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1
Yang, Lu Jiang, De Wen Liu, Zhong Li Guo, Jing Li, and Bi Hui Dai. "Engineering Mechanics in High-Rise Building with Irregular Planner." Applied Mechanics and Materials 540 (April 2014): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.540.193.
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Plane functional layout and total controlling plan of the general plan in the building always are abnormal. Furthermore the floor size and horizontal stiffness in the same floor are different tremendously, otherwise there are many dislocation floor in the same floor, according to different function in the same floor. Irregular plane in the building may happen according to the situation above. It is harmful to the force,, displacement and deformation in irregular plane. In order to research the essence of the irregular plane and avoid it, firstly the irregular plane is introduced, also we have distinguished stretch joint, settlement joint and, seismic joint according to the force theory of structure, and then we have used PKPM structural calculation program to build model, simulating the force in two improved models on the dead load, live load and horizontal seismic load, we have gotten the maximum displacement, maximum displacement angle, velocity, acceleration, shear force and moment, then we have analysised and compared displacement, movement and force. Finally, we have concluded:“Architectural design should be adopted by regular plane designing rule，it should not be adopted by irregular plane designing rule；for the building structure which body is complex and irregular plane，the designer should install the seismic joint in the appropriate parts according to actual needs，make the irregular building structure into several regular unit structure which could resist the horizontal load.”
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López, Oscar A., and Elizabeth Raven. "An Overall Evaluation of Irregular-Floor-Plan—Shaped Buildings Located in Seismic Areas." Earthquake Spectra 15, no. 1 (February 1999): 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1586031.
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This paper aims to identify and analyze the advantages and disadvantages associated with building plan shape considering engineering and architectural needs and to quantify them in terms of the common language of costs and benefits. Parameters that measure the overall seismic response of a given plan shape were defined. Seismic behavior of the irregular shapes can be improved by means of special engineering efforts that provide enough in-plane slab stiffness and a distribution of lateral stiffness and strength so that torsion and distortion can be minimized. The proposed procedure of integral evaluation of buildings was applied to two specific examples, one regular and one irregular building, both with similar characteristics. The irregular building was seismically adequate by means of several dynamic analyses and a careful structural design so that it reached an acceptable level of seismic performance. For this example, the irregular building offers long-term benefits that exceed the initial investment required to improve its seismic behavior.
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Liu, Angela, Minghao Li, and Roger Shelton. "Experimental studies on in-plane performance of plasterboard sheathed ceiling diaphragms." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 52, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.52.2.95-106.
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The ultimate goal of this study is to develop a model representing the in-plane behaviour of plasterboard ceiling diaphragms, as part of the efforts towards performance-based seismic engineering of low-rise light timber-framed (LTF) residential buildings in New Zealand (NZ).
LTF residential buildings in NZ are constructed according to a prescriptive standard – NZS 3604 Timber-framed buildings [1]. With regards to seismic resisting systems, LTF buildings constructed to NZS3604 often have irregular bracing arrangements within a floor plan. A damage survey of LTF buildings after the Canterbury earthquake revealed that structural irregularity (irregular bracing arrangement within a plan) significantly exacerbated the earthquake damage to LTF buildings. When a building has irregular bracing arrangements, the building will have not only translational deflections but also a torsional response in earthquakes. How effectively the induced torsion can be resolved depends on the stiffness of the floors/roof diaphragms. Ceiling and floor diaphragms in LTF buildings in NZ have different construction details from the rest of the world and there appears to be no information available on timber diaphragms typical of NZ practice.
This paper presents experimental studies undertaken on plasterboard ceiling diaphragms as typical of NZ residential practice. Based on the test results, a mathematical model simulating the in-plane stiffness of plasterboard ceiling diaphragms was developed, and the developed model has a similar format to that of plasterboard bracing wall elements presented in an accompany paper by Liu [2]. With these two models, three-dimensional non-linear push-over studies of LTF buildings can be undertaken to calculate seismic performance of irregular LTF buildings.
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Agus, Muhammad Ridwan, and Febriyan Ramadhana. "Seismic Performance of Existing R/C Building with Irregular Floor Plan Shape." MATEC Web of Conferences 215 (2018): 01035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201821501035.
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Bu33333333ilding with irregular floor plan has the eccentricity of force to the centre of building isappears to be more susceptible to deformation and damage when subjected to earthquake movements than with regular floor plan. This study aims to determine the seismic performance of buildings with the irregular floor plan in displacement and drift by service and ultimate performance limit.The object of research is Padang Pariaman public works office building. The evaluation method used non-linear static analysis(Pushover) which is one method to evaluate the seismic performance of the building.Pushover analysis performed by providing a static load in the lateral direction gradually to achieve a specific displacement target. This research is based on SNI-1726-2012, ATC-40 and FEMA 356. The results of the analysis show that the maximum lateral force of 10909.9 kN occurs in step-6 pushover analysis with a displacement of 0.165 m, maximum drift = 0.0705 m and maximum in-elastic drift = 0.025 m.This means the building is included in the IO (Immediate Occupancy) performance level. Although there is damage from small to medium level, still has a big threshold against the collapse, which means the building is safe against the earthquake.
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Botis, Marius Florin, and Camelia Cerbu. "A Method for Reducing of the Overall Torsion for Reinforced Concrete Multi-Storey Irregular Structures." Applied Sciences 10, no. 16 (August 11, 2020): 5555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10165555.
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The uneven distributions of mass and stiffness in the case of multi-storey concrete buildings lead to a torsion sensitivity of those civil structures under dynamical loadings like earthquakes or wind and gusts. In order to minimize the overall torsion, it is imperatively necessary to reduce the distance between the centre of mass (CM) and centre of stiffness (CS) in the design stage. In this context, the main purpose of this paper is to present a theoretical method of reducing torsion by minimizing the distance between CM and CS at the level of each floor of the structure. Principal stiffness axes are also changed in convenient directions so that the movement of the structure leads to a favourable plastic mechanism in the fundamental mode of vibration. To achieve the goal, the main objective is to change the dimensions and orientations of the pillars located on the perimeter of the structures. The described method was used to study: irregular shaped structures in plan; structures with stairs or with central concrete core; structures with elevation retractions. The overall torsion reducing was achieved with Matlab programs, and the verification of the results was carried out by using the software ETABS 2016.
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Sušanj Protić, Tea. "Renesansna kuća Moise u Cresu - rezultati konzervatorskih istraživanja 2011. godne." Ars Adriatica, no. 4 (January 1, 2014): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/ars.501.
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The Renaissance residential architecture in the town of Cres is represented by a small number of preserved houses (palazzetti) of the local nobility which are attributed to the established stone-cutting workshop grouped around master Francesco Marangonich, a Lombard stone-cutter who arrived at Cres from the building sites of Venice and introduced Renaissance stylistic elements on the Quarnero islands. The best-known Renaissance residential building at Cres is the Marcello-Petris house which was built in the 1510s for the Minister Provincial and Bishop, Friar Antun Marcello-Petris. The Renaissance houses of the Cres nobility are characterized by their relatively large size, ashlar masonry, and the strict rhythm of the decorated openings on the representative facades. One of such buildings is the Moise house, situated in the medieval centre of the town, at a prominent site where the two main streets of the time crossed. Documents from the archive of the Franciscan monastery at Cres witness that in 1441, “Ser Andrea Moisenich” exchanged a garden for the house of “Nobilis Ser Stefano de Petris”, who had the Petris palace built before 1405, meaning that the present-day Moise house might be identified with the old Petris palace. It features the coats of arms of these two families from the same period, and, therefore, it could have functioned as a shared residence of both families, which was frequently the case in Venice, for example, when it came to large palaces with two residential floors and two courtyards, which are both elements of the Moise house. The Moise house is the largest residential building of Renaissance Cres and, through its size, it can be compared to prominent examples of large palaces in Dalmatian towns. It has not been the subject of scholarly and expert research because of its many alterations, the relatively poor preservation of its original features, and the loss of its representative appearance, all of which means that its basic characteristics remained unknown. Conservation works revealed the layout of its ground plan and established that it was conceived as an emulation of the Venetian model, with a central hall and four lateral chambers. These features set the Moise house apart from other Renaissance residential buildings at Cres as the only one which adopted and displayed the high Renaissance symmetry of ground plan, which is also reflected on the representative facade. Analysis of the plaster samples taken from the walls has resulted in their stratigraphy, which confirms the hypothesis that all the walls of the central salone were painted a secco in the seventeenth century.The conservation works carried out on the representative facade unveiled the position of the Renaissance windows, which indicates that the articulating rhythm was two single-light windows – a double-light window – two single-light windows, which was corroborated by the discovery of the dressed inner window splays. Such an arrangement was common practice in Venetian Gothic residential architecture but, in the territory of present-day Croatia, it gained prominence only in the Renaissance, and the Moise house is the only example of this at Cres. The second floor of the Moise house repeated the plan of the first, which implies that originally there would have been two sumptuous storeys. The vaulted rooms on the ground floor did not communicate with one another but formed separate units in a direct relationship with the street or courtyards and it is likely that they had a utilitarian function as shops or storage spaces, having no vertical communication inside the house with the residential floors, which were connected by means of a single flight staircase. The building had two representative courtyards; the west one gave way to subsequent additions but it was recorded in the Land Registry as early as 1821. On the ground floor, the courtyard had a porch with two arches above which was a gallery with a balustrade, traces of which were discovered through test-probes in the floor. In the small east courtyard, the remains of the Renaissance porch, supported by the excellently carved pillars have been preserved, while in the floor under the staircase vault, a circular, finely-dressed stone opening belonging to a well was found; its well head is today located on the ground floor of the house. The two representative courtyards are an exception in the densely-knit urban texture of Cres, which places the Moise house in a wider context of Renaissance residential architecture in the Adriatic. Its local variety would be the positioning of the well under the vault of the staircase, which is characteristic of the vernacular architecture in medieval Cres. In comparison to other similar buildings at Cres, the Moise house is unique in that it is the only Renaissance house of the nobility with a regular plan; other Renaissance houses are of a mostly irregular quadrangular plan, including the most representative example of the palazzetto of the Cres nobility, the Marcello-Petris house. The Moise house is also the only building to have a symmetrical interior layout, which resonates with the symmetrical articulation of the representative facade, while in the case of the Marcello-Petris house, the consistent rhythm of the richly decorated windows in the south facade are a screen of sorts placed before the asymmetrically-arranged interior space.The construction of such a large building, at a dominant position in the medieval core can be explained by the role of the original commissioners, the Petris family, as the most prominent noble family at Cres, while the credit for the contemporary Renaissance organization of the interior – with the only extant example of a central representative hall in the Renaissance residential architecture at Cres – belongs to the builders, who had already demonstrated knowledge of contemporary Venetian models on the well-known portal of the collegiate church at Cres.The Moise house was marginalized in previous overviews of the Renaissance residential architecture because of the modest state of preservation of its Renaissance stone sculpture. The results of the conservation works, and the analysis of the spatial organization, ground plan, and location of this building, but also the analysis of historical records, should contribute to a clearer perception of the Moise house in the context of the fifteenth- and sixteenth-century residential architecture on the east Adriatic coast, and to a re-assessment of its diminished representative importance, the value which is hidden in the architectural structure, concept and context, within the frame of the urban texture of medieval Cres.
