Journal articles: 'Iron-triangle'

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Issel, L. Michele. "The Iron Triangle." Health Care Management Review 41, no. 2 (2016): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/hmr.0000000000000107.

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YISHAI, YAEL. "From an iron triangle to an iron duet?." European Journal of Political Research 21, no. 1-2 (February 1992): 91–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.1992.tb00290.x.

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Pollack, Julien, Jane Helm, and Daniel Adler. "What is the Iron Triangle, and how has it changed?" International Journal of Managing Projects in Business 11, no. 2 (May 8, 2018): 527–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmpb-09-2017-0107.

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Purpose The Iron Triangle, also called the Triple Constraint, is a central concept to project management research and practice, representing the relationship between key performance criteria. However, there is disagreement about which criteria should be represented on the vertices of this triangle. The purpose of this paper is to explore which concepts are part of the Iron Triangle, and how these concepts have changed over time. Design/methodology/approach This paper explores 45 years of project management research, drawing on a database of 109,804 records from 1970 to 2015. Three corpora were constructed, representing the project management and Time, Cost, and Quality Management literature. Time and Cost are consistently identified as part of the Iron Triangle. However, the status of quality is contested. Key concepts in the project management literature were explored using scientometric research techniques, to understand the relationship between these concepts. Findings Significant links were found between Time, Cost, and Quality, verifying these concepts as the vertices on the Iron Triangle. These links were significantly stronger than links to alternatives, such as Scope, Performance, or Requirements. Other concepts that are core to the Iron Triangle were also identified, and how these have changed over time. Originality/value This research develops the understanding of a key project management concept by clarifying which concepts are part of the Iron Triangle, based on evidence of how the concept is used in research. This paper also reveals the context in which this concept is used, and how this has changed over the last 45 years.

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Winzoski, Karen. "OPTING OUT OF THE IRON TRIANGLE." Nonproliferation Review 18, no. 2 (July 2011): 331–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10736700.2011.583116.

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Colignon, Richard, and Chikako Usui. "THE RESILIENCE OF JAPAN'S IRON TRIANGLE." Asian Survey 41, no. 5 (September 2001): 865–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2001.41.5.865.

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Reynolds, Martin. "(Breaking) The Iron Triangle of Evaluation." IDS Bulletin 46, no. 1 (January 2015): 71–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1759-5436.12122.

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Shrader-Frechette, Kristin S. "Environmental Risk and the Iron Triangle: The Case of Yucca Mountain." Business Ethics Quarterly 5, no. 4 (October 1995): 753–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3857413.

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Abstract:Despite significant scientific uncertainties and strong public opposition, there appears to be an “iron triangle” of industry, government, and consultants/contractors promoting the siting of the world’s first permanent geological repository for high-level nuclear waste and spent fuel, proposed for Yucca Mountain, Nevada. Arguing that representatives of this iron triangle have ignored important epistemological and ethical difficulties with the proposed facility, I conclude that the business climate surrounding this triangle appears to leave little room for consideration of ethical issues related to public safety, environmental welfare, and citizen consent to risk. If my analysis of the Yucca Mountain case is correct and typical, then some of the most pressing questions of business ethics may concern how to break the iron triangle or, at least, how to expand it into a quadrilateral that includes the public.

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Riggs, Kevin R. "The health care ‘iron triangle’ (February 2015)." Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine 82, no. 6 (June 2015): 334.1–334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.82c.06004.

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Agarwal, Prateek, Nitin Agarwal, and Robert M. Friedlander. "Solving Health Care's “Iron Triangle”: Neurosurgical Perspective." World Neurosurgery 123 (March 2019): 244–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2018.12.059.

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Jha, K. N., and K. C. Iyer. "Commitment, coordination, competence and the iron triangle." International Journal of Project Management 25, no. 5 (July 2007): 527–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2006.11.009.

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Kondo, James. "The iron triangle of Japan's health care." BMJ 330, no. 7482 (January 6, 2005): 55–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.330.7482.55.

