrogance.” As a result he was locked in iron shackles in a military prison, causing his legs to swell up and his illness-weakened lungs to struggle for air. A follow-up article in the newspaper announced that Cerda was still being held in that “unjust and inhumane” condition two months later, along with several other city residents who were linked to the electoral associations of the liberal opposition in Santiago. While the outraged authors of the letter to El Artesano Opositor singled out the Cerda case for its malicious effects on their friend, they clearly saw the incident as part of a larger problem: the routine and systematic mistreatment of all artisan militiamen by the conservative governing regime. Not content simply to demand the release of their colleague, the “friends of Cerda” demanded the complete reform of a political system that denigrated the honor, dignity, and patriotism of all the city's artisans. “Understand,” continued the letter in a provocative flourish, “that by attacking the innocent life of Cerda you attack the lives of all the artisans of the Republic.” “We should expect more,” it concluded solemnly, “from the men we elevate with our votes, defend with our blood, and maintain with our sweat and labor.”

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Benke, M., Zs Salyi, and G. Kaptay. "Investigation of dissolution resistance of blank and gas-nitrided carbon steels in stationary SAC305 solder alloy melt." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 54, no. 3 (2018): 283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb170918019b.

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The objective of the present study is to investigate the suitability of a series of gas-nitrided steels with varying C content as candidates for wettable selective soldering tool materials with enhanced lifetime. ? and ?? iron-nitrides were formed by gas nitriding on quenched and tempered DC04, C45, CK60 and S103 type steels. Contact angle measurements revealed that all four nitrided steels exhibit good wetting with SAC305 solder melt. In order to investigate the dissolution reactions between the nitrided steels and the solder alloy, an equipment was assembled in which the samples were submerged into stationary SAC305 solder melt for different time durations. Evidences of dissolution reactions and other degradation processes were searched for using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. It was observed that no Fe dissolution occurred between the samples and stationary SAC305 solder melt during continuous tests with durations up to 20 days. Furthermore, no other visible degradation reactions occurred between the samples and melt during the experiments. It was concluded that gas-nitrided steels show good wetting with Sn-based solder melts which is combined with excellent resistance against Fe dissolution in a high Sn-containing molten solder. Thus, gas-nitrided steels/iron can be potential materials for wettable selective soldering tools with improved lifetime.

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Mitchell, Andrew D., and Tania Voon. "Defence of the Indefensible? Reassessing the Constitutional Validity of Military Service Tribunals in Australia." Federal Law Review 27, no. 3 (September 1999): 499–525. http://dx.doi.org/10.22145/flr.27.3.6.

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Valentov, A. V., V. V. Konovodov, and Е. V. Agafonova. "Forecasting Residual and Operating Stress in Soldering Cutting Tools with Tungsten-Free Hard Alloy Inserts." Applied Mechanics and Materials 379 (August 2013): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.379.28.

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The results indicate a reduction of defects in soldering turning tools through optimal dimensions of a solder. In this paper stress in a flat insert is calculated and the results of laboratory tests of cutters iron-carbon soldered are presented. The optimal dimensions of the solder are selected according to calculations conducted

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Karl, J. Philip, Harris B. Lieberman, Sonya J. Cable, Kelly W. Williams, Andrew J. Young, and James P. McClung. "Iron Supplementation Is Associated With Aerobic Performance In Iron-deficient Female Soldiers." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 41 (May 2009): 278–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000355403.33909.9a.

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Merkel, Drorit, Michael Huerta, Itamar Grotto, Eliezer A. Rachmilewitz, Eitan Fibach, Yoram Epstein, and Ofer Shpilberg. "Anemia and Iron Deficiency in Strenuously Trained Adolescents." Blood 110, no. 11 (November 16, 2007): 961. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v110.11.961.961.

