Relevant bibliographies by topics / Irradiance directe normale

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Irradiance directe normale'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 12 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Irradiance directe normale"

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Schroedter-Homscheidt, Marion, Miriam Kosmale, Sandra Jung, and Jan Kleissl. "Classifying ground-measured 1 minute temporal variability within hourly intervals for direct normal irradiances." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 27, no. 2 (July 11, 2018): 161–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/metz/2018/0875.

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Schroedter-Homscheidt, Marion, M. Kosmale, and Y. ‑M Saint-Drenan. "Classifying direct normal irradiance 1‑minute temporal variability from spatial characteristics of geostationary satellite-based cloud observations." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 29, no. 2 (August 4, 2020): 131–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/metz/2020/0998.

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Lefèvre, Mireille, and Lucien Wald. "Validation of the McClear clear-sky model in desert conditions with three stations in Israel." Advances in Science and Research 13 (March 2, 2016): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/asr-13-21-2016.

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Abstract. The new McClear clear-sky model, a fast model based on a radiative transfer solver, exploits the atmospheric properties provided by the EU-funded Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) to estimate the solar direct and global irradiances received at ground level in cloud-free conditions at any place any time. The work presented here focuses on desert conditions and compares the McClear irradiances to coincident 1 min measurements made in clear-sky conditions at three stations in Israel which are distant from less than 100 km. The bias for global irradiance is comprised between 2 and 32 W m−2, i.e. between 0 and 4 % of the mean observed irradiance (approximately 830 W m−2). The RMSE ranges from 30 to 41 W m−2 (4 %) and the squared correlation coefficient is greater than 0.976. The bias for the direct irradiance at normal incidence (DNI) is comprised between −68 and +13 W m−2, i.e. between −8 and 2 % of the mean observed DNI (approximately 840 W m−2). The RMSE ranges from 53 (7 %) to 83 W m−2 (10 %). The squared correlation coefficient is close to 0.6. The performances are similar for the three sites for the global irradiance and for the DNI to a lesser extent, demonstrating the robustness of the McClear model combined with CAMS products. These results are discussed in the light of those obtained by McClear for other desert areas in Egypt and United Arab Emirates.
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Boraiy, M., M. Korany, Y. Aoun, S. C. Alfaro, M. El-Metwally, M. M. Abdel Wahab, P. Blanc, et al. "Improving direct normal irradiance retrieval in cloud-free, but high aerosol load conditions by using aerosol optical depth." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 26, no. 5 (November 24, 2017): 475–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/metz/2017/0844.

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Hosseini, Majid, Satya Katragadda, Jessica Wojtkiewicz, Raju Gottumukkala, Anthony Maida, and Terrence Lynn Chambers. "Direct Normal Irradiance Forecasting Using Multivariate Gated Recurrent Units." Energies 13, no. 15 (July 31, 2020): 3914. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13153914.

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Power grid operators rely on solar irradiance forecasts to manage uncertainty and variability associated with solar power. Meteorological factors such as cloud cover, wind direction, and wind speed affect irradiance and are associated with a high degree of variability and uncertainty. Statistical models fail to accurately capture the dependence between these factors and irradiance. In this paper, we introduce the idea of applying multivariate Gated Recurrent Units (GRU) to forecast Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) hourly. The proposed GRU-based forecasting method is evaluated against traditional Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) using historical irradiance data (i.e., weather variables that include cloud cover, wind direction, and wind speed) to forecast irradiance forecasting over intra-hour and inter-hour intervals. Our evaluation on one of the sites from Measurement and Instrumentation Data Center indicate that both GRU and LSTM improved DNI forecasting performance when evaluated under different conditions. Moreover, including wind direction and wind speed can have substantial improvement in the accuracy of DNI forecasts. Besides, the forecasting model can accurately forecast irradiance values over multiple forecasting horizons.
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Michalsky, J. J., and P. W. Kiedron. "Comparison of UV-RSS spectral measurements and TUV model runs for clear skies for the May 2003 ARM aerosol intensive observation period." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8, no. 6 (March 26, 2008): 1813–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-1813-2008.

