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Journal articles on the topic 'Irreversible Thermodynamik'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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1

Schönert, H., and D. Urban. "Materialien und irreversible Thermodynamik: Einführung in die Thermodynamik der irreversiblen Prozesse. Von H. Baur. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1984. X, 231 S., 26 Abb., kart. DM 39,-. ISBN 3-534-07323-1." Nachrichten aus Chemie, Technik und Laboratorium 33, no. 7 (July 1985): 607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nadc.19850330711.

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2

Bryant, Samuel J., and Benjamin B. Machta. "Energy dissipation bounds for autonomous thermodynamic cycles." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 7 (February 4, 2020): 3478–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1915676117.

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How much free energy is irreversibly lost during a thermodynamic process? For deterministic protocols, lower bounds on energy dissipation arise from the thermodynamic friction associated with pushing a system out of equilibrium in finite time. Recent work has also bounded the cost of precisely moving a single degree of freedom. Using stochastic thermodynamics, we compute the total energy cost of an autonomously controlled system by considering both thermodynamic friction and the entropic cost of precisely directing a single control parameter. Our result suggests a challenge to the usual understanding of the adiabatic limit: Here, even infinitely slow protocols are energetically irreversible.

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3

Razzitte, Adrián César, Luciano Enciso, Marcelo Gun, and María Sol Ruiz. "Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics and Entropy Production in Simulation of Electrical Tree Growth." Proceedings 46, no. 1 (November 17, 2019): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecea-5-06683.

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In the present work we applied the nonequilibrium thermodynamic theory in the analysis of the dielectric breakdown (DB) process. As the tree channel front moves, the intense field near the front moves electrons and ions irreversibly in the region beyond the tree channel tips where electromechanical, thermal and chemical effects cause irreversible damage and, from the nonequilibrium thermodynamic viewpoint, entropy production. From the nonequilibrium thermodynamics analysis, the entropy production is due to the product of fluxes Ji and conjugated forces Xi: σ = ∑iJiXi ≥ 0. We consider that the coupling between fluxes can describe the dielectric breakdown in solids as a phenomenon of transport of heat, mass and electric charge.

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4

WANG, LIQIU. "AN APPROACH FOR THERMODYNAMIC REASONING." International Journal of Modern Physics B 10, no. 20 (September 15, 1996): 2531–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979296001124.

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Re-examination of classical thermodynamics exposes some problems. The introduction of a new reasoning approach leads to a new branch of classical thermodynamics — structural thermodynamics. An inequality principle of thermodynamic state variables decouples structure of a process set with its working medium. The introduction of optimization into thermodynamic analyses changes the attitude of classical thermodynamics from observing/describing systems to controlling/optimizing the systems. To illustrate the approach, structural thermodynamic analyses are performed for reversible heat engines and a class of irreversible heat engines. This leads to and extends the classical Carnot theory.

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5

Chen, M. "Dynamical stability and thermodynamic stability in irreversible thermodynamics." Journal of Mathematical Physics 32, no. 3 (March 1991): 744–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.529365.

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6

Pekař, Miloslav. "Thermodynamics and foundations of mass-action kinetics." Progress in Reaction Kinetics and Mechanism 30, no. 1-2 (June 2005): 3–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/007967405777874868.

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A critical overview is given of phenomenological thermodynamic approaches to reaction rate equations of the type based on the law of mass-action. The review covers treatments based on classical equilibrium and irreversible (linear) thermodynamics, extended irreversible, rational and continuum thermodynamics. Special attention is devoted to affinity, the applications of activities in chemical kinetics and the importance of chemical potential. The review shows that chemical kinetics survives as the touchstone of these various thermody-namic theories. The traditional mass-action law is neither demonstrated nor proved and very often is only introduced post hoc into the framework of a particular thermodynamic theory, except for the case of rational thermodynamics. Most published “thermodynamic'’ kinetic equations are too complicated to find application in practical kinetics and have merely theoretical value. Solely rational thermodynamics can provide, in the specific case of a fluid reacting mixture, tractable rate equations which directly propose a possible reaction mechanism consistent with mass conservation and thermodynamics. It further shows that affinity alone cannot determine the reaction rate and should be supplemented by a quantity provisionally called constitutive affinity. Future research should focus on reaction rates in non-isotropic or non-homogeneous mixtures, the applicability of traditional (equilibrium) expressions relating chemical potential to activity in non-equilibrium states, and on using activities and activity coefficients determined under equilibrium in non-equilibrium states.

