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Journal articles on the topic 'Ironmaking processes'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 16 February 2022

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1

Abdel Halim, K. S., M. Ramadan, A. Shawabkeh, and N. Fathy. "Developing Nanomaterials for Ironmaking Processes: Theory and Practice." Applied Mechanics and Materials 865 (June 2017): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.865.3.

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Ironmaking processes take three main forms namely; blast furnace, direct reduction and direct smelting processes. Ironmaking is energy intensive sector as it requires huge amount of natural resources. It is also very important for the worldwide economy where it provides the backbone for construction, transportation and manufacturing. Many factors are strongly affecting the developing of ironmaking processes such as energy consumption, materials costs, and environment problems. These factors should be considered when discussing any new trend for developing ironmaking processes. The present work

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2

YOSHIDA, Hiroshi, and Jiro KONISHI. "Waste Energy Recovery in Ironmaking Processes." Tetsu-to-Hagane 73, no. 15 (1987): 1808–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.73.15_1808.

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3

Sohn, Hong Yong. "Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions in Ironmaking and Development of a Novel Flash Technology." Metals 10, no. 1 (2019): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10010054.

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The issues of energy consumption and CO2 emissions of major ironmaking processes, including several new technologies, are assessed. These two issues are interconnected in that the production and use of fuels to generate energy add to the total amount of CO2 emissions and the efforts to sequester or convert CO2 require energy. The amounts of emissions and energy consumption in alternate ironmaking processes are compared with those for the blast furnace, currently the dominant ironmaking process. Although more than 90% of iron production is currently through the blast furnace, intense efforts ar

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4

IGUCHI, Manabu, Fujio YAMAMOTO, Tomomasa UEMURA, and Zen-ichiro MORITA. "Multiphase Flows in Ironmaking and Steelmaking Processes." JAPANESE JOURNAL OF MULTIPHASE FLOW 6, no. 1 (1992): 54–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3811/jjmf.6.54.

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5

Mustafa, Sayaf, Liqun Luo, Bo-Tao Zheng, Chen-Xi Wei, and Niyonzima Christophe. "Effect of Lead and Zinc Impurities in Ironmaking and the Corresponding Removal Methods: A Review." Metals 11, no. 3 (2021): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11030407.

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This paper reviews the effects of Pb and Zn impurities and their removal in the ironmaking process. The phase changes during ironmaking were investigated, along with the removal techniques of such impurities and their environmental impact. Results show that distribution of Pb–Zn–Fe in Fe ore is complicated, the particles are fine, and the removal of mineral phase at high temperature is difficult. Therefore, the production and occurrence of Pb and Zn impurities in the ironmaking process were analyzed; such impurities reduced the overall productivity of the process. In addition, the important tr

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6

Wei, Guo, Fengman Shen, Yansong Shen, Xiaojing Hao, and Qingjie Zhao. "Development of Non-coke Ironmaking Processes in China." steel research international 76, no. 10 (2005): 683–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.200506077.

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7

Devic, S., and L. Marceta. "Differences in morphological properties between the olivine group minerals formed in natural and industrial processes." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 43, no. 1 (2007): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb0701099d.

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Olivines are a large isomorphic series of minerals, belonging to silicates group. Regardless of their chemical composition, any of these minerals can be formed both in natural and industrial processes. The aim of this work is to describe these minerals and differences of morphological properties between the olivines formed in nature, and those formed as byproducts of some industrial processes , as Process Metalurgy-Ironmaking. The olivines whose formation is tied to rock masses (natural process) and the olivines genetically tied to industrial processes of black metallurgy slags (process metall

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8

Tokuda, Masanori. "Various Attempts on the Development of New Ironmaking Processes." DENKI-SEIKO[ELECTRIC FURNACE STEEL] 64, no. 1 (1993): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4262/denkiseiko.64.40.

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9

Li, Zhaoyang, Shibo Kuang, Aibing Yu, et al. "Numerical Investigation of Novel Oxygen Blast Furnace Ironmaking Processes." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 49, no. 4 (2018): 1995–2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-018-1259-y.

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10

Lee, I. O., M. K. Shin, M. Cho, H. G. Kim, and H. G. Lee. "Energy and Pollutants Reducing Technologiesin New Ironmaking Processes at POSCO." ISIJ International 42, Suppl (2002): S33—S37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.42.suppl_s33.