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Abstract. The first successful deployment of the fully-operational ultraviolet rotating shadow-band spectroradiometer occurred during the May 2003 US Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement program's Aerosol Intensive Observation Period. The aerosol properties in the visible range were characterized using redundant measurements with several instruments to determine the column aerosol optical depth, the single scattering albedo, and the asymmetry parameter needed as input for radiative transfer calculations of the downwelling direct normal and diffuse horizontal solar irradiance in clear-sky conditions. The Tropospheric Ultraviolet and Visible (TUV) radiative transfer model developed by Madronich and his colleagues at the US National Center for Atmospheric Research was used for the calculations of the spectral irradiance between 300–360 nm. Since there are few ultraviolet measurements of aerosol properties, most of the input aerosol data for the radiative transfer model are based on the assumption that UV input parameters can be extrapolated from the visible portion of the spectrum. Disagreements among available extraterrestrial spectra, which are discussed briefly, suggested that instead of comparing irradiances, measured and modeled spectral transmittances between 300–360 nm should be compared for the seven cases studied. Transmittance was calculated by taking the ratios of the measured irradiances to the Langley-derived, top-of-the-atmosphere irradiances. The cases studied included low to moderate aerosol loads and low to high solar-zenith angles. A procedure for retrieving single scattering albedo in the ultraviolet based on the comparisons of direct and diffuse transmittance is outlined.
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Choi, Kyung Bae, Yun Gon Lee, and Chang Ki Kim. "Development of an Empirical Model for Photosynthetically Active Radiation Direct Normal Irradiance using Spectral Direct Normal Irradiance in Daejeon." Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society 40, no. 6 (December 1, 2020): 175–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.7836/kses.2020.40.6.175.

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Bachour, D., and D. Perez-Astudillo. "Deriving solar direct normal irradiance using lidar-ceilometer." Solar Energy 110 (December 2014): 316–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2014.09.022.

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Larrañeta, M., M. J. Reno, I. Lillo-Bravo, and M. A. Silva-Pérez. "Identifying periods of clear sky direct normal irradiance." Renewable Energy 113 (December 2017): 756–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.06.011.

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Chu, Yinghao, and Carlos F. M. Coimbra. "Short-term probabilistic forecasts for Direct Normal Irradiance." Renewable Energy 101 (February 2017): 526–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2016.09.012.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Irradiance directe normale"

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Larkin, Dominic. "Banc d’essai pour caractérisation en conditions réelles extérieures de modules en concentration photovoltaïque." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/10505.

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Face aux sources d’énergie épuisables et polluantes, la production d’électricité par énergie solaire à concentration photovoltaïque (CPV) connaît depuis 2010 une croissance significative. Les systèmes ayant les plus hauts rendements (< 29%) sont constitués de trackers à deux axes combinés à des modules à modules (CPV) allant de 300x à 2500x, intégrant des cellules PV à triple jonction, dont l’efficacité mesurée en laboratoire est supérieure à 35%. Les pertes des systèmes sont dues aux conditions de fonctionnement extérieures fluctuantes, parmi lesquelles : la température, le contenu spectral du flux lumineux, la taille variable du disque solaire et la précision du suivi soumis à des limites physiques et des charges de vents variables. L’industrie tente de pallier à ces difficultés par des dispositifs à concentrations optique à angle d’acceptance (AA) large. Mais la caractérisation en laboratoire de tout dispositif doit être complétée par des tests en conditions externes. Ce projet consiste en la conception et la réalisation d’un banc d’essai extérieur de caractérisation de modules CPV, sous conditions réelles et variables, au moyen de tests I-V. Les données sont archivées sur une base de données, et prétraitées pour analyses des résultats. Les objectifs de caractérisation ont été atteints, soit le positionnement ponctuel précis en azimut et en élévation lors d’un test I-V, la répétition de cette étape selon des protocoles ajustables. Six dispositifs CPV à large AA ont été caractérisés en même temps (plus de 146 000 lectures). Des suggestions sont faites pour corriger les problèmes rencontrés. Des questions de recherches ultérieures sont posées, l’ensemble confirmant la pertinence de ce type de banc d’essai.
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Abyad, Emad. "Modeled Estimates of Solar Direct Normal Irradiance and Diffuse Horizontal Irradiance in Different Terrestrial Locations." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/36499.