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7

Ganghoffer, Jean-François, and Rachid Rahouadj. "Thermodynamic formulations of continuum growth of solid bodies." Mathematics and Mechanics of Solids 22, no. 5 (December 10, 2015): 1027–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1081286515616228.

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The thermodynamics of open systems exchanging mass, heat, energy, and entropy with their environment is examined as a convenient unifying framework to describe the evolution of growing solid bodies in the context of volumetric growth. Following the theory of non-equilibrium thermodynamics (NET) introduced by De Donder and followers from the Brussels School of Thermodynamics, the formulation of the NET of irreversible processes for multicomponent solid bodies is shortly reviewed. In the second part, extending the framework of NET to open thermodynamic systems, the balance laws for continuum solid bodies undergoing growth phenomena incorporating mass sources and mass fluxes are expressed, leading to a formulation of the second principle highlighting the duality between irreversible fluxes and conjugated driving forces. A connection between NET and the open system thermodynamic formulation for growing continuum solid bodies is obtained by interpreting the balance laws with source terms as contributions from an external reservoir of nutrients.

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8

Bryant, M. D., M. M. Khonsari, and F. F. Ling. "On the thermodynamics of degradation." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 464, no. 2096 (April 8, 2008): 2001–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2007.0371.

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The science base that underlies modelling and analysis of machine reliability has remained substantially unchanged for decades. Therefore, it is not surprising that a significant gap exists between available machinery technology and science to capture degradation dynamics for prediction of failure. Further, there is a lack of a systematic technique for the development of accelerated failure testing of machinery components. This article develops a thermodynamic characterization of degradation dynamics, which employs entropy, a measure of thermodynamic disorder, as the fundamental measure of degradation; this relates entropy generation to irreversible degradation and shows that components of material degradation can be related to the production of corresponding thermodynamic entropy by the irreversible dissipative processes that characterize the degradation. A theorem that relates entropy generation to irreversible degradation, via generalized thermodynamic forces and degradation forces, is constructed. This theorem provides the basis of a structured method for formulating degradation models consistent with the laws of thermodynamics. Applications of the theorem to problems involving sliding wear and fretting wear, caused by effects of friction and associated with tribological components, are presented.

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9

Chimal, J. C., N. Sánchez, and PR Ramírez. "Thermodynamic Optimality criteria for biological systems in linear irreversible thermodynamics." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 792 (January 2017): 012082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/792/1/012082.

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10

Jou, D., J. Casas-Vazquez, J. A. Robles-Dominguez, and L. S. Garcia Colin. "Linear Burnett coefficients and thermodynamic fluctuations in extended irreversible thermodynamics." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 137, no. 1-2 (July 1986): 349–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4371(86)90081-6.

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11

Eden, Carsten. "Revisiting the Energetics of the Ocean in Boussinesq Approximation." Journal of Physical Oceanography 45, no. 3 (March 2015): 630–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-14-0072.1.

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AbstractFollowing a suggestion by Tailleux, a consistent formulation of internal energy, the first law of thermodynamics, and the thermodynamic potentials for an ocean in Boussinesq approximation with a nonlinear equation of state is given. A modification of the pressure work in the first law is the only necessary modification from which all thermodynamic potentials and thermodynamic relations follow in a consistent way. This treatment of thermodynamics allows for a closed and explicit formulation of conservation equations for dynamic and potential reservoirs of both enthalpy and internal energy, which differentiate approximately reversible from irreversible effects on internal energy, and allows for a formulation of a closed energy cycle on which energetically consistent ocean models can be based on.

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12

Cai, Yuan Zhen. "Irreversible Thermodynamic Description of Domain Occurrences in Ferroics." Advanced Materials Research 560-561 (August 2012): 140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.560-561.140.

