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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Irreversible Thermodynamik'
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1
Leonhardt, Karsten. "Optimierte irreversible Thermodynamik: Modell einer stochastischen Wärmekraftmaschine." Thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-200901382.
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Für mikroskopische Teilchen, die sich durch eine
überdämpfte Fockker-Planck-Gleichung beschreiben
lassen, werden thermodynamische Größen definiert.
Es wird ein Ausdruck für die irreversible Arbeit
berechnet. Weiterhin wird ein Kreisprozess konstruiert
und für diesen der Wirkungsrad am Punkt maximaler
Leistung berechnet.
Als Spezialfall wird dann ein Teilchen in einem
harmonischen Potential betrachtet.
Alle Ergebnisse stammen bereits aus einer
Veröffentlichung, es werden jedoch hier alle
Berechnungen angegeben.
2
Boldt, Frank. "A Framework for Modeling Irreversible Processes Based on the Casimir Companion." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-145179.
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Thermodynamic processes in finite time are in general irreversible. But there are chances to avoid irreversibility. For instance, there are canonical ensembles of special quantum systems with a given probability distribution describing the likelihood to find the system at time t=0 in a particular state with energy E_i(0), which can be controlled in a specific way, such that the initial probability distribution is recovered at the end of the process (t=T), but the state energies did change, hence E_i(0) is not equal to E_i(T). This allows to change thermodynamic quantities (expectation values) adiabatically, reversibly and in finite time. Such special processes are called Shortcuts to Adiabaticity. The presented thesis analyzes the origin of these shortcuts utilizing special Hamiltonian systems with dynamical algebra. Their main feature is to provide canonical invariance, which means a canonical ensemble stays canonical under Hamiltonian dynamics. This invariance carried by the dynamical algebra will be discussed using Lie group theory. In addition, the persistence of the dynamical algebra with respect to calculating expectation values will be deduced. This allows to benefit from all intrinsic symmetries within the discussion of ensemble trajectories. In consequence, these trajectories will evolve under Hamiltonian dynamics on a specific manifold given by the so-called Casimir companion. In addition, the deformation of this manifold due to non-Hamiltonian (dissipative) dynamics will be discussed, which allows to present a framework for modeling irreversible processes based on Hamiltonian systems with dynamical algebra. An application of this framework based on the parametric harmonic oscillator will be presented by determining time-optimal controls for transitions between two equilibrium as well as between non-equilibrium and equilibrium states. The latter one will lead to time-optimal equilibration strategies for a statistical ensemble of parametric harmonic oscillatorsThermodynamische Prozesse in endlicher Zeit sind im Allgemeinen irreversibel. Es gibt jedoch Möglichkeiten, diese Irreversibilität zu umgehen. Ein kanonisches Ensemble eines speziellen quantenmechanischen Systems kann zum Beispiel auf eine ganz spezielle Art und Weise gesteuert werden, sodass nach endlicher Zeit T wieder eine kanonische Besetzungverteilung hergestellt ist, sich aber dennoch die Energie des Systems geändert hat (E(0) ungleich E(T)). Solche Prozesse erlauben das Ändern thermodynamischer Größen (Ensemblemittelwerte) der erwähnten speziellen Systeme in endlicher Zeit und auf eine adiabatische und reversible Art. Man nennt diese Art von speziellen Prozessen Shortcuts to Adiabaticity und die speziellen Systeme hamiltonsche Systeme mit dynamischer Algebra. Die vorliegende Dissertation hat zum Ziel den Ursprung dieser Shortcuts to Adiabaticity zu analysieren und eine Methodik zu entwickeln, die es erlaubt irreversible thermodynamische Prozesse adequat mittels dieser speziellen Systeme zu modellieren. Dazu wird deren besondere Eigenschaft ausgenutzt, die kanonische Invarianz, d.h. ein kanonisches Ensemble bleibt kanonisch bezüglich hamiltonscher Dynamik. Der Ursprung dieser Invarianz liegt in der dynamischen Algebra, die mit Hilfe der Theorie der Lie-Gruppen näher betrachtet wird. Dies erlaubt, eine weitere besondere Eigenschaft abzuleiten: Die Ensemblemittelwerte unterliegen ebenfalls den Symmetrien, die die dynamische Algebra widerspiegelt. Bei näherer Betrachtung befinden sich alle Trajektorien der Ensemblemittelwerte auf einer Mannigfaltigkeit, die durch den sogenannten Casimir Companion beschrieben wird. Darüber hinaus wird nicht-hamiltonsche/dissipative Dynamik betrachtet, welche zu einer Deformation der Mannigfaltigkeit führt. Abschließend wird eine Zusammenfassung der grundlegenden Methodik zur Modellierung irreversibler Prozesse mittels hamiltonscher Systeme mit dynamischer Algebra gegeben. Zum besseren Verständnis wird ein ausführliches Anwendungsbeispiel dieser Methodik präsentiert, in dem die zeitoptimale Steuerung eines Ensembles des harmonischen Oszillators zwischen zwei Gleichgewichtszuständen sowie zwischen Gleichgewichts- und Nichtgleichgewichtszuständen abgeleitet wird
3
De, Lucca Brenno Jason Sanzio Peter. "Linear irreversible thermodynamics." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/20975/.
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In questa tesi tratteremo il problema di costruire una teoria termodinamica per trasformazioni su un sistema passante per stati di non-equilibrio. Cercando di generalizzare a sistemi che non sono all’equilibrio, rilasseremo la richiesta che siano in equilibrio globalmente. Lo stato termodinamico sarà univocamente determinato da un insieme di parametri termodinamici definiti localmente, della stessa natura e significato fisico dei parametri usati nella termodinamica classica. Le molteplici assunzioni necessarie al fine di avere una teoria mesoscopica comunque predittiva verranno giustificate a posteriori, quando possibile, in base alle predizioni che da tale modello nasceranno. In particolare ci concentreremo sugli effetti termoelettrici di Thompson, Seebeck e Peltier, esempi storici di grande rilevanza nel campo della termodinamica del non-equilibrio.
4
Amezawa, Koji. "Irreversible Thermodynamic Studies on Electrochemical Systems." Kyoto University, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/77878.
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5
De, Koeijer Gelein M. "Energy efficient operation of distillation columns and a reactor applying irreversible thermodynamics." Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-539.
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In this thesis the entropy production rate of diabatic distillation columns and a SO2 converter were minimised. This is the same as maximising the second law energy efficiency of the systems. The development of chemical industry can be made more sustainable by knowing this minimum. We found that the entropy production rate of distillation could be reduced up to 50%. In order to achieve this reduction, heat exchangers were added on each tray. The characteristics of an optimum distillation column were presented. Furthermore, the entropy production rate of a SO2 converter was reduced with 16.7% by altering the heights of catalytic beds, transfer areas of heat exchangers, and temperature differences over heat exchangers. These reductions show that there is still a large improvement potential in chemical industry. By applying the improved operations the world oil production can be reduced in the order of magnitude of 1%. A similar reduction in the emission of the greenhouse gas CO2 can be expected.
For deriving the entropy production rate in a systematic manner the theory of irreversible thermodynamics was useful. A simpler and a more complicated equation for the entropy production rate of distillation were derived. The simpler equation used only one force-flux product. It was suitable for minimisation of the entropy production rate of columns with the assumption of equilibrium between the outlets on each tray. The more complicated equation was able to describe satisfactorily the entropy production rate of an experimental column that separated the non-ideal mixture water-ethanol. It was next used to derive an extended set of transport equations for distillation, that includes the interface and the Soret effect (or thermal diffusion). Finally, irreversible thermodynamics was used to describe the contributions to the entropy production rate of heat transfer in heat exchangers. This contribution had a significant impact on the results of the minimisations.
A method that can provide the chemical industry the thermodynamically optimum operation of distillation columns and reactors was constructed and exemplified. Once the system and its boundaries are determined, the objective function with its constraints and variables are set up. Several suitable minimisation procedures exist. Finally, the design of the thermodynamically optimum system is obtained from the state of minimum entropy production rate.
6
Ramirez, Estay Hector. "Control of irreversible thermodynamic processes using port-Hamiltonian systems defined on pseudo-Poisson and contact structures." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10033/document.
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Dans cette thèse nous présentons les résultats sur l'emploi des systèmes Hamiltoniens à port et des systèmes de contact commandés pour la modélisation et la commande de systèmes issus de la Thermodynamique Irréversible. Premièrement nous avons défini une classe de pseudo-systèmes Hamiltoniens à port, appelée systèmes Hamiltoniens à port irréversibles, qui permet de représenter simultanément le premier et le second principe de la Thermodynamique et inclut des modèles d'échangeurs thermiques ou de réacteurs chimiques. Ces systèmes ont été relevés sur l'espace des phases thermodynamiques muni d’une forme de contact, définissant ainsi une classe de systèmes de contact commandés, c'est-à-dire des systèmes commandés non-linéaires définis par des champs de contacts stricts. Deuxièmement, nous avons montré que seul un retour d'état constant préserve la forme de contact et avons alors résolu le problème d'assignation d'une forme de contact en boucle fermée. Ceci a mené à la définition de systèmes de contact entrée-sortie et l'analyse de leur équivalence par retour d'état. Troisièmement, nous avons montré que les champs de contact n'étaient en général pas stables en leur zéros et avons alors traité du problème de la stabilisation sur une sous-variété de Legendre en boucle ferméeThis doctoral thesis presents results on the use of port Hamiltonian systems (PHS) and controlled contact systems for modeling and control of irreversible thermodynamic processes. Firstly, Irreversible PHS (IPHS) has been defined as a class of pseudo-port Hamiltonian system that expresses the first and second principle of Thermodynamics and encompasses models of heat exchangers and chemical reactors. These IPHS have been lifted to the complete Thermodynamic Phase Space endowed with a natural contact structure, thereby defining a class of controlled contact systems, i.e. nonlinear control systems defined by strict contact vector fields. Secondly, it has been shown that only a constant control preserves the canonical contact structure, hence a structure preserving feedback necessarily shapes the closed-loop contact form. The conditions for state feedbacks shaping the contact form have been characterized and have lead to the definition of input-output contact systems. Thirdly, it has been shown that strict contact vector fields are in general unstable at their zeros, hence the condition for the the stability in closed-loop has been characterized as stabilization on some closed-loop invariant Legendre submanifolds
7
Wagner, Katharina. "A graphic based interface to Endoreversible Thermodynamics." Master's thesis, [S.l. : s.n.], 2008. https://monarch.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A18967.
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8
Acosta, Iglesias Dagoberto. "ON THE EMERGENT ASPECTS OF QUANTUM MECHANICS IN RELATION TO THE THERMODYNAMICS OF IRREVERSIBLE PROCESSES AND EMERGENT GRAVITY." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/36530.
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This PhD thesis elaborates on a proposal made by the Dutch theoretical physicist G. 't Hooft (1999 Nobel prize in physics), to the effect that quantum mechanics is the emergent theory of some underlying, deterministic theory. According to this proposal, information-loss effects in the underlying deterministic theory lead to the arrangement of states of the latter into equivalence classes, that one identifies as quantum states of the emergent quantum mechanics. In brief, quantisation is dissipation, according to 't Hooft. In our thesis we present two mechanisms whereby quantum mechanics is explicitly seen to emerge, thus explicitly realising 't Hooft's proposal.