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The transformation of solar energy into electricity is starting to impact to overall worldwide energy production mix. Photovoltaic-generated electricity can play a significant role in minimizing the use of non-renewable energy sources. Sunlight consists of three main components: global horizontal irradiance (GHI), direct normal irradiance (DNI) and diffuse horizontal irradiance (DHI). Typically, these components are measured using specialized instruments in order to study solar radiation at any location. However, these measurements are not always available, especially in the case of the DNI and DHI components of sunlight. Consequently, many models have been developed to estimate these components from available GHI data. These models have their own merits. For this thesis, solar radiation data collected at four locations have been analyzed. The data come from Al-Hanakiyah (Saudi Arabia), Boulder (U.S.), Ma’an (Jordan), and Ottawa (Canada). The BRL, Reindl*, DISC, and Perez models have been used to estimate DNI and DHI data from the experimentally measured GHI data. The findings show that the Reindl* and Perez model outcomes offered similar accuracy of computing DNI and DHI values when comparing with detailed experimental data for Al-Hanakiyah and Ma’an. For Boulder, the Perez and BRL models have similar estimation abilities of DHI values and the DISC and Perez models are better estimators of DNI. The Reindl* model performs better when modeling DHI and DNI for Ottawa data. The BRL and DISC models show similar metrics error analyses, except in the case of the Ma’an location where the BRL model shows high error metrics values in terms of MAE, RMSE, and standard deviation (σ). The Boulder and Ottawa locations datasets were not complete and affected the outcomes with regards to the model performance metrics. Moreover, the metrics show very high, unreasonable values in terms of RMSE and σ. It is advised that a global model be developed by collecting data from many locations as a way to help minimize the error between the actual and modeled values since the current models have their own limitations. Availability of multi-year data, parameters such as albedo and aerosols, and one minute to hourly time steps data could help minimize the error between measured and modeled data. In addition to having accurate data, analysis of spectral data is important to evaluate their impact on solar technologies.
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Bachour, Dunia Antoine. "Measuring and estimating solar direct normal Irradiance using LIDAR, solar station and satellite data in qatar." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/310413.