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Cooper, Richard N., and Eisuke Sakakibara. "Structural Reform in Japan: Breaking the Iron Triangle." Foreign Affairs 83, no. 3 (2004): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20033992.

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van der Goes, David N., Nicholas Edwardson, Veeshan Rayamajhee, Christine Hollis, and Dawn Hunter. "An iron triangle ROI model for health care." ClinicoEconomics and Outcomes Research Volume 11 (May 2019): 335–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/ceor.s130623.

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Tabish, Syed Zafar Shahid, and Kumar Neeraj Jha. "Beyond the Iron Triangle in Public Construction Projects." Journal of Construction Engineering and Management 144, no. 8 (August 2018): 04018067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)co.1943-7862.0001517.

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Ainsworth, Scott. "Lobbying Together: Interest Group Coalitions in Legislative Politics. By Kevin W. Hula. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2000. 208p. $55.00 cloth, $23.95 paper." American Political Science Review 95, no. 2 (June 2001): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055401362020.

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Many political scientists like institutions, in particular exog- enous institutions, which guide and constrain actions and allow scholars to concentrate more narrowly on behaviors within well-defined settings. For the interest groups subfield, institutions tend to be more mercurial than those in other areas of American politics. For instance, fundamental aspects of Congress may be institutionalized, but groups and lobby- ists come and go. The environment of interests is ever changing. Characterizing the interactions between legislators and lobbyists is made more difficult because of the lack of clear institutional structures that guide or constrain behav- iors. The iron triangle concept was powerful and meaningful because it provided at the least a loose framework for the analysis of legislator-lobbyist interactions. Kevin Hula's new book follows the reasoning of Hugh Heclo and William Browne, who argue that the iron triangle concept is outdated and inappropriate. That convenient metaphor suggested an informal institutional structure that is simply no longer appropriate. Without the iron triangle, what can fill the void?

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Fiske, Shirley. "Iron Triangle for Ethnography: in Remembrance of Miki Crespi." Practicing Anthropology 26, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 41–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.26.1.pt3qpx5658366077.

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Miki was a big part of my life as a friend and colleague. Because we were anthropologists in federal agencies, and to some extent marginal as social scientists in agencies with bigger missions to pursue, we spent many hours talking about the respective roles and challenges for social scientists in federal agencies.

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Daniel, John, Asha Kanwar, and Stamenka Uvalić-Trumbić. "Breaking Higher Education's Iron Triangle: Access, Cost, and Quality." Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning 41, no. 2 (March 2009): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/chng.41.2.30-35.

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Lehman, Elmer Philip. "In Reply: The health care ‘iron triangle’ (February 2015)." Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine 82, no. 6 (June 2015): 334.2–335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.82c.06005.

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Ohgo, Y., S. Neya, D. Hashizume, and M. Nakamura. "The spin-crossover triangle in the iron(III) porphyrinoids." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 64, a1 (August 23, 2008): C61—C62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767308098048.

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Lehtonen, Markku. "Evaluating megaprojects: From the ‘iron triangle’ to network mapping." Evaluation 20, no. 3 (July 2014): 278–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1356389014539868.

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Paarlberg, Robert, Dariush Mozaffarian, Renata Micha, and Carolyn Chelius. "KEEPING SODA IN SNAP: Understanding the Other Iron Triangle." Society 55, no. 4 (June 13, 2018): 308–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12115-018-0260-z.

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Shiga, Takuya, Natsumi Okawa, and Hiroki Oshio. "A triple-triangle cluster derived from a simple tridentate ligand." Dalton Transactions 48, no. 47 (2019): 17437–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9dt03232k.

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Robert, Jérôme, Nathalie Parizel, Philippe Turek, and Athanassios K. Boudalis. "Relevance of Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya spectral broadenings in promoting spin decoherence: a comparative pulsed-EPR study of two structurally related iron(iii) and chromium(iii) spin-triangle molecular qubits." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 21, no. 35 (2019): 19575–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cp03422f.