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Abstract Background: Healthy soldiers serving in combat units have a higher prevalence of anemia than age- and sex-matched civilians. This may be a “pseudo-anemia” caused by the hemodilution typical among training athletes, or a “true anemia” due to reduced total body iron stores. Objective: To investigate the incidence of iron-deficiency anemia in recruits to the Israel Defence Forces during their first 6 months of intense combat training. This is a follow-up study to previous publication of measured values on induction. Methods: Blood was collected from new recruits to an elite infantry unit before training. After 6 months, 153 paired samples were collected from the initial group. Total blood count and serum iron, transferrin and ferritin were measured at both time points. Soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) was measured in 119 of the paired samples, and sTfR/log ferritin ratio was calculated. Results: At recruitment, mean hemoglobin concentration was 14.7±0.9 g/dL (range 11.5–16.8). Iron-transferrin saturation was 34.1±13.6%, and mean ferritin concentration was 53.6±33.2 ng/mL. Twenty-seven participants (17.6%) were anemic (Hb<14g/dL), and 14.9% were iron-deficient (ferritin level <22 mg/dL). At the end of the follow-up period, 50.3% of the soldiers examined were anemic, and 27.3% had signs of iron-store depletion. Analysis of the paired samples showed an average reduction of 0.83 g/dL in hemoglobin level, and of 9.8mg/dL in ferritin levels (p<0.001 for both). sTfR increased slightly from 1.9 to 2.1mg/dL (p<0.003) among the recruits who became anemic during the follow-up period. Conclusion: Nearly half the new recruits studied endure mild anemia after the first 6 months of training. Iron store depletion was observed among 24.5% of the cohort after 6 months, as opposed to 15% at recruitment. Overall, these changes were not accompanied by a significant increase in sTfR, but among the subset of anemic soldiers, there was a slight increase in this index. From the iron status analyses it can be concluded that in half the cases, the observed new-onset anemia was attributable to iron deficiency, and in the remainder, to hemodilution. The high incidence of iron deficiency in young healthy recruits is an important issue. The therapeutic implications of these findings require further evaluation.

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Sueyoshi, Hidekazu, Harunori Odo, Shinji Mizokuchi, Shigeru Abe, and Kazuya Saikusa. "Consumption of Soldering Iron by Pb-Free Solder." Journal of the Japan Institute of Metals 69, no. 9 (2005): 848–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/jinstmet.69.848.

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Sueyoshi, Hidekazu, Harunori Odo, Shinji Mizokuchi, Shigeru Abe, and Kazuya Saikusa. "Consumption of Soldering Iron by Pb-Free Solder." MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS 47, no. 4 (2006): 1221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.47.1221.

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FANTI, FABRIZIO, and HASSAN GHAHARI. "A checklist of the soldier beetles (Coleoptera: Elateroidea: Cantharidae) of Iran." Zootaxa 4196, no. 4 (November 24, 2016): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4196.4.4.

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The present paper is a collection of data and records taken from literature on the Cantharidae of Iran. New original records are also included. These data indicate that 12 genera and 84 species and subspecies of Cantharidae have been recorded from Iran. Fifteen of these species-level records require further data to confirm. Synonymies and distributional information, both general and local, are provided. Two genera: Macrocerus and Themus, and three species: Cordicantharis cordicollis (Küster, 1854), Themus glazunovi glazunovi (Barovskij, 1909) and Macrocerus oculatus Motschulsky, 1845, are reported as new country records for Iran.

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Austin, Krista G., Lori Lyn Price, Susan M. McGraw, Tom M. McLellan, and Harris R. Lieberman. "Longitudinal trends in use of dietary supplements by U.S. Army personnel differ from those of civilians." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 41, no. 12 (December 2016): 1217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2016-0296.

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Prevalence and patterns of dietary supplement (DS) use by U.S. Army soldiers differ from the civilian population. Longitudinal trends in use of DSs by civilians have been examined, but are unavailable in subpopulations such as military service members. The present study examined longitudinal changes in DS use by soldiers. A standardized questionnaire on DS use was administered in 2006–2007 (N = 989) and 2010–2011 (N = 1196) to convenience samples of active duty soldiers. Data were weighted for total population demographics of age, sex, and rank. Regular use of DSs by soldiers increased significantly (56% ± 1.6% vs. 64% ± 1.7%; p ≤ 0.001) over the 4 years primarily because of an increase of DS use among the youngest 18- to 24-year-old soldiers (43.0% ± 2.5% vs 62.3% ± 2.4%; p ≤ 0.01). Protein (22% ± 1.4% vs. 26% ± 1.5%; p ≤ 0.001) and combination (10.0% ± 1.0% vs. 24% ± 1.4%; p ≤ 0.001) product consumption also increased over the 4 years. Individual vitamin and mineral use — including iron, magnesium, selenium, and vitamins A, B6, B12, and D — significantly increased as well (p ≤ 0.05). In addition, expenditures on DSs by soldiers increased over time (p < 0.01). Reasons reported by soldiers for DS use suggest use increased to meet the occupational demands of military service. Educational interventions to minimize inappropriate use of DSs by soldiers are necessary to reduce adverse events resulting from unnecessary use of DSs and the financial burden associated with their use.

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Watanabe, Jun, Kenji Hatsuzawa, Shigeyuki Ogata, Shinichi Yoshida, and Ikuo Shohji. "Erosion Resistance Properties of Iron–Carbon Composite Plating to Molten Lead-Free Solder." Applied Sciences 9, no. 13 (July 5, 2019): 2724. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9132724.

