Journal articles: 'Irrigated grass'

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Bazitov, R. "Evapotranspiration in Sudan grass second culture grown under non – irrigated and optimal irrigated conditions." Agricultural Science and Technology 12, no. 4 (December 2020): 335–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/ast.2020.04.053.

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Abstract: The aim of the present study was to establish the evapotranspiration of Sudan grass variety Engje-1, grown as a second crop for silage on meadow-cinnamon soil for the region of Southern Bulgaria under irrigation conditions and without irrigation. For this purpose, an experiment with Sudan variety Endje-1 was conducted in the experimental field of the Agricultural Institute – Stara Zagora on soil type meadow-cinnamon soil, after its predecessor barley. The Sudan grass is harvested in the brooming stage. Two variants were explored: Variant 1 – without irrigation (control) and Variant 2 – with optimal irrigation, 70-75% of field capacity (FC). Evapotranspiration of Sudan grass grown as a second crop under non-irrigated conditions, depending on the nature of the year, ranges from 168.7 mm to 183.7 mm. Under conditions of irrigation, the largest share in the formation of the water consumption is occupied by the irrigation norm – 87.1% on average (from 86.3 to 90.8%). Under irrigated conditions, the relative participation of the initial water reserve in the formation of evapotranspiration significantly decreases.

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Bazitov, R. "Evapotranspiration in Sudan grass second culture grown under non – irrigated and optimal irrigated conditions." Agricultural Science and Technology 12, no. 4 (December 2020): 335–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/ast.2020.04.053.

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Abstract: The aim of the present study was to establish the evapotranspiration of Sudan grass variety Engje-1, grown as a second crop for silage on meadow-cinnamon soil for the region of Southern Bulgaria under irrigation conditions and without irrigation. For this purpose, an experiment with Sudan variety Endje-1 was conducted in the experimental field of the Agricultural Institute – Stara Zagora on soil type meadow-cinnamon soil, after its predecessor barley. The Sudan grass is harvested in the brooming stage. Two variants were explored: Variant 1 – without irrigation (control) and Variant 2 – with optimal irrigation, 70-75% of field capacity (FC). Evapotranspiration of Sudan grass grown as a second crop under non-irrigated conditions, depending on the nature of the year, ranges from 168.7 mm to 183.7 mm. Under conditions of irrigation, the largest share in the formation of the water consumption is occupied by the irrigation norm – 87.1% on average (from 86.3 to 90.8%). Under irrigated conditions, the relative participation of the initial water reserve in the formation of evapotranspiration significantly decreases.

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Getnet, Kindie, Amare Haileslasseie, Yigzaw Dessalegne, Fitsum Hagos, Gebregziabher Gebrehaweria, and Berhanu Gebremedhin. "On the profitability of irrigated fodder production: comparative evidence from smallholders in Koga irrigation scheme, Ethiopia." Animal Production Science 57, no. 9 (2017): 1962. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an15651.

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Irrigated fodder production can be vitalised as a useful strategy to sustainably intensify subsistence livestock production owned and managed by smallholders and to diversify farm income through linkages to commercial livestock systems. However, uncertainty about the production and market environment of such a non-traditional commodity can be a major hindrance against commercialisation and scaling out of irrigated fodder production. This makes ex-ante analysis of profit portfolio and its determinants necessary in order to improve farmers’ investment and risk management decisions. Using a stochastic approach to farm profit analysis to account for business uncertainty, this paper simulated and compared the level and distribution of profit that smallholders in Koga irrigation scheme (Ethiopia) can generate from irrigated Rhodes grass seed and from traditional irrigated crops. The finding shows the absolute and comparative profitability of irrigated Rhodes grass seed. Though 0.19 times less profitable than irrigated onion, irrigated Rhodes grass seed is 4 times, 1.27 times, and 1.25 times more profitable than irrigated barley, irrigated wheat, and irrigated tomato, respectively. Profit from the commodity is robust to adverse business conditions such as yield reduction, cost increase, and price reduction, assuring optimism about positive financial returns from investments to expand production. Long-term business viability can be improved and farm income further stabilised through interventions targeted at fodder agronomy to enhance crop yield and at value chain development to improve market linkages and output price.

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Salehin, Sk Musfiq-Us, Rajan Ghimire, Sangamesh V. Angadi, and Omololu J. Idowu. "Grass Buffer Strips Improve Soil Health and Mitigate Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Center-Pivot Irrigated Cropping Systems." Sustainability 12, no. 15 (July 27, 2020): 6014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12156014.

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Declining water resources and soil degradation have significantly affected agricultural sustainability across the world. In the southern High Plains of USA, buffer strips of perennial grasses alternating with cultivated corn strips were introduced in center-pivot irrigated crop fields to increase agronomic production and ecosystem services. A study was conducted to evaluate soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and soil health benefits of integrating circular grass buffer strips in the center-pivot irrigated corn production system. Multiple parameters were assessed in the grass buffer strips, and at distances of 1.52, 4.57, and 9.14 m away from the edges of grass strips in corn strips. While grasses in the buffer strips depleted N compared to corn strips, potential C mineralization (PCM) was 52.5% to 99.9% more in grass strips than in corn strips. Soil microbial biomass C (MBC) content was 36.7% to 52.5% greater in grass strips than in corn strips. Grass buffer also reduced carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from corn strips. Grass buffer strips can improve soil health and sustainability in center-pivot irrigated cropping systems by increasing soil C components and reducing GHG emissions.

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Sun, Youping, and Alyssa Lanae Palmer. "Responses of Ornamental Grass and Grasslike Plants to Saline Water Irrigation." HortTechnology 28, no. 6 (December 2018): 799–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech04159-18.