The first mechanism makes use of Verlinde's approach to classical mechanics and general relativity via holographic screens. This technique, first presented in 2010 in order to understand the emergent nature of spacetime and gravity, is applied in our thesis to the case of quantum mechanics.
The second mechanism presented to support 't Hooft's statement is based on a dictionary, also developed by the authors, between semiclassical quantum mechanics, on the one hand, and the classical theory of irreversible thermodynamics, on the other. This thermodynamical formalism, established by Nobel prize winners Onsager and Prigogine, can be easily mapped into that of semi-classical quantum mechanics.Acosta Iglesias, D. (2012). ON THE EMERGENT ASPECTS OF QUANTUM MECHANICS IN RELATION TO THE THERMODYNAMICS OF IRREVERSIBLE PROCESSES AND EMERGENT GRAVITY [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/36530
Palancia
9
PEREA, CÓRDOBA MILTÓN HENRY. "On the semiclassical limit of emergent quantum mechanics, as a classical thermodynamics of irreversible processes in the linear regime." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/54840.
Full textAbstract:
[EN] Motivated by the conceptual problems concerning the quantisation of gravity, the
Dutch theoretical physicist G. 't Hooft (1999 Nobel prize in physics) put forward the
notion that quantum mechanics must be the emergent theory of some underlying, deterministic
theory. This proposal usually goes by the name quantum mechanics as an
emergent phenomenon. This research line, initiated by 't Hooft in the late 1990's, has
been the subject of intense research over the last 15 years, by 't Hooft himself as well as
by many other researchers. In this PhD thesis we present our own approach to quantum
mechanics as an emergent phenomenon.
According to the emergence paradigm for quantum mechanics, information-loss
effects in the underlying deterministic theory lead to the arrangement of states of the
latter into equivalence classes, that one identifies as quantum states of the emergent
quantum mechanics. In brief, quantisation is dissipation, according to 't Hooft.
Moreover it has been argued in the literature that, in the presence of weak gravitational
fields, quantum effects must be indistinguishable from thermal effects. Since
the latter are typically dissipative in nature, the presence of a weak gravitational field
should provide a framework in which quantum effects can be explained as due to thermal,
dissipative fluctuations. Furthermore, since gravitational effects can be locally
gauged away (thanks to the equivalence principle), there should exist some kind of
equivalence principle for quantum effects, i.e., some kind of relativity principle for the
notion of quantumness as opposed to the notion of classicality. In this PhD thesis we
elaborate on this idea.
Once a reference frame is fixed, however, quantum effects cannot be gauged away,
and the statement quantisation is dissipation lends itself to a thermodynamical treatment.
In this thesis we also present one mechanism whereby quantum mechanics
is seen to emerge, thus explicitly realising 't Hooft's proposal. This mechanism is
based on a dictionary between semiclassical quantum mechanics, on the one hand, and
the classical theory of irreversible thermodynamics in the linear regime, on the other.
This thermodynamical formalism, developed by Nobel prize winners Onsager and Prigogine,
can be easily mapped into that of semiclassical quantum mechanics.[ES] Motivado por los problemas conceptuales relativos a la cuantización de la gravedad, el físico teórico holandés G. 't Hooft (premio Nobel de física en 1999) sugirió la noción de que la mecánica cuántica pudiera ser la teoría emergente de alguna otra teoría determinista subyacente. Dicha propuesta se conoce como la mecánica cuántica en tanto que teoría emergente. Esta línea de investigación, iniciada por 't Hooft a finales de los años 90, ha sido objeto de intenso estudio a lo largo de los últimos 15 años, tanto por el mismo 't Hooft como por numerosos otros investigadores. En esta tesis doctoral presentamos nuestra propia aproximación a la mecánica cuántica como fenómeno emergente. De acuerdo con este paradigma emergente para la mecánica cuántica, son efectos de pérdida de información en la teoría determinista subyacente los que conducen a que los estados de ésta última se agrupen en clases de equivalencia, las cuales clases se identifican con los estados cuánticos de la mecánica cuántica emergente. En breve, la cuantización es disipación, según 't Hooft. Asimismo se ha argumentado en la literatura que, en presencia de campos gravitatorios débiles, los efectos cuánticos son indistinguibles de los efectos térmicos. Dado que éstos últimos son típicamente disipativos por naturaleza, la presencia de un campo gravitatorio débil debería proporcionar un entorno en el cual los efectos cuánticos puedan entenderse como debidos a fluctuaciones térmicas, disipativas. Además, dado que los campos gravitatorios pueden eliminarse localmente (gracias al principio de equivalencia), debería existir algún tipo de principio de equivalencia para los efectos cuánticos, i.e., algún tipo de principio de relatividad para la noción de cuanticidad, por oposición a la noción de clasicidad. En esta tesis doctoral elaboramos estas ideas. Sin embargo, una vez fijado un sistema de referencia, los efectos gravitatorios ya no pueden eliminarse, y la afirmación de que la cuantización es disipación se presta a un tratamiento termodinámico. En esta tesis también presentamos un mecanismo mediante el cual la mecánica cuántica se ve emerger, comprobándose así explícitamente la propuesta de 't Hooft. Este mecanismo se basa en un diccionario entre la mecánica cuántica semiclásica, por un lado, y la teoría clásica de la termodinámica irreversible en el régimen lineal, por otro lado. Dicho formalismo termodinámico, desarrollado por los premios Nobel Onsager y Prigogine, puede trasladarse fácilmente a la mecánica cuántica semiclásica.
[CAT] Motivat pels problemes conceptuals en relació a la quantització de la gravetat, el físic teóric holandés G. 't Hooft (premi Nobel de física en 1999) va suggerir la noció de que la mecànica quàntica pogués ser la teoria emergent d ' alguna altra teoria determinista subjacent. A questa proposta es coneix com a mecanica quantica en tant que teoria emergent. Aquesta línia d ' investigació, iniciada per 't Hooft a final dels anys 90, ha sigut intensament estudiada durant els últims 15 anys , tant pel mateix 't Hooft com per nombrosos altres investigadors. En aquesta tesi doctoral presentem la nostra própia aproximació a la mecànica quàntica com a fenomen emergent. D ' acord amb aquest paradigma emergent per a la mecànica quàntica, són efectes de pérdua d ' informació en la teoria determinista, subjacent els que condueixen a que els estats d ' aquesta última s ' agrupen en classes d ' equivalència, les quals s ' identifiquen amb els estats quàntics de la mecànica quàntica emergent. Breument, la quantització es dissipació segons 't Hooft. Aixímateix, s ' ha argumentat a la literatura que, en presència de camps gravitatoris febles, els efectes quàntics són indistingibles dels efectes tèrmics. Com aquests últims són típicament dissipatius per naturalesa, la presència d ' un camp gravitatori feble hauria de proporcionar un entorn en el qual els efectes quàntico es puguen entendre com deguts a fluctuacions tèrmiques, dissipatives. A més a més, com que els camps gravitatoris poden eliminar-se localment (gràcies al principi d ' equivalència), hauria d ' existir algun tipus de principi d ' equivalència per als efectes quàntics, i.e. , algun tipus de principi de relativitat per a la noció de quanticitat, per oposició a la noció de classicitat. En aquesta tesi doctoral elaborem aquestes idees. En canvi, una vegada fixat el sistema de referència, els efectes gravitatoris ja no poden eliminar-se, i l ' afirmació de que la quantització és dissipació es presta a un tractament termodinàmic. En aquesta tesi també presentem un mecanisme mitjançant el qual la mecànica quàntica es veu emergir, comprovant-se explícitament la proposta de 't Hooft. A quest mecanisme es basa en un diccionari entre la mecànica quàntica semiclàssica, d ' una banda, i la teoria clàssica de la termodinàmica irreversible en el règim lineal, d ' una altra banda. A quest formalisme termodinàmic, desenvolupat pels premis Nobel Onsager i Prigogine, pot traslladar-se fàcilment a la mecànica quàntica semiclàssica.
Perea Córdoba, MH. (2015). On the semiclassical limit of emergent quantum mechanics, as a classical thermodynamics of irreversible processes in the linear regime [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/54840
TESIS
10
Schubert, Sven. "Stochastic and temperature-related aspects of the Preisach model of hysteresis." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-70798.
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Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, das Preisach-Modell bezüglich stochastischer äußerer Felder und temperaturbezogener Aspekte zu untersuchen. Das phänomenologische Preisach-Modell wird oft erfolgreich angewendet, um Systeme mit Hysterese zu beschreiben. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wird die Antwort des Preisach-Modells auf stochastische äußere Felder untersucht. Hier liegt das Augenmerk hauptsächlich auf der Autokorrelation; sie dient dazu den Einfluss des hysteretischen Gedächtnisses zu quantifizieren. Mit analytischen Methoden wird gezeigt, dass sich ein Langzeitgedächtnis, sichtbar in der Autokorrelation der Systemantwort, entwickeln kann, selbst wenn das treibende Feld unkorreliert ist. Im Anschluss werden diese Resultate, m.H. von Simulationen, auf äußere Felder ausgeweitet, die selbst Korrelationen aufweisen können. Der zweite Teil der Arbeit befasst sich mit dem Einfluss einer endlichen Temperatur auf das Preisach-Modell. Es werden unterschiedliche Methoden besprochen, wie das Nichtgleichgewichtsmodell in seiner mikromagnetischen Interpretation mit Temperatur als Gleichgewichtseigenschaft verknüpft werden kann. Eine Formulierung wird genutzt, um die Magnetisierung von Nickelnanopartikeln in einer Fullerenmatrix zu simulieren und mit Experimenten zu vergleichen. Des Weiteren wird die Relaxationsdynamik des Gedächtnisses des Preisach-Modells bei endlichen Temperaturen untersuchtThe aim of this thesis is to investigate the Preisach model in regard to stochastically driving and temperature-related aspects. The Preisach model is a phenomenological model for systems with hysteresis which is often successfully applied. Hysteresis is a widespread phenomenon which is observed in nature and the key feature of certain technological applications. Further, it contributes to phenomena of interest in social science and economics as well. Prominent examples are the magnetization of ferromagnetic materials in an external magnetic field or the adsorption-desorption hysteresis observed in porous media. Hysteresis involves the development of a hysteresis memory, and multistability in the interrelations between external driving fields and system response. In the first part, we mainly investigate the response of Preisach hysteresis models driven by stochastic input processes with regard to autocorrelation functions to quantify the influence of the system’s memory. Using rigorous methods, it is shown that the development of a hysteresis memory is reflected in the possibility of long-time tails in the autocorrelation functions, even for uncorrelated driving fields. In the case of uncorrelated driving, these long-time tails in the autocorrelations of the system’s response are determined only by the tails of the involved densities. They will be observed if there are broad Preisach densities assigning a high weight to elementary loops of large width and narrow input densities such that rare extreme events of the input time series contribute significantly to the output for a long period of time. Afterwards, these results are extended by simulations to driving fields which themselves show correlations. It is shown that the autocorrelation of the output does not decay faster than the autocorrelation of the input process. Further, there is a possibility that long-term memory in the hysteretic response is more pronounced in the case of uncorrelated driving than in the case of correlated driving. The behavior of the output probability distribution at the saturation values is quite universal. It is not affected by the presence of correlations and allows conclusions whether the input density is much more narrow than the Preisach density or not. Moreover, the existence of effective Preisach densities is shown which define equivalence classes of systems of input and Preisach densities which lead to realizations of the same output variable. The asymptotic behavior of an effective Preisach density determines the asymptotic correlation decay of the system’s response in the case of uncorrelated driving. In the second part, temperature-related effects are considered. It is reviewed how the non-equilibrium Preisach model in its micromagnetic picture can be related to temperature within the framework of extended irreversible thermodynamics. The irreversible response of a ferromagnetic material, namely, Nickel nanoparticles in a fullerene matrix, is simulated. The model includes superparamagnetism where ferromagnetism breaks down at temperatures lower than the Curie temperature and the results are compared to experimental data. Furthermore, we adapt known results for the thermal relaxation of the system’s memory in the form of a front propagation in the Preisach plane derived basically from solving a master equation and by the use of a contradictory assumption. A closer look is taken at short time scales which dissolves the contradiction and shows that the known results apply, taking into account the fact that the dividing line propagation starts with an additional delay time depending on the front coordinates in the Preisach plane. Additionally, it is outlined how thermal relaxation behavior in the Preisach model of hysteresis can be studied using a Fokker-Planck equation. The latter is solved analytically in the non-hysteretic limit using eigenfunction methods. The results indicate a change in the relaxation behavior, especially on short time scales
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Unhale, Sanket Anil. "Cryobiology of Cell and Tissue Cryopreservation: Experimental and Theoretical Analysis." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/202974.