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Atkinson, M. S., and G. D. Thornton. "Groundwater Control in Complex Ground Conditions." Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications 2, no. 1 (1986): 145–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.1986.002.01.30.
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AbstractTwo fifteen metre diameter ten metre deep underground tanks were constructed immediately alongside each other by sinking bolted segmental caissons and casting the secondary lining in situ. Preliminary site investigation indicated difficult ground conditions with a high risk of base failure for excavation in the dry. Wet construction of the base slab would avoid base instability but not the problem of hydrostatic uplift of the partially completed structures.Further investigation revealed a complex sequence of interbedded sands, silts and clays of alluvial and glacial origins. The granular horizons comprised a small number of thicker continuous bands, one occurring immediately below the proposed formation levels for the tank floor slabs, and several thinner irregular bands grading laterally into silts and clays.Piezometers in the more critical granular horizons indicated artesian and sub-artesian groundwater levels. Temporarily disconnecting at ground level the piezometer showing artesian conditions and measuring the resulting water flow indicated a granular body of restricted size or limited recharge. The absence of any effect on other piezometers offered confirmation of isolated granular bodies.Despite obvious difficulties in predicting the effectiveness of a groundwater lowering installation the significant advantages of constructing in the dry over wet construction mitigated in favour of dewatering. Sixteen deep pumped wells were installed around the circumference of the tanks to form a figure of eight pattern for the wells. To reduce the risk of a base failure due to artesian groundwater in any lobes of granular material encroaching within the plan excavation but not intersected by the pumped wells, four internal relief wells per tank were installed.Successful construction was achieved, although a minor interruption to the pumping clearly demonstrated the prudence of the internal relief well installation.The paper comments on some aspects of BS 5930 in relation to the construction described.
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Xiang, Wei Ming, Xian Chang Zheng, and Yan Jie Zhou. "Research on Dynamic Characteristics of Isolated System for Irregular Structures." Applied Mechanics and Materials 351-352 (August 2013): 179–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.351-352.179.
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This paper analyzes isolation questions of irregular structures, based on principles of structural isolation system. It also discusses present research and existing problems of translational torsion coupling isolated structures. Property parameters of layer unit are used to build up stiffness, mass and damping matrix of sway components, and dynamical calculation method of isolation system is explored when considering floor deformation. In this paper, the authors set up simplified calculation model for dynamic reaction of plane irregular buildings by using substructure method and taking floor as shear bending deep beam, quadratic displacement function and primary angle function are also used to describe floor movements. Time –history method is adopted to analyze dynamic responses of floor deformation for plane irregular buildings (T and U shapes).
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Jiang, Ming Mei. "The Effect of the Choice of Floor Stiffness on the Calculation Results of Plane Irregular Building." Advanced Materials Research 933 (May 2014): 307–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.933.307.
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Taking the plane irregular frame structure of a floor partial discontinuity of as an example, using SATWE software, analyzed dynamic characteristics of the structure, discussed the influence of the choice of floor stiffness on the structural displacement ratio, which provided reference for the building design of floor partial discontinuity.
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Qin, Kai, and Fu Ma. "Reinforced Concrete Frame - Shear Wall Structure, Floor Open Hole Static Finite Element Analysis." Advanced Materials Research 788 (September 2013): 521–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.788.521.
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along with the diversification of architectural image and the construction of complicated functions, there are more and more irregular buildings. Floor open hole especially floor open hole is the typical representative of irregular buildings. Floor open hole lead to floor in-plane rigidity weakening that open hole level stiffness drop form weak layer, the structure of the center of mass and centroid offset weak layer is larger, so in the earthquake under the action of stress is more complicated. Large-scale finite element software ANSYS is applied in this article simplified single documents across the floor in the middle of the hole structure is simulated and analyzed under the static load of open hole plate, beam and column structure deformation and stress distribution, and will not open holes in the floor and open hole in the floor slab under the action of horizontal static stress were analyzed.
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Cheung, V. W. T., and W. K. Tso. "Eccentricity in irregular multistory buildings." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 13, no. 1 (February 1, 1986): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l86-007.
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To evaluate the seismic torsional effect on multistory buildings, the concept of eccentricity is extended from single-story buildings to multistory buildings by defining the locations of the centers of rigidity at each floor. A practical procedure to locate the centers of rigidity and hence floor eccentricity is introduced. This procedure depends on the use of plane frame computer programs only and is suitable for use in design offices. The seismic torsional provisions in the National Building Code of Canada 1985 (NBCC 1985) explicitly emphasize that the code provisions apply to buildings where the centres of rigidity lie on a vertical axis only. By means of examples, it verifies the claim of NBCC 1985. Also, it shows that, for buildings with centers of rigidity scattered from a vertical axis, the code procedure may or may not apply. Therefore, one should interpret the condition of centers of rigidity located along a vertical axis to be a sufficient, but not a necessary, condition for the NBCC 85 code provisions to be applicable. Until the necessary conditions are known, dynamic analysis remains the most reliable method to assign the torsional effects to various portions of the building. Key words: building code, center of rigidity, dynamic analysis, eccentricity, irregular, multistory, seismic, torsion.
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BAYAR, Mustafa Mehmet, and Irmak UZUN BAYAR. "Conflict Management in University Examination Timetabling Problem: A case study of summer school mid-terms." Central European Review of Economics and Management 4, no. 3 (September 20, 2020): 67–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.29015/cerem.870.
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Abstract:
Aim: This study is on tackling Examination Timetabling Problem (ETP) of the Faculty of Economics And Administrative Sciences (FEAS) of the Ankara HBV University summer school, where the courses of fall and spring semesters are offered simultaneously and regulations on restricting enrollments in inter-department electives or in-department courses of distinct years are relaxed. Thus, the complexity of the nature of the ETP problem is exacerbated. The direct heuristics based on successive assignments that the university normally adopts was proven inadequate for assuming standard regulations hence, another approach we explain in this paper was needed.
Design / Research methods: The ETP was formulated as a Linear Mixed-Integer Program (LMIP) and decomposed into three stages; timetabling exams, room assignment, student allocation. To manage the conflict between the stakeholders of the examination procedure, a lexicographic optimization process based on the priority of the parties was undertaken.
Conclusions / findings: After a recursive timetabling process based on a trial-and-error method a clash-free timetable was generated and, a room assignment plan that minimizes the total number of proctoring duties, usage of higher floor rooms and total crowdedness of rooms respectively was put into action. Therefore no student group experienced any clashing exams, the faculty members saved time that can be spent on research instead, since the room usage was better planned the costs (elevator usage, lighting, air conditioning, the labor of the janitors) were assumed to be decreased.
Originality / value of the article: Each examination period bares a different ETP due to its problem-specific nature (number of courses offered, structure of student enrollments, availability of rooms, etc.). Summer schools provide a more irregular structure that demands special attention, a trial-and-error reformulation of the ETP in our case. In addition, the traditional formulations of the ETP, to the extent we have been able to scan, do not include the minimization of the crowdedness of the rooms. Thus, in creating a more comfortable environment, easier to monitor exams and, ability in handling unexpected dysfunctionalities (broken classroom equipment, etc.) this study is novel.
Limitations of the research: The algorithms to solve an ETP formulated as an LMIP are of high complexity therefore, we are not able to assert the optimality of our suggested solutions acquired within time limitations.
Keywords: examination timetabling, group decision making, lexicographic optimization, linear mixed-integer programming
JEL: C44, C61, M12
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Deng, Hong Yu, and Bai Tao Sun. "Torsional Design Method of Bottom Frame Structure with Irregular Plane." Applied Mechanics and Materials 716-717 (December 2014): 460–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.716-717.460.
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For the study of irregular plane adverse impacts on the bottom frame structure seismic performance, in this paper, a serious damaged bottom frame structure in Wenchuan earthquake is taken as the research object,and a comparative calculation model is designed and elasto-plastic time-history analysis is carried out on the use of ABAQUS finite element software. The calculation results show that: the stiffness center of floor with irregular plane does not coincide with the center of mass, this eccentricity will produce torsional response under horizontal earthquake action. Bottom frame shear layer has strong stiffness at the center, around the lack of lateral load resisting member will cause interlayer torsional rigidity insufficient, further increasing the torsional response of structures, aggravated the damage. The lateral stiffness ratio under the same conditions,the design method of the contrast model is more reasonable, and has lighter damage under the the same intensity grade, improve the seismic capability of the structure, and provides the ideas of design method of this kind of structure.
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Zhuang, Jin Zhao, Jin San Ju, Xiu Gen Jiang, Xiao Mei Feng, and Jun Yuan. "Simplified Computation of Elastic-Plastic Displacement Response of High-Rise Steel Structure under Earthquake Considering Torsional Effect." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 481–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.481.
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Considering unavoidability of torsional vibration of high-rise buildings during earthquake, for a simpler and more accurate way to compute the maximum interstory drifts, through establishment of different structure calculation model. Structure analysis program CANNY 3D was used to conduct 3D and 2D time-history analyses on irregular steel structure models under frequently occurred small earthquakes and large earthquakes. Finally, by comparing maximum interstory drifts between each floor, a method was presented to simplify 3D computation of elastic-plastic interstory displacement of high-rise irregular steel structure into a computation plane 2D structure.
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Wilson, Andrew, Paul Bennett, Ahmed Buzaian, Vanessa Fell, Kristian Göransson, Chris Green, Cassian Hall, et al. "Euesperides (Benghazi): Preliminary report on the Spring 2001 season." Libyan Studies 32 (2001): 155–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263718900005835.
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AbstractThis article reports on the third season of the current project at Euesperides (Benghazi). A programme of geological augering has begun to investigate the presumed location of the ancient harbour and the process by which the harbour and neighbouring lagoon silted up during antiquity. Continued excavation in Area P has revealed two phases of buildings, with a plain pebble floor of the fourth century BC and mixed pebble and irregular tesserae floors of the late fourth/early third century BC. In Area Q work has identified buildings either side of a street, and two phases of city defences; outside the defences excavation has confirmed the continuation of a linear quarry ditch. In Area R the occupation sequence has been elucidated and it seems that the two main phases of purple dye manufacturing activity, using Murex trunculus shellfish, follow the abandonment of a courtyard house. Comprehensive study and quantification of coarsewares and transport amphorae has begun alongside continued study of the finewares, and confirms a wide range of trading contacts. The excavations have also produced evidence for the minting of silver coinage at Euesperides.
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Minami, Mamoru, Masatoshi Hatano, and Toshiyuki Asakura. "Mobile Operations Performed by Mobile Manipulators on Irregular Terrain - Torque Compensation Using Neural Networks for Disturbance Torques Produced by Irregular Terrain -." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 10, no. 5 (October 20, 1998): 377–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.1998.p0377.