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Ornamental grasses are popular in urban landscapes in Utah and the Intermountain West United States, one of the driest and fastest growing regions in the United States. This experiment evaluated the responses of five ornamental grass species [blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis), indian sea oats (Chasmanthium latifolium), ‘Blue Dune’ sand ryegrass (Leymus arenarius), pink muhly grass (Muhlenbergia capillaris), ‘Foxtrot’ fountain grass (Pennisetum alopecuroides)] and two ornamental grasslike species [fox sedge (Carex vulpinoidea), common rush (Juncus effusus)] to saline irrigation water in a greenhouse. Plants were irrigated weekly with a nutrient solution at an electrical conductivity (EC) of 1.2 dS·m–1 (control) or saline solutions at an EC of 5.0 or 10.0 dS·m–1. At the first harvest (9 weeks after the initiation of treatment), sand ryegrass, pink muhly grass, and fountain grass irrigated with solutions at an EC of 5.0 and 10 dS·m–1 had good visual quality with no or minimal foliar salt damage; however, the remaining species exhibited slight or moderate foliar salt damage. There were no significant differences in shoot dry weight (DW) among treatments within any species, except fox sedge and fountain grass. At the second harvest (18 weeks after the initiation of treatment), sand ryegrass, pink muhly grass, and fountain grass still had no or minimal foliar salt damage, and indian sea oats and fox sedge exhibited slight or moderate foliar salt damage. Compared with the control, all species irrigated with solutions at an EC of 10.0 dS·m–1 had reduced shoot DWs with the exception of blue grama. However, only common rush and pink muhly grass irrigated with solutions at an EC of 5.0 dS·m–1 had lower shoot DWs than the control. These results demonstrated that seven ornamental grass or grasslike species had a very strong tolerance to the salinity levels used in the 4-month experiment. Although plant growth was inhibited as a result of saline irrigation, plant visual quality of sand ryegrass, pink muhly grass, and fountain grass was still acceptable. These three species appear to be more suitable for landscapes in which saline irrigation water is used. Further research is needed to evaluate more ornamental grasses for landscapes in salt-prone areas and nearby coastal regions.

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Gillman, Jeffrey H., and Chad P. Giblin. "Growth Regulators and Irrigation Mitigate Competition Between Intercropped Grass and Fraxinus nigra ‘Fallgold’." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 19, no. 4 (December 1, 2001): 195–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-19.4.195.

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Abstract Grass, intercropped with nursery stock, is beneficial to the long-term productivity of a field due to decreased erosion of topsoil and increased soil organic material. The primary disadvantage of using grass as an intercrop is supposedly due to a reduction in nutrients and water available to nursery stock. In the spring of 1999, Fraxinus nigra ‘Fallgold’ trees were planted in herbicide strips with no intercrop (cultivated soil), an intercrop of untreated ryegrass, an intercrop of mowed ryegrass or an intercrop of ryegrass treated with a growth regulator. Half of the trees in each treatment were irrigated and half were not. Growth measurements were taken over two, growing seasons. There were no significant increases in growth with the addition of irrigation with the exception of trees grown with an intercrop of growth regulated ryegrass where the addition of irrigation resulted in greater tree height. Trees grown with no intercrop had the greatest increase in both caliper and height. Trees grown with grass treated with a growth regulator and irrigated did not show significantly different growth from non-irrigated trees grown without intercrops. Trees grown with untreated or mowed grass had the lowest increase in caliper and height.

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Holgate, Leon C., Jacqueline A. Aitkenhead-Peterson, and Terry J. Gentry. "Irrigation Water Chemistry: Impact on Microbial Community Composition and Biogeochemical Leaching under Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne [L])." ISRN Ecology 2011 (April 11, 2011): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2011/797910.

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Greywater recycling and rain water harvesting for irrigating urban and suburban landscapes may reduce the use of potable water in arid and subtropical climates but affect soil microbial community composition and biogeochemical cycling. Municipal tap water, greywater, and harvested rain water were used to irrigate (Lolium perenne L.) planted in a constructed soil over a 20 week period. Irrigation with grey water significantly increased the relative abundance of gram-positive biomarkers ANTEISO 15 : 0, ISO 17 : 1G, gram-negative biomarkers 19 : 0 CYCLO c11-12 and bacterial biomarker 18 : 0 () relative to irrigation with harvested rain water. Significant decreases were observed in the relative abundance of gram-positive biomarker 16 : 0, gram-negative biomarker 16 : 1 ω7c, both fungi biomarkers (18 : 2 ω6c and 18 : 1 ω9c) in soils irrigated with greywater (). Dissolved organic carbon losses from soil were a significant two-to-four times greater from soils irrigated with municipal tap water and greywater relative to soils irrigated with harvested rain water (). This study highlights the effect that municipal tap water and grey water may have on microbial community composition and soil nutrient dynamics under irrigated turf grass.

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Lamb, Marshall C., William F. Anderson, Timothy C. Strickland, Alisa W. Coffin, Ronald B. Sorensen, Joseph E. Knoll, and Oliva Pisani. "Economic Competitiveness of Napier Grass in Irrigated and Non-irrigated Georgia Coastal Plain Cropping Systems." BioEnergy Research 11, no. 3 (May 21, 2018): 574–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12155-018-9916-1.

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Hidosa, D., W. Hitiso, and M. Guyo. "Biomass production of different grass species available at irrigated lowland of Dassench Woreda in South Western Ethiopia." Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science 46, no. 3 (April 7, 2018): 188–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v46i3.36313.

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On farm adaptability test of different grass species was conducted on pastoral area of Keelewe peasant association in Dassench Woreda of South Omo Zone in 2016 under irrigated condition with the objective to identify high biomass yielding grass species. The field experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with four replicates per tested species. The tested grass species were Chloris gayana, Cenchrus ciliaris and Panicum colaratum. The result indicated that there was a significant difference (p>0.05) among the tested grass species. Panicum colaratum yields the highest (18.08 t/ha) than the Chloris gayana (15.21 t/ha) whereas, Cenchrus ciliaris had yielded the lowest dry matter yield (11.20t/ha) than Chloris gayana and Panicum colaratum. The Panicum colaratum was one with maximum dry matter yield being recommended for irrigated conditions in the study area. However, further testing is required on feeding value, dry matter yield under different fertilizer dose, stem height, leaf to stem ratio, irrigation requirements and chemical composition of tested grass species.Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2017. 46 (3): 188-191

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Thompson, Donald. "Yield and nutritive value of irrigated tall fescue compared with orchardgrass: In monocultures or mixed with alfalfa." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 93, no. 5 (September 2013): 799–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2012-283.