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The use of Sn-3mass%Ag-0.5mass%Cu lead-free solder (SAC305) has become common. Since SAC305 has a higher content of tin than conventional tin–lead eutectic solder, erosion of the Fe plating layer used in the solder iron tip and the point soldering machine nozzle frequently occurs. In this study, to prolong the life of the Fe plating layer, the applicability of composite plating in which a carbon-type filler is compounded with Fe was studied. Graphite and a multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) were used as filler materials in the composite plating layer. For both Fe-graphite and Fe-MWCNT composite plating layers, solderability testing and erosion-resistance testing were carried out. In the solderability test, although the spread rates of SAC305 to both Fe-graphite and Fe-MWCNT plating layers slightly decreased compared to the Fe plating layer, SAC305 solder was not repelled against both plating layers. In the erosion-resistance test, the Fe-MWCNT composite plating layer performed the best with the least erosion depth. The erosion depth of the Fe-graphite composite plating layer and the Fe plating layer were 10 and 100 times larger than that of the Fe-MWCNT composite plating layer, respectively. It was confirmed that the diffusion of Fe into molten SAC305 could be greatly reduced due to the composing carbon filler in Fe.

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Kirchner, Stefan. "Third Party Liability for Hezbollah Attacks against Israel." German Law Journal 7, no. 9 (September 1, 2006): 777–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200005083.

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After an Israeli soldier was abducted in the south of the country in late June, Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) began Operation “Summer Rain” in Gaza in order to secure the safe return of the soldier. On 12 July 2006, Hezbollah forces captured two Israeli soldiers in Northern Israel and killed three more, triggering Operation “Just Reward”, which ended with the fragile cease-fire agreed upon under the terms outlined in U.N. Security Council Resolution 1701. The conflict between Israel and the Hezbollah had the potential of plunging the whole region in a wider war; as a matter of fact, it seems that Iran and Syria were fighting a proxy war against Israel. Hezbollah alone does not have the technological capabilities of hitting Haifa or Nazareth with their own Katjusha-type missiles, which essentially are not much more than slightly modified World War II weapons, yet Hezbollah struck deep inside Israel. On the last day of the war alone, with the cease-fire already in sight, 246 rockets were fired into Israel. Moreover, it appears that Israel was not hit only by Katjushot but also by other missiles with a longer range. Given their arsenal and longstanding support for Hezbollah, the assumption that Iran and Syria have actually delivered missiles or missile technology to Hezbollah is anything but farfetched. News reports during the conflict indicated that Hezbollah used Syrian 220mm-missiles against Israel and that weapons have been delivered to the Hezbollah from Iran, often via Syria. Hezbollah's arsenal includes Iranian-made Zilzal-2 missiles with a range of 210 km, Russian-designed AT-5 anti-tank weapons which were produced in Iran, as well as Russian-made Kornet-E laser-guided weapons and Metis-M anti-armor weapons, both supplied by Syria. Most notorious was the use of Iranian Fajr-3 missiles against Israeli cities. Thousands of these missiles had already been provided to Hezbollah before the fighting began. The rockets that hit the town of Afula, south of Haifa, on 28 July 2006, and which was referred to by Hezbollah as Khaibar-1, likely were the first Iranian-made Fajr-5 missiles ever used by Hezbollah. Despite the destruction of the infrastructure in Lebanon during Operation “Just Reward”, Hezbollah continued to receive weapons. But Syrian and Iranian influence goes back a long time. Today's Hezbollah is the result of an Iranian-nurtured program that lasted for two decades and transformed a local guerilla group into a full-fledged army. Today, Hezbollah's military wing is no longer a group of partisans but an army comprising between 6,000 and 8,000 regular members, not counting reserves, divided into battalions of 250 men, as well as special forces. Not only was it the late Ayatollah Khomeni who provided the initiative for the foundation of Hezbollah, Iran continues to trains Hezbollah fighters and supports Hezbollah's army with weapons, such as the C-802 land-to-sea-missile that was used against the Israeli Naval Ship “Hanit” during the recent conflict.

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Lin, D. C., C. Y. Kuo, T. S. Srivatsan, M. Petraroli, and G. X. Wang. "Synthesis and Characterization of Nano-Composite Lead-Free Solder." Journal of Metastable and Nanocrystalline Materials 23 (January 2005): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jmnm.23.145.

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A series of experiments conducted on a lead-free eutectic solder (Sn-3.5%Ag) have shown that addition of trace amounts of nanometer-sized particles does have an influence on mechanical properties of materials. In this study, three different types of nanoparticles (copper, nickel and iron) were chosen as the reinforcing candidate. For each particulate reinforcement the reflow process was performed under identical cooling conditions. Addition of trace amounts of nano-particles alters the kinetics governing solidification of the composite solder paste while concurrently exerting an influence on microstructural development, particularly the formation and presence of second phases in the solidified end product. The nano-sized powder particle-reinforced composite solder revealed an increase in microhardness compared to the unreinforced monolithic counterpart.