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In the present study, we propose a control system for mobile operations of mobile manipulators traveling on irregular terrain. Irregularities exist even in structures such as man-made floors of factories and buildings. Since the hand of a mobile manipulator is often required to operate precisely while traveling on irregular terrain and it is subject to disturbance torques caused by traveling on terrain, a method for decreasing control errors caused by disturbances due to terrain must be considered. In the present paper, an adaptive control system including a compensator that uses a neural network, i.e., a neuro adaptive control system, is proposed. In addition, we discuss the control performance of the proposed control system, and show that the control system can decrease control errors occurring on irregular terrain to the levels of errors that occur while traveling on a horizontal plane.
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Ivarsson, J., D. C. Viano, and P. Lo¨vsund. "Influence of the Lateral Ventricles and Irregular Skull Base on Brain Kinematics due to Sagittal Plane Head Rotation." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 124, no. 4 (July 30, 2002): 422–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1485752.
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Two-dimensional physical models of the human head were used to investigate how the lateral ventricles and irregular skull base influence kinematics in the medial brain during sagittal angular head dynamics. Silicone gel simulated the brain and was separated from the surrounding skull vessel by paraffin that provided a slip interface between the gel and vessel. A humanlike skull base model (HSB) included a surrogate skull base mimicking the irregular geometry of the human. An HSBV model added an elliptical inclusion filled with liquid paraffin simulating the lateral ventricles to the HSB model. A simplified skull base model (SSBV) included ventricle substitute but approximated the anterior and middle cranial fossae by a flat and slightly angled surface. The models were exposed to 7600 rad/s2 peak angular acceleration with 6 ms pulse duration and 5 deg forced rotation. After 90 deg free rotation, the models were decelerated during 30 ms. Rigid body displacement, shear strain and principal strains were determined from high-speed video recorded trajectories of grid markers in the surrogate brains. Peak values of inferior brain surface displacement and strains were up to 10.9X (times) and 3.3X higher in SSBV than in HSBV. Peak strain was up to 2.7X higher in HSB than in HSBV. The results indicate that the irregular skull base protects nerves and vessels passing through the cranial floor by reducing brain displacement and that the intraventricular cerebrospinal fluid relieves strain in regions inferior and superior to the ventricles. The ventricles and irregular skull base are necessary in modeling head impact and understanding brain injury mechanisms.
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Abida, Habib, and Ronald D. Townsend. "Parameter optimization in modelling unsteady compound channel flows." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 19, no. 3 (June 1, 1992): 441–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l92-053.
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Optimization methods are used to estimate data for routing floods through open compound channels (main channels with flood plain zones). These data include the irregular channel section geometry and the varying boundary roughness. Differences between simulated and observed stages and discharges are minimized using three optimization algorithms: Powell's method, Rosenbrock's algorithm, and the Nelder and Meade simplex method. Powells' method performed poorly; however, both the Rosenbrock and simplex methods yielded good results. The estimated data using the Rosenbrock and simplex methods were used to route different flood events observed in a laboratory channel. Simulated peak stages and discharges were in good agreement with those estimated using actual routing data. Key words: compound channel, flood routing, lateral momentum transfer, optimization, unsteady flow.
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Khazaei, Mohsen, Reza Vahdani, and Ali Kheyroddin. "Optimal Location of Multiple Tuned Mass Dampers in Regular and Irregular Tall Steel Buildings Plan." Shock and Vibration 2020 (September 16, 2020): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9072637.
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Tuned mass dampers are one of the most common devices for the passive control of structures subjected to earthquakes. The structure of these dampers consists of three main parameters: mass, damping, and stiffness. Tuned mass dampers reduce the amplitude of the responses affecting on a mode. In most cases, only a single TMD (tuned mass damper) or a few dampers at several points above the building height are installed on the roof of the building, requiring considerable mass and space in some parts of the structure as overhead. It is also more important to predict the elements that will meet the required mass. In this research, the performance of multiple tuned mass dampers (MTMDs) is investigated in L- and U-shaped regular and irregular tall steel buildings with 10 and 20 floors, under the near- and far-field records. Nonlinear time history analysis is also applied to evaluate the multiple tuned mass dampers effects on the seismic responses of the structures. The SAP2000 API and MATLAB genetic algorithm are used to determine the optimal location of the MTMDs in the roof plans of the buildings. The results show the effects of multiple tuned mass dampers in reducing the seismic response of acceleration, displacement, and base shear up to 50, 40, and 40% in average, respectively. The results of determining the optimum location of MTMDs in the models indicate the importance of the symmetry of the dampers relative to the centre of mass of the building.
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Kirkpatrick, M. T., J. C. Rupe, and C. S. Rothrock. "Soybean Response to Flooded Soil Conditions and the Association with Soilborne Plant Pathogenic Genera." Plant Disease 90, no. 5 (May 2006): 592–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-90-0592.
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The role of soilborne pathogens in flood damage on soybeans, Glycine max, was examined using six genotypes representing a reputed range of flood tolerances. Genotypes were planted in single-row plots from 1996 to 1998 with flood treatments of no flood, flood at emergence (3-day duration), or flood at the fourth leaf node growth stage (7-day duration). Three or four days after removing each flood treatment, plant stands were estimated and 15 plants were collected from each plot, weighed, and rated for root discoloration. Roots were assayed for the presence of fungi and other filamentous eukaryotic organisms. Plant stands were reduced by flooding at emergence compared with the nonflooded control. Flooding at both growth stages caused significant increases in root discoloration compared with nonflooded soybeans. Plant weights were reduced in 2 of 3 years for flooding at emergence. Pythium was the only genus of filamentous organisms whose isolation frequency increased with flooding. Of the 60 Pythium isolates evaluated representing the different cultural groups based on appearance and growth rate on potato dextrose agar, cornmeal agar, and V8 agar, 47% were moderately to highly virulent on soybean. Pythium spp. isolated from soybean included the pathogenic species P. ultimum, P. aphanidermatum, P. irregulare, and P. vexans and Group HS. Nonpathogenic P. oligandrum also was isolated from soybean.
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Li, Xue Ling, Xiang Chao Yin, and Hai Bin Zhang. "Seismic Response Analysis of Different Plane Structure in Horizontal Direction." Applied Mechanics and Materials 90-93 (September 2011): 2487–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.90-93.2487.
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The results of theoretical research and earthquake damage investigation show that seismic response analysis of different plane structure in horizontal direction is different. Dynamic characteristics and seismic response analysis of four kinds of architectural models with different planes were analyzed by using the finite element analysis software. The inherent characteristics and earthquake time-history curves in different intensity level X, Y direction of displacement, velocity, acceleration and angle displace were studied. The results show that the seismic response of the four kinds of structures separates gradually, and the separation gap increases with increase of earthquake intensity. The building structure is safer in the long side direction than that in the short side in lateral earthquake response. The irregular structure can cause strong response in both horizontal in a single direction of earthquake effect. The second floor is a weak layer of the building structure which should be paid more attention to.
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Desloges, Joseph R., David P. Jones, and Karl E. Ricker. "Estimates of Peak Discharge from the Drainage of Ice-Dammed Ape Lake, British Columbia, Canada." Journal of Glaciology 35, no. 121 (1989): 349–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000009278.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe first known occurrence of outburst flooding at Ape Lake, British Columbia, was in October 1984 following the formation of a subglacial tunnel in an ice dam created by Fyles Glacier. Following tunnel closure, the lake refilled in 150 d and then a second outburst flood occurred in August 1986. During both events, 55% of the Apc Lake volume or 46 × 106m3was released in less than 24 h into the 50 km long, ungauged Noeick River, producing an average discharge of 540 m3s−1. Channel and flood-plain erosion, damage to access roads, bridges, a logging camp, and an airstrip were related to the peak or maximum instantaneous discharge. In the absence of direct measurements, and to facilitate planning for future flood events, several independent methods were employed to estimate peak discharge. A modified version of the Clague-Mathews formula and the slope-area method yield consistent estimates which approach 1600 m3s−1near the ice-dam outlet. Attenuation of the flood peak in Noeick River is as high as 25% in the upper 12 km due to channel and flood-plain storage. Results using Clarke’s (1982) physical-based model suggest lower discharges and may be related to the irregular morphology of Ape Lake. Since Fyles Glacier is in continuous retreat, drainage around the margin of the ice dam which began in the summer of 1987 is expected to continue and no further outburst floods are anticipated.
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Desloges, Joseph R., David P. Jones, and Karl E. Ricker. "Estimates of Peak Discharge from the Drainage of Ice-Dammed Ape Lake, British Columbia, Canada." Journal of Glaciology 35, no. 121 (1989): 349–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000009278.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe first known occurrence of outburst flooding at Ape Lake, British Columbia, was in October 1984 following the formation of a subglacial tunnel in an ice dam created by Fyles Glacier. Following tunnel closure, the lake refilled in 150 d and then a second outburst flood occurred in August 1986. During both events, 55% of the Apc Lake volume or 46 × 106 m3 was released in less than 24 h into the 50 km long, ungauged Noeick River, producing an average discharge of 540 m3 s−1. Channel and flood-plain erosion, damage to access roads, bridges, a logging camp, and an airstrip were related to the peak or maximum instantaneous discharge. In the absence of direct measurements, and to facilitate planning for future flood events, several independent methods were employed to estimate peak discharge. A modified version of the Clague-Mathews formula and the slope-area method yield consistent estimates which approach 1600 m3 s−1 near the ice-dam outlet. Attenuation of the flood peak in Noeick River is as high as 25% in the upper 12 km due to channel and flood-plain storage. Results using Clarke’s (1982) physical-based model suggest lower discharges and may be related to the irregular morphology of Ape Lake. Since Fyles Glacier is in continuous retreat, drainage around the margin of the ice dam which began in the summer of 1987 is expected to continue and no further outburst floods are anticipated.
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Bennike, Ole, and Jeff Shea. "Oodaaq Ø and other short-lived islets north of Greenland." Polar Record 55, no. 1 (January 2019): 14–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247419000135.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractIn 1978, a small island was discovered north of Kaffeklubben Ø, until then considered the most northern island on Earth. This island was named Oodaaq Ø. It was visited again in 1979, and in 1980 it was seen from Kaffeklubben Ø by members of the Sirius sledge patrol. Sirius searched for Oodaaq Ø again from 1981 to 1984 but did not find it. During the period from 1996 to 2008, the region was visited regularly and a number of new islets were discovered: the 1996 ATOW Island, KMS Island, 2001 RTOW Island, 83-42 Island, Stray Dog West Island and the 2008 Island. The islets are composed of gravel. We believe the area with islets is shallow, being a continuation of a coastal plain to the south. We suggest that the sea floor in the area is irregular and that the islets form by floes of sea ice that bulldoze material from the sea floor up above sea level. In some cases, perhaps all, the islets disappear when sea ice floes bulldoze sediment back below sea level. Alternatively, the so-called islets are just accumulations of gravel on sea ice.