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Preservation of tissue structure, morphology and biomarkers is of utmost importance for pathological examination of biopsy specimens for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. However current methods employed to evade tissue degradation and preserve biomarkers have several shortcomings that include irreproducibility, morphological artifacts and altered biomarker antigenicity. These artifacts may affect the analysis and subsequent diagnosis of the tissue pathology. This creates need for developing improved preservation methods that reproducibly maintain tissue morphology and biomarker antigenicity and are simple, rapid and inexpensive. Experiments conducted for testing the hypothesis that cryopreservation procedures yield high quality morphology and antigenicity showed that cryopreservation maintains tissue structure, morphology and antigenicity at equivalent or better levels compared to standard freezing techniques. In order to understand the mechanisms of osmotic transport in cellular systems upon exposure to multi-component solutions that are prevalent in virtification protocols, experimental studies were undertaken using microfluidics for single cell manipulation. The experimental data yielded permeability parameters in binary and ternary solutions for MC3T3-E1 murine osteoblasts for the first time. The hydraulic conductivity (L(p)) decreased with increasing concentrations but the solute permeability either increased or decreased with increasing solution concentration. The changes in hydraulic conductivity were consistent with previously published trends and conform to a functional relationship in the form of Arrhenius type relationship between L(p) and solution concentration. Further a theoretical model was developed from principles of linear irreversible thermodynamics to simulate multi--‐‑component mass transport across membrane. The model was successfully validated by comparison with experimental data for murine osteoblasts and showed good agreement between the numerical predictions and experimental observations. The modeling approach can be used to investigate the transport mechanisms, which show that in multicomponent osmotic transport response, the dynamics is dictated by slower moving solute.
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Andrieux, David. "Nonequilibrium statistical thermodynamics at the nanoscale." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210532.
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Motivés par les développements récents dans le domaine des nanosciences, nous étudions les propriétés statistiques et thermodynamiques des systèmes mésoscopiques. En particulier, nous nous concentrons sur les résultats connus sous le nom de théorèmes de fluctuation. Ces relations donnent des prédictions sur le comportement de différents quantités dynamiques dans des situations loin de l'équilibre, tout en tenant compte des fluctuations de l'évolution temporelle.\
Doctorat en sciences, Spécialisation physique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Packwood, Daniel Miles. "Theoretical and Experimental Studies of the Gas-Liquid Interface." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Department of Chemistry, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/4618.
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A theoretical model describing the motion of a small, fast rare gas atom as it passes over a liquid surface is developed and discussed in detail. A key feature of the model is its reliance on coarse-grained capillary wave and local mode descriptions of the liquid surface. Mathematically, the model is constructed with several concepts from probability and stochastic analysis. The model makes predictions that are quantitative agreement with neon-liquid surface scattering data collected by other research groups. These predictions include the dominance of single, rather than multiple, neon-liquid surface collision dynamics, an average of 60 % energy transfer from a neon atom upon colliding with a non-metallic surface, and an average of 25 % energy transfer upon colliding with a metallic surface. In addition to this work, two other investigations into the gas-liquid interface are discussed. The results of an experimental investigation into the thermodynamics of a gas flux through an aqueous surface are presented, and it is shown that a nitrous oxide flux is mostly due to the presence of a temperature gradient in the gas-liquid interface. Evidence for a reaction between a carbon dioxide flux and an ammonia monolayer on an aqueous surface to produce ammonium carbamate is also found. The second of these is an investigation into the mechanism of bromine production from deliquesced sodium bromide aerosol in the presence of ozone, and involves a sensitivity and uncertainty analysis of the computer aerosol kinetics model MAGIC. It is shown that under dark, non-photolytic conditions, bromine production can be accounted for almost exclusively by a reaction between gas-phase ozone and surface-bound bromide ions. Under photolytic conditions, bromine production instead involves a complicated interplay between various gas-phase and aqueous-phase reactions.
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GUPTA, VINEET K. "EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDIES IN REVERSE OSMOSIS AND NANOFILTRATION." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1061233200.
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Jones, Nicholaos John. "Ineliminable idealizations, phase transitions, and irreversibility." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1163026373.
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Dobre, Catalina Georgiana. "Développement de méthodes thermodynamiques pour l'ingénieur : étude analytique et expérimentale de machines quasi-Carnot et Stirling." Thesis, Paris 10, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA100111/document.
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La première partie de la thèse comporte l’étude des machines à froid, en tenant compte de la vitesse finie des processus. L’approche est basée sur une nouvelle méthode d’optimisation des processus et cycles à vitesse finie, la Méthode Directe d’étude et évaluation des irréversibilités. Les performances de ces cycles sont évaluées en prenant en compte les irréversibilités internes générées par la vitesse finie, notamment (1) les pertes de pression dues au laminage, (2) les pertes de pression dues à la vitesse finie du piston, (3) les pertes de pression dues aux frottements interne et mécanique et (4) l’irréversibilité due aux pertes de chaleur. On obtient ainsi directement l'expression du rendement ou du coefficient de performance et de la génération d’entropie en fonction de la vitesse des processus et d'autres paramètres géométriques et fonctionnels. Le travail proposé pour cette partie de thèse analyse la génération des irréversibilités dans une machine thermique fonctionnant selon le cycle inverse quasi-Carnot (Machine Frigorifique à compression mécanique des vapeurs), en proposant un schéma de calcul complètement analytique. A l’aide de ce schéma de calcul on peut développer des études de sensibilité et d’optimisation de ces machines, sans avoir besoin d’utiliser de tableaux des vapeurs saturés.La deuxième partie du mémoire présente l’application des modèles thermodynamiques (la Méthode Directe, la Méthode de la Thermodynamique en Dimensions Physiques Finies (TDPF), la méthode isotherme de Schmidt, la méthode adiabatique de Finkelstein) dans l’étude des machines Stirling – moteurs et récepteurs et confrontation avec l’expérience.La Méthode de la TDPF est une méthode qui regroupe les techniques de la thermodynamique en temps, vitesse et dimensions géométriques finies. Cette méthode introduit les exo-irréversibilités dues aux transferts de chaleur finis entre les réservoirs (source chaude, puits froid, régénérateur) et le fluide de travail et, de plus, considère les contraintes qui se présentent à l’ingénieur (la pression maximale, le volume maximum, les températures des réservoirs chaud et froid, la vitesse de rotation). La méthode isotherme de Schmidt est une méthode zéro-dimensionnelle qui permet l’étude de la machine divisée en trois volumes isothermes. Elle permet de décrire l’évolution de paramètres, comme le volume instantané (chaud, froid ou de régénération) ou la pression en fonction du temps. L’analyse des processus de transfert de la chaleur et d’écoulement du gaz de travail, ayant lieu dans le moteur Stirling d’un micro-cogénérateur, est effectuée en utilisant un model adiabatique monodimensionnel. Cette analyse repose sur la division du moteur Stirling en 5 volumes de control auxquels on applique les équations des gaz parfaits et les équations de conservation de masse et d’énergie.Les résultats expérimentaux seront confrontés à ceux obtenus par les quatre méthodes de calcul, ce qui permettra de définir les paramètres d’ajustage afin de valider les modèles thermodynamiques. Cette confrontation permettra le développement d’une autre méthode, une combinaison des trois approches utilisées afin de modéliser au mieux le fonctionnement du système, préservant les avantages de chacune sur des intervalles de vitesse de rotation donnés.Des études de sensibilité et d’optimisation de paramètres géométriques et fonctionnels seront effectuées afin de proposer des améliorations de mise au point système pour fournir puissance et de rendement plus élevésThis paper presents the author's overall results obtained in his doctoral thesis, on: The analysis of entropy generation and the evaluation of the performances of the inversed cvasi-Carnot cycle; The application of the Direct Method, Finite Physical Dimensions Thermodynamics method (TDFF), Schmidt’s isotherm method and Finkelstein’s adiabatic model in the study of Stirling engines – engines and machines that function on reversed cycles (receivers) and the confrontation of analytical results with the experimental ones. The first part of the thesis covers the study of the refrigeration machines, considering the finite speed of the processes. The study is based on a new method to optimize the processes and the cycles with finite speed, the Direct Method of study and the evaluation of the irreversibilities. The performance of these cycles are evaluated using analytical relations, considering internal irreversibilities generated by finite speed, especially the pressure losses due to (1) throttling (2) finite speed of the piston (3) internal and mechanical friction (4) irreversibilities due to heat losses. These irreversibilities are introduced in the expression of the First Principle of Thermodynamics for processes with finite speed, and its application leads directly and through analytical means to the expressions of efficiency or coefficient of performance and entropy generation, function of the finite speed of the processes and other geometrical and functional parameters of the machine. The proposed study for this first part of the thesis analyzes the generation of thermal irreversibilities in a thermal machine functioning on a cvasi-Carnot reversed cycle (refrigerating machine with mechanical compression of vapor-IFV) proposing a completely analytical calculation scheme. With this calculation scheme sensitivity studies and optimization of these types of machines were developed, without having to use saturated vapor tables.The second part of the thesis presents the application of thermodynamic models (Direct Method, Finite Physical Dimension thermodynamics method, Schmidt's isotherm model and Finkelstein’s adiabatic model) in the study of Stirling engines – engines and machines that function on reversed cycles (receivers) and the confrontation of analytical results with the experimental ones. The Direct Method consists in the study and assessment of the irreversibilities generated in thermal machines by analyzing the cycle step by step (progressive) and the direct integration of the equation the First Principle of Thermodynamics combined with the Second Principle of Thermodynamics with finite speed, for each process of the cycle. This provides analytical expressions for power and efficiency or coefficient of performance COP, function of the speed of the processes and other geometric and functional parameters
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Biggs, Georgina Aimee. "The Onsager heat of transport at the liquidvapour interface of p-tert-butyltoluene." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Chemistry, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1386.