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Based on the irreversible thermodynamics, a irreversible thermodynamic description of domain occurrences in ferroics such as ferroelectrics, ferromagnetics and ferroelastics was given. The ferroic domain structures occur at the ferroic phase transitions from the prototype phases to the ferroic phases. The processes of transition are stationary state processes so that the principle of minimum entropy production is satisfied. The domain occurrences are a consequence of this principle. The time-spatial symmetry related to the domains and their occurrences was also expounded.

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13

Perelomova, Anna. "Hysteresis curves for some periodic and aperiodic perturbations in gases." Canadian Journal of Physics 92, no. 11 (November 2014): 1324–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2013-0666.

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Evolution of sound in a medium whose properties irreversibly vary in the course of wave propagation, is studied. For example, a gas that is a particular case of a Newtonian fluid is considered. Hysteresis curves, pictorial representations of irreversible attenuation of the sound energy, in the plane of thermodynamic states are plotted. The irreversible losses in internal energy are proportional to the total attenuation and depend on the intensity and shape of sound waveform. Curves and loops for some periodic (including the sawtooth wave) and aperiodic impulse sounds are discussed and compared.

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14

Rogers, David M., and Susan B. Rempe. "Irreversible Thermodynamics." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 402 (December 20, 2012): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/402/1/012014.

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15

Wang, Xian-Zhi. "Irreversible cycle in linear irreversible thermodynamics." Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical 43, no. 42 (September 30, 2010): 425003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1751-8113/43/42/425003.

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16

Jou, D., J. Casas-Vazquez, and G. Lebon. "Extended irreversible thermodynamics." Reports on Progress in Physics 51, no. 8 (August 1, 1988): 1105–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/51/8/002.

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17

Vojta, G. "Extended Irreversible Thermodynamics." Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie 204, Part_1_2 (January 1998): 258–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/zpch.1998.204.part_1_2.258.

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18

Scherer, Leopoldo Garcia-Colin. "Extended irreversible thermodynamcis." Journal of Statistical Physics 75, no. 3-4 (May 1994): 773–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02186882.

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19

Vogel, Kristina, Thorsten Greinert, Monique Reichard, Christoph Held, Hauke Harms, and Thomas Maskow. "Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Glycolytic Reactions. Part II: Influence of Cytosolic Conditions on Thermodynamic State Variables and Kinetic Parameters." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 21 (October 25, 2020): 7921. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21217921.

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For systems biology, it is important to describe the kinetic and thermodynamic properties of enzyme-catalyzed reactions and reaction cascades quantitatively under conditions prevailing in the cytoplasm. While in part I kinetic models based on irreversible thermodynamics were tested, here in part II, the influence of the presumably most important cytosolic factors was investigated using two glycolytic reactions (i.e., the phosphoglucose isomerase reaction (PGI) with a uni-uni-mechanism and the enolase reaction with an uni-bi-mechanism) as examples. Crowding by macromolecules was simulated using polyethylene glycol (PEG) and bovine serum albumin (BSA). The reactions were monitored calorimetrically and the equilibrium concentrations were evaluated using the equation of state ePC-SAFT. The pH and the crowding agents had the greatest influence on the reaction enthalpy change. Two kinetic models based on irreversible thermodynamics (i.e., single parameter flux-force and two-parameter Noor model) were applied to investigate the influence of cytosolic conditions. The flux-force model describes the influence of cytosolic conditions on reaction kinetics best. Concentrations of magnesium ions and crowding agents had the greatest influence, while temperature and pH-value had a medium influence on the kinetic parameters. With this contribution, we show that the interplay of thermodynamic modeling and calorimetric process monitoring allows a fast and reliable quantification of the influence of cytosolic conditions on kinetic and thermodynamic parameters.

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20

Osara, Jude, and Michael Bryant. "A Thermodynamic Model for Lithium-Ion Battery Degradation: Application of the Degradation-Entropy Generation Theorem." Inventions 4, no. 2 (April 3, 2019): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inventions4020023.

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Presented is a lithium-ion battery degradation model, based on irreversible thermodynamics, which was experimentally verified, using commonly measured operational parameters. The methodology, applicable to all lithium-ion batteries of all chemistries and composition, combined fundamental thermodynamic principles, with the Degradation–Entropy Generation theorem, to relate instantaneous capacity fade (loss of useful charge-holding capacity) in the lithium-ion battery, to the irreversible entropy generated via the underlying dissipative physical processes responsible for battery degradation. Equations relating capacity fade—aging—to battery cycling were also formulated and verified. To show the robustness of the approach, nonlinear data from abusive and inconsistent battery cycling was measured and used to verify formulations. A near 100% agreement between the thermodynamic battery model and measurements was achieved. The model also gave rise to new material and design parameters to characterize all lithium-ion batteries.