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Coțovanu, Ionica, and Silvia Mironeasa. "Impact of Different Amaranth Particle Sizes Addition Level on Wheat Flour Dough Rheology and Bread Features." Foods 10, no. 7 (July 3, 2021): 1539. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10071539.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the effects generated by amaranth flour (AF)—of different particle sizes (PS) added to white wheat flour from 0% to 20%—on the proximate composition, dough rheological behavior, and bread technological parameters. The reduction of particle size led to an increased hydration capacity of the wheat–amaranth composite flour, while bulk density decreased. Increasing the amount of AF and decreasing the PS led to a significant increase in protein, lipids, and ash contents, while the moisture and carbohydrates of the composite flour decreased. Increasing AF addition led to an increase in dough tenacity and a decrease in dough extensibility, while the PS had an irregular trend. The large particle size, at 15% and 20% levels of AF in wheat flour, increased significantly (p < 0.001) the dough tenacity and hardness, bread firmness, but decreased bread volume, porosity, and elasticity, while medium and small particles at 5–15% addition levels improved porosity and elasticity of the composite bread. Significant correlations (p < 0.05) were found between proximate composition, dough rheological characteristics, and bread quality for the wheat–amaranth composite flours. The results of this study are an important basis for the development of innovative wheat–amaranth bread recipes.
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Krasnow, Charles S., and Mary K. Hausbeck. "Influence of pH and Etridiazole on Pythium Species." HortTechnology 27, no. 3 (June 2017): 367–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech03633-16.
Full textAbstract:
Pythium root rot (Pythium sp.) is ubiquitous in Michigan greenhouses that produce herbaceous ornamentals, an industry worth $393 million in the state. Disease symptoms include stunting, flowering delay, root rot, and death. Fungicides that are highly effective against pythium root rot are limited, and pathogen resistance has been documented. The objectives of this study were to determine the sensitivity of Pythium irregulare, Pythium ultimum, and Pythium aphanidermatum isolates from symptomatic herbaceous greenhouse ornamentals to the fungicide etridiazole and to determine the influence of pH and etridiazole on Pythium mycelial growth and asexual reproduction. Isolates were tested in vitro for sensitivity to etridiazole by growing the pathogen on amended V8-agar plates sealed in plastic containers to minimize fungicide loss from the vapor phase. The majority of isolates of all three species were sensitive to the fungicide with EC50 (effective concentration resulting in 50% inhibition of linear growth) values ranging from 0.10 to 5.03 μg·mL−1. Two isolates of P. irregulare had an EC90 (effective concentration resulting in 90% inhibition of linear growth) value >80 μg·mL−1. The acidity of the medium influenced the ability of etridiazole to inhibit Pythium mycelial growth and asexual reproduction. Agar plates amended with 1 μg·mL−1 etridiazole and adjusted to pH 4.5 limited the mycelial growth of two P. aphanidermatum isolates and two P. irregulare isolates by 90% and 56%, respectively, compared with amended agar at pH 6.5. Sporangial formation by P. aphanidermatum was less frequent on mycelial disks incubated in etridiazole-amended sterile distilled water (SDW) at pH 4.5 than pH 6.5 (P < 0.05). P. aphanidermatum zoospore cyst germination was less sensitive to etridiazole than sporangia or mycelial growth; however, the influence of pH and fungicide on cyst germination was significant (P < 0.01). At 250 μg·mL−1 etridiazole and solution pH 4.5, zoospore cyst germination was inhibited 99.9% compared with 94.2% at pH 6.5. In a greenhouse experiment, disease symptoms were observed on ‘Pinto White’ geranium (Pelargonium ×hortorum) in a potting medium infested with P. aphanidermatum and adjusted to pH 4.5 or 6.5; however, plant health and fresh weight were greater in low pH potting medium. Etridiazole, applied as a drench at transplant, did not improve control of root rot for plants grown at low pH (P > 0.05). Fresh weight of plants grown in infested potting medium adjusted to pH 4.5 and amended with a single drench of etridiazole (100 μg·mL−1) was reduced 20%, statistically similar to the untreated control. Adjusting the acidity of irrigation water at the time of etridiazole application in ebb and flow and flood floor production systems could be beneficial in pythium root rot management of certain ornamental crops if plants have tolerance to low pH.
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Mune Mune, Martin A., Christian B. Bassogog, Pierre A. Bayiga, Carine E. Nyobe, and Samuel R. Minka. "Protein Quality, Secondary Structure and Effect of Physicochemical Factors on Emulsifying Properties of Irvingia gabonensis Almonds." Current Nutrition & Food Science 15, no. 4 (June 28, 2019): 367–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573401314666180223142018.
Full textAbstract:
Background: There is a constant search of new plant proteins, with adequate nutritional and functional properties, as well as bioactive properties and low-cost for utilization in various food formulations. Objective: The aim of this work was to access the nutritional and functional potential of protein from Irvingia gabonensis, for utilization as ingredient or supplement in food. Methods: Proximate composition and amino acid were analyzed. Nutritional parameters were calculated from amino acid composition. Physicochemical properties and secondary structure of protein were determined. Finally, effect of oil to water ratio (OWR), pH and concentration on emulsifying properties was analyzed. Results: The flour contained 22.26% protein, 5.30% ash and 60% carbohydrates. Proteins contained all essential amino acids, with high content of Leu, Ile, Val, Thr and sulfur-containing amino acids. Essential amino acid index (69%), protein efficiency ratio (2.39-2.63) and biological value (79.91%) were studied. The maximum protein solubility (61%) was noticed at pH 8, while high hydrophobicity was observed at pH 2. A transition from an irregular secondary structure to a more ordered structure was found from pH 2-4 to pH 6-10. pH, OWR and concentration significantly affected emulsifying properties of Irvingia gabonensis almonds. The maximum emulsifying capacity (EC) was observed under acidic pH and high flour concentration. EC increased with increasing OWR and concentration, while decreased with increasing pH. High ES (25-35%) was observed at pH 4-8 and OWR of 1/3 to 1/2 (v/v), at flour concentration of 3-4% (w/v). Conclusion: Irvingia gabonensis showed good potential as food ingredient or supplement.
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Burgos-Garay, Maria L., Chuanxue Hong, and Gary W. Moorman. "Interactions of Heterotrophic Bacteria from Recycled Greenhouse Irrigation Water with Plant Pathogenic Pythium." HortScience 49, no. 7 (July 2014): 961–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.49.7.961.
Full textAbstract:
Heterotrophic bacteria present in recycled greenhouse irrigation water (RIW) were characterized and then evaluated for their effect on Pythium aphanidermatum, P. cryptoirregulare, and P. irregulare. Nutrient agar (NA) and R2A agar were used to isolate copiotrophic and oligotrophic bacteria. Bacterial isolates recovered from RIW were categorized according to whether they inhibited Pythium growth, attached to hyphae, or enhanced Pythium growth in the three Pythium species used. Three bacterial isolates were selected to determine whether their in vitro interactions with Pythium aphanidermatum, the most pathogenic of the three species used, influenced disease development in the greenhouse. An isolate of Sphingobium sp. that inhibited Pythium, Pseudomonas sp. that attached to hyphae, and Cupriavidus sp. that enhanced the growth of P. aphanidermatum in vitro were used in greenhouse experiments to examine their effects on disease development in geranium (Pelargonium ×hortorum ‘White Orbit’) grown in pasteurized potting mix in ebb and flood irrigation systems. Disease progress curves evaluating the effect of each bacterium indicate that they did not suppress or enhance disease development (P = 0.05). Thus, the effects that the bacterial isolates had in vitro differed from their effects under greenhouse conditions.
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Bates, G. D., C. S. Rothrock, and J. C. Rupe. "Resistance of the Soybean Cultivar Archer to Pythium Damping-Off and Root Rot Caused by Several Pythium spp." Plant Disease 92, no. 5 (May 2008): 763–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-5-0763.
Full textAbstract:
Archer, a maturity group I soybean cultivar with demonstrated flood tolerance and resistance to Pythium ultimum, was compared with Hutcheson, a widely planted maturity group V cultivar in Arkansas, for resistance to P. ultimum, P. irregulare, P. aphanidermatum, P. vexans, and group HS. Emergence and establishment assays demonstrated that Archer had greater emergence and fewer disease symptoms after 10 days for all pathogenic species of Pythium than did Hutcheson. Archer also demonstrated higher root weights and fewer disease symptoms compared with Hutcheson in assays conducted for 6 weeks. Similar results were found using two different seed lots of the cultivars, suggesting that the results were not due to seed quality differences. This study indicates that resistance in Archer to Pythium damping-off and root rot compared with Hutcheson is robust, with efficacy over a number of Pythium spp. and a range of plant developmental stages.
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VOGEL, M. J., A. H. HIRSA, and J. M. LOPEZ. "Spatio-temporal dynamics of a periodically driven cavity flow." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 478 (March 10, 2003): 197–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002211200200349x.
Full textAbstract:
The flow in a rectangular cavity driven by the sinusoidal motion of the floor in its own plane has been studied both experimentally and computationally over a broad range of parameters. The stability limits of the time-periodic two-dimensional base state are of primary interest in the present study, as it is within these limits that the flow can be used as a viable surface viscometer (as outlined theoretically in Lopez & Hirsa 2001). Three flow regimes have been found experimentally in the parameter space considered: an essentially two-dimensional time-periodic flow, a time-periodic three-dimensional flow with a cellular structure in the spanwise direction, and a three-dimensional irregular (in both space and time) flow. The system poses a space–time symmetry that consists of a reflection about the vertical mid-plane together with a half-period translation in time (RT symmetry); the two-dimensional base state is invariant to this symmetry. Computations of the two-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations agree with experimentally measured velocity and vorticity to within experimental uncertainty in parameter regimes where the flow is essentially uniform in the spanwise direction, indicating that in this cavity with large spanwise aspect ratio, endwall effects are small and localized for these cases. Two classes of flows have been investigated, one with a rigid no-slip top and the other with a free surface. The basic states of these two cases are quite similar, but the free-surface case breaks RT symmetry at lower forcing amplitudes, and the structure of the three-dimensional states also differs significantly between the two classes.