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The Onsager heat of transport for p-tert-butyltoluene was measured, as part of a series of preliminary experiments towards the determination of the importance of temperature gradients on the air-sea flux of carbon dioxide. The results presented in this thesis imply that the temperature gradient is a major contributor to the magnitude of the air-sea flux. The heat of transport has been measured for the p-tert-butyltoluene system by measuring stationary-state pressure changes for known temperature differences on the vapour side of the interface. At the pressure ranges used the number of mean free paths was always outside the Knudsen zone, but the values of Q* were approximately 100 % of the latent heat of vaporisation. Departures from linearity of plots of P against ΔT are attributed to temperature jumps at the surface of the dry upper plate. Both the results taken for p-tert-butyltoluene and the earlier results for water from this laboratory fit to a Type III BET isotherm, where the c parameter is not constant. They also reveal the importance of the temperature gradient in determining the value of the thermal accommodation coefficient, and provide a new method of measuring thermal accommodation coefficients for a variety of surfaces and vapours
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Silva, Djalma Nunes da. "A termodinâmica no ensino médio: ênfase nos processos irreversíveis." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/81/81131/tde-01062012-134610/.
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Este trabalho procura responder a questão: \"quais as barreiras conceituais que impedem a compreensão da segunda lei da Termodinâmica pelos estudantes? A partir de três questões apresentadas a estudantes do terceiro ano do ensino médio e do primeiro ano do curso superior de licenciatura em física, foram coletadas as respostas produzidas; posteriormente analisadas, permitiram a explicitação de concepções que, confrontadas com as idéias da Termodinâmica clássica, revelaram um raciocínio inadequado. A idéia de sistema centrado no objeto, parece constituir uma barreira conceitual difícil de transpor; assim também ocorre com os conceitos de processo e transformação exibidos pelo senso comum. Tais conceitos são fundamentais para o estabelecimento da Termodinâmica e devem ser pensados no trabalho em sala de aula capaz de produzir conflitos cognitivos com meta a uma mudança conceitual. Por outro lado, numa perspectiva histórica, foi possível identificar alguma ressonância entre as idéias dos estudantes e o desenvolvimento da concepção de calor; focalizamos especialmente as idéias de Carnot e de Clausius ao longo da elaboração das leis da Termodinâmica. O trabalho também identificou lacunas decorrentes da forma como os conteúdos científicos são apresentados na sala de aula e nos livros didáticos o que pode explicar as dificuldades encontradas. Finalmente, o trabalho apresenta subsídios de relevância pedagógica que podem contribuir para a melhoria do ensino da Termodinâmica no nível médio, com atividades especiais que tocam nos pontos conflitantes entre as concepções dos estudantes e o conhecimento científico.This work aims to answering the following question: what are the conceptual barriers that prevent students from understanding the second law of Thermodynamics ? Starting from three questions that were proposed to third year secondary school and to first year physics teaching university students, the collected answers were analysed and led to an explicitation of conceptions that disclose inadequate reasoning when confronted with the ideas of classical Thermodynamics. The idea of a system centered on the object seems to be a conceptual barrier that is difficult to overcome and the same happens with the concepts of process and change that are usual in commonsense. But these concepts are essential for the fundamentals of Thermodynamics and should be used in class work to create cognitive conflicts aiming to a conceptual change. On the other hand, from a historical perspective, it was possible to identify some of the students ideas in the development of the concept of heat particularly in the development of the ideas of Carnot and Clausius in the elaboration of the laws of thermodynamics. The work has also identified gaps resulting from the way scientific contents are presented in the classroom and in textbooks that could explain the students difficulties. At last, the work presents pedagogically relevant contributions that may be helpful in teaching thermodynamics in secondary schools with special activities that touch points that are conflicting between students conceptions and scientific knowledge.
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Lamorlette, Aymeric. "Caractérisation macroscopique du milieu végétal pour les modèles physiques de feux de forêts." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008INPL044N/document.
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La description aux échelles macroscopiques et gigascopiques des feux de forêts permet l'établissement de modèles physiques aptes à représenter l'évolution d'un feu avec une meilleure précision que les modèles empiriques de type Rothermel développés jusqu'alors. Cependant ces modèles nécessitent l'ajustement de paramètres dont la mesure directe est impossible, car les équations associées à ces modèles ne sont pas relatives à l'air et à la matière végétale mais aux milieux équivalents à la végétation pour l'échelle considérée. Les propriétés des milieux équivalents sont alors liées aux propriétés des milieux les constituant, mais la connaissance des propriétés des milieux constitutifs ne permet pas de connaître directement les propriétés du milieu équivalent. Ce travail consistera tout d'abord en la reconstruction du milieu végétal à l'aide d'outils issus de la géométrie fractale. Des méthodes de mesures de paramètres géométriques venant de la foresterie ont ensuite été utilisées pour valider nos modèles de végétation. Enfin, des expériences numériques ont été menées sur nos structures reconstruites afin d'identifier les paramètres macroscopiques qui nous intéressent. Ces expériences permettent également de valider ou non les hypothèses effectuées lors de l'établissement des équations du milieu équivalent. Les paramètres ajustés sont la viscosité du milieu équivalent, le coefficient d'échange convectif et le coefficient d'extinctionThe macroscopic and gigascopic scale description of forest fires allows physical modelings of the propagation which can predict the fire evolution with a better accuracy than usually developed empirical Rothermel-like models. However, those models need fitting for their parameters which cannot be measured directly as the models equations are related to the equivalent media at the considered scale and not related to the air and the vegetal material. The equivalent media properties are related to the inner media properties, but the inner media properties knowledge does not allow directly the equivalent media properties knowledge. This work is then aiming on the vegetal medium reconstruction using fractal geometry. Geometrical parameters measurement methods used in forestry sciences are applied for the vegetal modeling validation. Numerical studies are finally done on the reconstructed structures to fit the relevant macroscopic scale parameters. Those studies also allow us to validate or invalidate the assumptions which have been done for the equivalent medium equation development. Those parameters are: the equivalent medium viscosity, the convective heat transfer coefficient and the extinction coefficient
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Burzler, Josef Maximilian. "Performance Optima for Endoreversible Systems." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2003. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-200300012.
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Theoretical bounds for performance measures of thermodynamical systems are investigated under conditions of finite times and rates of processes using endoreversible models. These models consist of reversible operating sub-systems which exchange energy via generally irreversible interactions. Analytical and numerical calculations are performed to obtain performance optima and respective optimized process and design parameters for four model systems. A heat engine where the heat transfer between the working fluid and heat reservoirs is described by generalized, polytropic process is optimized for maximum work output. Thermal efficiencies, optimal values for temperatures and process times of the heat transfer processes are determined. A model of a generalized system suited to describe the operation of heat engines, refrigerators, and heat pumps is optimized with respect to thermal efficiency. Several examples illustrate how the results of the analysis are used to allocate financial resources to the heat exchanger inventory in an optimal way. A power-producing thermal system which exchanges heat with several heat reservoirs via irreversible heat transfer processes is analyzed to find the optimal contact times between the working fluid and each of the reservoirs. The piston motion of a Diesel engine is optimized to achieve maximum work for a given amount of fuel. The endoreversible model of the Diesel engine accounts for the temporal variations of the heat produced by the combustion process, the basic flow pattern within the engine's cylinder, the temperature dependence of the viscosity, thermal conductivity, and heat capacity of the working fluid and losses due to friction and heat leak through the cylinder wallsTheoretische Grenzen für verschiedene Leistungsmerkmale von thermodynamischen Systemen werden unter der Bedingung endlicher Zeiten und Prozessraten im Rahmen endoreversibler Modelle untersucht. Diese Modelle bestehen aus reversiblen Subsystemen, welche über allgemein irreversible Wechselwirkungen Energie austauschen. Analytische und nummerische Berechnungen quantifizieren diese Grenzen und liefern optimale Prozess- und Konstruktionsparameter für vier Modellsysteme. Für eine auf maximale Ausgangsarbeit optimierte Wärmekraftmaschine, bei der die Wärme zwischen Arbeitsmedium und Wärmereservoirs während allgemeiner polytroper Zustandsänderungen des Arbeitsmediums übertragen wird, werden optimale Temperaturen und Zeiten für die Wärmeübertragungsprozesse sowie die thermischen Wirkungsgrade bestimmt. Für ein wirkungsgrad-optimiertes Modell eines verallgemeinerten thermischen Umwandlungssytems, das sowohl Wärmekraftmaschinen, Kühler und Wärmepumpen beschreibt, wird die optimale Verteilung von Investitionskosten auf die Wärmetauscher ermittelt und die Anwendung der allgemeingültigen Ergebnisse anhand mehrerer Beispiele demonstriert. Für eine Wärmekraftmaschine mit mehreren Wärmereservoirs wird bestimmt, welche der Wärmereservoirs wie lange kontaktiert werden müssen, um eine maximale Ausgangsarbeit zu erzielen. Für einen Dieselmotor wird die Kolbenbewegung so optimiert, dass bei gegebener Treibstoffmenge eine maximale Ausgangsarbeit erzielt wird. Das endoreversible Modell des Dieselmotors berücksichtigt die Temperaturabhängigkeit der Wärmekapazität, Wärmeleitfähigkeit und Viskosität des Arbeitsfluids, die Zeitabhängigkeit des Verbrennungsprozesses sowie Reibungs- und Wärmeverluste
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Arieby, Rida. "Caractérisation mécanique et modélisation thermodynamique du comportement anisotrope du polyéthylène à haute densité. Intégration des effets d'endommagement." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007INPL085N/document.