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21

Dai, Guang Ze, Lanying Yu, Jian Ke, and Qing Qing Ni. "Analysis to Stress Relaxation Phenomena of Viscoelastic Materials by Means of Irreversible Thermodynamics (Ⅰ)." Key Engineering Materials 297-300 (November 2005): 365–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.297-300.365.

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Through defining a piece of viscoelastic medium as a thermodynamic system described by the generalized coordinates in the stress relaxation process, the evolution equation is derived by making use of the 1st law of thermodynamics, the 2nd law of thermodynamics and the Onsager’s principle. Based on the general solutions of the evolution, the constitutive expressions of uniaxial stress relaxation are obtained for both ideal viscoelastic solid materials and ideal viscoelastic fluid one respectively, in terms of the situation whether the coordinates participating in the entropy production are in stable or neutrally stable equilibrium state. As the result, whether the stress relaxes to a constant or zero depends on whether the free energy in viscoelastic medium is left or not.

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22

MAGPANTAY, JOSE A. "MICROSCOPIC IRREVERSIBILITY AND THE H THEOREM." International Journal of Modern Physics B 27, no. 04 (December 20, 2012): 1250205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979212502050.

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Time-reversal had always been assumed to be a symmetry of physics at the fundamental level. In this paper we will explore the violations of time-reversal symmetry at the fundamental level and the consequence on thermodynamic systems. First, we will argue from current physics that the universe dynamics is not time-reversal invariant. Second, we will argue that any thermodynamic system cannot be isolated completely from the universe. We then discuss how these two make the dynamics of thermodynamics systems very weakly irreversible at the classical and quantum level. Since time-reversal is no longer a symmetry of realistic systems, the problem of how macroscopic irreversibility arises from microscopic reversibility becomes irrelevant because there is no longer microscopic reversibility. At the classical level of a thermodynamic system, we show that the H theorem of Boltzmann is still valid even without microscopic reversibility. We do this by deriving a modified H theorem, which still shows entropy monotonically increasing. At the quantum level, we explicitly show the effect of CP violation, small irreversible changes on the internal states of the nuclear and atomic energy levels of thermodynamic systems. Thus, we remove Loschmidt's objection to Boltzmann's ideas.

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23

Açikkalp, Emin. "Models for optimum thermo-ecological criteria of actual thermal cycles." Thermal Science 17, no. 3 (2013): 915–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci110918095a.

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In this study, the ecological optimization point of irreversible thermal cycles (refrigerator, heat pump and power cycles) was investigated. The importance of ecological optimization is to propose a way to use fuels and energy source more efficiently because of an increasing energy need and environmental pollution. It provides this by maximizing obtained (or minimizing supplied) work and minimizing entropy generation for irreversible (actual) thermal cycles. In this research, ecological optimization was defined for all basic irreversible thermal cycles, by using the first and second laws of thermodynamics. Finally, the ecological optimization was defined in thermodynamic cycles and results were given to show the effects of the cycles? ecological optimization point, efficiency, COP and power output (or input), and exergy destruction.

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24

Chen, M. "On the thermodynamic solution of the Boltzmann equation and nonlinear irreversible thermodynamics." Journal of Mathematical Physics 30, no. 6 (June 1989): 1329–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.528313.

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25

Abourabia, A. M., M. A. Mahmoud, and W. S. Abdel Kareem. "Unsteady heat transfer of a monatomic gas between two coaxial circular cylinders." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2, no. 3 (2002): 141–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1110757x02108023.

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We consider a kinetic-theory treatment of the cylindrical unsteady heat transfer. A model kinetic equation of the BGK (Bhatnager-Gross-Krook) type is solved using the method of moments with a two-sided distribution function. We study the relations between the different macroscopic properties of the gas as the temperature, density, and heat flux with both the radial distancerand the timet. Also we study the problem from the viewpoint of irreversible thermodynamics and estimate the entropy, entropy production, entropy flux, thermodynamic forces, kinetic coefficients, the change in internal energy, and verify Onsager′s relation for nonequilibrium thermodynamic properties of the system.