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11

Patisson, Fabrice, and Olivier Mirgaux. "Hydrogen Ironmaking: How It Works." Metals 10, no. 7 (2020): 922. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10070922.

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A new route for making steel from iron ore based on the use of hydrogen to reduce iron oxides is presented, detailed and analyzed. The main advantage of this steelmaking route is the dramatic reduction (90% off) in CO2 emissions compared to those of the current standard blast-furnace route. The first process of the route is the production of hydrogen by water electrolysis using CO2-lean electricity. The challenge is to achieve massive production of H2 in acceptable economic conditions. The second process is the direct reduction of iron ore in a shaft furnace operated with hydrogen only. The th

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12

McPherson, N. "Clean Ironmaking and Steelmaking Processes – Efficient Technologies for Greenhouse Emissions Abatement." Ironmaking & Steelmaking 46, no. 10 (2019): 943. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03019233.2019.1703500.

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13

Jiang, Xin, Lin Wang, Fengman Shen, and Weikao Lu. "Adiabatic Carbon Rate of Alternative Ironmaking Processes to Produce Hot Metal." steel research international 85, no. 1 (2013): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.201200339.

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14

Cheng, Benjun, Jian Xiong, Mao Li, Yuan Feng, Wenyuan Hou, and Hesong Li. "Numerical Investigation into Gas-Particle Inter-Phase Combustion and Reduction in the Flash Ironmaking Process." Metals 10, no. 6 (2020): 711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10060711.

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Despite the dominance of the blast furnace ironmaking process, more attention is being paid to the new technologies with lower energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. A novel flash ironmaking technology using pulverized coals and iron concentrates as raw materials, which is different from flash ironmaking with the reductive gas as the reducing agent, is studied. In order to obtain the flow patterns, temperature, and gas composition distribution, as well as particle trajectories in the reaction shaft of the flash ironmaking furnace, the Euler–Lagrangian model with a custom user defined

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15

Jiang, Xin, Lin Wang, and Feng Man Shen. "Shaft Furnace Direct Reduction Technology - Midrex and Energiron." Advanced Materials Research 805-806 (September 2013): 654–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.805-806.654.

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Coke constitutes the major portion of ironmaking cost and its production causes the severe environmental concerns. So lower energy consumption, lower CO2 emission and waste recycling are driving the iron and steel industry to develop alternative, or coke-free, ironmaking process. Midrex and HYL Energiron are the leading technologies in shaft furnace direct reduction, and they account for about 76% of worldwide production. They are the most competitive ways to obtain high quality direct reduced iron (DRI) for steelmaking. Therefore, in the present paper, some detailed information about these tw

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16

Sun, Guanyong, Bin Li, Hanjie Guo, Wensheng Yang, Shaoying Li, and Jing Guo. "Thermodynamic Study of Energy Consumption and Carbon Dioxide Emission in Ironmaking Process of the Reduction of Iron Oxides by Carbon." Energies 14, no. 7 (2021): 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14071999.

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Carbon included in coke and coal was used as a reduction agent and fuel in blast furnace (BF) ironmaking processes, which released large quantities of carbon dioxide (CO2). Minimizing the carbon consumption and CO2 output has always the goal of ironmaking research. In this paper, the reduction reactions of iron oxides by carbon, the gasification reaction of carbon by CO2, and the coupling reactions were studied by thermodynamic functions, which were derived from isobaric specific heat capacity. The reaction enthalpy at 298 K could not represent the heat value at the other reaction temperature,

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17

Ramakgala, Comfort, and Gwiranai Danha. "A review of ironmaking by direct reduction processes: Quality requirements and sustainability." Procedia Manufacturing 35 (2019): 242–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2019.05.034.

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18

Ludlow, V., K. Linsley, S. Millman, F. Abbott, and S. Drew. "‘Waste recovery in ironmaking and steelmaking processes’ 13 and 14 December 2010." Ironmaking & Steelmaking 38, no. 7 (2011): 481–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/030192311x13135947813771.

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19

Chen, Chunlin. "Application of MPE Model to Iron Ore Sintering, Ironmaking and Steelmaking Processes." steel research international 86, no. 6 (2015): 612–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.201400359.