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Two related iron(iii) and chromium(iii) spin-triangle molecular qubits show coherent driving of their spins, and decoherence that is not significantly affected by Dzyaloshikskii–Moriya spectral broadenings.

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Turner, Michelle. "Beyond the iron triangle: reflections of an early career academic." International Journal of Managing Projects in Business 9, no. 4 (September 5, 2016): 892–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmpb-01-2016-0005.

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Purpose The Rethinking Project Management (RPM) research agenda has been influential in multiple domains. These include industry, education and research. In response to the call for papers for this special issue, the purpose of this paper is to consider RPM with a particular focus on the human side of project management. Design/methodology/approach Prior to joining academia, the author worked as a project manager for 15 years. This provided an opportunity for the author to consider the influence of RPM from three viewpoints: project practitioner; project educator; and researcher in project management. Findings Resources originating from project management bodies of knowledge and professional associations relating to the human side of project management are limited. This serves to emphasize the importance of the RPM-inspired research and its influence on the teaching and education of project professionals. The RPM agenda has also served to endorse a research agenda which is wide ranging and one that seeks to better understand and support the human element of project management. Originality/value RPM has encouraged researchers to consider project management beyond classical project management and the iron triangle of time, cost and quality. In doing so, there has emerged a rich and diverse body of knowledge which underpins the human element of project management and positively impacts the skills development of project professionals and the practice of project management.

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Mellado, Felipe, Eric C. W. Lou, and Christian L. Correa Becerra. "Synthesising performance in the construction industry." Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 27, no. 2 (September 12, 2019): 579–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ecam-09-2018-0419.

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Purpose There is a long-standing interest in performance improvement within the construction industry. Approaches based upon cost, time and quality (often called the Iron Triangle), have been the focus of attention despite criticism of the validity of the Iron Triangle as a performance measure due to its simplistic approach. Furthermore, little emphasis has been placed on synthesising performance to understand whether this concept has evolved from the traditional view. An analysis of prominent literature was reviewed by classifying performance indicators which establish criteria for measuring performance in the construction industry. The purpose of this paper is to review the literature (1998–2018) on performance at a project level to determine a final rank of key performance indicators (KPIs) which will establish how projects are currently being measured. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses a combined qualitative and quantitative approach – a comprehensive literature review on overall performance at a project level and the statistical Kendall’s W test to find concordance among the authors on performance in the construction industry to determine a final rank of KPIs. Findings The results demonstrate there is no congruent correlation on what performance is and the traditional iron triangle of “cost-time-quality” is still the preferred method of analysing performance, despite it being proven to be ineffective. Originality/value Performance in the construction industry is an ambiguous concept that can be interpreted differently by the construction industry’s stakeholders. Despite this lack of concordance, a starting point on the definition of performance can be obtained from the literature. The paper presents a final rank of KPIs.

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Blaich, Charles, and Kathleen Wise. "Scope, Cost, or Speed: Choose Two—The Iron Triangle of Assessment." Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning 50, no. 3-4 (July 4, 2018): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00091383.2018.1509606.

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Nsamba, Asteria, Angie Bopape, Bongi Lebeloane, and Laetitia Lekay. "Student support service excellence evaluation: Balancing the Iron Triangle of accessibility, cost-effectiveness and quality?" Open Praxis 13, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/openpraxis.13.1.1168.

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Recently, the University of South Africa widened access to academic facilities and services at one of its study centres. Although this is laudable and demonstrates a commitment by the university towards its students, it raises these three concerns (1) What is the occupancy rate of the facilities? (2) To what extent are these improved facilities cost-effective? (3) What is the quality of the services at these facilities? A modified iron triangle was employed to analyse and determine accessibility, cost-effectiveness and the quality of the facilities. Data mining techniques involving descriptive analysis indicated that the most utilised service facilities were the computer laboratories and the least utilised was the study space. Moreover, perceived service quality of the facilities was rated good to excellent by the majority of the respondents. The modified iron triangle was found to be useful in helping us understand Student Support Excellence Project’s (SSEP) improvements at the identified study centre.