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Merkel, Drorit, Nir Hirshhoren, Tzippora Shochat, and Asaf Vivante. "The Association between Acute Lead Exposure from Indoor Firing Ranges and Iron Metabolism." Blood 108, no. 11 (November 16, 2006): 3747. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v108.11.3747.3747.

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Abstract Objective: To assess the impact of short term indoor firing ranges lead exposure and its relationship to iron, ferritin, lead, zinc protoporphyrin and hemoglobin concentration among young adults. Methods: We report of a clinical observation that was carried out in 30 young and healthy soldiers serving in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) Counter Terrorist Unit (CTU). Blood samples were drawn for Lead (Pb), Zinc Protoporphyrin (ZPP),Iron, Hemoglobin (Hb) and ferritin prior to and after a 6 weeks period of intensive shooting practice in indoor firing ranges. Results: A mean Blood lead level increase (p< 0.0001) with a mean Iron (p<0.0005) and mean ferritin (p<0.0625) decrease simultaneously after 6 weeks period of Lead dusts exposure were demonstrated. We found a trend for inverse correlation between pre-exposure low ferritin levels and post exposure high blood lead levels. Conclusion: We found decreased iron and ferritin levels after short term lead exposure among young adults. This can be explained by competition of iron and lead absorption viatransporters like DMT1 suggesting that lead poisoning can cause iron depletion and that iron depletion can aggravate lead poisoning. This synergistic effect should come to every physicians mind especially when treating patients with a potential risk for each problem separately. Lead (Pb), Zinc Protoporphryn (ZPP), Hemoglobin (Hb), Iron and Ferritin among the CTU soldiers before and after the indoor firing ranges lead exposer variable N Pre-exposure N Post-exposure Difference *P value Pb (mcg/dl) 29 10.3±2.3 30 18.9±3.6 8.8±2.6 0.0001 ZPP(mcg/dl) 29 42±7.5 30 42.9±8.1 0.03±6.5 NS Hb (g/dl) 30 15±0.7 30 14.8±0.9 0.2±0.2 NS MCV (fl) 30 88.7±2.5 30 89±2.7 0.3±0.2 NS Iron (mcg/dl) 29 108.5±43.6 30 77.4±24.4 −30.4±41.2 0.0005 Ferritin (mcg/l) 27 58.1±27.7 16 51±19.9 −6.1±10.7 0.0625 Correlation between Pre-exposure Ferritin levels and Post exposure Lead level.(Person correlation coefficient = −0.28 r=0.14 number of observations = 27) Correlation between Pre-exposure Ferritin levels and Post exposure Lead level.(Person correlation coefficient = −0.28 r=0.14 number of observations = 27)

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Karl, J. Philip, Harris R. Lieberman, Sonya J. C. Corum, Kelly W. Williams, Andrew J. Young, and James P. McClung. "Association Between Iron Status and Physical Performance in Female Soldiers." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 39, Supplement (May 2007): S204—S205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000273766.32852.1c.

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Danti, Michael D. "The Hasanlu (Iran) Gold Bowl in context: all that glitters…" Antiquity 88, no. 341 (August 26, 2014): 791–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00050699.

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The discovery of a crushed golden bowl in the remains of the Iron Age citadel of Hasanlu in 1958 attracted considerable media attention at the time. The circumstances of its loss have long remained unclear, but were clearly associated with the violent destruction of the site in c. 800 BC. Detailed review of the find context and the skeletons found nearby now suggests that the bowl was being looted during the sack of the citadel by Urartian soldiers from an upper room where weapons, armour and fine metal vessels were stored. The enemy soldiers carrying off the Gold Bowl died in the attempt when the upper floors of the building collapsed, plunging them to their deaths.

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Avery, William F. "Low Temperature Direct Aluminum Soldering Paste." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2012, DPC (January 1, 2012): 001597–626. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2012dpc-wa31.

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For economic and weight considerations using aluminum to make connections to copper has been important in electronic components and making these connections via soldering provides an excellent thermal and electrical pathway. Soldering aluminum to copper in many applications involves the use of low temperature solder bonding to prevent damage to heat sensitive parts such as sealed copper heat pipes and sensitive electronic components. Typically, aluminum soldering is accomplished by plating over the aluminum to make that surface solderable, which is an expensive extra step in this processing. The development of a low temperature direct aluminum soldering paste eliminates the costly plating operation needed to make certain aluminum alloys solderable. The low temperature direct aluminum soldering paste, performing below 200 °C, provides for a soldering option that will work via induction, oven reflow, hot plate, or soldering iron techniques. The paste consists of a special flux medium and a proprietary low temperature lead-free solder alloy. Evaluation of the solderpaste was by several methods. Solderability testing compared the paste on a variety of aluminum alloys. Soldering joint cross-sectioning followed by scanning electron analysis proves the viability of the solder joints. Tensile strength testing of the solder joints measured the strength of the copper to aluminum and aluminum to aluminum solder joints.