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Thompson, D. J. 2013. Yield and nutritive value of irrigated tall fescue compared with orchardgrass: in monocultures or mixed with alfalfa. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 799–807. Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) is commonly grown for irrigated forage production in interior British Columbia. Tall fescue [Schedonorus phoenix (Schop.) Holub.] is also adapted to the area but no comparative trials have been reported. Three varieties of each grass species were grown in monocultures or in mixtures with alfalfa at three irrigated sites throughout southern interior British Columbia. Study objectives included comparing the forage yield and nutritive value of the following groups: (1) tall fescue and orchardgrass monocultures, (2) tall fescue and orchardgrass mixtures with alfalfa and (3) grass-alfalfa mixtures with monocultures. In monoculture, tall fescue yield was 9% greater than orchardgrass (significantly greater yield at 3 of 6 site-years), though forage nutritive values were similar. Mixtures of the two grasses with alfalfa had similar yields, but those containing tall fescue had superior nutritive value. Alfalfa contributed a greater percentage to total yield and had higher survival when mixed with tall fescue. Tall fescue is a viable alternative to orchardgrass for irrigated forage production in monoculture and may be more suitable for mixtures with alfalfa. Our findings demonstrate a functional diversity effect; grass-alfalfa mixtures over-yielded the mean of the alfalfa, orchardgrass, and tall fescue monocultures by 12%.

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Bergen, Peter, James R. Moyer, and Gerald C. Kozub. "Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) Use by Cattle Grazing on Irrigated Pasture." Weed Technology 4, no. 2 (June 1990): 258–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00025367.

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Hereford cows and their spring-born calves grazed an irrigated grass pasture containing about 13% dandelion based on dry weight yield. Grazing treatments were 1) no grazing, 2) 4 days of grazing just before clipping, and 3) long-term grazing just before clipping. In clippings taken in June and July after the grazing treatments, the percentage dandelion in the forage was similar in all three grazing treatments, indicating that cattle used dandelion as readily as grass. The protein and mineral contents of dandelion were at appropriate levels to meet the established requirements of beef cattle.

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Bhandary, Rajgopal M., Ted Whitwell, and Jeanne Briggs. "Growth of Containerized Landscape Plants Is Influenced by Herbicides Residues in Irrigation Water." Weed Technology 11, no. 4 (December 1997): 793–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00043451.

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Herbicides play an important role in the production of nursery crops by reducing weed problems and improving production efficiency. Herbicides applied to nursery crops may move in runoff water into retention basins, which are used to irrigate container plants. Studies investigated the growth and development of containerized landscape plants subjected to irrigation water containing herbicide residues. Containerized dwarf gardenia, Snow azalea, Buccaneer azalea, Hellers Japanese holly, fountain grass, and daylily were grown in fine pine bark medium in the greenhouse and were irrigated with water containing 1 mg/L and 10 mg/L of oryzalin, oxyfluorfen, and isoxaben. Fountain grass and daylily were the most sensitive to herbicide application with reduced root and shoot growth. Oryzalin was the most phytotoxic to fountain grass followed by oxyfluorfen and isoxaben. Oryzalin and oxyfluorfen at 10 mg/L reduced the growth index of fountain grass. Oryzalin was the most phytotoxic herbicide to daylily, followed by isoxaben and oxyfluorfen. Only the high rate (10 mg/L) of oryzalin reduced the growth index of daylily. Among woody species, the root weights of Hellers holly were reduced by 10 mg/L of isoxaben. The growth of other woody species was not affected by the herbicides.

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Dias, Nildo Da Silva, Osvaldo Nogueira de Sousa Neto, Francisco Vanies da Silva Sá, Débora Evangelista Façanha de Morais, Bruno Goulart de Azevedo Souza, Cleyton dos Santos Fernandes, Celimari Campos da Silva Junior, Eder Junio Vilar dos Santos, Ytalo Cleyton dos Santos Souza, and Airlis Mendes de Freitas Junior. "Biomass, Protein Content and Cell Damage in Tanzania Grass Irrigated With Saline Water." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 3 (February 15, 2019): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n3p59.

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The scarcity of good water quality in semiarid region, combined with the high cost of pumping, has been the main limiting factor for increasing the irrigated area. The use of saline water for irrigation is a very common in semiarid zones, which can result in the soil salinization if irrigation management is not appropriated. To evaluate the biomass production, biochemical components and water consumption of Tanzania grass (Panicum maximum) irrigated with water salinity (1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 dS m-1) an experiment in greenhouse was carried out in the Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil. The variables dry matter, crude protein, ashes, cellular damage on leaves and consume water in the first and second cut of the grass were analyzed under completely randomized design with five treatments and six replications. Salinity water up to 6.0 dS m-1 can be used for irrigation of Tanzania grass plants, with small yield losses. Increased salinity reduces water consumption and increases the water use efficiency of Tanzania grass. Tanzania grass plants have increased protein content when subjected to saline stress, which is a mechanism of action to osmotic adjustment and allows the reduction of plant leaf damage in the second cycle.

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Sidhu, J. P. S., J. Hanna, and S. G. Toze. "Survival of enteric microorganisms on grass surfaces irrigated with treated effluent." Journal of Water and Health 6, no. 2 (January 1, 2008): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2008.029.

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Treated effluent can be reused for the irrigation of parks and sports grounds but there is an associated potential public health risks from microbial pathogens present on the grass surface, particularly when used for contact sports. The main aim of this study was to investigate the survival of pathogenic and indicator microorganisms on the grass surface of a sports ground irrigated with treated effluent under differing climatic conditions. Results showed that Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus decayed faster under direct sunlight than MS2 with one log10 reduction (T90) varying from 3 to 11 hours. Rapid decay (T90 3 to 4 hours) of bacterial pathogens occurred in both sunlight and shade during the summer. In contrast, T90 times for the bacteria during the winter varied from 6 to 11 hours in direct sunlight and from 23 to 38 hours in shade. No significant seasonal variation was observed in the inactivation of the bacteriophage MS2. Enteric viruses are expected to show inactivation rates similar to MS2. The results show that rapid inactivation of enteric bacteria can be expected on grass surface irrigated with treated effluent at higher ambient temperatures, in direct sunlight and low moisture content.

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Jordan, Marilyn J., Knute J. Nadelhoffer, and Brian Fry. "NITROGEN CYCLING IN FOREST AND GRASS ECOSYSTEMS IRRIGATED WITH15N-ENRICHED WASTEWATER." Ecological Applications 7, no. 3 (August 1997): 864–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1997)007[0864:ncifag]2.0.co;2.