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Beauvais, Brad, Clemens Scott Kruse, Lawrence Fulton, Matthew Brooks, Michael Mileski, Kim Lee, Zo Ramamonjiarivelo, and Ramalingam Shanmugam. "Testing Kissick’s Iron Triangle—Structural Equation Modeling Analysis of a Practical Theory." Healthcare 9, no. 12 (December 18, 2021): 1753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9121753.

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Background/Purpose: The purpose of this research is to determine if the tradeoffs that Kissick proposed among cost containment, quality, and access remain as rigidly interconnected as originally conceived in the contemporary health care context. Although many have relied on the Kissick model to advocate for health policy decisions, to our knowledge the model has never been empirically tested. Some have called for policy makers to come to terms with the premise of the Kissick model tradeoffs, while others have questioned the model, given the proliferation of quality-enhancing initiatives, automation, and information technology in the health care industry. One wonders whether these evolutionary changes alter or disrupt the originality of the Kissick paradigms themselves. Methods: Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to evaluate the Kissick hypothetical relationships among the unobserved constructs of cost, quality, and access in hospitals for the year 2018. Hospital data were obtained from Definitive Healthcare, a subscription site that contains Medicare data as well as non-Medicare data for networks, hospitals, and clinics (final n = 2766). Results: Reporting significant net effects as defined by our chosen study variables, we find that as quality increases, costs increase, as access increases, quality increases, and as access increases, costs increase. Policy and Practice Implications: Our findings lend continued relevance to a balanced approach to health care policy reform efforts. Simultaneously bending the health care cost curve, increasing access to care, and advancing quality of care is as challenging now as it was when the Kissick model was originally conceived.

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Lavallee, Tara. "Globalizing the iron triangle: Policy-making within the US defense industrial sector." Defense & Security Analysis 19, no. 2 (June 2003): 149–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1475179032000083361.

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Johnson, William G. "Housing Policy Under the Reagan Presidency: The Demise of an Iron-triangle." Review of Policy Research 10, no. 4 (December 1991): 69–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-1338.1991.tb00280.x.

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Hayden, F. Gregory. "Policymaking Network of the Iron-Triangle Subgovernment for Licensing Hazardous Waste Facilities." Journal of Economic Issues 36, no. 2 (June 2002): 477–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00213624.2002.11506492.

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Oh, Christina, and Gert Tinggaard Svendsen. "Water Management Policy in California: The Status Quo of Command-And-Control." International Journal of Regional Development 2, no. 2 (November 25, 2015): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijrd.v2i2.8405.

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<span lang="EN-US">Using Olson’s 1965 logic of collective action and group theory, we argue that the “small group” </span><span lang="EN-US">of the “iron triangle” is able to collectively act to push for command-and-control regulations in Californian water policy. There are individual rent-seeking incentives in the small group because the politicians do not want to impose tax, and they would like to have short-term development and economic growth during their term in order to gain a positive reputation from the public or to get re-elected. The developers would like more work and prestige and the water bureaucrats have little incentive to limit development and alienate politicians. However, by focusing on command-and-control (CAC), the citizens may end up paying more to fund these projects. CAC is easier to hide than environmental taxes which are more explicitly shown to citizens. Thus, the ignorant majority is exploited by the knowledgeable minority. Thus, the small group of the iron triangle defends the status quo at the expense of the citizens and the public interest at large.</span>

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Lehman, Elmer Philip. "The health care ‘iron triangle’ and the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act." Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine 82, no. 2 (February 2015): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.82a.14035.

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Liu, Junxiao, Peter E. D. Love, Jim Smith, Jane Matthews, and Chun-Pong Sing. "Praxis of Performance Measurement in Public-Private Partnerships: Moving beyond the Iron Triangle." Journal of Management in Engineering 32, no. 4 (July 2016): 04016004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)me.1943-5479.0000433.