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26

Hanel, Rudolf, and Petr Jizba. "Time–energy uncertainty principle for irreversible heat engines." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 378, no. 2170 (March 30, 2020): 20190171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0171.

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Even though irreversibility is one of the major hallmarks of any real-life process, an actual understanding of irreversible processes remains still mostly semi-empirical. In this paper, we formulate a thermodynamic uncertainty principle for irreversible heat engines operating with an ideal gas as a working medium. In particular, we show that the time needed to run through such an irreversible cycle multiplied by the irreversible work lost in the cycle is bounded from below by an irreducible and process-dependent constant that has the dimension of an action. The constant in question depends on a typical scale of the process and becomes comparable to Planck’s constant at the length scale of the order Bohr radius, i.e. the scale that corresponds to the smallest distance on which the ideal gas paradigm realistically applies. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Fundamental aspects of nonequilibrium thermodynamics’.

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27

Müller, Ingo. "Zur Thermodynamik irreversibler Prozesse." Chemie Ingenieur Technik 72, no. 3 (July 2000): 194–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1522-2640(200007)72:3<194::aid-cite194>3.0.co;2-3.

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28

Zivieri, Roberto, and Nicola Pacini. "Entropy Density Acceleration and Minimum Dissipation Principle: Correlation with Heat and Matter Transfer in Glucose Catabolism." Entropy 20, no. 12 (December 5, 2018): 929. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e20120929.

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The heat and matter transfer during glucose catabolism in living systems and their relation with entropy production are a challenging subject of the classical thermodynamics applied to biology. In this respect, an analogy between mechanics and thermodynamics has been performed via the definition of the entropy density acceleration expressed by the time derivative of the rate of entropy density and related to heat and matter transfer in minimum living systems. Cells are regarded as open thermodynamic systems that exchange heat and matter resulting from irreversible processes with the intercellular environment. Prigogine’s minimum energy dissipation principle is reformulated using the notion of entropy density acceleration applied to glucose catabolism. It is shown that, for out-of-equilibrium states, the calculated entropy density acceleration for a single cell is finite and negative and approaches as a function of time a zero value at global thermodynamic equilibrium for heat and matter transfer independently of the cell type and the metabolic pathway. These results could be important for a deeper understanding of entropy generation and its correlation with heat transfer in cell biology with special regard to glucose catabolism representing the prototype of irreversible reactions and a crucial metabolic pathway in stem cells and cancer stem cells.

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29

Abourabia, A. M., and T. Z. Abdel Wahid. "The unsteady Boltzmann kinetic equation and non-equilibrium thermodynamics of an electron gas for the Rayleigh flow problem." Canadian Journal of Physics 88, no. 7 (July 2010): 501–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p10-032.

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In the framework of irreversible thermodynamics, the characteristics of the Rayleigh flow problem of a rarified electron gas extracted from neutral atoms is examined and proved to obey the entropic behavior for gas systems. A model kinetic equation of the BGK (Bhatnager–Gross–Krook) type is solved, using the method of moments with a two-sided distribution function. Various macroscopic properties of the electron gas, such as the mean velocity, the shear stress, and the viscosity coefficient, together with the induced electric and magnetic fields, are investigated with respect to both distance and time. The distinction between the perturbed velocity distribution functions and the equilibrium velocity distribution function at different time values is illustrated. We restrict our study to the domain of irreversible thermodynamics processes with small deviation from the equilibrium state to estimate the entropy, entropy production, entropy flux, thermodynamic force, and kinetic coefficient and verify the celebrated Boltzmann H-theorem for non-equilibrium thermodynamic properties of the system. The ratios between the different contributions of the internal energy changes, based upon the total derivatives of the extensive parameters, are predicted via Gibbs’ equation for both diamagnetic and paramagnetic plasmas. The results are applied to a typical model of laboratory argon plasma.

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30

Abourabia, Aly Maher, and Taha Zakaraia Abdel Wahid. "Kinetic and thermodynamic treatments of a neutral binary gas mixture affected by a nonlinear thermal radiation field." Canadian Journal of Physics 90, no. 2 (February 2012): 137–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p11-151.