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L’objectif de ce mémoire de thèse est de contribuer à la connaissance du comportement mécanique en grandes déformations du Polyéthylène à Haute Densité anisotrope obtenu par extrusion de plaques. Nous présentons le protocole et les résultats expérimentaux de traction séquencée, comportant des décharges, recharges et relaxations monotones et cycliques. Ces campagnes d’essais sont également centrées sur la mesure en temps réel de la variation de volume liée aux phénomènes d’endommagement. Les résultats sont présentés pour différentes orientations d’éprouvettes prélevées dans des plaques extrudées. La modélisation thermodynamique de l’ensemble des résultats, a fait l’objet d’un développement original conduisant à la prédiction unifiée de grandeurs en 3D : contrainte vraie axiale, déformations vraies transversales. Le modèle prévoit également le développement de l’endommagement et permet de mettre en évidence une variable tensorielle de dommage. L’identification des paramètres du modèle thermodynamique sur la base de données expérimentales conduit à des grandeurs physiques conformes aux caractéristiques de la microstructure. Ce travail ouvre la perspective d’un enrichissement de l’approche thermodynamique dans la direction de la prévision de l’anisotropie plastique induite des polymères semi-cristallinsThe aim of this thesis is to contribute to the knowledge of the mechanical behavior in large strains of anisotropic High Density PolyEthylene (HDPE), obtained by extrusion of plates. We present the experimental procedure and the results for traction, with unloading, reloading and relaxation in monotonous and cyclic conditions. This work is also concerned with the measure in real time of the volume strain due to the phenomena of damage. The results are given for various orientations of specimen within the extruded plates. The thermodynamic modeling of the whole the results, is the subject of an original development leading to the unified prediction of measures in 3D: axial true stress, transverse true strains. The model also predicts the development of the damage and offer the possibility to introduce a tensorial damage variable. The identification of the model parameters on the basis of experimental data leads to physical quantities in conformity with the characteristics of the microstructure. This work opens the prospect for an enrichment of the thermodynamic approach in the direction of the prediction of the induced plastic anisotropy of semi-crystalline polymers
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Hoang, Ngoc Ha. "Approche thermodynamique pour la stabilisation des réacteurs chimiques." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO10244.
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L’objectif de ce travail est de proposer de nouvelles stratégies de commande non linéaire pour la stabilisation des Réacteurs Parfaitement Agités Continus (RPAC). Pour cela, nous utilisons d’une part, l’approche thermodynamique entropique. Plus précisément, nous utilisons la notion de disponibilité thermodynamique et les propriétés de la thermodynamique irréversible pour définir une fonction de Lyapunov utilisable pour la stabilisation du système en boucle fermée. Nous proposons aussi une fonction disponibilité réduite afin d’obtenir des lois stabilisantes plus performantes en terme de sollicitation des actionneurs. D’autre part, nous proposons une extension du formalisme (pseudo) hamiltonien à ports dissipatifs aux réacteurs chimiques ouverts. Nous montrons que l’Hamiltonien est lié à l’enthalpie libre de Gibbs dans le cas isotherme et à l’ectropie (opposée de l’entropie) dans le cas non isotherme. Par ce formalisme, la dissipation du système représente la production irréversible d’entropie due à la réaction chimique. Nous appliquons ensuite les techniques de commande passive (modelage de l’énergie) pour la synthèse de lois de commande en choisissant la disponibilité thermodynamique comme fonction hamiltonienne à modeler en boucle fermée. Finalement, nous montrons que les commandes synthétisées par l’approche thermodynamique entropique et la formulation pseudo-hamiltonienne sont, dans certains cas, équivalentes. Certaines propriétés relatives à la stabilisation et l’admissibilité des commandes sont aussi considérées. Les développements théoriques sont mis en oeuvre sur des exemples différents de RPAC : un réacteur académique et l’hydrolyse par catalyse acide de l’oxirane-méthanol en glycérineThe goal of this thesis is to propose new nonlinear control strategies for the stabilization of perfectly Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors (CSTR). To achieve this goal, we use on the one hand, the entropic thermodynamic approach. More precisely, we use the thermodynamic availability concept and the properties of irreversible thermodynamics to define a Lyapunov function candidate for the stabilization of the closed loop system. We also propose a reduced availability function to design more efficient feedback laws in term of control variable solicitations. On the other hand, we propose an extension of the (pseudo) Hamiltonian formalism associated to dissipative systems to open chemical reactors. We show that the Hamiltonian is linked to the Gibbs free enthalpy in the isothermal case and to ectropy (opposed to entropy) in the non isothermal case. By this formalism, the dissipation of the system represents the irreversible entropy production due to chemical reaction. The Interconnection and Damping Assignment-Passivity Based Control (IDA-PBC) approach is then applied to synthesize feedback laws by choosing the thermodynamic availability as desired closed loop hamiltonian storage function. Finally, we show that feedback laws synthetized by the entropic thermodynamic approach and the pseudo-hamiltonian formulation are equivalent in some cases. Some stabilization properties and the control input admissibility are also considered. Theoretical developments are illustrated on some different CSTR examples : an academic case study and the acid catalyzed hydration of oxirane-methanol to glycerol
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Zhou, Weijun. "Approche thermodynamique pour la commande d’un système non linéaire de dimension infinie : application aux réacteurs tubulaires." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10084/document.
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Le travail présenté dans cette thèse porte sur la modélisation et la commande d'un système thermodynamique non linéaire de dimension infinie, le réacteur tubulaire. Nous abordons le problème de commande sur ce système non linéaire en nous appuyant sur les propriétés thermodynamiques du procédé. Cette approche nécessite l'utilisation d'un modèle ayant comme variables d'état les variables extensives thermodynamiques classiques. Nous utilisons la fonction de disponibilité thermodynamique ainsi qu'une autre fonction déduite de la précédente, la disponibilité réduite, comme fonction de Lyapunov candidate pour résoudre le problème de stabilisation du réacteur autour d'un profil d'équilibre en utilisant comme commande distribuée la température de la double enveloppe. Des simulations illustrent ces résultats ainsi que l'efficacité des commandes en présence de perturbations. Nous nous intéressons aussi à la représentation hamiltonienne à port des systèmes irréversibles de dimension infinie. La structure de Stokes-Dirac pour un modèle réaction diffusion est obtenue en étendant les vecteurs de variables de flux et d'effort. Nous présentons cette démarche pour les équations du système réaction-diffusion en prenant premièrement l'énergie interne comme Hamiltonien puis deuxièmement l'opposé de l'entropie. Nous montrons dans les deux cas qu'en utilisant une extension des couples de variables effort-flux thermodynamiques classiques nous obtenons une structure de Stokes-Dirac. Enfin nous donnons quelques résultats aboutissant à une représentation pseudo hamiltonienne. Enfin nous abordons le problème de commande à la frontière. L'objectif est d'étudier l'existence de solutions associées à un modèle linéarisé de réacteur tubulaire complet commandé à la frontièreThe main objective of this thesis consists to investigate the problem of modelling and control of a nonlinear parameter distributed thermodynamic system : the tubular reactor. We address the control problem of this non linear system relying on the thermodynamic properties of the process. This approach requires to use the classical extensive variables as the state variables. We use the thermodynamic availability as well as the reduced thermodynamic availability (this function is formed from some terms of the thermodynamic availabilty) as Lyapunov functions in order to asymptotically stabilize the tubular reactor aroud a steady profile. The distributed temperature of the jacket is the control variable. Some simulations illustrate these results as well as the eficiency of the control in presence of perturbations. Next we study the Port Hamiltonian representation of irreversible infinite dimensional systems. We propose a Stokes-Dirac structure of a reaction-diffusion system by means of the extension of the vectors of the flux and effort variables. We illustrate this approach on the example of the reaction-diffusion system. For this latter we use the internal energy as well as the opposite of the entropy to obtain Stokes-Dirac structures. We propose also a pseudo-Hamiltonian representation for the two Hamiltonians. Finally we tackle the boundary control problem. The objective is to study the existence of solutions associated to a linearized model of the tubular reactor controlled to the boundary
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Bahroun, Sami. "Modélisation et approche thermodynamique pour la commande des réacteurs chimiques catalytiques triphasiques continus et discontinus." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00720906.
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L'objet de cette thèse est la modélisation et la commande par approche thermodynamique des réacteurs catalytiques triphasiques en mode continu et en mode discontinu. Ce type de réacteur consiste en un système fortement non linéaire, multivariable et siège de réactions exothermiques. Nous utilisons les concepts de la thermodynamique irréversible pour la synthèse de lois de commande stabilisante pour ces deux types de réacteurs chimiques. En effet, la stricte concavité de la fonction d'entropie nous a permis de définir une fonction de stockage qui sert de fonction de Lyapunov candidate : la disponibilité thermodynamique. Nous utilisons cette fonction de disponibilité thermodynamique pour la synthèse de lois de commande stabilisante d'un mini-réacteur catalytique triphasique intensifié continu. Une stratégie de contrôle à deux couches (optimisation et contrôle) est utilisée pour contrôler la température et la concentration du produit à la sortie du réacteur en présence de perturbations à l'entrée du réacteur. Les performances du contrôleur mis en place sont comparées en simulation à celles d'un régulateur PI. Dans certains cas, l'utilisation de la fonction de disponibilité thermodynamique s'avère problématique. Une autre étude effectuée sur cette fonction nous permet de déterminer une nouvelle fonction de Lyapunov : la disponibilité thermique. Nous utilisons par la suite la fonction de disponibilité thermique pour la synthèse de lois de commande stabilisante d'un réacteur catalytique triphasique semi-fermé. Un observateur grand gain est utilisé pour estimer la vitesse de réaction à partir des mesures de la température du milieu réactionnel. Cette estimation est injectée ensuite dans le calcul de la loi de commande mise en place. La robustesse du schéma de contrôle est testée en simulation face à des incertitudes de modélisation, des perturbations et des bruits de mesure.
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Margerit, Jonathan. "Modélisation et Simulations Numériques de la Propagation de Feux de Forêts." Phd thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine - INPL, 1998. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00003730.
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La prédiction de la propagation des feux de forêts consiste à trouver l'évolution du front du feu. Cette thèse reprend le modèle monodimensionnel de propagation du feu sous forme d'ellipses de Richards afin de trouver l'expression intrinsèque de la vitesse de ce front. Une formulation équivalente variationnelle de ce modèle en utilisant les principes de l'optique géométrique est aussi dérivée. Un modèle tridimensionnel de la propagation du feu grâce à une homogénéisation par prise de moyennes et à l'utilisation de la thermodynamique des processus irréversibles est alors obtenu. Une simplification de ce modèle, suivie d'une réduction bidimensionnelle sur la surface gauche du sol, nous conduisent alors à un modèle bidimensionnelle, qui tient compte des principaux paramµetres de la propagation des feux de forêts. Celui-ci permet d'obtenir des formes de corrélations utilisées par le modèle des ellipses. Le caractère non local de l'intervention du flux radiatif en provenance de la zone en feu qui se trouve au-dessus de la végétation est alors introduit. Des simulations numériques, de ce modèle bidimensionnel de propagation du feu avec terme de rayonnement non local, ont enfin été réalisées.
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Saulich, Sven. "Generic design and investigation of solar cooling systems." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2013. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/13627.
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This thesis presents work on a holistic approach for improving the overall design of solar cooling systems driven by solar thermal collectors. Newly developed methods for thermodynamic optimization of hydraulics and control were used to redesign an existing pilot plant. Measurements taken from the newly developed system show an 81% increase of the Solar Cooling Efficiency (SCEth) factor compared to the original pilot system. In addition to the improvements in system design, new efficiency factors for benchmarking solar cooling systems are presented. The Solar Supply Efficiency (SSEth) factor provides a means of quantifying the quality of solar thermal charging systems relative to the usable heat to drive the sorption process. The product of the SSEth with the already established COPth of the chiller, leads to the SCEth factor which, for the first time, provides a clear and concise benchmarking method for the overall design of solar cooling systems. Furthermore, the definition of a coefficient of performance, including irreversibilities from energy conversion (COPcon), enables a direct comparison of compression and sorption chiller technology. This new performance metric is applicable to all low-temperature heat-supply machines for direct comparison of different types or technologies. The achieved findings of this work led to an optimized generic design for solar cooling systems, which was successfully transferred to the market.