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La medición precisa de la Irradiancia Directa Normal (DNI) es esencial para el diseño e implementación de proyectos CSP (energía solar concentrada). Qatar cuenta con abundante radiación solar; por lo tanto, el aprovechamiento de la misma es de gran interés en esta región, en particular para sistemas de concentración solar. Antes de embarcarse en dichos proyectos, se debe contar con datos de irradiancia directa normal confiables y de buena calidad. Actualmente, los mapas existentes de radiación solar en Qatar basados en mediciones a nivel de la superficie terrestre son rudimentarios. Los mapas solares basados en datos de satélite proveen una mayor cobertura espacial, pero con resoluciones espacial y temporal relativamente pobres, además de que los datos satelitales de radiaion solar aun no han sido calibrados con mediciones directas en Qatar, por lo que no proveen valores muy precisos de DNI. Por esto, datos confiables basados en mediciones directas con altas resoluciones son necesarios en regiones como Qatar, con medio ambiente desértico arenoso y con altas concentraciones de aerosoles. Dependiendo de su composición, un aerosol puede dispersar o absorber DNI. Entre más aerosoles hay presentes en el aire, mayor es la dispersión y/o absorción del componente directo de la radiación solar, lo que reduce la eficiencia de los sistemas de energía solar concentrada. Así, la calidad de la atmósfera tiene gran impacto sobre la viabilidad de las plantas CSP. El trabajo presentado en esta tesis se enfoca en el estudio del impacto de la calidad de la atmósfera en Doha, Qatar, específicamente los aerosoles, sobre la atenuación del haz solar directo. Esto se realiza por medio de una función de correlación entre la calidad atmosferica y mediciones de DNI. El resultado de esta correlación puede ser usado para calibrar mapas solares. Se utilizó un LIDAR para estimar la calidad de la atmósfera por medio de la medición de luz reflejada por los componentes de la atmósfera. Junto al LIDAR, una estación de monitoreo de la radiación solar se usó para medir directamente DNI. Con base en los resultados de este trabajo, los mapas solares de Qatar basados en satélite pueden ser corregidos, lo que permitirá la elaboración de una base de datos completa del recurso solar en Qatar.
Accurate measurements of Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) are essential to Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) project design and implementation. Qatar has an abundant supply of solar radiation; therefore, harnessing solar energy is of particular interest in this region specifically for concentrated solar power systems. Before such projects are undertaken, good quality and reliable Direct Normal Irradiance of solar radiation data must be available. Existing solar energy maps of Qatar based on ground station measurements are primitive. Solar energy maps based on satellite data have a wider spatial coverage but relatively poor temporal and spatial resolutions, and satellite-derived solar data have not been calibrated with ground measurements in Qatar, and thus cannot provide accurate DNI. Therefore, reliable data based on high resolution ground measurements are required specifically for a country like Qatar, a region of harsh desert environment with dusty climate and high aerosol loads. Depending on its composition, an aerosol can scatter and/or absorb the DNI. The more aerosols in the air, the more scattering and/or absorption of the direct component of the solar radiation will take place and this will reduce the effectiveness of a concentrated solar power system. The quality of the atmosphere has thus a great impact on the viability of CSP farms. The work presented in this thesis is focused on studying the impact of the quality of the atmosphere in Doha, Qatar, specifically aerosol particles, on the solar direct beam attenuation. This is done by establishing a correlation function between the quality of the atmosphere and the measured DNI. The result of this correlation may be used to calibrate satellite solar maps. A LIDAR device is used to estimate the quality of the atmosphere by measuring the light backscattered by the constituents of the atmosphere. Beside the LIDAR, a Ground Solar Radiation Monitoring Station is used to measure directly the DNI. Based on the result of this work, satellite-derived solar maps of Qatar can be corrected and this will allow building a comprehensive solar radiation database for Qatar.
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Lopes, Francisco Manuel Tavares. "Short-term forecasting for direct normal irradiance with numerical weather prediction models in Alentejo (Southern Portugal): implications for concentration solar energy technologies." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/28724.