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In the present study, the kinetic and the irreversible thermodynamic properties of a binary gas mixture, under the influence of a thermal radiation field, are presented from the molecular viewpoint. In a frame comoving with the fluid, the Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook model of the kinetic equation is analytically applied, using the Liu–Lees model. We apply the moment method to follow the behavior of the macroscopic properties of the binary gas mixture, such as the temperature and the concentration. The distinction and comparisons between the perturbed and equilibrium distribution functions are illustrated for each gas mixture component. From the viewpoint of the linear theory of irreversible thermodynamics we obtain the entropy, entropy flux, entropy production, thermodynamic forces, and kinetic coefficients. We verify the second law of thermodynamics and celebrated Onsager’s reciprocity relation for the system. The ratios between the different contributions of the internal energy changes, based upon the total derivatives of the extensive parameters, are estimated via Gibbs’ formula. The results are applied to the argon–neon binary gas mixture, for various values of both the molar fraction parameters and radiation field intensity. Graphics illustrating the calculated variables are drawn to predict their behavior and the results are discussed.

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31

Sears, Matthew R., and Wayne M. Saslow. "Irreversible thermodynamics of transport across interfaces." Canadian Journal of Physics 89, no. 10 (October 2011): 1041–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p11-093.

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With spintronics applications in mind, we use irreversible thermodynamics to derive the rates of entropy production and heating near an interface when heat current, electric current, and spin current cross it. Associated with these currents are apparent discontinuities in temperature (ΔT), electrochemical potential (Δ[Formula: see text]), and spin-dependent “magnetoelectrochemical potential” (Δ[Formula: see text]). This work applies to magnetic semiconductors and insulators as well as metals, because of the inclusion of the chemical potential, μ, which is usually neglected in works on interfacial thermodynamic transport. We also discuss the (nonobvious) distinction between entropy production and heat production. Heat current and electric current are conserved, but spin current is not, so it necessitates a somewhat different treatment. At low temperatures or for large differences in material properties, the surface heating rate dominates the bulk heating rate near the surface. We also consider the case where bulk spin currents occur in equilibrium. Although a surface spin current (in A/m2) should yield about the same rate of heating as an equal surface electric current, production of such a spin current requires a relatively large “magnetization potential” difference across the interface.

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32

Ryazanov, Vasiliy Vasiliy. "Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics Based on the Distributions Containing Lifetime as a Thermodynamic Parameter." Journal of Thermodynamics 2011 (November 10, 2011): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/203203.

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To describe the nonequilibrium states of a system, we introduce a new thermodynamic parameter—the lifetime of a system. The statistical distributions which can be obtained out of the mesoscopic description characterizing the behaviour of a system by specifying the stochastic processes are written down. The change in the lifetime values by interaction with environment is expressed in terms of fluxes and sources. The expressions for the nonequilibrium entropy, temperature, and entropy production are obtained, which at small values of fluxes coincide with those derived within the frame of extended irreversible thermodynamics. The explicit expressions for the lifetime of a system and its thermodynamic conjugate are obtained.

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33

Gay-Balmaz, François, and Hiroaki Yoshimura. "From Lagrangian Mechanics to Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics: A Variational Perspective." Entropy 21, no. 1 (December 23, 2018): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21010008.

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In this paper, we survey our recent results on the variational formulation of nonequilibrium thermodynamics for the finite-dimensional case of discrete systems, as well as for the infinite-dimensional case of continuum systems. Starting with the fundamental variational principle of classical mechanics, namely, Hamilton’s principle, we show, with the help of thermodynamic systems with gradually increasing complexity, how to systematically extend it to include irreversible processes. In the finite dimensional cases, we treat systems experiencing the irreversible processes of mechanical friction, heat, and mass transfer in both the adiabatically closed cases and open cases. On the continuum side, we illustrate our theory using the example of multicomponent Navier–Stokes–Fourier systems.

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34

Sieniutycz, Stanislaw, and Anatoly Tsirlin. "Finding limiting possibilities of thermodynamic systems by optimization." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 375, no. 2088 (March 6, 2017): 20160219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0219.