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Niemeyer, Hendrik. "The Approach to Equilibration in Closed Quantum Systems." Doctoral thesis, 2014. https://repositorium.ub.uni-osnabrueck.de/handle/urn:nbn:de:gbv:700-2014070312599.
Full textAbstract:
The question whether and how closed quantum systems equilibrate is still debated today.
In this thesis a generic spin system is analysed and criteria to classify unique equilibration
dynamics are developed. Furthermore, the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis is
investigated as a possible cause for the unique equilibrium. For both problems novel
numerical methods for solving the time-dependent Schroedinger equation based on series
expansions and typicality are developed. Furthermore, the problem of markovian
dynamics on the level of single measurements is discussed.
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Schmidtke, Daniel. "Investigation of the emergence of thermodynamic behavior in closed quantum systems and its relation to standard stochastic descriptions." Doctoral thesis, 2018. https://repositorium.ub.uni-osnabrueck.de/handle/urn:nbn:de:gbv:700-2018082017250.
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Our everyday experiences teach us that any imbalance like temperature gradients, non-uniform particle-densities etc. will approach some equilibrium state if not subjected to any external force. Phenomenological descriptions of these empirical findings reach back to the 19th century where Fourier and Fick presented descriptions of relaxation for macroscopic systems by stochastic approaches. However, one of the main goals of thermodynamics remained the derivation of these phenomenological description from basic microscopic principles. This task has gained much attraction since the foundation of quantum mechanics about 100 years ago. However, up to now no such conclusive derivation is presented. In this dissertation we will investigate whether closed quantum systems may show equilibration, and if so, to what extend such dynamics are in accordance with standard thermodynamic behavior as described by stochastic approaches. To this end we consider i.a. Markovian dynamics, Fokker-Planck and diffusion equations. Furthermore, we consider fluctuation theorems as given e.g. by the Jarzynski relation beyond strict Gibbsian initial states. After all we find indeed good agreement for selected quantum systems.
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Bartsch, Christian. "General Projective Approach to Transport Coefficients of Condensed Matter Systems and Application to an Atomic Wire." Doctoral thesis, 2010. https://repositorium.ub.uni-osnabrueck.de/handle/urn:nbn:de:gbv:700-201003165677.
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We present a novel approach to the investigation of transport coefficients in condensed matter systems, which is based on a pertinent time-convolutionless (TCL) projection operator technique. In this context we analyze in advance the convergence of the corresponding perturbation expansion and the influence of the occurring inhomogeneity.
The TCL method is used to establish a formalism for a consistent derivation of a Boltzmann equation from the underlying quantum dynamics, which is meant to apply to non-ideal quantum gases. We obtain a linear(ized) collision term that results as a finite non-singular rate matrix and is thus adequate for further considerations, e.g., the calculation of transport coefficients. In the work at hand we apply the provided scheme to numerically compute the diffusion coefficient of an atomic wire and especially analyze its dependence on certain model properties, in particular on the width of the wire.
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Dierl, Marcel. "Wechselwirkungseffekte in getriebenen Diffusionssystemen." Doctoral thesis, 2014. https://repositorium.ub.uni-osnabrueck.de/handle/urn:nbn:de:gbv:700-2014080112651.
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Getriebener Transport wechselwirkender Teilchen ist im direkten oder übertragenen Sinne von großer Bedeutung für viele Forschungsfelder. Zur Untersuchung grundlegender Fragestellungen wird auf einfache Modellsysteme zurückgegriffen, die analytische Zugänge ermöglichen und zugleich wesentliche Aspekte der Nichtgleichgewichtsdynamik in realen Applikationen erfassen. Im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit wird ein eindimensionales Gittergas mit Nächsten-Nachbar-Wechselwirkungen betrachtet, um den Einfluss von Wechselwirkungen auf den Teilchentransport in getriebenen Diffusionsprozessen zu studieren. Mit einem auf der zeitabhängigen Dichtefunktionaltheorie klassischer Fluide basierenden Verfahren werden Evolutionsgleichungen für Dichten, Korrelationsfunktionen und Ströme aufgestellt, deren numerische Lösung eine gute Beschreibung der Transportkinetik liefert. Für Sprungdynamiken, welche bestimmte Relationen erfüllen, werden exakte Strom-Dichte-Beziehungen in geschlossenen Ringsystemen hergeleitet. Hierzu zählen insbesondere die für viele Applikationen relevanten Glauber-Raten. In offenen Kanälen, die zwei Reservoire verbinden, kommt es zu Phasenübergängen der Teilchendichte im Inneren des Kanals. Anhand allgemeiner Überlegungen auf Grundlage der Extremalprinzipien bezüglich des Stroms und der Strom-Dichte-Relation im Bulk kann ein Überblick aller möglichen Phasen, ungeachtet der konkreten System-Reservoir-Kopplung, erhalten werden. Welche Phasen im randinduzierten Phasendiagramm erscheinen, wird durch die System-Reservoir-Kopplung festgelegt. Dies wird anhand zweier unterschiedlicher Randankopplungen demonstriert. Im zweiten Teil der Dissertationsschrift werden stochastische Transportvorgänge in Brownschen Pumpen und in organischen Solarzellen mit Heteroübergang modelliert. Hierbei zeigen Brownsche Pumpen Phasenübergänge in periodengemittelten Dichten und Strömen, falls Ausschlusswechselwirkungen berücksichtigt werden. Ein Minimalmodell organischer Solarzellen erlaubt Elementarprozesse an der Donator-Akzeptor-Grenzfläche abzubilden, wodurch Einblicke in das Strom- und Effizienzverhalten des photovoltaischen Systems gewonnen werden.
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Xu, Feng-Zhi, and 許豐智. "The Thermodynamic Analysis of Irreversible Refrigeration Cycles." Thesis, 1996. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/53366323576741768452.
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Einax, Mario. "Getriebene Nanosysteme: Von stochastischen Fluktuationen und Transport zu selbstorganisierten Strukturen." Doctoral thesis, 2013. https://repositorium.ub.uni-osnabrueck.de/handle/urn:nbn:de:gbv:700-2013100711673.
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Aufgrund des weltweiten Trends zur Miniaturisierung, u. a. von elektronischen Bauteilen, von Sensoren, von Speichermedien, oder bei der gezielten Funktionalisierung von Nanopartikeln als Kontrastmittel in bildgebenden medizinischen Verfahren, nimmt die Erforschung von Nanosystemen eine interdisziplinäre Schlüsselrolle ein. Ein grundlegendes physikalisches, chemisches und biologisches Verständnis von Nanosystemen auf Grundlage von experimentellen und theoretischen Untersuchungen steht dabei ebenso im Fokus wie die konzeptionelle Entwicklung geeigneter Nanotechnologien zur kontrollierten Herstellung von Nanostrukturen über „bottom-up“ und „top-down“ Strategien. Getriebene Nanosysteme befinden sich fern vom thermischen Gleichgewicht. Zur ihrer Beschreibung gibt es bisher keine allgemein ausgearbeitete Theorie. Dies hat zur Konsequenz, dass getriebene Nanosysteme problemspezifisch modelliert und untersucht werden müssen. Die vorliegende Schrift ist in drei Themengebiete unterteilt: (i) konzeptionelle Beschreibung stochastischer Fluktuationen der Arbeit und der Wärme im Rahmen der stochastischen Thermodynamik, (ii) konzeptionelle Beschreibung von Vielteilchen-Transportproblemen mit repulsiven Nächste-Nachbarwechselwirkungen auf Grundlage der klassischen zeitabhängigen Dichtefunktionaltheorie und (iii) selbstorganisiertes Wachstum von metallischen und organischen Nanostrukturen.
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Sievers, Burkhard. "Nichtlokaler Lagrangeformalismus in der Thermodynamik irreversibler Prozesse : Variationsverfahren für kinetische Gleichungen /." 1994. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=006461333&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Liu, Susan Marisa. "The thermodynamics of irreversible nonspecific protein adsorption at a solid-aqueous interface." Thesis, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/5969.
Full textAbstract:
Nonspecific adsorption of protein to interfaces is pervasive in nature and has both
positive and negative consequences which are of interest to scientists and engineers.
Previous studies on protein adsorption have indicated that adsorption is driven by a
complex set of subprocesses rather than a single effect, and that the overall process is
usually irreversible as verified by the lack of traceability between the ascending isotherm
(increasing bulk protein concentration) and the descending isotherm (decreasing bulk
protein concentration). These irreversible energetic effects have been neglected in
current models describing protein adsorption which are entirely based on reversible
thermodynamics.
The objective of this thesis is to develop a thermodynamic framework describing the
energies associated with nonspecific adsorption of protein to a liquid/solid interface,
incorporating both the apparently reversible (quasi-equilibrium) and irreversible
components of the process. To demonstrate the theory, a model system was chosen: the
adsorption of hen egg-white lysozyme, to particulate silica in 50-rnM KC1 at pH 7 and
37°C.
Isothermal titration calorimetry, differential scanning calorimetry and isotherm
measurements are combined with our thermodynamic framework and a theory by Everett
to show that two major subprocesses, restructuring of the protein upon adsorption and
formation of multiple contacts between the protein and sorbent surface, are the major
contributors to the irreversibility of the process.
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Sears, Matthew. "Applications of Irreversible Thermodynamics: Bulk and Interfacial Electronic, Ionic, Magnetic, and Thermal Transport." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2011-08-10096.
Full textAbstract:
Irreversible thermodynamics is a widely-applicable toolset that extends thermodynamics to describe systems undergoing irreversible processes. It is particularly
useful for describing macroscopic flow of system components, whether conserved (e.g., particle number) or non-conserved (e.g., spin). We give a general introduction to this toolset and calculate the entropy production due to bulk and interfacial flow. We compare the entropy production and heating rate of bulk and interfacial transport, as well as interfacial charge and spin transport. We then demonstrate the power and applicability of this toolset by applying it to three systems.
We first consider metal oxide growth, and discuss inconsistency in previous theory by Mott. We show, however, that Mott's solution is the lowest order of a consistent asymptotic solution, with the ion and electron concentrations and fluxes going as power series in t^-k/2, where k = 1, 2, .... We find that this gives corrections to the "parabolic growth law" that has oxide thickness going as t^1/2; the lowest order
correction is logarithmic in t.
We then consider the effect on spin of electric currents crossing an interface between a ferromagnet (FM) and non-magnetic material (NM). Previous theories for electrical potential and spin accumulation neglect chemical or magnetic contributions to the energy. We apply irreversible thermodynamics to show that both contributions are pivotal in predicting the spin accumulation, particularly in the NM. We also show that charge screening, not considered in previous theories, causes spin accumulation in the FM, which may be important in ferromagnetic semiconductors.