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With the potential to sustain the world’s energy needs, solar energy plays a major role for the renewable energy transition. However, inherent problems exist in solar energy forecasting, a very important tool for power plant operators that allows an efficient energy management and dispatch operations in the electric grid. In particular, concentrating solar power (CSP) systems, which rely on direct normal irradiance (DNI) and its high variability, which links uncertainty to the electrical energy outputs of CSP plants. The main atmospheric factors that influence DNI variation at surface are clouds and aerosols, which are misrepresented by current numerical weather prediction models. To provide accurate predictions of DNI for efficient CSP operations, particularly during periods of direct solar intermittency, the solar resource needs to be well characterized. Solution to this problem is still one of today’s challenges in solar forecasting. This thesis makes use of short-term forecasts of DNI from the Integrated Forecasting System (IFS), the global model of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), together with ground-based measurements in Alentejo region (southern Portugal). The evaluation of the solar resource in the region is based on the IFS predictions, as well as the prediction of energy production outputs from different CSP systems through the System Advisor Model (SAM) power plant simulator, in which the results are compared with local measured data. To improve the role that DNI forecasting has in CSP power plants, several post-processing techniques are used for the correction of hour and day-ahead values of DNI. Different operational strategies are discussed and proposed according to the obtained results; Resumo: Previsão de Curto Tempo de Radiação Normal Directa Através de Modelos Numéricos de Previsão do Tempo no Alentejo (Sul de Portugal): Implicações para as Tecnologias de Concentração Solar Com potencial para assegurar as necessidades energéticas do mundo, a energia solar desempenha um papel importante na transição energética renovável. Contudo, existem problemas inerentes na previsão de energia solar, uma ferramenta muito importante para os operadores de centrais eléctricas que permite uma gestão energética mais eficiente e operações de distribuição da mesma na rede eléctrica. Em particular, os sistemas de concentração de energia solar (CSP), que dependem da radiação normal directa (DNI) e da sua elevada variabilidade, atribuindo incerteza à geração de energia eléctrica resultantes de centrais CSP. Para fornecer previsões precisas para operações CSP eficientes, particularmente durante períodos de intermitência solar directa, o DNI precisa de ser bem caracterizado. Os principais factores atmosféricos que influenciam a variação de DNI à superfície são as nuvens e os aerossóis, que não são representados realisticamente pelos actuais modelos numéricos de previsão do tempo. A solução para este problema é ainda hoje em dia um desafio em previsão solar. Esta tese faz uso das previsões de curto-período de DNI do Integrated Forecasting System (IFS), modelo global do European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), em conjunto com medidas à superfície na região do Alentejo (sul de Portugal). A avaliação do recurso solar na região é efectuada com base em previsões do IFS, tal como a previsão de outputs de produção energética de diferentes sistemas CSP através do simulador de centrais eléctricas System Advisor Model (SAM), onde os resultados são comparados com os obtidos com medidas meteorológicas locais. Para melhorar o papel que a previsão de DNI tem em centrais CSP, várias técnicas de pós-processamento são efectuadas para a correção de valores de DNI para a hora e dia seguinte. Diferentes estratégias de operação são discutidas e propostas de acordo com resultados obtidos.
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Cavaco, Afonso Manuel Dias. "DNI measurement and long-term prediction of its availability in the South of Portugal." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/28359.

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The knowledge of Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) availability is becoming essential nowadays for solar concentration applications, particularly for the development of Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) plants. Thus, DNI measurements and the application of reliable solar radiation data processing methodologies are required to provide the most accurate results as possible. This thesis presents the work carried out to develop and maintain a solar radiation monitoring network and discusses the results obtained to assess the long-term DNI annual availability in the South of Portugal. The work comprised the installation, calibration and continuous operation of new measuring stations, with the objective of obtaining high quality data series. Procedures for solar radiation data gathering and processing are presented and new methods to estimate the long-term DNI annual availability based on global and diffuse horizontal irradiation are proposed and discussed. The measurements obtained and the application of the developed methods allowed to estimate and map the DNI resource in the region; RESUMO: Medição de DNI e previsão a longo prazo da sua disponibilidade no sul de Portugal O conhecimento da disponibilidade média anual de Irradiância Directa Normal (DNI) está-se a tornar essencial para aplicações de concentração solar, particularmente para o desenvolvimento de centrais de concentração solar (CSP). Deste modo, é necessária a medição de radiação solar directa normal e aplicação de métodos de processamento de dados fiáveis de modo a providenciar os resultados mais precisos possíveis. Esta tese apresenta o trabalho realizado para desenvolver e manter uma rede de medição de radiação solar e discute os resultados obtidos para avaliar a disponibilidade média anual de DNI a longo prazo no sul de Portugal. O trabalho desenvolvido incluiu a instalação, calibração e operação contínua de novas estações de medição, com o objectivo de se obterem séries de dados de elevada qualidade. Procedimentos para recolha e processamento de dados de radiação solar são apresentados e novos métodos para estimar a disponibilidade anual de DNI a longo prazo, com base em irradiação solar global e difusa, são propostos e discutidos. As medições realizadas e a aplicação dos métodos desenvolvidos permitiram estimar e mapear o DNI na região.
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Book chapters on the topic "Irradiance directe normale"

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Vignola, Frank, Joseph Michalsky, and Thomas Stoffel. "Direct Normal Irradiance." In Solar and Infrared Radiation Measurements, 69–90. Second edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b22306-4.

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Kampouris, E., V. Salamalikis, and A. Kazantzidis. "The Atmospheric Water Vapor Effect on Direct Normal Irradiance Under Clear Skies." In Perspectives on Atmospheric Sciences, 1163–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-35095-0_167.