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MacAdam, J. W., K. A. Beauchemin, A. I. Bolletta, and L. R. Pitcher. "0660 Reduced enteric methane emissions on legume versus grass irrigated pastures." Journal of Animal Science 94, suppl_5 (October 1, 2016): 315–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jam2016-0660.

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Klocke, N. L., J. T. Nichols, P. H. Grabouski, and R. Todd. "Intercropping Corn in Perennial Cool-Season Grass on Irrigated Sandy Soil." Journal of Production Agriculture 2, no. 1 (January 1989): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jpa1989.0042.

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Badawy, Amin S., Joan B. Rose, and Charles P. Gerba. "Comparative survival of enteric viruses and coliphage on sewage irrigated grass." Journal of Environmental Science and Health . Part A: Environmental Science and Engineering and Toxicology 25, no. 8 (December 1990): 937–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10934529009375610.

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Guilbault, Michael R., and Allan D. Matthias. "Emissions of N2O from Sonoran Desert and effluent-irrigated grass ecosystems." Journal of Arid Environments 38, no. 1 (January 1998): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jare.1997.0300.

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Mclennon, Everald, Juan K. Q. Solomon, and Jason Davison. "Grass–Legume Forage Systems Effect on Phosphorus Removal from a Grassland Historically Irrigated with Reclaimed Wastewater." Sustainability 12, no. 6 (March 13, 2020): 2256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12062256.

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The utilization of reclaimed wastewater is a suitable and sustainable approach to agriculture production in water-scarce regions. However, even though the wastewater is treated to reduce nutrient concentration such as phosphorus, the 10,600 to 14,006 m3 of water applied ha−1 year−1 on grass and alfalfa hay crops in Nevada can lead to soil phosphorus buildup over an extended period. This study evaluated the effectiveness of forage systems (FS) of monoculture grass, monoculture legume, and their mixtures on herbage accumulation, tissue phosphorus concentration, and quantity of phosphorus removed from a grassland under wastewater irrigation. The study was carried out at the Main Station Field laboratory in Reno, Nevada, USA. A total of 23 FS using tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) in monocultures or grass–legume mixtures (25:75, 50:50, and 75:25) based on seeding rate were used. The response variables were herbage accumulation (HA), tissue phosphorus concentration, and phosphorus removal. Forage systems means were considered different P ≤ 0.05. Herbage accumulation, tissue phosphorus concentration, and phosphorus removal differed among FS and year. Herbage accumulation was similar for the grass monocultures (10.5 Mg ha−1; SE = 1.1) and the majority of the grass–legume mixtures (9.0 Mg ha−1; SE = 1.1) but both systems had greater HA than legumes monoculture (4.3 Mg ha−1; SE = 1.1). The legume monocultures of alfalfa and white clover had the greatest phosphorus concentrations (10.9 g kg−1 dry matter; SE = 0.44) among all FS. Total phosphorus removed was least among legume monocultures (34.0 kg P ha−1; SE = 6.2) in this study and generally similar for grass monocultures (67.4 kg P ha−1; SE = 6.2) and grass–legume mixtures of 75:25 (61.7 kg P ha−1; SE = 6.2). Based on the response variables, agronomic, and environmental considerations a grass–legume mixture that includes 75:25 or even a 50:50 seeding rate ratio will be suitable options for phosphorus removal from phosphorus enriched grasslands in semiarid ecosystems that utilized wastewater for irrigation.

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Abu-Alrub, Ihsan, Kenneth B. Marcum, Neamat Kabir, Ahmed Aran, and Mohammed Al Hammadi. "Productivity and nutritional value of four forage grass cultivars compared to Rhodes grass irrigated with saline water." Australian Journal of Crop Science 12, no. 02 (February 20, 2018): 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.18.12.02.pne571.

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Carvalho, Márcia Thaís de Melo, Beáta Emöke Madari, Wesley Gabriel de Oliveira Leal, Adriana Rodolfo da Costa, Pedro Luiz Oliveira de Almeida Machado, Pedro Marques da Silveira, José Aloísio Alves Moreira, and Alexandre Bryan Heinemann. "Nitrogen fluxes from irrigated common‑bean as affected by mulching and mineral fertilization." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 48, no. 5 (May 2013): 478–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2013000500003.

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The objective of this work was to measure the fluxes of N2O‑N and NH3‑N throughout the growing season of irrigated common‑bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), as affected by mulching and mineral fertilization. Fluxes of N2O‑N and NH3‑N were evaluated in areas with or without Congo signal grass mulching (Urochloa ruziziensis) or mineral fertilization. Fluxes of N were also measured in a native Cerrado area, which served as reference. Total N2O‑N and NH3‑N emissions were positively related to the increasing concentrations of moisture, ammonium, and nitrate in the crop system, within 0.5 m soil depth. Carbon content in the substrate and microbial biomass within 0.1 m soil depth were favoured by Congo signal grass and related to higher emissions of N2O‑N, regardless of N fertilization. Emission factors (N losses from the applied mineral nitrogen) for N2O‑N (0.01-0.02%) and NH3‑N (0.3-0.6%) were lower than the default value recognized by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Mulch of Congo signal grass benefits N2O‑N emission regardless of N fertilization.

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Moyer, J. R., and A. L. Boswall. "Tall fescue or creeping foxtail suppresses foxtail barley." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 82, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p01-036.

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Foxtail barley (Hordeum jubatum L.) is a troublesome weed in irrigated pastures. Several grass species seeded on two irrigated pastures at Lethbridge to test their ability to compete with foxtail barley. Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and creeping foxtail (Alopecurus arundinaceus Poir) reduced foxtail barley groundcover significantly compared to orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), pubescent wheatgrass (Agropyron trichophorum (Link) Richt.) and western wheatgrass (Agropyron smithii Rydb.); therefore, seeding of these grasses in areas subject to foxtail barley invasion should be encouraged. Key words: Foxtail barley, tall fescue, creeping foxtail, wet soils, salinity, weed suppression

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Alvarez, Erin, Sloane M. Scheiber, and David R. Sandrock. "Irrigation Requirements and Drought Response of Two Ornamental Grass Species." HortScience 41, no. 4 (July 2006): 1009B—1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.4.1009b.