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We consider typical problems of the field called the finite time thermodynamics (also called the optimization thermodynamics). We also outline selected formal methods applied to solve these problems and discuss some results obtained. It is shown that by introducing constraints imposed on the intensity of fluxes and on the magnitude of coefficients in kinetic equations, it is possible not only to investigate limiting possibilities of thermodynamic systems within the considered class of irreversible processes, but also to state and solve problems whose formulation has no meaning in the class of reversible processes. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Horizons of cybernetical physics’.

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35

Fernández de Córdoba, P., J. M. Isidro, Milton H. Perea, and J. Vazquez Molina. "The irreversible quantum." International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics 12, no. 01 (December 28, 2014): 1550013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219887815500139.

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We elaborate on the existing notion that quantum mechanics is an emergent phenomenon, by presenting a thermodynamical theory that is dual to quantum mechanics. This dual theory is that of classical irreversible thermodynamics. The linear regime of irreversibility considered here corresponds to the semiclassical approximation in quantum mechanics. An important issue we address is how the irreversibility of time evolution in thermodynamics is mapped onto the quantum-mechanical side of the correspondence.

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36

Ván, P. "Weakly nonlocal irreversible thermodynamics." Annalen der Physik 12, no. 3 (April 3, 2003): 146–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/andp.200310002.

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37

Jones, R. S. "Thermodynamics of irreversible processes." Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics 60, no. 2-3 (November 1995): 359–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-0257(95)90016-0.

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38

Gang, Zhang Chang. "Irreversible thermodynamics in nucleation." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 124, no. 1 (July 1988): 262–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9797(88)90347-5.

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39

Lightfoot, E. N. "Thermodynamics of irreversible processes." Chemical Engineering Science 50, no. 15 (August 1995): 2503–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(95)90425-5.

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Pekař, Miloslav. "Thermodynamic framework for design of reaction rate equations and schemes." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 74, no. 9 (2009): 1375–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc2009010.

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It has been shown previously that rational thermodynamics provides general foundations of mass-action kinetic law from the principles of continuum, irreversible thermodynamics. Practical outcomes of this phenomenological theory are analyzed and compared with traditional kinetic approaches on the example of N2O decomposition. It is revealed that classical rate equations are only simplified forms of a polynomial approximation to a general rate function proved by the continuum thermodynamics. It is also shown that various special considerations that have been introduced formerly as additional hypothesis to satisfactorily describe experimental data are naturally included in the thermodynamic approach. The method, in addition, makes it possible to obtain more general mass-action-type rate equations that give better description of experimental data than the traditional ones. The method even reverses the classical kinetic paradigm – reaction scheme directly follows from the rate equation. Data fitting by this method also indicates connections to distinctions between processes at the molecular level and their representation by some macroscopic reaction network. The role of dependent and independent reactions in reaction kinetics and reaction schemes is clarified. A selected example demonstrates that this thermodynamic methodology may improve our design and understanding of thermodynamically and mathematically necessary and sufficient reaction schemes. The phenomenological theory thus sheds new, “thermodynamic” light on what has been and is done by generations of kineticists and gives new hints how to do it in a way consistent with non-equilibrium thermodynamics.

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41

Capelli-Schellpfeffer, Mary. "Irreversible Thermodynamic Processes [Electrical Safety." IEEE Industry Applications Magazine 16, no. 3 (May 2010): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mias.2010.936533.

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Grazzini, Giuseppe, and Andrea Rocchetti. "Thermodynamic optimization of irreversible refrigerators." Energy Conversion and Management 84 (August 2014): 583–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2014.04.081.

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Lebon, G. "From classical irreversible thermodynamics to extended thermodynamics." Acta Physica Hungarica 66, no. 1-4 (December 1989): 241–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03155796.

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Wachutka, Gerhard. "UNIFIED FRAMEWORK FOR THERMAL, ELECTRICAL, MAGNETIC, AND OPTICAL SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE MODELING." COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 10, no. 4 (April 1, 1991): 311–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb051708.