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Dimitriou, Harry T., E. John Ward, and Philip G. Wright. "Mega transport projects—Beyond the ‘iron triangle’: Findings from the OMEGA research programme." Progress in Planning 86 (November 2013): 1–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.progress.2013.03.001.

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Ra Dougherty, Sarah Mi. "Congressional Fellows Take On “Iron Triangle” of Assignments, Canada Trip and Wilson Seminar." PS: Political Science & Politics 38, no. 02 (April 2005): 334–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049096505056659.

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Adlerstein, David M. "In Need of Correction: The "Iron Triangle" of the Prison Litigation Reform Act." Columbia Law Review 101, no. 7 (November 2001): 1681. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1123811.

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Shorter, E., and L. E. Wachtel. "Childhood catatonia, autism and psychosis past and present: is there an ‘iron triangle’?" Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 128, no. 1 (January 27, 2013): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/acps.12082.

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COCHRANE, LYNN SCOTT. "Is There a Presidential Library Subsystem?" Public Historian 28, no. 3 (January 1, 2006): 143–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/tph.2006.28.3.143.

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Abstract: This article casts aside the iron triangle metaphor as less useful than the characteristics of a policy subsystem in defining the eleven presidential libraries within the National Archives and Records Administration. I examine the costs and benefits of the subsystem from a public policy perspective, suggest what we need to know to strengthen our understanding and oversight of the libraries, and conclude with the implications of these findings for future libraries.

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Dyson, Robert H. "The Achaemenid painted pottery of Hasanlu IIIA." Anatolian Studies 49 (December 1999): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3643065.

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This paper presents data on the painted pottery of Hasanlu II/IIIA from an analysis of field records. The excavation programme at Tepe Hasanlu was carried out between 1956 and 1977 for the University of Pennsylvania Museum, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and the Archaeological Service of Iran. Period II/IIIA, the final pre-Islamic occupation of the site, dates to the Late Achaemenid-Early Hellenistic period. The painted pottery includes Western Triangle Ware, Cream-slipped Bichrome Ware, Brown-line Ware, and Classic Triangle Ware.Site and sequenceHasanlu is one of several large Iron Age mounds in the Qadar River valley at the southern end of Lake Urmia in western Azerbaijan, Iran. It consists of a central Citadel Mound (25m above the plain and about 200m in diameter) surrounded by an Outer Town. It was occupied from about 5500 BC to about 280 BC and again in Islamic times.

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Moreno Zacarés, Javier. "The Iron Triangle of Urban Entrepreneurialism: The Political Economy of Urban Corruption in Spain." Antipode 52, no. 5 (May 11, 2020): 1351–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/anti.12637.

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Jiang, Na. "Iron triangle of the gong jian fa: Lessons from wrongful convictions in capital cases?" International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice 42, no. 4 (December 2014): 406–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2014.08.003.

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Garzia, Diego, and Andrea De Angelis. "Partisanship, leader evaluations and the vote: Disentangling the new iron triangle in electoral research." Comparative European Politics 14, no. 5 (September 2016): 604–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/cep.2014.36.

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Achen, Christopher H. "Social psychology, demographic variables, and linear regression: Breaking the iron triangle in voting research." Political Behavior 14, no. 3 (September 1992): 195–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00991978.

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Dieterich, K., D. Spath, and P. Ohlhausen. "The Collaborative Iron Triangle: A New Tool for Supporting a Project-Culture-Aware Management in Interorganizational R&D Projects." Proceedings of the Design Society 2 (May 2022): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pds.2022.15.

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AbstractSince project managers still face problems in managing interorganizational R&D projects, it is a promising approach to manage these projects project-culturally-aware. However, an important prerequisite for a project-culture-aware management is that the involved individual organizations pursue a collaborative strategy. Therefore, our article provides a conceptual approach including a new tool, the Collaborative Iron Triangle, which supports both project sponsors and managers in different phases of the collaboration process to pursue a collaborative strategy in interorganizational R&D projects.