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Water use is the most important environmental issue facing the horticulture industry. As a result, many water management districts are recommending native plants for their putative low-water requirements. Numerous textbooks and trade journals claim native plants use less water than non-natives; however, previous research found no difference in water use efficiency in the field between native and non-native species. Furthermore, recommendations of ornamental grasses for use as low-maintenance and low-water-requiring landscape plants have recently escalated. This study evaluated non-native Miscanthus sinensis `Adagio' and the native Eragrostis spectabilis for irrigation requirements and drought response in a landscape setting. To simulate maximum stress, both species were planted into field plots in an open-sided, clear polyethylene covered shelter. Each species was irrigated on alternating days at 0, 0.25, 0.5, or 0.75 L for a 90-day period. Growth index and height were recorded at biweekly intervals, and final shoot and root dry masses were taken at completion of the study. Significant treatment and species effects were found for height, growth index, shoot dry weight, and biomass. Plants receiving 0.75 L of irrigation had the greatest growth, and non-irrigated plants grew significantly less. Comparisons between species found growth was greatest among Eragrostis spectabilis plants for all parameters.

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Wilson, Robert G. "Weed Control in Irrigated Seedling Alfalfa (Medicago sativa)." Weed Science 34, no. 3 (May 1986): 423–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500067114.

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Spring-applied herbicides were evaluated in the field in 1982 through 1984 in western Nebraska for selective weed control in irrigated seedling alfalfa (Medicago sativaL. ‘Appollo’). Weed densities were least in plots treated preplant with benefin [N-butyl-N-ethyl-2,6-dinitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzenamine] in combination with postemergence applications of 2,4-DB [4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) butyric acid]. Combinations of sethoxydim {2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one} with bromoxynil (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile) and fluazifop-butyl {(±)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl] oxy] phenoxy] propanoic acid} with bromoxynil provided less grass control than sethoxydim or fluazifop-butyl applied alone. Annual weeds did not reduce alfalfa stand density.

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Jackson, T. A., and R. J. Townsend. "Grass grub damage in irrigated and dryland pastures near Carew, mid Canterbury." Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference 44 (January 8, 1991): 212–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1991.44.10835.

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Mirzamuratovich, Dauletmuratov Mukhamedali. "Chemical properties of irrigated grass-alluvial soils distributed in the aral areas." ACADEMICIA: AN INTERNATIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH JOURNAL 11, no. 2 (2021): 1016–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2249-7137.2021.00496.1.

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Pequeno, Diego N. L., Carlos G. S. Pedreira, and Kenneth J. Boote. "Simulating forage production of Marandu palisade grass (Brachiaria brizantha) with the CROPGRO-Perennial Forage model." Crop and Pasture Science 65, no. 12 (2014): 1335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp14058.

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Forage-based livestock systems are complex, and interactions among animals, plants and the environment exist at several levels of complexity, which can be evaluated using computer modelling. Despite the importance of grasslands for livestock production in Brazil, tools to assist producers to make decisions in forage–livestock systems are scarce. The objective of this research was to use the CROPGRO-Perennial Forage model to simulate the irrigated and rainfed growth of Marandu palisade grass (Brachiaria brizantha (A. Rich.) Stapf. cv. Marandu), the most widely grown forage in Brazil, by using parameters previously calibrated for the tall-growing cv. Xaraes of the same species, under non-limiting water conditions. The model was calibrated for the irrigated experiment and then tested against independent data of the rainfed experiment. Data used to calibrate the model included forage production, plant-part composition, leaf photosynthesis, leaf area index, specific leaf area, light interception and plant nitrogen (N) concentration from a field experiment conducted during 2011–13 in Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. Agronomic and morpho-physiological differences between the two grasses, such as maximum leaf photosynthesis, N concentration and temperature effect on growth rate, were considered in the calibration. Under rainfed conditions, the simulations using the Penman–Monteith FAO 56 method gave a more realistic water stress response than the Priestley and Taylor method. After model parameterisation, the mean simulated herbage yield was 4582 and 5249 kg ha–1 for 28 days and 42 days irrigated, and 4158 and 4735 kg ha–1 for 28 days and 42 days rainfed, respectively. The root-mean-square error ranged from 464 to 526 kg ha–1 and the D-statistic from 0.907 to 0.962. The simulated/observed ratios ranged from 0.977 to 1.001. These results suggest that the CROPGRO-Perennial Forage model can be used to simulate growth of Marandu palisade grass adequately under irrigated and rainfed conditions.

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Smith, Michael W., Margaret E. Wolf, Becky S. Cheary, and Becky L. Carroll. "Allelopathy of Bermudagrass, Tall Fescue, Redroot Pigweed, and Cutleaf Evening Primrose on Pecan." HortScience 36, no. 6 (October 2001): 1047–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.36.6.1047.

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Two studies were conducted to determine if selected grass and dicot species had an allelopathic interaction with pecan (Carya illinoinensis Wangenh. C. Koch). Leachate from pots with established grasses or dicots was used to irrigate container-grown pecan trees. Leachates from bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.], tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Shreb. cv. Kentucky 31), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), and cutleaf evening primrose (Oenothera laciniata Hill) reduced leaf area and leaf dry weight about 20% compared to the controls. Bermudagrass, tall fescue, and primrose leachate decreased pecan root weight 17%, trunk weight 22%, and total tree dry weight 19% compared to the control. In a second study, trees were 10% shorter than the control when irrigated with bermudagrass or pigweed leachate.

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Pereira, Francisco Cézar Belchor Lages, Luiz Malcolm Mano de Mello, Cristiano Magalhães Pariz, Veridiana Zocoler de Mendonça, Élcio Hiroyoshi Yano, Elka Elice Vasco de Miranda, Carlos Alexandre Costa Crusciol, and Jorge Martinelli Martello. "MORPHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF FALL IRRIGATED MAIZE INTERCROPPED WITH TROPICAL FORAGES." IRRIGA 22, no. 3 (August 28, 2017): 512–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15809/irriga.2017v22n3p512-529.