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Pratiwi, Vitta, and Tri Rahajoeningroem. "Perencanaan Prasarana Dan Sarana Sistem Pengendalian Banjir Kota Administrasi Jakarta Pusat." Indonesian Community Service and Empowerment (IComSE) 1, no. 1 (February 3, 2020): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.34010/icomse.v1i1.2794.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT
The effort to countermeasure flood and puddle in DKI Jakarta is one of the priority programs implemented by the Government in order to create Jakarta as the capital of the Republic of Indonesia that is comfortable to carry out social, cultural and economic activities, thus giving a positive impact to the economy of DKI Jakarta and Indonesia. In the effort to handle the puddle and flood problems above the need of infrastructure planning and flood control means especially in central Jakarta, so as to reduce the points of the puddle and flooding and the impact caused. With this activity is expected to produce a design of infrastructure development and a means of quality flood control that means that the development can be felt by all components of the community. This activity is conducted in two areas namely Petamburan (Jati Pinggir) and Kalibaru Timur. This methodology of implementation of activities consist of preparation and preliminary stages, field survey and data analysis as well as the formulation of channel design concept as well as simulated of drainage system and flood control modeling. The analysis of precipitation frequencies of the plan uses a 5-year anniversary with the Gumbell type 1 method. The problems in the Petamburan region are the basic elevation of the irregular channels, the number of basins in the middle of the channel, the capacity of channels that have been unable to receive debit plans and elevation of the land is generally lower than the elevation of the disposal channel Broad catchment area of 21.50 Ha, assuming the flow coefficient of 0.85 and the rainfall intensity is used at 5 years of 225.7 mm, resulting in flood discharge calculation of Q = 5.73 m3/second and plus existing pump 0.75 m3/sec. Handling of normalization with base tilt to 0.0028. Redimensioning is changed to uniform i.e. B = 1.20 m; H = 1.20 m. As for East Kalibaru region the thing that concern is the narrowing of the channel in the downstream. The Tc value is 121.26 minutes, I of 38.67 mm/h and Q = 8.47 m3/sec. Specification of the pump used is a submersible type axial flow with a capacity of 2 m3/sec.
Key words: Flood, rainfall, discharge, intensity, pump
ABSTRAK
Upaya penanggulangan banjir dan genangan di wilayah DKI Jakarta merupakan salah satu program prioritas yang dilaksanakan pemerintah dalam rangka menciptakan Jakarta sebagai ibukota Negara Republik Indonesia yang nyaman untuk melaksanakan kegiatan sosial, budaya maupun ekonomi, sehingga memberi dampak yang positif bagi perekonomian Provinsi DKI Jakarta maupun Indonesia. Dalam upaya penanganan permasalahan genangan dan banjir di atas dibutuhkan perencanaan prasarana dan sarana pengendali banjir khususnya di Jakarta Pusat, sehingga dapat mengurangi titik-titik genangan dan banjir serta dampak yang ditimbulkan. Dengan adanya kegiatan ini diharapkan dapat menghasilkan suatu desain pembangunan prasarana dan sarana pengendali banjir yang berkualitas yaitu yang bermakna bahwa pembangunan tersebut dapat dirasakan oleh seluruh komponen masyarakat. Pada kegiatan ini dilakukan di dua wilayah yaitu Petamburan (Jati Pinggir) dan Kalibaru Timur. Metodologi pelaksanaan kegiatan ini terdiri atas tahap persiapan dan pendahuluan, survey lapangan dan analisis data serta penyusunan konsep desain saluran serta simulasi pemodelan sistem drainase dan pengendalian banjir. Analisis frekuensi curah hujan rencana menggunakan kala ulang 5 tahun dengan metode Gumbell tipe 1. Permasalahan di wilayah Petamburan adalah elevasi dasar saluran tidak beraturan, banyaknya cekungan di tengah saluran, kapasitas saluran yang sudah tidak mampu menerima debit rencana dan elevasi lahan umumnya lebih rendah daripada elevasi saluran pembuang. Luas catchment area seluas 21.50 Ha, dengan asumsi koefisien pengaliran sebesar 0.85 dan intensitas curah hujan digunakan kala ulang 5 tahun sebesar 225.7 mm, sehingga didapat perhitungan debit banjir sebesar Q = 5.73 m3/detik dan ditambah pompa eksisting 0.75 m3/detik. Dilakukan penanganan normalisasi dengan kemiringan dasar menjadi 0.0028. Redimensi diubah menjadi seragam yaitu B = 1.20 m; H = 1.20 m. Sedangkan untuk wilayah Kalibaru Timur hal yang menjadi perhatian adalah penyempitan saluran di hilir. Nilai Tc adalah 121.26 menit, I sebesar 38.67 mm/jam dan Q = 8.47 m3/detik. Spesifikasi pompa yang dipergunakan merupakan tipe submersible axial flow dengan kapasitas 2 m3/detik.
Kata kunci: Banjir, curah hujan, debit, intensitas, pompa
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Walker, S. E., N. E. El-Gholl, P. D. Pratt, and T. S. Schubert. "First U.S. Report of Pseudocercospora paederiae Leaf Spot on the Invasive Exotic Paederia foetida." Plant Disease 85, no. 2 (February 2001): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2001.85.2.232b.
Full textAbstract:
Paederia foetida L., commonly referred to as skunk vine, is a native of eastern and southern Asia and was introduced into the United States prior to 1897. By 1916 it was already a troublesome weed in central Florida. It is a fast growing perennial twining vine (up to 7 m) with a woody rootstock adapted to a wide range of light, soil, water, and salt conditions (4). Naturalized in Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Louisiana, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Texas, it occurs most often in disturbed areas. In Florida, where it is listed by the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services as a noxious weed, it invades various native plant communities including sandhills, flood plains, and upland mixed forests, where it creates dense canopies leading to injury or death of native vegetation and structural alteration of the native plant community (2,4). Current work underway to find biological control agents for invasive weeds led to the discovery in central Florida of a skunk vine plant with irregular to angular, sunken leaf spots ranging in color from shiny black to dark brown, some with tan centers and dark brown borders. Leaf spots had coalesced in some areas, blighting portions of leaves. Pseudocercospora paederiae (Sawada ex) Goh & Hsieh (1,3) was recovered from these leaf spots. Fruiting was amphigenous (chiefly epiphyllous) with globular or subglobular stromata, formed singly or coalesced, 37.2 μm wide (range = 19.9 to 62.3 μm). Conidia were hyaline to faintly olivaceous, with up to 6 septa, straight to mildly curved, measuring 49.6 μm (range = 18.8 to 72.3 μm) × 4 μm (range = 3 to 5 μm). To confirm Koch's postulates, a healthy, vigorous P. foetida plant in a 12 liter pot was spray-inoculated with 47 ml of a conidial suspension (13,000/ml) of P. paederiae. The plant was covered with a clear plastic bag to create a moist atmosphere and kept at room temperature (25°C) for 3 days after which it was uncovered and moved into a greenhouse. The greenhouse temperature fluctuated between 15°C (nighttime) and 29°C (daytime). Symptoms started appearing after 2 weeks, becoming more prominent by the third and fourth week. The inoculated plant showed irregular to angular dark brown to black leaf spots with dark brown borders. Necrosis along veins was observed and severely infected leaves abscised. The fungus was consistently recovered from inoculated symptomatic leaf tissue. Continued incubation of the plant under greenhouse and outdoor raised bench conditions eventually resulted in the secondary infection and leaf spotting of new foliage. P. paederiae was recovered from these secondary lesions. P. paederiae has been previously reported from Taiwan, China, and Japan. This represents the first report of the pathogen in the Western Hemisphere. Pathogenicity tests suggest possible application as a mycoherbicide. References: (1) C. Chupp. 1953. A Monograph of the Fungus Genus Cercospora. Cornell University Press. Ithaca, New York. (2) G. Gann and D. Gordon. Natural Areas J. 18:169, 1998. (3) W. H. Hsieh and T. K. Goh. 1990. Cercospora and Similar Fungi from Taiwan. Maw Chang Book, Taiwan, Republic of China. (4) K. A. Langeland and K. C. Burks, eds. 1998. Identification & Biology of Non-Native Plants in Florida's Natural Areas. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, FL.
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LaMondia, J. A., D. W. Li, and C. R. Vossbrinck. "First Report of Blight of Common Bean Caused by Phytophthora capsici in Connecticut." Plant Disease 94, no. 1 (January 2010): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-94-1-0134b.
Full textAbstract:
Phytophthora capsici Leonion was first identified on pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and is widespread on solanaceous and cucurbitaceous crops. It was first documented on Phaseolus lunatus L. in Delaware in 2002 (1), followed by reports on snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Michigan in 2003 (2), and on Long Island, NY in 2008 ( http://vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu/ NewsArticles/Bean_phytoJune09.html ). In 2009, we observed snap and wax beans in commercial production with water-soaked lesions on foliage, stems, and pods. Twelve to sixteen hectares were affected in the flood plain of the Connecticut River in central Connecticut. Weather conditions had been warm and very wet. Lesions displayed white mycelia and sporangia. P. capsici was isolated from surface-sterilized tissue on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and malt extract agar. Hyphal tips were subcultured onto V8 media for further analysis. To confirm Koch's postulates, two isolates were tested for pathogenicity against bean (cv. Valentino) and pepper (cv. Cayenne) by placing colonized PDA plugs or PDA alone next to the crown or in stem branches. Symptoms similar to those observed in the field on bean and pepper developed on inoculated plants and the pathogen was reisolated. Controls did not develop disease. Sporangia of P. capsici growing on V8 medium were ellipsoid, ovoid, pyriform, but occasionally irregular, papillate, and 54.0 ± 5.7 × 31.1 ± 4.7 μm (n = 31) with a length/width (L/W) ratio of 1.8 ± 0.3. The papillae were 5.4 ± 0.9 μm (n = 31) and the pedicels were 24.5 ± 12.6 × 3.0 ± 1.0 μm. Sporangia collected from bean plants were smaller with longer pedicels; the sporangia were 44.9 ± 9.1 × 26.0 ± 2.8 μm with a L/W ratio of 1.7 ± 0.2; papillae were 4.6 ± 1.0 μm; and the pedicels were 49 ± 20.0 × 2.8 ± 0.9 μm (n = 20). To confirm the identity of our isolate genetically, DNA was extracted from one P. capsici isolate and the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified and sequenced (GenBank Accession No. GU011684). The ITS sequence was identical to sequences of P. capsisci in GenBank and confirmed our identification of this new isolate as P. capsici. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. capsici infecting Phaseolus vulgaris in Connecticut and New England. References: (1) C. R. Davidson et al. Plant Dis. 85:886, 2002. (2) A. J. Gevens et al. Plant Dis. 92:201, 2008.
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Spałek, Krzysztof, and Sylwia Horska-Schwarz. "Veronico beccabungae-Callitrichetum stagnalis (Oberd. 1957) Müller 1962, a plant association new to Poland - quality of habitat." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 78, no. 4 (2011): 345–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2009.045.
Full textAbstract:
The paper presents a community of water plants that is new to Poland, <em>Veronico beccabungae-Callitrichetum</em> stagnalis (Oberd. 1957) Müller 1962. This community belongs to the class <em>Potametea</em>. It was discovered in the village of Odrowąż near the town of Krapkowice in Silesia (SW Poland). <em>Veronico beccabungae-Callitrichetum stagnalis</em> in Poland occurs within an irregularly shaped shallow underwater spring, located in the distal part of the Oder River’s flood terrace. This plant community covered 0.2 ha in 2008. <em>Callitriche stagnalis</em> predominated in this community. Species such as <em>Callitriche hamulata</em> and <em>Callitriche verna</em> occurred less frequently. An average of five species were counted in a relevé. Alkaline sediments (pH 8.03) occur in the substratum, but sediments with a lower pH value (7.73) occur in the spring’s outflow zone towards the Odra River. Water in the spring, where <em>Veronico beccabungae-Callitrichetum stagnalis</em> occurred, has a medium mineralisation but is rich in dissolved compounds. The condition of this community within the studied habitat could be evidence for highly adaptive abilities and this community's good adjustment to the natural conditions. <em>Veronico beccabungae-Callitrichetum stagnalis</em> is a rare and endangered plant community in Central Europe. The locality of this plant community in Poland should be given species protection.