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Karimi, Leila, Andrew C. Miller, Alberto A. Castro Bigalli, Somaye Makvandi, Hossein Amini, and Amir Vahedian-Azimi. "Pregnancy Outcomes of Wives of Chemical and Non-Chemical Weapons Exposed Veterans in Ahvaz, Iran: A Retrospective Cohort Study." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 35, no. 5 (June 25, 2020): 477–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x2000076x.

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AbstractBackground:Sulphur mustard (HD) is a lipophilic caustic alkylating vesicant (blister agent) that has mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. Among the studied perturbations are long-term genitourinary (GU) and fertility effects. Approximately 50,000 Iranian soldiers and civilians were exposed to HD during the Iraq-Iran war (1980-1989). This study questioned the wives of Iraq-Iran war veterans to determine the effects of male HD-exposure on pregnancy complications, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and secondary infertility.Methods:A retrospective, survey-based cohort study was conducted of wives of Iranian military veterans that survived HD-associated injuries while serving in Ahvaz, Iran during the Iraq-Iran war (1980-1989), as compared to non-exposed veterans serving concomitantly. Patients were identified from a database of injured veterans maintained by the Foundation of Martyrs and Veterans Affairs (Iran) via a systematic random sampling method utilizing a random number table. Using a validated questionnaire, collected data included: demographics; type and severity of chemical injury; spouse’s obstetric history (pregnancy number, duration, complications, and outcomes before and after spouse’s chemical injury); and secondary infertility.Results:An increase in spontaneous abortion (P = .03), congenital anomalies (P < .0001), and secondary infertility (P = .003) were observed. These findings were greatest amongst those with HD injuries affecting >50% body surface area. No difference in stillbirth, premature birth, or low birth weight was observed.Conclusion:Exposure to HD in combat may have long-lasting fertility effects on soldiers and their spouses, including spontaneous abortion, congenital anomalies, and secondary infertility. Further investigation is needed into the long-term effects of HD exposure as well as methods to better protect soldiers.

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Yin, Na, Wen Qing Qu, Shu Juan Yang, Rui Li, and Ying Ding. "Welding Technology of Gold Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 629 (December 2012): 214–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.629.214.

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Conducting ring is an electric transmission device to achieve current, video, data signal and power transmission between two relatively slewing mechanism, so it has been widely used in all kinds of precision turntable and inertial navigation equipment. The slip ring and brush wire of conducting ring are connected to other equipment by copper wire or copper transfer metal plates. Currently, Eutectic 63Sn-37Pb solder and electric iron manual welding are often used. But for gold alloy, when SnPb solder is used, gold element will dissolve in solder because Au dissolves in Sn easily, and brittleness intermetallic was produced at the interface during cooling, which embrittled the joint. This paper analyzed the solderability of gold alloy and copper, summed up the research status of soldering technology of gold alloy and copper in China and abroad. It pointed out that it is necessary and urgent to develop soldering technology of gold alloy with copper.

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Khaghaninia, S., F. Kazerani, and M. Hauser. "The Genera Nemotelus and Oxycera (Diptera, Stratiomyidae) in the Arasbaran Forests." Vestnik Zoologii 49, no. 5 (October 1, 2015): 401–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/vzoo-2015-0045.

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The soldier flies of the genera Nemotelus Geoffroy, 1762 and Oxycera Meigen, 1803 collected in the Arasbaran forests (northwestern of Iran) during 2009-2012. A total of nine species were collected of which eight species [Nemotelus rudifranci (Berezovsky, Nartshuk. 1993); N. nigrinus Fallen, 1817; N. notatus Zetterstedt, 1842; N. pantherinus (Linnaeus, 1758); Oxycera fallenii Staeger, 1844; O. meigenii Staeger, 1844; O. notata Loew, 1873; O. trilineata (Linnaeus, 1767)] are recorded for the first time from Iran. Data on the geographical distribution of these species with figures are provided

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McClung, James P., J. Philip Karl, Sonya J. Cable, Kelly W. Williams, Andrew J. Young, and Harris R. Lieberman. "Longitudinal decrements in iron status during military training in female soldiers." British Journal of Nutrition 102, no. 04 (January 28, 2009): 605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114509220873.

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Beall, Joshua P. "Prosaic Irony: Structure, Mode, and Subversion in The Good Soldier Švejk." Comparatist 36, no. 1 (2012): 207–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/com.2012.0022.

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TAKEMOTO, Tadashi, and Masaharu TAKEMOTO. "Reaction between Iron-Based Alloys and Lead-Free Solders." Journal of Japan Institute of Electronics Packaging 6, no. 6 (2003): 496–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.5104/jiep.6.496.