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MORPHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF FALL IRRIGATED MAIZE INTERCROPPED WITH TROPICAL FORAGES FRANCISCO CÉZAR BELCHOR LAGES PEREIRA1; LUIZ MALCOLM MANO DE MELLO2; CRISTIANO MAGALHÃES PARIZ3; VERIDIANA ZOCOLER DE MENDONÇA4; ÉLCIO HIROYOSHI YANO2; ELKA ELICE VASCO DE MIRANDA5; CARLOS ALEXANDRE COSTA CRUSCIOL6 E JORGE MARTINELLI MARTELLO7 1 Engenheiro Agrônomo. Mestre em Agronomia na Especialidade de Sistemas de Produção. Faculdade de Engenharia (FE/UNESP – Campus de Ilha Solteira). Avenida Brasil 56, Centro, Caixa Postal 31, CEP: 15.385-000, Ilha Solteira, SP - Brasil. E-mail: franciscocezarbl@gmail.com.2 Engenheiro Agrônomo. Professor do Departamento de Fitossanidade, Engenharia Rural e Solos. Faculdade de Engenharia (FE/UNESP – Campus de Ilha Solteira). Avenida Brasil 56, Centro, Caixa Postal 31, CEP: 15.385-000, Ilha Solteira, SP - Brasil. E-mail: malcolm@agr.feis.unesp.br; elcio@agr.feis.unesp.br.3 Zootecnista. Pós-Doutorando em Zootecnia na Especialidade de Avaliação, Produção e Conservação de Forragens. Departamento de Melhoramento e Nutrição Animal. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ/UNESP – Campus de Botucatu). Distrito de Rubião Júnior, s/n, Caixa Postal 560, CEP: 18.618-970, Botucatu, SP - Brasil. E-mail: cmpzoo@gmail.com.4 Engenheira Agrônoma. Doutoranda em Agronomia na Especialidade de Energia na Agricultura. Departamento de Horticultura. Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas (FCA/UNESP – Campus de Botucatu). Rua José Barbosa de Barros, 1.780, CEP: 18.610-307, Botucatu, SP - Brasil. E-mail: veridianazm@yahoo.com.br.5 Engenheira Agrônoma. Professora da Universidade Estadual do Mato Grosso do Sul (UEMS) – Campus de Glória de Dourados. Cidade Universitária de Dourados, Caixa Postal 351, Jardim América, CEP: 79.804-970, Dourados, MS - Brasil. E-mail: elkaelice@uems.br.6 Engenheiro Agrônomo. Professor do Departamento de Produção e Melhoramento Vegetal. Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas (FCA/UNESP – Campus de Botucatu). Rua José Barbosa de Barros, 1780, Fazenda Lageado, CEP: 18.610-307, Botucatu, SP - Brasil. E-mail: crusciol@fca.unesp.br.7 Engenheiro Agrônomo. Doutorando em Agronomia na Especialidade de Energia na Agricultura. Departamento de Produção e Melhoramento Vegetal. Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas (FCA/UNESP – Campus de Botucatu). Rua José Barbosa de Barros, 1.780, CEP: 18.610-307, Botucatu, SP - Brasil. E-mail: jorgemartinelli@hotmail.com. 1 ABSTRACT Fall irrigated maize intercropped with tropical forages can raise the amount of crop residues and relative nitrogen yield and improve land use efficiency without decreasing grain yield. The aim was to evaluate the effect of modalities of fall-irrigated maize (Zea mays L.) intercropped with tropical forages on the components of production, grain, straw and relative nitrogen yield, competitive factors in the intercrop and land use efficiency, in no-till (NT) system in the lowland Brazilian Cerrado. A randomized complete block experimental design was used in a 4×3+1 factorial arrangement with one control treatment, constituting 13 treatments, with four replications (n=4). The treatments comprised four tropical forages intercropped with maize: palisade grass (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu), congo grass (Urochloa ruziziensis), and the guinea grass cultivars Tanzânia and Áries (Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia and Áries); three intercropping modalities: forage sown simultaneously in the maize rows, mixed with fertilizer; forage sown (broadcast) on the same day as maize sowing; and forage sown, mixed with top-dressed fertilizer, at the V4 stage of maize; and one control treatment (maize monoculture). Regardless of the type of tropical forage and intercropping modality, intercropping exhibited minimum competition between crops and did not interfere on the yield components and grain yield of fall-irrigated maize. In addition, it increased the amount of straw, and improved land use efficiency and relative nitrogen yield in comparison to mono-cropped maize. The best options were congo grass sown simultaneously in the maize rows and guinea grass cv. Tanzânia and guinea grass cv. Áries sown broadcast on total area, as they raised the shoot dry matter of maize and forage and land equivalent ratio. Congo grass sown simultaneously in the maize rows also raised the relative nitrogen yield. Keywords: lowland Brazilian Cerrado, Panicum, Urochloa, Zea Mays L.PEREIRA, F. C. L. B.; MELLO, L. M. M.; PARIZ, C. M.; MENDONÇA, V. Z.; YANO, E. H.; MIRANDA, E. E. V.; CRUSCIOL, C. A. C.; MARTELLO, J. M.AVALIAÇÃO MORFOLÓGICA DO CONSÓRCIO DE MILHO OUTONAL IRRIGADO COM FORRAGEIRAS TROPICAIS 2 RESUMO O consórcio de milho outonal irrigado com forrageiras tropicais, pode elevar a quantidade de palhada e a produtividade relativa de nitrogênio, além de melhorar a eficiência de uso da terra, sem reduzir a produtividade de grãos. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de modalidades de implantação do consórcio de milho outonal irrigado com forrageiras tropicais sobre os componentes da produção, a produtividade relativa de nitrogênio, grãos e palhada, os fatoresde competição no consórcio e a eficiência de uso da terra, sob sistema plantio direto no Cerrado de baixa altitude. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial (4×3+1) com uma testemunha, constituindo 13 tratamentos com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por quatro forrageiras: capim-marandu, capim-ruziziensis, capim-tanzânia e capim-áries; e três modalidades de consórcio das forrageiras com o milho: forrageira semeada simultaneamente na linha de semeadura, misturada com o adubo; forrageira semeada simultaneamente a lanço em área total no mesmo dia da semeadura do milho; e forrageira semeada a lanço misturada ao adubo de cobertura no estádio V4 do milho; e uma testemunha constituída pelo cultivo exclusivo do milho. Independente da forrageira e da modalidade de semeadura, o consórcio proporcionou mínima competição entre as culturas e não interfere nos componentes da produção e na produtividade de grãos de milho outonal irrigado, além de elevar a quantidade de palhada, melhorar a eficiência de uso da terra e a produtividade relativa de nitrogênio, em relação ao cultivo exclusivo do milho. Palavras-chave: Cerrado de baixa altitude, Panicum, Urochloa, Zea Mays L.