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Dlouhý, Ivo, Lukas Rehorek, Hanuš Seiner, Jan Čížek, and Filip Šiška. "Architectured Multi-Metallic Structures Prepared by Cold Dynamic Spray Deposition." Key Engineering Materials 810 (July 2019): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.810.107.

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The architectured metallic materials are a class of composite materials that combines two or more metals/alloys with a specific spatial ordering (architecture). The main goal behind the preparation of such materials is to obtain properties that are not achievable by a single material. The internal architecture thus creates an extra degree of freedom in materials design. Based on theoretical considerations three aluminum alloy structures containing square, triangle and sinusoidal iron beam patterns have been prepared by a cold spray deposition technique. Strength properties difference and good bonding of the reinforcing Fe structure to the Al matrix has been found to be important for effective improvement of final properties. Incorporating about 30 vol. % structured iron beams into the Al matrix resulted in a macroscopic performance of the architectured multimaterial similar to Ti alloys.

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Olson, Kenneth R., and Lois Wright Morton. "Why Were the Soil Tunnels of Cu Chi and Iron Triangle in Vietnam So Resilient?" Open Journal of Soil Science 07, no. 02 (2017): 34–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojss.2017.72003.

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Kotopoulou, Electra, Antonio Delgado Huertas, Juan Manuel Garcia-Ruiz, Jose M. Dominguez-Vera, Jose Maria Lopez-Garcia, Isabel Guerra-Tschuschke, and Fernando Rull. "A Polyextreme Hydrothermal System Controlled by Iron: The Case of Dallol at the Afar Triangle." ACS Earth and Space Chemistry 3, no. 1 (December 6, 2018): 90–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.8b00141.

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Fantozzi, Pamela, Claudia Del Grande, Stefano Berloffa, Greta Tolomei, Carmen Salluce, Antonio Narzisi, Gianluca Salarpi, Barbara Capovani, and Gabriele Masi. "Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders and Catatonia: The “Iron Triangle” Rediscovered in a Case Report." Children 10, no. 1 (December 30, 2022): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children10010077.

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Catatonia is a complex neuropsychiatric syndrome, occurring in the context of different psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, in neurological and medical disorders, and after substance abuse or withdrawal. The relationship between Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders (SSDs) and catatonia has been previously discussed, with the three disorders interpreted as different manifestations of the same underlying brain disorder (the “Iron Triangle”). We discuss in this paper the diagnostic, clinical and therapeutic implications of this complex relationship in an adolescent with ASD, who presented an acute psychotic onset with catatonia, associated with mixed mood symptoms. Second-generation antipsychotics were used to manage psychotic, behavioral and affective symptoms, with worsening of the catatonic symptoms. In this clinical condition, antipsychotics may be useful at the lowest dosages, with increases only in the acute phases, especially when benzodiazepines are ineffective. Mood stabilizers with higher GABAergic effects (such as Valproate and Gabapentin) and Lithium salts may be more useful and well tolerated, given the frequent association of depressive and manic symptoms with mixed features.

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Linh, Bui Thi Thu, Phung Thi Thu Ha, Ko Ko Aung, Nguyen Thi Hong Nhung, and Seunghoo Lim. "The Breakdown of the Iron Triangle in the Process of Japan’s Trinity Reform: An Application of the Multiple Streams Framework to Compare Stakeholder Dynamics Inherent in Policy Change." Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 15, no. 2 (May 1, 2017): 221–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/15.2.221-242(2017).

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To decentralize Japan’s fiscal system, the Trinity Reform, which was implemented from 2003 to 2007, reformed (i) the transference of tax revenue sources from the central to local governments, (ii) local allocation tax, and (iii) national subsidies and grants. This study drew on the multiple streams framework in public policy—including problem, policy, and politics—to understand the financial change process in intergovernmental relationships and the successes of Prime Minister Koizumi as a policy entrepreneur in breaking the iron triangle of the Liberal Democratic Party politicians, ministry bureaucrats, and local governments to administer the fiscal decentralization and local autonomy reform.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Iron-triangle'

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