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The “thermodynamic model” constitutes a unified theoretical framework for the coupled simulation of carrier and energy flow in semiconductor devices under general ambient conditions such as, e.g., the presence of a quasi‐static magnetic field or the interaction with an electromagnetic radiation field (light). The current relations governing particle and heat transport are derived from the principles of irreversible phenomenological thermodynamics; the driving forces include drift, diffusion, thermal diffusion, and deflection by the Lorentz force. All transport coefficients may be interpreted in terms of well‐known thermodynamic effects and, hence, can be obtained from theoretical calculations as well as directly from experimental data. The thermodynamic model allows the consistent treatment of a wide variety of physical phenomena which are relevant for both the operation of electronic devices (e.g., lattice heating, hot carrier and low temperature effects) and the function of microsensors and actuators (e.g., thermoelectricity, galvanomagnetism and thermomagnetism).

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Glavatskiy, K. S. "Local equilibrium and the second law of thermodynamics for irreversible systems with thermodynamic inertia." Journal of Chemical Physics 143, no. 16 (October 28, 2015): 164101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4933431.

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Śloderbach, Z. "Closed system of coupling effects in generalized thermo-elastoplasticity." International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering 21, no. 2 (May 1, 2016): 461–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijame-2016-0028.

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Abstract In this paper, the field equations of the generalized coupled thermoplasticity theory are derived using the postulates of classical thermodynamics of irreversible processses. Using the Legendre transformations two new thermodynamics potentials P and S depending upon internal thermodynamic forces Π are introduced. The most general form for all the thermodynamics potentials are assumed instead of the usually used additive form. Due to this assumption, it is possible to describe all the effects of thermomechanical couples and also the elastic-plastic coupling effects observed in such materials as rocks, soils, concretes and in some metalic materials. In this paper not only the usual postulate of existence of a dissipation qupotential (the Gyarmati postulate) is used to derive the velocity equation. The plastic flow constitutive equations have the character of non-associated flow laws even when the Gyarmati postulate is assumed. In general formulation, the plastic strain rate tensor is normal to the surface of the generalized function of plastic flow defined in the the space of internal thermodynamic forces Π but is not normal to the yield surface. However, in general formulation and after the use the Gyarmati postulate, the direction of the sum of the plastic strain rate tensor and the coupled elastic strain rate tensor is normal to the yield surface.

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Yarong, Wang, and Wang Peirong. "Analysis of the adiabatic process by using the thermodynamic property diagram of water vapor." E3S Web of Conferences 252 (2021): 03055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125203055.

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In the steam power plant, the working medium used for energy transformation is water vapor. The thermodynamic properties of water vapor are usually obtained by using water vapor tables and charts. Adiabatic process of water vapor is widespread in engineering applications. The adiabatic process is realized without heat addition or rejection and the entropy of the working medium during a reversible adiabatic process remains constant. During an adiabatic expansion process, superheated steam turns into saturated vapor , and further into wet vapor, the pressure and the temperature of the steam decreases. The entropy during a irreversible adiabatic process increases. In general, when analyzing the thermodynamic process of water vapor, we first determine the state parameters by using charts and tables, and then make relevant calculations according to the first law of thermodynamics.

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Matsoukas, Themis. "The Smoluchowski Ensemble—Statistical Mechanics of Aggregation." Entropy 22, no. 10 (October 20, 2020): 1181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22101181.

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We present a rigorous thermodynamic treatment of irreversible binary aggregation. We construct the Smoluchowski ensemble as the set of discrete finite distributions that are reached in fixed number of merging events and define a probability measure on this ensemble, such that the mean distribution in the mean-field approximation is governed by the Smoluchowski equation. In the scaling limit this ensemble gives rise to a set of relationships identical to those of familiar statistical thermodynamics. The central element of the thermodynamic treatment is the selection functional, a functional of feasible distributions that connects the probability of distribution to the details of the aggregation model. We obtain scaling expressions for general kernels and closed-form results for the special case of the constant, sum and product kernel. We study the stability of the most probable distribution, provide criteria for the sol-gel transition and obtain the distribution in the post-gel region by simple thermodynamic arguments.

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Eu, Byung Chan. "Irreversible thermodynamics of heterogeneous systems." Journal of Physical Chemistry 91, no. 5 (February 1987): 1184–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100289a032.

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Haase, R. "Irreversible thermodynamics: theory and applications." Electrochimica Acta 34, no. 6 (June 1989): 893. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-4686(89)87130-0.

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