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Eason, K. M., R. S. Tubbs, T. L. Grey, and X. S. Li. "Irrigated and Non-Irrigated Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Cultivar Response to Postemergence Paraquat Tank-Mixtures." Peanut Science 46, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/ps18-15.1.

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ABSTRACT Paraquat postemergence (POST) applied is often used to control broadleaf and grass weed species in peanut in the Southeast US. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of POST herbicide tank-mixtures including paraquat on vegetation, yield, and grade for runner-type peanut cultivars under irrigated and non-irrigated conditions. Two separate experiments (irrigated and non-irrigated) were conducted in 2016 and 2017 in Ty Ty and Plains Georgia. Georgia-06G, Georgia-14N, TUFRunner™ ‘511’, and FloRun™ ‘157’ cultivars were evaluated. Herbicide tank-mixtures included paraquat, paraquat plus acifluorfen plus bentazon, paraquat plus acifluorfen plus bentazon plus S-metolachlor, and paraquat plus acifluorfen plus bentazon plus acetochlor. Leaf burn, stunting injury, yield, and grade were evaluated. There were no interactions between herbicide and cultivar for all variables. Paraquat alone resulted in significantly greater foliar injury (3 DAT) than the other herbicide treatments for the irrigated (34 to 16%) and non-irrigated (28 to 15%) studies. Stunting for paraquat alone was noted at 15 and 35% for irrigated and non-irrigated, respectively. Similarly, in both studies, Georgia-06G and TUFRunner™ ‘511’ yielded 10 to 12% greater than Georgia-14N and FloRun™ ‘157’. Overall, the herbicide tank-mixtures did not have a negative effect on yield. With no interactions observed, these herbicide treatments can be used in conjunction with the given runner-type peanut cultivars in either irrigated or non-irrigated conditions without concern for excessive injury or decline in yield or grade.

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Akinola, J. O., A. A. Addo, and K. C. Olufokunbi. "Improvement of annual forage and seed production in the sub-humid zone of Nigeria through supplement irrigation." Agricultural and Food Science 62, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72925.

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A two-year study was conducted at Shika in the Northern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria to evaluate several perennial and annual forage species for seasonal and total annual herbage and/or seed production. Over the entire experimental period, total dry matter (DM) yields for grasses, perennial and hay-suited annual legumes varied from 27.5 to 79.1, 18.8 to 40.3 and 40.5 to 50.5 t/ha, to which irrigation contributed 48 to 66, 50 to 57 and 56 % respectively. Irrigated grass crude protein (CP) contents averaged 5.3 and 9.9 %; and legume CP contents 16.1 and 18.8 % for the May and December harvests while rainfed grass CP contents ranged from 7.7 % (August) to 10.9 % (October), the corresponding legume values being 18.7 and 20.9 %. Irrigated cropping accounted for 55 to 56 % of the 9 207 to 12 461 kg/ha seed yield recorded in dual purpose legumes. It was inferred that on the basis of total herbage yield, distribution of yield and responsiveness to irrigation Pennisetum purpureum, Brachiaria decumbens, Cajanus cajan Acc UQ 50 or 3D 8104 and S. guianensis cv Cook proved to be promising; reasonable seed yield levels were obtained from C. cajan 3D 8104, Glycine max Acc. 49-14 and M 216 and Vigna unguiculata Acc Ivu 1283, whether irrigated or rainfed. The potential of irrigation is discussed in relation to feed, food and livestock production.

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Schweizer, Edward E., Philip Westra, and Donald W. Lybecker. "Seedbank and Emerged Annual Weed Populations in Cornfields (Zea mays) in Colorado." Weed Technology 12, no. 2 (June 1998): 243–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x0004375x.

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Fifty irrigated cornfields in five eastern Colorado counties were sampled for their seedbanks and annual weed seedlings and mature populations between 1988 and 1992. Fourteen annual broadleaf species and seven annual grass species were identified in the 50 seedbanks sampled after the fields were tilled in the fall. Redroot pigweed and a mixture of green and yellow foxtail were the weed species encountered most, occurring in 90 and 54% of the fields, respectively. The single-plant populations of broadleaf and grass species in June and September were similar to those observed in the seedbanks. The number of weed species as seeds in the seedbank, June seedlings, and September plants per field ranged from zero to five grass species and zero to eight broadleaf species.

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Mahmood, Rezaul, Kenneth G. Hubbard, Ronnie D. Leeper, and Stuart A. Foster. "Increase in Near-Surface Atmospheric Moisture Content due to Land Use Changes: Evidence from the Observed Dewpoint Temperature Data." Monthly Weather Review 136, no. 4 (April 1, 2008): 1554–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007mwr2040.1.

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Abstract Land use change can significantly affect root zone soil moisture, surface energy balance, and near-surface atmospheric temperature and moisture content. During the second half of the twentieth century, portions of the North American Great Plains have experienced extensive introduction of irrigated agriculture. It is expected that land use change from natural grass to irrigated land use would significantly increase near-surface atmospheric moisture content. Modeling studies have already shown an enhanced rate of evapotranspiration from the irrigated areas. The present study analyzes observed dewpoint temperature (Td) to assess the affect of irrigated land use on near-surface atmospheric moisture content. This investigation provides a unique opportunity to use long-term (1982–2003) mesoscale Td data from the Automated Weather Data Network of the high plains. Long-term daily Td data from 6 nonirrigated and 11 irrigated locations have been analyzed. Daily time series were developed from the hourly data. The length of time series was the primary factor in selection of these stations. Results suggest increase in growing-season Td over irrigated areas. For example, average growing-season Td due to irrigation can be up to 1.56°C higher relative to nonirrigated land uses. It is also found that Td for individual growing-season month at irrigated locations can be increased up to 2.17°C by irrigation. Based on the results, it is concluded that the land use change in the Great Plains has modified near-surface moistness.

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Tiwari, U. P., B. Turano, and R. Jha. "Nutritional characteristics and in vitro digestibility by near-infrared spectroscopy of local and hybrid napiergrass varieties grown in rain-fed and irrigated conditions." Animal Production Science 54, no. 10 (2014): 1775. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an14289.