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Fonseka, C. L. S. C., and J. A. K. S. Jayasinghe. "Localization of component lead inside a THT solder joint for solder defects classification." Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 2, no. 83 (August 1, 2017): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.7033.

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Purpose: Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) systems, used in electronics industry have been primarily developed to inspect soldering defects of Surface Mount Devices (SMD) on a Printed Circuit Board (PCB). However, no commercially available AOI system exists that can be integrated to a desktop soldering robotic system, which is capable of identifying soldering defects of Through Hole Technology (THT) solder joints along with the soldering process. In our research, we have implemented an AOI platform that is capable of performing automatic quality assurance of THT solder joints in a much efficient way. In this paper, we have presented a novel approach to identify soldering defects of THT solder joints, based on the location of THT component lead top. This paper presents the methodologies that can be used to precisely identify and localize THT component lead inside a solder joint. Design/methodology/approach: We have discussed the importance of lead top localization and presented a detailed description on the methodologies that can be used to precisely segment and localize THT lead top inside the solder joint. Findings: It could be observed that the precise localization of THT lead top makes the soldering quality assurance process more accurate. A combination of template matching algorithms and colour model transformation provide the most accurate outcome in localizing the component lead top inside solder joint, according to the analysis carried out in this paper. Research limitations/implications: When the component lead top is fully covered by the soldering, the implemented methodologies will not be able to identify the actual location of it. In such a case, if the segmented and detected lead top locations are different, a decision is made based on the direction in which the solder iron tip touches the solder pad. Practical implications: The methodologies presented in this paper can be effectively used to have a precise localization of component lead top inside the solder joint. The precise identification of component lead top leads to have a very precise quality assurance capability to the implemented AOI system. Originality/value: This research proposes a novel approach to identify soldering defects of THT solder joints in a much efficient way based on the component lead top. The value of this paper is quite high, since we have taken all the possibilities that may appear on a solder joint in a practical environment.

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Takemoto, Tadashi, Takashi Uetani, and Morio Yamazaki. "Dissolution rates of iron plating on soldering iron tips in molten lead‐free solders." Soldering & Surface Mount Technology 16, no. 3 (December 2004): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09540910410562473.

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Khosravi, Leila. "Introduction a Unique Archer Soldier Statue Found at Kalmakareh Cave, Lurestan, Iran." International Journal of Archaeology 1, no. 3 (2013): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ija.20130103.11.

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Nishikawa, Hiroshi, Tadashi Takemoto, Kouichi Kifune, Takashi Uetani, and Norihisa Sekimori. "Effect of Iron Plating Conditions on Reaction in Molten Lead-Free Solder." MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS 45, no. 3 (2004): 741–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.45.741.

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Aamir, Muhammad, Riaz Muhammad, Majid Tolouei-Rad, Khaled Giasin, and Vadim V. Silberschmidt. "A review: microstructure and properties of tin-silver-copper lead-free solder series for the applications of electronics." Soldering & Surface Mount Technology 32, no. 2 (October 14, 2019): 115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ssmt-11-2018-0046.

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Purpose The research on lead-free solder alloys has increased in past decades due to awareness of the environmental impact of lead contents in soldering alloys. This has led to the introduction and development of different grades of lead-free solder alloys in the global market. Tin-silver-copper is a lead-free alloy which has been acknowledged by different consortia as a good alternative to conventional tin-lead alloy. The purpose of this paper is to provide comprehensive knowledge about the tin-silver-copper series. Design/methodology/approach The approach of this study reviews the microstructure and some other properties of tin-silver-copper series after the addition of indium, titanium, iron, zinc, zirconium, bismuth, nickel, antimony, gallium, aluminium, cerium, lanthanum, yttrium, erbium, praseodymium, neodymium, ytterbium, nanoparticles of nickel, cobalt, silicon carbide, aluminium oxide, zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, cerium oxide, zirconium oxide and titanium diboride, as well as carbon nanotubes, nickel-coated carbon nanotubes, single-walled carbon nanotubes and graphene-nano-sheets. Findings The current paper presents a comprehensive review of the tin-silver-copper solder series with possible solutions for improving their microstructure, melting point, mechanical properties and wettability through the addition of different elements/nanoparticles and other materials. Originality/value This paper summarises the useful findings of the tin-silver-copper series comprehensively. This information will assist in future work for the design and development of novel lead-free solder alloys.

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Mansouri, Aylar. "The Impact of War on Emergence of Depression and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder on Iranian Veterans of Iran-Iraq War." European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 11, no. 2 (June 10, 2017): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v11i2.p70-82.