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20

Geldenhuys, I. J., Q. G. Reynolds, and G. Akdogan. "Evaluation of Titania-Rich Slag Produced from Titaniferous Magnetite Under Fluxless Smelting Conditions." JOM 72, no. 10 (2020): 3462–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-020-04304-3.

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Abstract Titanium-bearing magnetite ore is generically defined as magnetite with > 1% titanium dioxide (TiO2) and is usually vanadium-bearing. The iron and titanium occur as a mixture of magnetite (Fe3O4) and ilmenite (FeTiO3) with vanadium oxide usually occurring within the solid solution of the titanium-bearing magnetite phase. These ores are currently widely processed in blast furnaces via modified ironmaking processes. Typically, vanadium is recovered as a by-product from the ironmaking process, while the diluted titania slag is stockpiled. Fluxless smelting in a direct-current open-arc

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21

Zhang, Tongshuai, Hao Ye, Haifeng Zhang, and Mingliang Li. "PCA-LMNN-Based Fault Diagnosis Method for Ironmaking Processes with Insufficient Faulty Data." ISIJ International 56, no. 10 (2016): 1779–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.isijint-2016-101.

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22

Agrawal, A. K., and T. W. Oshnock. "Pellet property requirements for future blast-furnace operations and other new ironmaking processes." Fuel and Energy Abstracts 37, no. 3 (1996): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6701(96)88972-7.

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23

Martín Treceño, Samuel, Antoine Allanore, Catherine M. Bishop, Aaron T. Marshall, and Matthew J. Watson. "Implications of Direct Use of Slag from Ironmaking Processes as Molten Oxide Electrolyte." JOM 73, no. 6 (2021): 1899–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-021-04681-3.

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24

Knowles, Anne Kelly, and Robert B. Gordon. "A Landscape Transformed: The Ironmaking District of Salisbury, Connecticut." Geographical Review 92, no. 4 (2002): 606. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4140939.

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25

Dong, Kai, and Xueliang Wang. "CO2 Utilization in the Ironmaking and Steelmaking Process." Metals 9, no. 3 (2019): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9030273.

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Study on the resource utilization of CO2 is important for the reduction of CO2 emissions to cope with global warming and bring a beneficial metallurgical effect. In this paper, research on CO2 utilization in the sintering, blast furnace, converter, secondary refining, continuous casting, and smelting processes of stainless steel in recent years in China is carried out. Based on the foreign and domestic research and application status, the feasibility and metallurgical effects of CO2 utilization in the ferrous metallurgy process are analyzed. New techniques are shown, such as (1) flue gas circu

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26

Flores, Ismael Vemdrame, Felipe Fraiz, Rafael Adriano Lopes Junior, and Maurício Covcevich Bagatini. "Evaluation of spent pot lining (SPL) as an alternative carbonaceous material in ironmaking processes." Journal of Materials Research and Technology 8, no. 1 (2019): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2017.11.004.

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27

Luo, Rong, Chen Wang, Hong Bo Ren, and Kai Bi Zhang. "Research on MES of Iron District Based on the Short Process of Iron-Steel Interface." Applied Mechanics and Materials 741 (March 2015): 865–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.741.865.

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Steel industry is an important part of the national economy, however, the complex process of ironmaking-steelmaking has been a serious constraint to the development of steel enterprises. In this paper, on the basis of the traditional processes of iron-steel interface, the planning of short process of iron-steel interface with “One open ladle” is proposed. There is also the design of MES in iron district, which has been applied in a steel enterprise of Chongqing, China, with significant effects.

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28

Dankwah, J. R., and W. K. Buah. "Recycling Waste Polyurethane as a Carbon Resource in Ironmaking." Ghana Mining Journal 17, no. 1 (2017): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gm.v17i1.8.

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Globally, major avenues available for dealing with waste Poly-Urethane (PU) are disposal at landfill sites and incineration. However, PU contains high levels of carbon and hydrogen that can be recovered for use as reductant in metal extraction processes. In this work the use of post-consumer PU as reductant for the production of metallic iron from iron oxide was investigated in a horizontal tube furnace through the composite pellet approach. Composite pellets were formed from mixtures of iron oxide and post-consumer PU. The iron oxide-PU composites were heated from room temperature to 1200 °C

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29

Sun, Chen, Ding, Liu, and Zhang. "Distribution Pattern, Emission Characteristics and Environmental Impact of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Download Ash and Dust from Iron and Steel Enterprise." Molecules 24, no. 20 (2019): 3646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24203646.