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Nehyba, Slavomír, Jiří Otava, Pavla Tomanová Petrová, and Adéla Gazdová. "The foreland state at the onset of the flexurally induced transgression: data from provenance analysis at the peripheral Carpathian Foredeep (Czech Republic)." Geologica Carpathica 70, no. 3 (June 1, 2019): 241–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/geoca-2019-0014.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The Žerotice Formation recognised in a confined area NE–SE of Znojmo represents a basal member of the sedimentary succession of the southwestern margin of the Carpathian Foredeep in Moravia (Czech Republic). Two facies associations were recognised within the formation. The first one mantles the pre-Neogene basement with an irregular unconformity, reflects arid climatic conditions and deposition of episodic shallow, high-energy stream flows and/or mass flows (alluvial to fluvial deposits). The second facies association is interpreted as lagoonal to distal flood plain deposits. The barren unfossiliferous deposits of the Žerotice Formation are covered by nearshore marine Eggenburgian deposits. The boundary between these deposits represents a sequence boundary (i.e. the basal forebulge unconformity). Detailed provenance studies of successive beds below and above this sequence boundary showed differences in the source area and paleodrainage. Both the local primary crystalline rocks (Moravian and Moldanubian Unit, Thaya Batholith) and older sedimentary cover (especially Permo–Carboniferous sedimentary rocks) form the source of the Žerotice Formation. All these geological units are located only a few km away from the preserved areal extent of the deposits of the Žerotice Formation (short transport and a local source). The source areas of the overlying marine Eggenburgian beds are located far more to the W and NW in the Moldanubian and Moravian Units (longer transport, extended source area). Local confined preservation of the Žerotice Formation is preliminarily explained as connected with a tectonically predisposed paleovalley.
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Visintini, D., E. Marcon, G. Pantò, E. P. Canevese, T. De Gottardo, and I. Bertani. "ADVANCED 3D MODELING VERSUS BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING: THE CASE STUDY OF PALAZZO ETTOREO IN SACILE (ITALY)." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W11 (May 5, 2019): 1137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w11-1137-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> This paper presents an experience of 3D modeling starting from laser scanning data and following two alternative approaches: the first one, called “Advanced 3D modeling”, based on an original meshing algorithm, while the second make use of Revit BIM software.</p><p>The case study in Palace Ettoreo in Sacile (Pordenone, Italy), constructed in Renaissance Venetian style in the 16th century: it has a trapezoid plan and is developed on three floors, with the ground one endowing a portico on two façades.</p><p>The palace has been surveyed by two terrestrial laser scanners: a Riegl Z420i for 5 external scans and a FARO Photon 120 for 53 internal scans; also a topographic surveying of 270 targets have been carried out. The final TLS cloud has 1,4 billions of points.</p><p>The Advanced 3D modeling has produced a “smart” mesh, allowing also to model the elements with deformations (out of plumb, bulges and troughs). Moreover, this model drastically reduce the stored data: the whole palace is modeled by 111.496 polygons only.</p><p>The modeling with Revit follows the classical flowchart where the principal architectonical elements are gradually composed: this HBIM process has required a strong manual work in exploiting the available parametric objects and/or in the definition of new objects.</p><p>Comparing the two models with respect the points cloud, both have evidenced advantages and limitations: therefore, the best solution is a process involving their combination. At the beginning, the Advanced 3D modeling is performed onto the points cloud, so well exploiting the segmentation tools and the smart meshing of the surfaces preserving any geometrical irregularity. Such obtained model allows metrical and morphological evaluation on the various structural and architectonical elements. Afterwards, this very light model becomes the entry data for the modeling in BIM environment, where also the shape of irregular elements are so imported.</p>
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Mondol, Md Anarul Haque, Al-Mamun, Mehedi Iqbal, and Dong-Ho Jang. "Precipitation Concentration in Bangladesh over Different Temporal Periods." Advances in Meteorology 2018 (November 22, 2018): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1849050.
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Precipitation concentration is an important component of climate, and an unbalanced distribution of precipitation can yield excess or scarcity of water resources, which in turn can influence plant growth, flood risk, and water resource use. The precipitation concentration index (PCI) is a well-known indicator for the measurement of temporal precipitation in a short or long area. The purpose of this study was to analyze precipitation concentration rates in different regions of Bangladesh using the precipitation concentration index (PCI) and the inverse distance weighting method. In this study, the rainfall data from 30 meteorological observatory stations across Bangladesh were collected for the period 1980 to 2011. We defined periods of varying lengths (i.e., annual, supraseasonal, seasonal, and three- and two-month rainfall concentrations) and compared their PCI values. The results showed that precipitation concentrations were mostly irregular when rainfall was concentrated within two to four months of the year. Higher PCI values were mainly identified in the eastern region and have strong seasonal influences, whereas lower PCI values were mostly observed in the northern region. The analyses of periodic variation and precipitation in Bangladesh generally follow through the SW–NE direction due to the summer monsoon, while during the winter monsoon, they follow the N–S direction where JAS and JFM showed higher and lower PCI values. We observed variations in PCI among different regions using the Kruskal–Wallis test of the mean PCI on a decadal scale (1980–1989, 1990–1999, and 2000–2011). The result showed that significant changes in the precipitation occurred during the period of 1980–2011. At a two-month scale, significant changes were identified during transition periods where PCI values were lower from 2000 to 2011 than those in the earlier decades.
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McBride, TP, and BN Noller. "Sampling techniques for reliable determination of trace metals in macrophytes and periphyton." Marine and Freshwater Research 46, no. 7 (1995): 1047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9951047.
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Sampling techniques were developed to measure trace-metal concentrations reliably in the shoots of a submerged macrophyte, Najas tenuifolia, and its attached periphyton growing in the Magela Creek flood plain in monsoonal northern Australia. At each site, 30 samples were collected within an 8-m by 8-m quadrat in a pattern of five samples from each of six irregularly spaced points. Samples were collected underwater to include all periphyton present, and precautions were taken at all stages of processing to avoid contamination. Periphyton was dislodged for separate chemical analysis by sonication followed by vigorous shaking. A significant aspect was the large amount of periphyton, up to 35% of the total sample dry weight, associated with the Najas sp. Only a proportion, up to 43%, of this periphyton could be dislodged by the physical procedures used. Trace metals were generally not present in the same concentrations in both the Najas sp. and the periphyton. The average trace-metal concentrations (μg g-1 dry weight) and standard errors measured in the Najas sp. (and periphyton) were cadmium 0.24 � 0.013 (0.093 � 0.012), copper 5.2� 0.25 (12 � 0.74), lead 0.93 � 0.084 (6.5 � 0.43), manganese 2500 � 110 (1500 � 110), uranium 0.24 � 0.023 (0.27 � 0.030), and zinc 38 � 1.0 (23 � 1.5). The significant differences in Najas sp. and periphyton trace-metal concentrations show the need to consider the effect of periphyton when sampling and reporting trace-metal concentrations in submerged macrophytes.
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Kholod, S. S. "Zonation in the plant cover on the Wrangel Island: syntaxonomical approach." Vegetation of Russia, no. 23 (2013): 89–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/vegrus/2013.23.89.
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Hierarchical subdivision of the Wrangel Island was realized using syntaxonomic method. Following criteria were used: syntaxonomic spectrum and percentage share of syntaxa on zonal and intrazonal sites, the status of syntaxa in the system of altitudinal belts, the indexes of zonation and intrazonation, the index of dissimilarity between syntaxa (І-diversity) and mean number of species per relevй. The system of zonocontinuums and the criterion of typomorphic groups were applied to represent the character of syntaxa distribution. Furthermore, the indexes of “species-area relationships”, zonal-geographical groups of species, cover of the different groups of species and its variation, horizontal structure of communities and above ground phytomass were reviewed. All numerical characteristics allowed to make a differentiation of the island vegetation between 4 variants. Among these 2 ones are southern and nothern variants of arctic tundra subzones, 1 — is northern variant of typical tundra subzone and 1 — is southern (coastal) variant of polar deserts. The last are delimited fr om other zonal categories in highest rank —as geobotanical zone. They are characterized by minimum number of syntaxa in zonal sites (4) and in flood-plains (2), absence of any syntaxa at the slopes of southern exposure. All other indexes of diversity are of a least value: dissimilarity between syntaxa (43.7), and average number of species in relevй (5.9). Differentiate syntaxa for all sites (except plakkat) and typomorphic groups are absent. It is a least value of і-diversity: the parameter b1 in regression equation is1.17. Moreover, the cover of vascular plants decreases to 10–20 %, but cover of lichens increases to 30 %. The cover of bryophytes and all vegetation are characterized by essential changes of variation coefficient (0.6–0.7 and 0.4–0.5 respectively), above ground phytomass of vascular plants is decreases to 49.9 g/m2. The part of arctic zonal-geographical groups is increases greatly to 61.4 %, but total part of hypoarctic and boreal is decreases to 3.8 %. Sporadic-spotted type of horizontal structure is exclusively peculiar to this zone. Northern variant of typical tundra is characterized by a relatively large number of syntaxa at slopes of southern exposure (19) and high value of index of abruptness (0.56). Number of syntaxa with diagnostic meaning of altitudinal changes is greater — 13. The index of І-diversity by means average number of species in relevй is 9.5 and by means dissimilarity between syntaxa is 55.1 %. High diversity of syntaxa (9) differentiating at slopes of southern exposure is inherent to this zonal variant. Besides, large role of hypoarctic species (10.8 %), irregular-mosaic type of horizontal structure and relatively large overground phytomass of vascular plants (89.9 g/m2) are characterized for this zonal category. Here it is the highest value of і-diversity (b1 = 3.07). Southern and northern variants of arctic tundra are characterized by parameters distinguished from the plant cover of polar deserts zone and typical tundra subzone. These parameters are: number of syntaxa at slopes of southern exposure (11 and 8), their index of abruptness (0.36 and 0.29), number of syntaxa with diagnostic meaning of altitudinal changes (8 and 5), indexes of І-diversity (60.0 and 58.5 — dissimilarity between syntaxa, 7.9 and 8.2 — average number of species in relevй). Moreover, similar values of і-diversity (b1 = 2.30 and 2.50), zonal-geographical spectrum (wh ere total part of hypoarctic and boreal groups is smaller essentially then in typical tundra, but part of arctic group is equal to one of polar deserts) and above ground phytomass of vascular plants (83.5 g/m2and 80.1 g/m2) are peculiar to these two variants. Several vegetation indexes contribute to reveal southern and northern zonal variants. The last region is referred to the High Arctic. Also diagnostic amount of syntaxa and analytical characteristics for zonal categories of definite rank were determined. Typical syntaxa have a special significance for zonal categories of higher rank (tundra zone as whole and the subzone of arctic tundra).