Finally, we apply irreversible thermodynamics to thermal equilibration in a thin-film FM on a substrate. Recent experiments suggest that applying a thermal gradient
across the length of the system causes a spin current along the thickness; this spin current is present much farther from the heat sources than expected. We find that, although the interaction between the separate thermal equilibration processes increases the largest equilibration length, thermal equilibration does not predict a length as large as the experimentally measured length; it does predict, however, a thermal gradient along the thickness that has the shape of the measured spin current.
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Bond, Maurice. "Non-equilibrium evaporation and condensation : modeled with irreversible thermodynamics, kinetic theory, and statistical rate theory." 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/511.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this work is to demonstrate the usability of irreversible thermodynamics and kinetic theory in describing slow steady state evaporation and condensation, analyze the statistical rate theory (SRT) approach, and investigate the physical phenomena involved. Recently large interface temperature jumps have been observed during steady state evaporation and condensation experiments; the vapor interface temperature was greater than the liquid interface temperature for condensation and evaporation. To predict the temperature jump, the SRT mass flux was introduced as an alternative to the established approaches of irreversible thermodynamics and kinetic theory of gases. Simple one dimensional planar and spherical models were developed for slow evaporation and condensation based on the experiments. We considered pure liquid water evaporation and condensation to, and from its own vapor. Expressions for the mass and energy fluxes across the interface were found using irreversible thermodynamics, kinetic theory, and SRT. The SRT theory does not have an energy flux expression, as a substitute we use the irreversible thermodynamics energy flux in the SRT model. The equations were then solved to yield the mass and energy fluxes, and the liquid and vapor temperature profiles. We find the interface temperature jump is dependant on the energy flux expression. The irreversible thermodynamics energy flux closely predicts the measured temperature jump and direction. Kinetic theory models do not predict the jump, however with incorporation of a velocity dependant condensation coefficient, kinetic theory can predict the correct temperature jump direction, and vapor interface temperature. All the models predict mass fluxes that agree with the measured data. We suggest the temperature jump direction is established based on the direction of the vapor conductive energy flux, and not the direction of the mass flux (condensation or evaporation). We conclude that irreversible thermodynamics, kinetic theoiy, and SRT can all be used to model steady state evaporation and condensation.
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Schuch, Michael. "The Mixed Glass Former Effect- Modeling of the Structure and Ionic Hopping Transport." Doctoral thesis, 2013. https://repositorium.ub.uni-osnabrueck.de/handle/urn:nbn:de:gbv:700-2013101111690.
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The origin of the Mixed Glass Former Effect (MGFE) is studied, which manifests itself in a non-monotonic behavior of the activation energy for long-range ion transport as a function of the mixing ratio of two glass formers. Two theoretical models are developed, the mixed barrier model and the network unit trap model, which consider different possible mechanisms for the occurrence of the MGFE. The mixed barrier
model is based on the assumption that energy barriers are reduced for ionic jumps in regions of mixed composition. By employing percolation theory it is shown that this mechanism can successfully account for the behavior of the activation energy in various ion conducting mixed glass former glasses. The network unit trap model is based on the fact that a variety of network forming units, the so-called Q(n) species, can be associated with one glass former. Using a thermodynamic approach, the change of the concentration of these units in dependence of ionic concentration and the glass former mixing ratio is successfully predicted for alkali borate, phosphate and borophosphate glasses. In a second step, the charge distribution of the various units is considered and related to it, the binding energies to alkali ions. This gives rise to a modeling of the ionic transport in an energy landscape that changes in a defined manner with the glass former mixing ratio. Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations for alkali borophosphate glasses, which serve as a representative system for the MGFE in the literature, demonstrate that this approach succeeds to predict the behavior of the activation energy.
In a further part of the thesis, Reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) simulations for the atomic structure of sodium borophosphate glasses are carried out with X-ray and neutron diffraction data as further input from
experiments. Three-dimensional structures could be successfully generated that are in agreement with all experimental and theoretical constraints. Volume fractions of the ionic conduction pathways determined from these structures, however, do not show a substantial relationship to the activation energy, as earlier proposed in the iterature for alkali borate and alkali phosphate glasses.
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Khodja, Abdellah. "Investigations of transport phenomena and dynamical relaxation in closed quantum systems." Doctoral thesis, 2015. https://repositorium.ub.uni-osnabrueck.de/handle/urn:nbn:de:gbv:700-2015031713128.
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The first part of the present Phd thesis is devoted to transport investigations in disordered quantum systems. We aim at quantitatively determining transport parameters like conductivity, mean
free path, etc., for simple models of spatially disordered and/or percolated quantum systems in the limit of
high temperatures and low fillings using linear response theory. We find the transport behavior for some models to be in accord with a Boltzmann equation, i.e., long mean free paths, exponentially decaying currents although there are no band-structures to start from, while this does not apply to other models even though they are also almost completely delocalized. The second part of the present PhD thesis addresses the issue of initial state independence (ISI) in closed quantum system. The relevance of the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH) for the emergence of ISI equilibration is to some extent addressed. To this end, we investigate the Heisenberg spin-ladder and check the validity of the ETH for the energy difference operator by examining the scaling behavior of the corresponding ETH-fluctuations, which we compute using an innovative numerical method based on typicality related arguments. While, the ETH turns out to hold for the generic non-integrable models and may therefore serve as the key mechanism for ISI for this cases, it does not hold for the integrable Heisenberg-chain. However, close analysis on the dynamic of substantially out-of-equilibrium initial states indicates the occurrence of ISI equillibration in the thermodynamic limit regardless of whether the ETH is violated. Thus, we introduce a new parameter $v$, which we propose as an alternative of the ETH to indicate ISI equillibration in cases, in which the ETH does not strictly apply.
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Al-Obaidi, M. A., Chakib Kara-Zaitri, and Iqbal M. Mujtaba. "Scope and limitations of the irreversible thermodynamics and the solution diffusion models for the separation of binary and multi-component systems in reverse osmosis process." 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/11342.
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YesReverse osmosis process is used in many industrial applications ranging from solute-solvent to solvent-solvent and gaseous separation. A number of theoretical models have been developed to describe the separation and fluxes of solvent and solute in such processes. This paper looks into the scope and limitations of two main models (the irreversible thermodynamics and the solution diffusion models) used in the past by several researchers for solute-solvent feed separation. Despite the investigation of other complex models, the simple concepts of these models accelerate the feasibility of the implementation of reverse osmosis for different types of systems and variety of industries. Briefly, an extensive review of these mathematical models is conducted by collecting more than 70 examples from literature in this study. In addition, this review has covered the improvement of such models to make them compatible with multi-component systems with consideration of concentration polarization and solvent-solute-membrane interaction.
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Al-Obaidi, M. A., Chakib Kara-Zaitri, and Iqbal M. Mujtaba. "Removal of phenol from wastewater using spiral-wound reverse osmosis process: model development based on experiment and simulation." 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/12021.
Full textAbstract:
YesThe removal of the ubiquitous phenol and phenolic compounds in industrial wastes is a critical environmental issue due to their harmful threats to wildlife and potential adverse human health effects. The removal of such compounds is therefore of significant importance in water treatment and reuse. In recent years, reverse osmosis (RO) has been successfully utilised in several industrial processes and wastewater treatment including phenol removal. In this paper, a new model based on a spiral-wound RO process is developed for the removal of phenol from wastewater. A simplified mathematical algorithm using an irreversible thermodynamic approach is developed. This results in a set of non-linear Differential and Algebraic Equations (DAEs), which are solved based on a number of optimised model parameters using a combined methodology of parameter estimation and experimental phenol-water data derived from the literature. The effects of several operational parameters on the performance (in terms of removal of phenol) of the process are explored using the model.
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Röller, Klaus. "Numerical simulations of wet granular matter." Doctoral thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-B4BE-F.
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Hager-Fingerle, Axel. "Entropy Production and Phase Transitions far from Equilibrium with Emphasis on Wet Granular Matter." Doctoral thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-B475-F.
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Zangara, Pablo René. "El eco de Loschmidt en sistemas de espines: decoherencia, equilibración, localización y mecanismos emergentes de irreversibilidad." Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11086/2765.
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Tesis (Doctor en Física)--Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía, Física y Computación, 2016.Los fenómenos irreversibles son omnipresentes en la naturaleza. En el mundo microscópico, por ejemplo, un exceso de polarización magnética difunde en un sistema de espines interactuantes hasta desparramarse completamente. En esta Tesis estudiamos la dinámica de tal proceso para sistemas abiertos y cerrados. El primer caso corresponde al fenómeno de decoherencia inducida por un ambiente externo, mientras que el segundo engloba dos fenómenos opuestos que pueden ocurrir en sistemas cerrados: la equilibración de observables y la localización de muchos cuerpos. Utilizamos como testigo dinámico al eco de Loschmidt, una magnitud que se define a partir de una reversión temporal imperfecta y que puede evaluarse experimentalmente en resonancia magnética nuclear. Estudiando tal eco y sus escalas de tiempo características, identificamos los mecanismos emergentes que rigen la irreversibilidad en el límite termodinámico.
Irreversible phenomena are ubiquitous in Nature. In the microscopic world, for example, an excess of magnetic polarization diffuses in a system of interacting spins until it spreads all over. In this Thesis we study the dynamics of such a process for open and closed systems. The first case corresponds to the phenomenon of decoherence induced by an external environment, while the second comprises two opposite phenomena that can occur in closed systems: the equilibration of observables and the many-body localization. We use a spin autocorrelation function, the Loschmidt echo, as our main dynamical witness. This magnitude is defined by means of an imperfect time reversal procedure and it can be experimentally evaluated in nuclear magnetic resonance. Studying the Loschmidt echo and its characteristic time scales, leads us to identify the emergent mechanisms governing the irreversibility in the thermodynamic limit.
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Bendersky, Denise. "Decoherencia y transiciones de fase en la dinámica cuántica en sistemas de espines." Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11086/3374.
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Tesis (Doctor en Física)--Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía, Física y Computación, 2016.Tal como establece la Segunda Ley de la Termodinámica, los eventos que ocurren en la Naturaleza son esencialmente irreversibles. Mediante técnicas de Resonancia Magnética Nuclear, es posible revertir una dinámica cuántica difusiva en un sistema de espines. La probabilidad de retornar al estado inicial luego de la reversión se denomina Eco de Loschmidt (LE). Su evaluación permite cuantificar la decoherencia, y por consiguiente, la irreversibilidad, y constituye el eje central de esta tesis. Su observación en sistemas de espines sugiere la existencia de un régimen en el que el LE se degrada independientemente de las perturbaciones (PID), que podría tratarse de una propiedad emergente en el limite termodinámico bajo la forma de una Transición de Fase en la Dinámica Cuántica (QDPT). En este trabajo hemos desarrollado y empleado métodos numéricos y analíticos para evaluar el LE en modelos de diversa complejidad, donde podría tener lugar una QDPT. Así, evaluamos las QDPT en el modelo D'Amato-Pastawski para un doble punto cuántico acoplado a un ambiente. Además, hemos estudiado cómo la dinámica coherente de un estado complejo se degrada en presencia de un ambiente simple. Luego, con el propósito de establecer un vínculo más concreto con sistemas experimentales, evaluamos el LE en sistemas de espines, precisamente para buscar mecanismos emergentes en el límite termodinámico. Finalmente, desarrollamos una nueva herramienta que podría resultar de suma utilidad para evitar las limitaciones que aparecen al evaluar numéricamente la dinámica de un estado mezcla, basada en el paralelismo cuántico.