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Download ash and emission dust samples were collected from sintering, coking, ironmaking and steelmaking processes of iron and steel enterprises in Laiwu. Sixteen kinds of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) priority controlled lists were quantitatively analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS). Laser particle size analyzer was used to obtain the distribution pattern of download ash. It was found that the diameter distribution pattern from four production processes was quite different. The proportion of fine par

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30

Fernández-González, Daniel, Janusz Prazuch, Íñigo Ruiz-Bustinza, Carmen González-Gasca, Juan Piñuela-Noval, and Luis Verdeja González. "Iron Metallurgy via Concentrated Solar Energy." Metals 8, no. 11 (2018): 873. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8110873.

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Environmental protection is deeply rooted in current societies. In this context, searching for new environmentally friendly energy sources is one of the objectives of industrial policies in general, and of the metallurgical industries in particular. One of these energy sources is solar energy, which offers a great potential in high temperature applications, such as those required in metallurgy processes, when properly concentrated. In this paper, we propose the utilization of concentrated solar energy in ironmaking. We have studied the utilization of concentrated solar thermal in the agglomera

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31

Ma, Kaihui, Junyi Deng, Gang Wang, Qi Zhou, and Jian Xu. "Utilization and impacts of hydrogen in the ironmaking processes: A review from lab-scale basics to industrial practices." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 46, no. 52 (2021): 26646–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.05.095.

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32

Liu, Yingchao, Jingbin Wang, Yanjun Liu, Lihong Li, Heng Zhou, and Xuefeng She. "CFD-DEM simulation of powders clogging in a packed bed with lateral inlet." International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 19, no. 3 (2021): 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2020-0215.

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Abstract Clogging behavior of powder particles in packed bed is a longstanding engineering challenge in many industrial processes, of particular interests to ironmaking reactors. In this work, a CFD-DEM model was developed to investigate the powders clogging in a packed bed with lateral inlet. The flow and clogging of powders of varying gas velocities flowing through the packed bed were studied. The results showed that two kinds of clogging powders inside the porous can be observed. One is mainly due to mechanical interactions between powder particles, which can create arches on packed bed and

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33

Smith, A. R., J. Klosek, and D. W. Woodward. "Next-Generation Integration Concepts for Air Separation Units and Gas Turbines." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 119, no. 2 (1997): 298–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2815575.

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The commercialization of Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) Power has been aided by concepts involving the integration of a cryogenic air separation unit (ASU) with the gas turbine combined-cycle module. Other processes, such as coal-based ironmaking and combined power/industrial gas production facilities, can also benefit from the integration. It is known and now widely accepted that an ASU designed for “elevated pressure” service and optimally integrated with the gas turbine can increase overall IGCC power output, increase overall efficiency, and decrease the net cost of power gen

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34

Liu, Shi-Wei, Ping-Ping Li, Chuan-Ming Du, and Ning-Ning Lv. "Effect of Fe2O3 Content and Acid on the Leaching Behavior of Phosphorus from Dephosphorization Slag." Minerals 11, no. 9 (2021): 972. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11090972.

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Dephosphorization slag contains considerable quantities of valuable components, such as P2O5 and FeOx. To recover P from dephosphorization slag, selective leaching has been adopted to separate the P-concentrating mineral phase. In this study, the effect of Fe2O3 content in slag and acid on the leaching behavior of P from dephosphorization slag was investigated. It was found that a higher Fe2O3 content in slag resulted in a higher P2O5 content in the C2S–C3P solid solution. Increasing the Fe2O3 content in slag promoted the dissolution of P and simultaneously suppressed the dissolution of other

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35

Song, Jiayuan, Zeyi Jiang, Cheng Bao, and Anjun Xu. "Comparison of Energy Consumption and CO2 Emission for Three Steel Production Routes—Integrated Steel Plant Equipped with Blast Furnace, Oxygen Blast Furnace or COREX." Metals 9, no. 3 (2019): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9030364.