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Iran has been involved in many wars throughout its ancient history, a vivid example is the Iran-Iraq war. This imposed war was ongoing during September 1980 – August 1988 (Mohsenian, 2008). ).The main goal of this study was to investigate differences depression and PTSD symptoms in veterans who participated in the Iran-Iraq compared to community sample. The objectives of this research were: 1.Comparing depression in soldiers who are PTSD patients and ordinary people. 2. Comparing PTSD symptoms in soldiers and ordinary people. The research hypotheses were formulated according to the defined objectives. The statistical population included the Iran-Iraq war veterans and the ordinary male individuals within the age range of 25-50 residing in Tehran. . The data analysis for present research was down descriptively. The Foundation of Martyrs and Veterans’ Affairs of the city of Tehran permitted the researcher to select the statistical samples through the families of martyrs and veterans in person. The related questionnaires were handed in to the testees in person. The research objectives and nondisclosure of information were explained to the testees prior to distribution of the questionnaire. The data was collected using a PTSD checklist by Weathers, Litz, Herman, Huska, Kean etal (1993) and the Beck depression inventory. The multivariate effect indicates a significant difference between the depression and PTSD in war veterans and ordinary individuals aged 25-50. Depression and PTSD in Iran-Iraq war veterans it was higher compared to ordinary individuals.

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Rosman N., Andi. "Perancangan Termokopel Berbahan Besi (Fe) dan Tembaga (Cu) Untuk Sensor Temperatur." Indonesian Journal of Fundamental Sciences 4, no. 2 (October 1, 2018): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.26858/ijfs.v4i2.7640.

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The design of iron (Fe) and Copper (Cu) thermocouples has been carried out for temperature sensors. The sensor will be made of two different types of materials namely iron and copper. The reference temperature used is 10C. The data collection procedure is first of all a thermocouple with a hot junction is tied together with a solder as a heat source. Besides that, it is also tied to a factory thermocouple that functions as a calibrator. Then the other end of the thermocouple (cold junction) will be inserted into a container containing ice cubes. Then the ports for each thermocouple will be connected to a multimeter, each of which is used to measure temperature (0C) and voltage (mV). From the results of observations and analyzes, it was found that for iron and copper thermocouples had the following characteristics: Seebeck coefficient was 0.001, the mean temperature rises and falls respectively (106.17 ± 0.82) 0C and (118.67 ± 0.90) 0C. The sensitivity of the thermocouple is 0.5 mV / 0C with linearity of 0.9.

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Musiał, Aleksandra. "“The Blackest Kernel”: Irony and the Poetics of Fear in Selected American Texts of the War in Vietnam." Świat i Słowo 36, no. 1 (March 4, 2021): 183–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.7913.

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This article discusses several American texts about the war in Vietnam, paying particular attention to Michael Herr’s memoir Dispatches and Gustav Hasford’s The ShortTimers. Using Paul Fussell’s model of the ironic pattern of war experiences recounted in literary texts authored by soldier-writers, the article argues that the close entanglement of the poetics of fear and a sense of Fussellian irony permeate the representations of the Vietnam War in these, as well as in other American books. The article also attempts to briefly categorise the representations of fear in several narratives of the war.

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Nekola, Martin. "International Federation of Free Journalists: Opposing Communist Propaganda During the Cold War." Media and Communication 5, no. 3 (September 27, 2017): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/mac.v5i3.1049.

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The topic of supranational organizations of East-European émigrés during the Cold War still remains a lesser-known topic. There were a number of anti-Communist organizations between 1948–1989, consisting of former politicians, diplomats, soldiers, lawyers or academics from behind the Iron Curtain. The community of exiled journalists was represented by the International Federation of Free Journalists, officially founded in November 1948 in Paris by delegates from twelve nations. Its membership base soon grew to 1,400 people. The Federation warned the Western public against the injustices, false propaganda and the red terror in Eastern Europe for four decades.

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Brown, Stephanie A. T., Jay A. McNamara, and K. Blake Mitchell. "Comparison of the Effects of Software Zeroing on Performance While Using Two Sighting Technologies in a Marksmanship Simulator." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 61, no. 1 (September 2017): 1481–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601855.

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This study was an equipment comparison and system process investigation. The primary goal was to determine if (1) the simulator system requires software zeroing prior to use for dynamic marksmanship events, and if (2) the M68 close combat optic (CCO) provides benefits for marksmanship performance over the iron sights when used in conjunction with the simulator system. Twenty-one male Soldiers participated in a two-phase marksmanship performance-testing event, using a weapon simulator and two sighting technologies. Accuracy, precision, and aiming time were used to measure performance. The results revealed that there is benefit to software zeroing only during a static single-target event with multiple shots over time. Zeroing provided no benefit across all measures during a more dynamic marksmanship event with limited shots required per target where speed took precedence over accuracy. Additionally, the CCO significantly improved accuracy and precision over the iron sights in both static and active events.

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GHAYOURFAR, RAHIM. "A new termite species from Iran, Microcerotermes shahroudiensis sp. nov. (Isoptera: Termitidae)." Zootaxa 1012, no. 1 (June 28, 2005): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1012.1.4.