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Bondarenko, S. V., S. V. Stankevych, and A. V. Matsyura. "Species ratio in the complex of the cruciferous bugs and seasonal dynamics of the population number." Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 11, no. 1 (January 20, 2021): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2021_6.
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The complex of cruciferous bugs includes such species as painted or harlequin (cabbage) bug (Eurydema ventralis Kol), pentatomid rape bug (E. oleraracea L.), and mustard bug (E. ornata L.). They belong to a line Hemiptera, the family Shield bugs (Pentatomidae), and the genus Cruciferous bugs (Eurydema). The dominant species is the cabbage bug. The mustard bug dominated only in 2007, and since 2012 it has not been detected in the records. They are widespread throughout the whole territory of Ukraine. Both adult bugs and larvae damage the crops; they pierce the leaf skin or floriferous shoots with the proboscis and suck out the juice. The light spots appear at the puncture points, the tissue dies, falls out, and the irregular form holes are formed. When the seeds are damaged, the flowers and ovary fall off, and the seeds' quality deteriorates. The harmfulness of the bugs increases dramatically in dry and hot weather. We found out that the largest number of wintering bugs was concentrated in the forest belts, near which there were the crops of spring oilseeds and cabbage plants and the seeds of white cabbage. The density of wintering imagines of the cabbage bug was 1.7–4.4 specimens/m², and the density of the rape bug was 0.9–2.3 specimens/m² of the forest floor. In the first turn, the wintered bugs' imagines populated the cabbage seeds as a trap crop, and then they populated the sprouts of spring rape and mustard. The density of the cruciferous bugs on the seeds of white cabbage of Kharkivska 105 variety was 19.0-30.7 specimens per plant at the beginning of the populating of spring oilseed cabbage crops at the Educational, Research and Production Centre "Research Field" of Kharkiv National Agrarian University named after V.V. Dokuchaiev (Ukraine). The maximum density of the cruciferous bugs in the phenophase of the yellow bud on the crops of spring oilseed cabbage plants was the following: 4.5±1.45 specimens/m² of the cabbage bug was found on spring rape of Ataman variety, 4.0±1.83 specimens/m² on white mustard of Carolina variety and 3.5±2.65 specimens/m² on Chinese mustard of Tavrychanka variety; and the density of the rape bug was 0.7±0.23, 0.5±0.23 and 0.5±0.3 specimens/m² respectively. The maximum density of the cruciferous bugs in the phenophase of the yellow bud on spring rape of Ataman variety was 6.0±0.9 specimens/m², on white mustard of Carolina variety it was 5.7±0.85, on Chinese mustard of Tavrychanka variety, the average density was 5.3±0.9 specimens/m² at the state enterprise "Research Farm "Elitne" (Ukraine). The highest number of cabbage and rape bugs at a density of 22.3–30.7 specimens/plant is concentrated on the seeds of white cabbage plants at noon, and the lowest number of them was found at 8.00 AM, and the density was 17.9–28.5 specimens/plant. The maximum density of 51-60 specimens/plant was at noon. We found out that the beginning of populating spring rape of Ataman variety by the bugs that occurred in the phenophases of 3−4 pairs of true leaves, namely during the rosette formation. The larval reappearance's beginning took place when the sum of the active temperatures was 520–688 °C (from the end of the third decade of April to the beginning of May's third decade when the sum of the active temperatures was 106-412 °C). We observed the peak of the cruciferous bugs' number from the second and third decades of June to the third decade of July, depending on the year's climatic conditions. The highest density of the bugs was observed before harvesting.
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Dallagnol, L. J., L. V. Ferreira, J. A. Araujo-Filho, L. E. A. Camargo, and F. R. de Castro-Moretti. "Gray Mold Caused by Botryotinia fuckeliana on Edible Pods of Pea in Brazil." Plant Disease 98, no. 4 (April 2014): 569. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-08-13-0814-pdn.
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Gray mold on edible pods of snow pea (Pisum sativum Lam. [Fabaceae]) was observed in greenhouse-cultivated pea (cvs. Luana Gigante and Gigante Flor Roxa) in the city of Pelotas (Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) in September and October 2012. The incidence of diseased pods was high (∼25% of immature pods) after up to 3 cloudy and rainy days that hindered the ventilation inside the greenhouse resulting in high relative humidity. Infection occurred first on senescing petals adhered to the forming pods, leading to pod abortion or rotting that began at the contact site with the infected petal. The first symptoms on pods included water soaked tissue that quickly turned light brown and progressed to necrosis. Conidia and conidiophores produced on profuse gray mycelium could be easily seen on infected tissue 2 to 3 days after the appearance of symptoms. Conidiophores were smooth-walled, 400 μm to over 1.5 mm long, hyaline to pale brown, and branched in their upper part; each branch ended with a hemispherical or spherical swelling, 5 to 9 μm in diameter with minute sterigmata. Macroconidia were globose, ellipsoidal, smooth, hyaline to pale brown, usually with protuberant hila, 7 to 15 × 5 to 9 μm. Microconidia were not observed. On potato dextrose agar (PDA), colonies were fast-growing, white, low, covering entire 10 cm petri plates in 4 to 5 days when they turned gray to brownish-gray. Conidiophores and conidia were often formed in sectors. Shield-like, elliptical, lenticular to irregular, black, 1.5 to 6.0 × 1.0 to 4.0 mm sclerotia developed in 10-day-old colonies incubated at room temperature. Genomic DNA was extracted from conidia, conidiophores, and mycelium and used to amplify both the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) (ITS1-5.8s-ITS2) region and the β-tubulin gene using the ITS1/4 and Bt2a/b primers, respectively (1,4). The ITS (541 bp) and β-tubulin (467 bp) sequences were deposited in GenBank under accessions KC683713 and KC683712, respectively. BLASTn searches revealed similarity of 100% (EF207415) and 99% (FQ790278) with Botryotinia fuckeliana (De Bary) Whetzel for the ITS and β- tubulin sequences, respectively. Based on morphological characteristics and sequence analysis, the pathogen causing pod rot of peas was identified as B. fuckeliana. To fulfill Koch's postulates, 10 unwounded pods of P. sativum ‘Luana Gigante’ were inoculated by depositing PDA plugs (5 mm) colonized with fungal mycelium on their surface. Non-inoculated and mock-inoculated pods with sterile PDA plugs served as control. Inoculated and control pods were incubated inside a clear plastic box (11 × 11 × 3.5 cm) and over moistened filter paper under 12-h photoperiod at 25 ± 1°C. A surrounding water-soaked halo was visible only on pods inoculated with the fungus 48 h after inoculation (hai). Intense sporulation and necrosis were visible 96 hai. Botrytis spp. was previously detected, through standard blotter test, on seeds of P. sativum in Brazil, but without pathogenicity test nor its transmission through seeds (2,3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of B. fuckeliana causing epidemics on pea pods in Brazil. The high incidence of the disease in a protected environment has the potential to cause significant economic impact due to its damage to the pods, rendering them unmarketable. References: (1) N. L. Glass and G. Donaldson. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:1323, 1995. (2) M. A. S. Mendes et al. Fungos em Plantas no Brasil. Embrapa-Cenargen, Brasília, 1998. (3) W. M. Nascimento and S. M. Cícero. Rev. Bras. Sementes 13:5, 1991. (4) T. J. White et al. PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, 1990.
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Λειβαδίτης, Γ., and Α. Αλεξούλη-Λειβαδίτη. "MORPHOLOGY OF LESVOS' ISLAND COASTS." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 36, no. 2 (July 23, 2018): 1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.16903.
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The morphology of the coasts of the island of Lesvos is controlled mainly by the erosivity of the volcanic rocks that form >51.2% of the coasts of the island. Thus, the NE, Ν, W and the biggest part of the S coasts consist exclusively of volcanic rocks, with the E coast and the remaining part of the S coast to be formed by metamorphic rocks i.e. schists, phyllites and matbles, being the 31.7% of the coast. Neogene and alluvial formations occupy the coast of the Geras and Kalloni Gulfs and secondarily some other bays representing an area of 15.7%, with the remaining 1.4% of the coast to be consisted of peridotites and serpentinites. The coasts formed by Neogene and Quaternary deposits are rather gentle incorporating small bays where beaches have been formed. Furthermore, in the case of Geras and Kalloni Gulfs lagoons and swamps (permanent and/or seasonal) have been formed due to the low gradients of the coastal zone, the increased sediment fluxes from torrents and the low-energy wave and current regime; these wetlands are of great ecological importance. Beach zone consists of sand and pebbles of varying size, whilst the backshore zone is covered by grass and is traversed by scattered creeps. Beach rocks have been identified below or under the sea level, which are present in coasts of carbonate rocks but they are absent from those of volcanic rocks. The study of beach rocks showed a discontinuous uplifting of the sea level which reaches up to 3m during the last 4000-4500 years. Sloping coasts of various angles (from a few degrees up to 40-60 degrees) with a rather smooth relief deep into the sea; their slope remains the same above and under the sea level. Lithologically, these coasts consist mainly of volcanic rocks. This type of coast does not belong to the category of actively retreating coasts. Cliffs constitute another category of coasts. They vary from cliffs of few meters height (2 - 3 m) to cliffs of bigger size (falaise), being the product of marine erosion. These coasts belong to the category of actively retreating coasts. Along their coastline intensive erosion is observed; whilst in some places blocks of the retreating rocky coast remain offshore. In other places narrow shores, consisting of sand and pebbles, are formed on the foot of the cliff. The most steep coasts are formed primarily in acid volcanic rocks (pyroclastic, ryolitic) and secondarily in other type of volcanic rocks. In the case of intensively broken cracked loose rocky formations, rockfalls are also occurred frequently. In the case of formations that undergone intensive tectonic activity, weathering and eronional processes are amplified resulting to the formation of a thick weathered horizon, which with the underlain broken rock-strata often comes into a fragile equilibrium that results to rockfalls. Finally, along both the gently sloping coasts and the cliffed coasts are formed pocket beaches. The coasts of Lesvos are characterized genetically according to the classification system of Shepard (1963), in primary and secondary coasts. I) Primary coasts. 1) Alluvial plain coasts 2) Wind deposition coasts. 3) a) Dunes. Sand flats form in front of dunes. 4) Landslides coasts. 5) Volcanic coasts. 6) Fault coasts. II) Secondary coasts shaped mainly by marine agencies of erosion or deposition. 1 ) Coasts that were created by the erosion of waves. We distinguish: a) Wave straitened cliffs. They are distinguished from the fault coasts because they bordered by gently inclined sea floor. 2) Made irregular by wave erosion. 3 Beaches. Enough widespread type of coasts covered by sand, gravel etc. 4 Salt Marshes and marsh grass coasts. 5 Swamps and Lagoons.