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High CO2 emissions and energy consumption have greatly restricted the development of China’s iron and steel industry. Two alternative ironmaking processes, top gas recycling-oxygen blast furnace (TGR-OBF) and COREX®, can reduce CO2 emissions and coking coal consumption in the steel industry when compared with a conventional blast furnace (BF). To obtain parameters on the material flow of these processes, two static process models for TGR-OBF and COREX were established. Combining the operating data from the Jingtang steel plant with established static process models, this research presents a de

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Natsui, Shungo, Hifumi Takai, Ryota Nashimoto, Tatsuya Kikuchi, and Ryosuke O. Suzuki. "Model study of the effect of particles structure on the heat and mass transfer through the packed bed in ironmaking blast furnace." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 91 (December 2015): 1176–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2015.08.033.

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37

Horoshkova, L., Y. Khlobystov, and V. Volkov. "CYCLICAL NATURE OF THE COAL MINING INDUSTRY IN UKRAINE AND ITS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT CAPACITY." Visnyk of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geology, no. 3 (90) (2020): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2713.90.08.

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The mechanism for Ukrainian coal mining industry's sustainable development management has been formed as a result of the study. Significant losses in the process of coal mining are proved to be one of the coal mining industry problems. It has been specified that the reserve for the industry's efficiency upgrading in the framework of more resource-saving behaviour is funding of mines reconstruction. Slowdown in the coal mining industry development has been determined to be the result of military operation in Donets'k and Luhans'k regions. The inefficiency of transport logistics for coal resourc

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Li, Haifeng, Zongshu Zou, Zhiguo Luo, Lei Shao, and Wenhui Liu. "Model Study on Burden Distribution in COREX Melter Gasifier." Processes 7, no. 12 (2019): 892. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7120892.

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COREX is one of the commercialized smelting reduction ironmaking processes. It mainly includes two reactors, i.e., a (reduction) shaft furnace (SF) and a melter gasifier (MG). In comparison with the conventional blast furnace (BF), the COREX MG is not only equipped with a more complicated top charging system consisting of one gimbal distributor for coal and eight flap distributors for direct reduction iron (DRI), but also the growth mechanism of its burden pile is in a developing phase, rather than that in a fully-developed phase in a BF. Since the distribution of charged burden plays a crucia

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Jiang, Xin, Guangen Ding, He Guo, Qiangjian Gao, and Fengman Shen. "Carbothermic Reduction of Ore-Coal Composite Pellets in a Tall Pellets Bed." Minerals 8, no. 12 (2018): 550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min8120550.

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Recently, increasing attention has been paid to alternative ironmaking processes due to the desire for sustainable development. Aiming to develop a new direct reduction technology, the paired straight hearth (PSH) furnace process, the carbothermic reduction of ore-coal composite pellets in a tall pellets bed was investigated at the lab-scale in the present work. The experimental results show that, under the present experimental conditions, when the height of the pellets bed is 80 mm (16–18 mm each layer, and 5 layers), the optimal amount of carbon to add is C/O = 0.95. Addition of either more

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Al-Moftah, Ahmad Mohamed S. H., Richard Marsh, and Julian Steer. "Thermal Decomposition Kinetic Study of Non-Recyclable Paper and Plastic Waste by Thermogravimetric Analysis." ChemEngineering 5, no. 3 (2021): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering5030054.

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The global net emissions of the Kyoto Protocol greenhouse gases (GHG), such as carbon dioxide (CO2), fluorinated gases, methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O), remain substantially high, despite concerted efforts to reduce them. Thermal treatment of solid waste contributes at least 2.8–4% of the GHG in part due to increased generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) and inefficient treatment processes, such as incineration and landfill. Thermal treatment processes, such as gasification and pyrolysis, are valuable ways to convert solid materials, such as wastes into syngas, liquids, and chars, f

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Dam G., Oscar, and Luis Azocar. "Effect of the reaction of ammonia gas on the swelling of metallic iron and its oxides during nitriding processes." Athenea 2, no. 4 (2021): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.47460/athenea.v2i4.21.

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In order to study the relationship and effect of nitrogen gas in the reducing gases used in the reducibility tests of iron oxides, under isothermal conditions, a test scheme was executed using ammonia gas, such that its decomposition of the gas in the reactor produced a mixture of H2 and N2 gases. Furthermore, the addition of 6% NH3 in a 28% H2 and 68% N2 gas stream was planned to obtain a gas composition of 70% N2 and 30% H2. This would allow comparing the reducibility curves between both conditions, assuming that the possible difference between both conditions to compare the volume changes o

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42

Xu, Qiyan, Zhanghan Gu, Ziwei Wan, et al. "Effect of Coated Cow Dung on Fluidization Reduction of Fine Iron Ore particles." Processes 9, no. 7 (2021): 1175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9071175.