The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that events that occur in Nature are essentially irreversible. This thesis constitutes a contribution to the understanding of the mechanisms that lead to irreversibility. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance offers the opportunity to time-reverse the diffusive quantum dynamics in a spin system by changing the sign of its Hamiltonian. The Loschmidt Echo (LE) provides a measure of the revival occurring when an imperfect time-reversal procedure is applied to a complex quantum system. The LE allows to quantify the destruction of quantum coherence –or decoherence–, and thus, irreversibility. There is experimental evidence in spin systems that suggests the existence of a perturbation independent decay (PID). This PID could be an emergent phenomena in the thermodynamic limit (TL), in the form of a Quantum Dynamical Phase Transition (QDPT). In this work we developed numerical and analytical methods to evaluate deco-herence in models of different complexity, in which a QDPT could take place. We studied a QDPT in the D’amato-Pastawski model for a double quantum dot. Besides, we address how the coherent dynamics of a harmonic oscillator degrades in the presence of a two level system playing the role of the environment. Additionally, we evaluated the LE in spin systems in order to find emergent mechanisms in the TL. In this cases, the link with experimental systems is more natural. Finally, we developed a new tool that could be very useful to avoid the limitations that appear to numerically evaluate the dynamics of a mixed state, based on the quantum parallelism.
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Segnorile, Héctor Hugo. "Estudio de la evolución de las coherencias y procesos irreversibles en un sistema observado bajo bajo la influencia de la red, utilizando técnicas de RMN de protones en cristales líquidos nemáticos /." Doctoral thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11086/143.
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Tesis (Doctor en Física)--Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía y Física, 2010.En este trabajo se estudia, bajo un tratamiento cuántico completo, la dinámica de la interacción entre un sistema observado con otro no-observado (y no-controlado), con un enfoque de sistema cuántico abierto. El aporte original consiste en mantener esta visión en toda la escala temporal del operador de evolución. Esto brinda una clara distinción y comprensión de los procesos de dinámica Liouvilliana aislada, decoherencia cuántica adiabática, decoherencia cuántica y relajación. Esto lleva, como contribución original, al entendimiento de la irreversibilidad introducida por la decoherencia cuántica como un concepto local del sistema observado, con origen en el tratamiento cuántico del ambiente, que permite evolucionar al estado del sistema hacia el quasi-equilibrio. Se concluye que este estado de quasi-equilibrio es parte de la caracterización de la dinámica cuántica completa, como un estadio intrínseco de la misma, que finaliza con la termalización del sistema observado bajo relajación. Se aplican estas ideas al estudio del sistema de espines de los protones en los cristales líquidos nemáticos con Resonancia Magnética Nuclear, realizando experimentos y cálculos numéricos desde primeros principios, sin aproximaciones. Además, se diseña y construye un espectrómetro de RMN, para prestaciones de técnicas de pulsos avanzadas, con control de temperatura.
In this work we study the dynamics of the interaction between an observed and a non-observed (and uncontrolled) system, by introducing a full-quantum approach, in which the observed system is considered an open quantum system. The originality of the proposal resides in involving this quantum view along the whole timescale of the dynamics. This treatment provides insight on the different dynamical processes involved, allowing to distinguish the Liouvillian dynamics of an isolated system, adiabatic decoherence, quantum decoherence and relaxation. Through this treatment we could also identify the irreversibility introduced by quantum decoherence as a local concept of the observed system, but originated in the quantum treatment of the environment or non-observed system, which allows the evolution of the quantum state towards the quasi-equilibrium description. This description is part of the complete characterization of the quantum dynamics, as an intrinsic state of the system, which culminates with the thermalization of the observed system with the lattice, driven by relaxation processes. These ideas were applied in the study of the proton spin system of a nematic liquid crystal with Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) technics, including experiments and numerical calculations from first principles, which need no approximations. In addition, an NMR spectrometer was constructed with facilities for advanced pulsed sequences and temperature control.
Héctor Hugo Segnorile.
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Burzler, Josef Maximilian. "Performance Optima for Endoreversible Systems." Doctoral thesis, 2001. https://monarch.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A17954.
Full textAbstract:
Theoretical bounds for performance measures of thermodynamical systems are
investigated under conditions of finite times and rates of processes using
endoreversible models. These models consist of reversible operating
sub-systems which exchange energy via generally irreversible interactions.
Analytical and numerical calculations are performed to obtain performance optima
and respective optimized process and design parameters for four model systems.
A heat engine where the heat transfer between the working fluid and heat reservoirs
is described by generalized, polytropic process is optimized for
maximum work output. Thermal efficiencies, optimal values for temperatures and
process times of the heat transfer processes are determined.
A model of a generalized system suited to describe the operation of heat
engines, refrigerators, and heat pumps is optimized with respect to thermal
efficiency. Several examples illustrate how the results of the analysis are
used to allocate financial resources to the heat exchanger inventory in
an optimal way.
A power-producing thermal system which exchanges heat with several heat
reservoirs via irreversible heat transfer processes is analyzed to find the
optimal contact times between the working fluid and each of the reservoirs.
The piston motion of a Diesel engine is optimized to achieve maximum work
for a given amount of fuel. The endoreversible model of the Diesel engine
accounts for the temporal variations of the heat produced by the combustion
process, the basic flow pattern within the engine's cylinder, the
temperature dependence of the viscosity, thermal conductivity, and heat
capacity of the working fluid and losses due to friction and heat leak
through the cylinder walls.Theoretische Grenzen für verschiedene Leistungsmerkmale von thermodynamischen Systemen werden unter der Bedingung endlicher Zeiten und Prozessraten im Rahmen endoreversibler Modelle untersucht. Diese Modelle bestehen aus reversiblen Subsystemen, welche über allgemein irreversible Wechselwirkungen Energie austauschen. Analytische und nummerische Berechnungen quantifizieren diese Grenzen und liefern optimale Prozess- und Konstruktionsparameter für vier Modellsysteme. Für eine auf maximale Ausgangsarbeit optimierte Wärmekraftmaschine, bei der die Wärme zwischen Arbeitsmedium und Wärmereservoirs während allgemeiner polytroper Zustandsänderungen des Arbeitsmediums übertragen wird, werden optimale Temperaturen und Zeiten für die Wärmeübertragungsprozesse sowie die thermischen Wirkungsgrade bestimmt. Für ein wirkungsgrad-optimiertes Modell eines verallgemeinerten thermischen Umwandlungssytems, das sowohl Wärmekraftmaschinen, Kühler und Wärmepumpen beschreibt, wird die optimale Verteilung von Investitionskosten auf die Wärmetauscher ermittelt und die Anwendung der allgemeingültigen Ergebnisse anhand mehrerer Beispiele demonstriert. Für eine Wärmekraftmaschine mit mehreren Wärmereservoirs wird bestimmt, welche der Wärmereservoirs wie lange kontaktiert werden müssen, um eine maximale Ausgangsarbeit zu erzielen. Für einen Dieselmotor wird die Kolbenbewegung so optimiert, dass bei gegebener Treibstoffmenge eine maximale Ausgangsarbeit erzielt wird. Das endoreversible Modell des Dieselmotors berücksichtigt die Temperaturabhängigkeit der Wärmekapazität, Wärmeleitfähigkeit und Viskosität des Arbeitsfluids, die Zeitabhängigkeit des Verbrennungsprozesses sowie Reibungs- und Wärmeverluste.
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Kadiroglu, Mehmet. "Transport und Relaxation in Quantenmodellen." Doctoral thesis, 2009. https://repositorium.ub.uni-osnabrueck.de/handle/urn:nbn:de:gbv:700-2009120928.
Full textAbstract:
Das Transport- und Relaxationsverhalten verschiedener Quantenmodelle wird untersucht. Den ersten Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit bildet die Untersuchung der Transporteigenschaften von speziellen finiten modularen Quantensystemen bzgl. einer Boltzmann-Gleichung (BG). Diese Systeme, in denen unter bestimmten Bedingungen diffusiver Transport beobachtet werden kann, wurden mit verschiedenen Methoden zur Beschreibung von Quantentransport untersucht. Dabei zeigt sich, dass sich das diffusive Transportverhalten in diesen Systemen aus der zugrunde liegenden Schrödinger Dynamik heraus beschreiben lässt. Ob die diffusive Dynamik in diesen Systemen ebenfalls auf der Basis einer BG beschrieben werden kann, wird analytisch und numerisch untersucht. Im zweiten Teil wird die Relaxationsdynamik in quantenmechanischen Vielteilchensystemen untersucht. Speziell wird versucht, die Lebensdauern von angeregten Elektronen (Löchern) in Metallen, welche mit dem Fermi-See der Elektronen wechselwirken, mittels der zeitfaltungsfreien Projektionsoperator-Methode (TCL) zu bestimmen. Letztere liefert einen analytischen Ausdruck für die Dämpfungsrate (inverse Lebensdauer), welche temperaturabhängig ist und im Rahmen von Standard-Streuprozessen interpretiert werden kann. Um dieses analytische Ergebnis zu testen, wird es angewendet, um die Lebensdauern angeregter Elektronen (Löcher) in Aluminium zu bestimmen, für das ein Jellium Modell verwendet wird. Die Ergebnisse, die man über Monte-Carlo-Integration erhält, werden mit experimentellen und theoretischen Daten aus Selbstenergie-Rechnungen verglichen. Des Weiteren werden die Lebensdauern angeregter Elektronen in Kupfer ermittelt, für das ein Tight-Binding-Modell verwendet wird.
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Steinigeweg, Robin. "Application of Projection Operator Techniques to Transport Investigations in Closed Quantum Systems." Doctoral thesis, 2008. https://repositorium.ub.uni-osnabrueck.de/handle/urn:nbn:de:gbv:700-2008082910.
Full textAbstract:
The work at hand presents a novel approach to transport in closed quantum systems. To this end a method is introduced which is essentially based on projection operator techniques, in particular on the time-convolutionless (TCL) technique. The projection onto local densities of quantities such as energy, magnetization, particles, etc. yields the reduced dynamics of the respective quantities in terms of a systematic perturbation expansion. Especially, the lowest order contribution of this expansion is used as a strategy for the analysis of transport in "modular" quantum systems. The term modular basically corresponds to (quasi-) one-dimensional structures consisting of identical or at least similar many-level subunits. Modular quantum systems are demonstrated to represent many physical situations and several examples are given. In the context of these quantum systems lowest order TCL is shown as an efficient tool which also allows to investigate the dependence of transport on the considered length scale. In addition an estimation for the validity range of lowest order TCL is derived. As a first application a "design" model is considered for which a complete characterization of all available transport types as well as the transitions to each other is possible. For this model the relationship to quantum chaos and the validity of the Kubo formula is further discussed. As an example for a "real" system the Anderson model is finally analyzed. The results are partially verified by the numerical solution of the full time-dependent Schroedinger equation which is obtained by exact diagonalization or approximative integrators.