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Microcerotermes Silvestri is a cosmopolitan genus and is distributed in all zoogeographical regions, with the exception of the Nearctic. During the study of Iranian termite fauna, specimens of Microcerotermes were collected from Shahroud, Iran. Morphological studies indicated that specimens belonged to a new species. This species comes closest to Microcerotermes varaminicus Ghayourfar, but soldiers differ in possessing darker head-capsule and distinct postclypeus demarcated from frons.

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Merkel, Drorit, Ran Balicer, Nadav Davidovitch, Itamar Grotto, Salman Zarka, and Michael Huerta. "Population-Based Prevalence of Anemia, Iron, Folic Acid and Vitamin B12 Deficiency among Young Adults in Israel." Blood 110, no. 11 (November 16, 2007): 3754. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v110.11.3754.3754.

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Abstract Background: The prevalence of anemia and iron deficiency among adolescents and young adults in Israel has not yet been assessed. Studies performed among specific populations in Israel demonstrated highly variable rates of anemia of 6–58%, with iron deficiency rates of 13–38%. We have set out to investigate the prevalence of anemia, iron, folic acid and vitamin B12 deficiency among young males and females that are requited to the army in Israel (IDF). Methods: A random sample of 366 new recruits to the IDF (270 males and 96 females) participated in the study and undergone blood testing for Hemoglobin, Iron, Transferrin, Ferritin, Vitamin B12, Folic acid on recruitment day. Results: Anemia among females (Hb<12 gr/dl), was 15.1% compared with 11.4% among males (Hb<14 gr/dl). Transferrin saturation values indicating iron deficiency (15%>) were also more prevalent among females compared with males (28.1% and 9.7%, respectively), as were low ferritin rates (37.2% and 14.3%, respectively). Vitamin B-12 deficiency (<180 pg/ml) was found in 6.6–9.6% of the subjects, and folic acid deficiency was detected in 6.4–11.7% of the subjects. Low-level paternal education and immigration were two factors found to be negatively associated with anemia. Smoking was associated with low ferritin levels in males. Anemia and iron levels were not affected significantly by the type of service designed, as combat soldiers or for clerical work. Conclusions: Anemia and iron deficiency occur frequently among young adults requited to the IDF. They were more prevalent among females; but in males the prevalence is higher than expected. Low content of iron in the diet, infection like H Pylori and engaging in strenuous exercise preparing to service, may contribute to depleted iron stores. Low-level paternal education and immigration was surprisingly protecting factor, may be as a result of different eating habits. Anemia and iron deficiency, are known to reduce physical work capacity and mental performance, therefore it is important to perform more research to identify possible etiologies for intervention like education for proper nutrition, and adjustment of the diet in the military to tackle this prevalent problem.

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Nosratti, Iraj, Sajad Almaleki, and Bhagirath S. Chauhan. "Seed Germination Ecology of Soldier Thistle (Picnomon acarna): An Invasive Weed of Rainfed Crops in Iran." Weed Science 67, no. 2 (January 10, 2019): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2018.74.

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AbstractSoldier thistle [Picnomon acarna(L.) Cass.] is widely distributed throughout rainfed fields across western Iran, where it decreases crop yields and interferes with harvest operations. This study was conducted to determine the influence of different factors on seed germination and seedling emergence ofP. acarna. Freshly harvested seeds were dormant and required an after-ripening period for breaking dormancy. Seed germination was greatly promoted by light. Germination occurred over a wide spectrum of constant and fluctuating temperature regimes, ranging from 5 to 35 C, with highest germination at constant (74%) and fluctuating (94%) temperatures of 20 and 20/10 C. Seed germination ofP. acarnawas tolerant to osmotic potential, while salt stress significantly inhibited its germination percentage. pH was not an inhibiting factor for germination ofP. acarnaseeds. Seedling emergence decreased exponentially with an increase in seed burial depth in the soil; at soil burial depths of 4 cm or greater, no seedlings were able to reach the soil surface. The results suggest that significant seed germination ofP. acarnain rainfed fields is possible, and the weed has great potential to spread throughout rainfed systems in western Iran. Based on these results, effective control ofP. acarnacan be achieved by applying interrow cultivation in row crops and deep tillage at seedbed preparation.

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Subri, Nor Wahida Binti, Masoud Sarraf, Bahman Nasiri-Tabrizi, Bakhtiar Ali, Mohd Faizul Mohd Sabri, Wan Jeffrey Basirun, and Nazatul Liana Sukiman. "Corrosion insight of iron and bismuth added Sn–1Ag–0.5Cu lead-free solder alloy." Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology 55, no. 1 (September 30, 2019): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1478422x.2019.1666458.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Iron Soldier'

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