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Faisal, Ade, and Gamal Halim. "STUDI PARAMETRIK DEFORMASI TORSI LANTAI BANGUNAN ASIMETRIS SEBIDANG DIPENGARUHI OLEH GEMPA PULSE DAN TANPA PULSE." Portal: Jurnal Teknik Sipil 9, no. 2 (September 28, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.30811/portal.v9i2.616.
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Earthquake resistant building must be designed with a proper plan configuration. Although the regular and symmetrical building plans have been known to have a good behaviour under earthquake loads, but the facts have demonstrated that many asymmetrical plan buildings are built for the architectural reasons. Irregular plan buildings cause mass distribution, stiffness, and strength asymmetries which in turn produce the eccentricity to the centre of mass. In this research, the asymmetrical buildings are simulated under earthquake ground motion containing pulse. The study aims to evaluate the drift and floor rotations that occur in the asymmetrical buildings. The results indicate that the difference in drift of symmetrical and asymmetrical buildings reach 8% to 20%. The rotation occurred on the rigid side (high stiffness side) is smaller than the flexible side (low stiffness side). The difference in eccentricity affects clearly the inelastic floor rotation.Keywords: Eccentricity Stiffness, Pulse Ground Motion, Floor Rotation
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"Nonlinear Behavior of Building with Varying Percentages of Slab Opening." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 9, no. 1 (October 30, 2019): 190–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.a1114.109119.
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The work describes about irregular plan geometric forms that are more in metro cities. Irregularities are not avoidable in construction of buildings. In present scenario many buildings have irregular configurations both in elevation and plan. Now a day’s openings in the floors are common for many reasons like stair cases, lighting architectural etc. The present study focuses on the behavior of 10 storey reinforced concrete buildings under seismic zone-v, the plan dimensions is taken as 28 m x 28 m. The plan irregularities such as openings in slab with varying percentages is taken in this study. Study is done on various plan configuration buildings and the action of structural diaphragm on its performance during earthquake is studied. Pushover analysis is performed by using ETABS software, for present work five models are studied 1) building without opening in slab 2) plan irregular building with 10% opening in slab 3) plan irregular building with 20% opening in slab 4) plan irregular building with 30% opening in slab 5) plan irregular building with 40% opening in slab. Output from software consisting of Pushover curve and hinge formation results of all five models which are presented. Plan irregularity find better structural system solution such as in 20% opening shows better base shear.
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Zong, Lina, Feng Xu, Wei Yuan, and Xiaolei Ji. "Numerical Analysis on the Seismic Performance of Plane Irregular Structure Based on ABAQUS." Journal of Architectural Research and Development 4, no. 4 (August 28, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.26689/jard.v4i4.1461.
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Rod element and shell element were used in finite element software ABAQUS to establish dynamic elastic-plastic analysis model of the structure, the seismic performance of an irregular plane complex overrun structure numerical simulation, the structure was calculated under different input level and displacement response of the acceleration response, and analyses the force of the wear layer column and the floor of the open hole stress level. The results were compared with the shaking table test to verify the accuracy of the numerical simulation results. The results of numerical calculation were basically consistent with the experimental results, and the finite element model basically reflected the response of the structure under the simulated earthquake.
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Vitthalrao Jagtap, Sunil. "Ameloblastic Fibrosarcoma an Uncommon Odontogenic Tumor of Right Maxilla." Clinical Pathology & Research Journal 4, no. 1 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/cprj-16000122.
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Ameloblastic Fibrosarcoma (AFS) is an uncommon mixed odontogenic tumor composed of a benign epithelial and a malignant ectomesenchymal component. We report a case of a 15 year old female presented with a history of painful swelling over right maxilla of 6 months duration. On examination showed an irregular greyish white solid mass measuring 4.5 x 3.4 cm. On radiograph CT Neck (plain and contrast) showed mass lesion in right maxillary sinus with erosion of its floor and extending into right gingivo-buccal space. Features suggestive of neoplastic pathology. The right subtotal maxillary resection was done. On histopathological evaluation showed an irregular greyish white solid mass measuring 4.1 x 3.4 x 3.3 cm. On cut section showed grey white fleshy tumor. On histopathology reported as ameloblastic fibrosarcoma. We are presenting this extremely rare case for its clinical, radiological and histopathological features.
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Kumar, Narendra, Anjali Verma, and M. Yunus. "Climate change and Disasters : Issues and concern of Proposed Sharda –Yamuna Link." International Journal of Science, Technology & Society 2, no. 1-2 (December 25, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.18091/ijsts.v2i1-2.7544.
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Climate is a measure of changes in meteorological variables. Sudden changes arise due to increasing deforestation, pollution, population, depletion of natural resources, global warming and industrialization etc. Uneven monsoon and irregular rainfall distribution causes great variations in climatic conditions which cause disasters; drought and flood. During monsoon season, flood occurs in several river basins of U.P and U.K states. According to Indian Meteorological Department, the average annual rainfall in U.P and U.K is more than other states; 100-120 cm and 120-400 cm respectively. Uttarakhand is among one of the highest rainfall states of India. Sharda river; a tributary of river Ganga overflows many times, causes flood in surrounded regions. Sharda-Yamuna link (S-Y) is one of the proposed links of National Perspective Plan to minimize flood in U.P and U.K states and drought in western parts such as Haryana, Rajasthan, and Gujarat of the country. Excess water will be transferred through S-Y link towards the drought regions of India. Approx 11,680 m3 of surplus water is estimated to transfer from river Sharda to river Yamuna to avoid flood in U.P and U.K states. The lining of the link passes through two states Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh. The S-Y may also help in maintaining the water balance in its Enrouted and Command regions. This paper highlights the climate change, flood and drought disaster issues and role of proposed Sharda-Yamuna link.
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Yamashita, Shinji, Yuji Yagi, Ryo Okuwaki, Kousuke Shimizu, Ryoichiro Agata, and Yukitoshi Fukahata. "Consecutive ruptures on a complex conjugate fault system during the 2018 Gulf of Alaska earthquake." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1 (March 16, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-85522-w.
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AbstractWe developed a flexible finite-fault inversion method for teleseismic P waveforms to obtain a detailed rupture process of a complex multiple-fault earthquake. We estimate the distribution of potency-rate density tensors on an assumed model plane to clarify rupture evolution processes, including variations of fault geometry. We applied our method to the 23 January 2018 Gulf of Alaska earthquake by representing slip on a projected horizontal model plane at a depth of 33.6 km to fit the distribution of aftershocks occurring within one week of the mainshock. The obtained source model, which successfully explained the complex teleseismic P waveforms, shows that the 2018 earthquake ruptured a conjugate system of N-S and E-W faults. The spatiotemporal rupture evolution indicates irregular rupture behavior involving a multiple-shock sequence, which is likely associated with discontinuities in the fault geometry that originated from E-W sea-floor fracture zones and N-S plate-bending faults.
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Tadaura, Hiroko. "Human Fundamental Movement: Spiral and Parallel by Motion Analysis." Health Sciences 2020 (December 26, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.15342/hs.2020.360.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Observation and research on pure and natural movements and movements born of human nature have been carried out for many years. However, biomechanics study is still very less for the complex movements from lying on a floor to standing position. In particular, there is still little scientific and scientific research on the movements observed during the unconscious developmental process until babies acquire standing and walking. In this study, two patterns: Spiral and Parallel which relates baby motion development were focused. We examined the characteristics of the changes in the motion trajectory and the body pressure dispersion from the biomechanical point of view in the motion from the floor to standing. Developmental studies of human fundamental movements may be associated with appropriate signals to cells, tissues, and organs, as well as with health maintenance and development and care applications for the sick, disabled, and also the healthy people. This study will provide basic data.Methods: Healthy volunteers who finished training about baby development movement course were recruited by a snowball sampling. Two fundamental Spiral and Parallel movements from a supine position to a standing position on the floor, which are said to reproduce a general developmental process naturally acquired in the growth process of a baby, were analyzed for 5 times each. The three procedure was analyzed with a 42 segments model using a 3D motion analysis VICON. The analysis of observation for the movement process, the force plate, and the movement lotus were examined.Results: One female volunteer aged 30's who finished the training was analyzed in Spiral and Parallel movements for 5 times each. The Spiral movement was distributed to various parts of the body, and repeated circular movements irregularly in a wider space. The Spiral movement was observed a circular trajectory like a figure eight motion as a whole. The Parallel movement was a straight line on the sagittal plane, shifting the body weight back and forth, repeated flexion and extension movements, and moved upward. The motion locus of the linear waveform was repeatedly operated, and it was indicated that it moved back and forth on the sagittal plane in the Parallel movement.Conclusion: The Spiral movement was distributed to various parts of the body, and repeated circular movements in a wider space of sagittal plane, frontal plane and horizontal plane, and moved upward. Spiral movement was a circular trajectory like a figure eight motion irregularly distorted in wider three dimensions. The Parallel movement was a straight line on the sagittal plane, shifting the body weight back and forth, repeated flexion and extension movements, and moved upward. Parallel movement was the operating locus having a linear waveform back and forth on the sagittal plane.
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Usui, Hiroyuki. "Building height distribution under zoning regulations: Theoretical derivation based on allometric scaling analysis and application to harmonise building heights." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, December 18, 2020, 239980832097786. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399808320977867.
Full textAbstract:
Building height is one of the most important determinants of streetscapes. According to zoning regulations in countries such as Japan, building heights are indirectly controlled by the floor area ratio (FAR). The maximum FAR and the building coverage ratio (BCR) represent the main tools of zoning regulations, which legally regulate building shapes and volumes based on plot sizes at the district scale. If plot sizes and shapes are uniform due to zoning regulations, uniform building shapes (both their plane shapes and heights) may emerge. However, in Japan, plot sizes and shapes are not only non-uniform but irregular. Furthermore, the plot is a conceptually and analytically ambiguous concept and data regarding plot shapes and building heights are unavailable. Therefore, it is difficult to understand the relationship between variations in building heights and zoning regulations. These issues prompt the following research question: How can we estimate building height distribution under zoning regulations at the district scale? To answer this question, plot shapes are objectively defined as area Voronoi cells whose generators are building polygons and road networks. Then, the following two analyses are carried out in downtown districts of the Tokyo metropolitan region. First, the relationship between plot sizes, BCR and building heights is analysed. It is found that building heights scale sub-linearly to plot sizes. Second, following this relationship, the probability density function of building heights under zoning regulations is theoretically derived as a log-normal distribution, primarily estimated from building density, road network density, average road width, BCR and FAR. This is compared with the empirical distribution of discretised building heights and the difference is investigated. Furthermore, how to harmonise variations in building heights is discussed by considering their opportunities and external costs. These findings are expected to provide urban planners with a theoretical basis for creating harmonious streetscapes.