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The effects of reduction temperature, gas linear velocity, reduction pressure, reduction time, and reducing gas on the fluidized ironmaking process were studied for the fine iron Newman ore particles (0.154–0.178 mm) and the optimal experimental operating conditions were obtained. Under the optimal conditions, the effects of the coated cow dung on the reduction of fine iron ore particles were studied, and the inhibition mechanism of cow dung on particle adhesion in the fluidized ironmaking process was elucidated. The experimental results show that the optimal operating parameters are linear ve

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43

Saxén, Henrik, Marco A. Ramírez-Argáez, Alberto N. Conejo, and Abhishek Dutta. "Special Issue on “Process Modeling in Pyrometallurgical Engineering”." Processes 9, no. 2 (2021): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9020252.

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This Special Issue on “Process Modeling in Pyrometallurgical Engineering” consists of 39 articles, including two review papers, and covers a wide range of topics related to process development and analysis based on modeling in ironmaking, steelmaking, flash smelting, casting, rolling operations, etc [...]

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44

Holappa, Lauri. "A General Vision for Reduction of Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions from the Steel Industry." Metals 10, no. 9 (2020): 1117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10091117.

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The 2018 IPCC (The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s) report defined the goal to limit global warming to 1.5 °C by 2050. This will require “rapid and far-reaching transitions in land, energy, industry, buildings, transport, and cities”. The challenge falls on all sectors, especially energy production and industry. In this regard, the recent progress and future challenges of greenhouse gas emissions and energy supply are first briefly introduced. Then, the current situation of the steel industry is presented. Steel production is predicted to grow by 25–30% by 2050. The dominant iron-m

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45

Sarkar, Rahul, and Hong Yong Sohn. "Interaction of ferrous oxide with alumina refractory under flash ironmaking conditions." Ceramics International 45, no. 12 (2019): 15417–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.05.040.

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46

Zhou, Zhenfeng, Ruihao Wang, Qiujie Yi, Guang Wang, and Chunyuan Ma. "Combustion Enhancement of Pulverized Coal with Targeted Oxygen-Enrichment in an Ironmaking Blast Furnace." Processes 9, no. 3 (2021): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9030440.

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In this study, a targeted oxygen-enrichment technology was proposed to enhance coal combustion in an ironmaking blast furnace. The coal flow and combustion characteristics under targeted oxygen-enrichment were investigated using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. The results showed that oxygen utilization and coal burnout were significantly increased under targeted oxygen-enrichment. The coal burnout at 24% O2 concentration was 86.29%, which was the maximum and indicated an increase of 13.13%. However, the cooling effect of room-temperature oxygen had some adverse effects on coal c

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47

Sarkar, Rahul, Barbara P. Nash, and Hong Yong Sohn. "Interaction of magnesia-carbon refractory with ferrous oxide under flash ironmaking conditions." Ceramics International 46, no. 6 (2020): 7204–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.11.215.

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48

Xu, Qiyan, Zhanghan Gu, Ziwei Wan, Baoguo Wu, and Qian Xie. "Influence of the Application of a Sound Field on the Flow State Reduction of Newman Fine Iron Ore." Processes 9, no. 4 (2021): 725. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9040725.

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To improve the fluidization of the fluidized bed in ironmaking, the particle loss and bonding during the fluidized bed are largely removed by changing the properties of the particle surface or by adding an external field. Currently, the vibration, magnetic, sound, and electric fields have been commonly applied to provide external energy to the fluidization bed systems. In this work, experiments are conducted for Newman ore particles under the application of an external sound field at a reduction temperature of 1023 K, linear velocity of 0.6 m/s, duration of 60 min, pressure of 0.2 MPa, and typ

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49

"Alternative ironmaking processes." Fuel and Energy Abstracts 36, no. 3 (1995): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6701(95)80688-1.

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50

"R & D options in newer ironmaking processes." Fuel and Energy Abstracts 36, no. 3 (1995): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6701(95)80716-0.

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