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El Boujdaini, Latifa, Ahmed Mezrhab, and Mohammed Amine Moussaoui. "Prediction of Direct Normal Irradiance Using Artificial Neural Networks Under Oujda Climate." In Advances in Smart Technologies Applications and Case Studies, 386–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53187-4_42.

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Loghmari, I., and Y. Timoumi. "Sub-hourly Validation of the Direct Normal Solar Irradiance Clear Sky Models." In Design and Modeling of Mechanical Systems—III, 39–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66697-6_5.

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Atmani, Hanane, Hassen Bouzgou, and Christian A. Gueymard. "Intra-hour Forecasting of Direct Normal Solar Irradiance Using Variable Selection with Artificial Neural Networks." In Artificial Intelligence in Renewable Energetic Systems, 281–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73192-6_29.

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Chervenkov, Hristo, and Kiril Slavov. "Modelled Versus Satellite Retrieved Estimation of the Direct Normal Irradiance and the Sunshine Duration over Bulgaria." In Advanced Computing in Industrial Mathematics, 68–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71616-5_8.

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"Direct Normal Irradiance." In Solar and Infrared Radiation Measurements, 93–118. CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b12367-8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Irradiance directe normale"

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"Synthetically interpolated five-minute direct normal irradiance." In 20th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation (MODSIM2013). Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand (MSSANZ), Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2013.g1.grantham.

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Coimbra, Carlos F. M. "Forecasting Methods for Direct Normal Irradiance at the Ground Level." In The 15th International Heat Transfer Conference. Connecticut: Begellhouse, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/ihtc15.sol.009309.

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Zhang, Chengying, Zhen Yan, Chao Ma, and Xiaoli Xu. "Prediction of Direct Normal Irradiance Based on Ensemble Deep Learning Models." In 2020 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Electronics Technology (ICET). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icet49382.2020.9119549.

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Serafim Martins, João Humberto, Roberto Velasquez, Fabricio Polifke da Silva, and Júlio Passos. "Direct Normal Irradiance forecasting using Numerical Weather Prediction and separation models." In 18th Brazilian Congress of Thermal Sciences and Engineering. ABCM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26678/abcm.encit2020.cit20-0266.

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Wang, Xiao, Pengfei Chen, Long Wen, Bin Xiao, Zhi Zhou, and Huaiwu Peng. "Prediction of Direct Normal Irradiance using a Novel Multi-model Algorithm." In 2018 Chinese Automation Congress (CAC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cac.2018.8623195.

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Bilbao, Julia, Argimiro de Miguel, and Roberto Román. "Measurements and Model Evaluation of Direct Normal Irradiance in Central Spain." In EuroSun 2014. Freiburg, Germany: International Solar Energy Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18086/eurosun.2014.08.03.

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Brooks, Michael J., Sarah Braden, and Daryl R. Myers. "Passive separation of global irradiance into direct normal and diffuse components." In Solar Energy + Applications, edited by Daryl R. Myers. SPIE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.730683.

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Fernández-Peruchena, Carlos M., Martin Gastón, Marion Schroedter-Homscheidt, Isabel Martínez Marco, José L. Casado-Rubio, and José Antonio García-Moya. "Increasing the temporal resolution of direct normal solar irradiance forecasted series." In SOLARPACES 2016: International Conference on Concentrating Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems. Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4984515.

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Beal, R. M., J. Mohammed, A. Muron, M. Yandt, J. E. Haysom, P. Dufour, S. Myrskog, and K. Hinzer. "Beyond the 45th parallel: Northern climate direct normal irradiance data and analysis." In 8TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCENTRATING PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS: CPV-8. AIP, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4753904.

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Martín, A., M. Collares-Pereira, D. Sánchez, O. de la Rubia, F. Rubio, Andreas W. Bett, Robert D. McConnell, Gabriel Sala, and Frank Dimroth. "High Resolution Direct Normal Irradiance Data for Testing CPV Plants: ISFOC Database." In 6TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCENTRATING PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS: CPV-6. AIP, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3509222.

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