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Napiergrass can produce large amounts of biomass and its nutritive value has a significant effect on its effectiveness for animal production. However, temperature and drought stress limit its productivity. Drought-tolerant pearl millet × napiergrass hybrid (PMN) varieties were developed and produce high biomass yields. The nutritional content and digestibility of PMN is not well known, which limits its use in animal feeding. It was hypothesised that PMN hybrids are more drought tolerant and have higher nutritive value than napiergrass varieties. Four napiergrass varieties (Bana grass, Mott, MB4, and N51) and four PMN (PMN2, PMN3, 5344, 4604) were tested with or without irrigation treatment in a strip-plot design, with the objective of evaluating the nutritional value and in vitro digestibility of PMN hybrids and napiergrass. The forages were harvested on Day 110 of planting. Samples were hand chopped, oven-dried, ground to pass through a 1-mm screen and analysed for their nutrient content and in vitro digestibility using near-infrared spectroscopy. Dry matter (DM) content of PMN2 (24.3%) and PMN3 (22.9%) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than 5344, Bana grass and N51 napiergrass varieties. No differences (P > 0.05) in acid detergent fibre, neutral detergent fibre, crude protein and metabolisable energy were found among napiergrass varieties. With no effect (P > 0.05) of irrigation, lignin content was highest (P < 0.08) in 4604 (8.2%) and lowest in 5344 (5.2%). Starch was highest (P < 0.05) in irrigated MB4 than both irrigated and non-irrigated 4604. Non-fibre carbohydrate content was highest (P < 0.05) in PMN2 (12.8%) than MB4 (8.7%). The in vitro true digestibility was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in 5344 and Bana grass (70.0% and 68.0% of DM, respectively), than PMN3 (54.5%). Rate of digestion was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in 5344 (4.9%/h) than PMN2 (2.7%/h), others were in between. Neutral detergent fibre digestibility (NDFD) of 5344 and Bana grass (56.7% and 53.2% of neutral detergent fibre, respectively) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than PMN2 (38.0%). Although no effect of irrigation was observed, there was an interaction (P < 0.05) between variety and irrigation on neutral detergent fibre digestibility of napiergrass varieties. In conclusion, among four PMN varieties tested, PMN3 and 5344 has higher nutritional value and in vitro digestibility than PMN2 and 4604 even when grown in non-irrigated condition. Thus, PMN3 and 5344 is the preferred napiergrass variety for animal feeding, even in rain-fed farming conditions.

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Xu, Jian, Weiping Chen, Laosheng Wu, Robert Green, and Andrew C. Chang. "LEACHABILITY OF SOME EMERGING CONTAMINANTS IN RECLAIMED MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER-IRRIGATED TURF GRASS FIELDS." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 28, no. 9 (2009): 1842. http://dx.doi.org/10.1897/08-471.1.

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Cox, Steven, Michael D. Peel, J. Earl Creech, Blair L. Waldron, Jong-Su Eun, Dale R. Zobell, Rhonda L. Miller, and Don L. Snyder. "Forage Production of Grass-Legume Binary Mixtures on Intermountain Western USA Irrigated Pastures." Crop Science 57, no. 3 (May 2017): 1742–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2016.04.0235.

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Jordan, Marilyn J., Knute J. Nadelhoffer, and Brian Fry. "Nitrogen Cyclic in Forest and Grass Ecosystems Irrigated with 15 N-Enriched Wastewater." Ecological Applications 7, no. 3 (August 1997): 864. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2269439.

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Viana, Maria Celuta Machado, Inêz Pereira da Silva, Francisco Morel Freire, Mozart Martins Ferreira, Édio Luiz da Costa, Maria Helena Tabim Mascarenhas, and Matheus Ferreira França Teixeira. "Production and nutrition of irrigated Tanzania guinea grass in response to nitrogen fertilization." Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 43, no. 5 (May 2014): 238–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-35982014000500003.

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Gomes, Éder Pereira, Max Emerson Rickli, Ulysses Cecato, Camila Viana Vieira Farhate, Rafael Henrique de Tonissi e. B. de Goes, and Elir De Oliveira. "Productivity of Tifton 85 grass irrigated and overseeded with winter forages." Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences 37, no. 2 (May 21, 2015): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v37i2.25512.

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Nolz, Reinhard, Peter Cepuder, and Gerhard Kammerer. "Determining soil water-balance components using an irrigated grass lysimeter in NE Austria." Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 177, no. 2 (November 28, 2013): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jpln.201300335.

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Edraki, M., H. B. So, and E. A. Gardner. "Water balance of Swamp Mahogany and Rhodes grass irrigated with treated sewage effluent." Agricultural Water Management 67, no. 3 (July 2004): 157–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2004.02.007.

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Heatherly, Larry G., and C. Dennis Elmore. "Grass Weed Control for Soybean (Glycine max) on Clay Soil." Weed Technology 5, no. 1 (March 1991): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00033340.

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Field studies were conducted for four consecutive years to determine if repeated applications of trifluralin (preplant incorporated), metolachlor (preemergence), and fluazifop (postemergence) herbicides alone or combined could be utilized in soybean to effectively control grass weed populations and maintain optimum yield in an irrigated environment where metribuzin plus dinoseb (preemergence) and 2,4-DB plus linuron (postemergence) were used as a standard weed control system. After repeated applications each year, all treatments maintained similar yields that were no different from yields obtained from the standard system. Grass weed infestation did not increase significantly in the treatment that received only the standard weed control herbicides over the duration of the study.

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Sloan, John J., and M. C. Engelke. "Effect of Ozonated Water on Creeping Bentgrass Growth in a Sand Medium." HortTechnology 15, no. 1 (January 2005): 148–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.15.1.0148.

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Irrigation of sand-based golf greens with ozonated water may affect grass growth and chemical processes in the root zone. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of ozonated and aerated water on bentgrass growth and root zone chemistry in sand-based greens over a 12-month period. Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) cores [10 cm diameter × 12 cm depth (3.9 × 4.7 inches)] were collected from a sand-based bentgrass nursery and placed in columns designed to collect leachate water. Cores were placed in a greenhouse and irrigated with 1) municipal tap water [6 to 8 mg·L-1 (ppm) dissolved oxygen (DO)], 2) aerated tap water (12 mg·L-1 DO), or 3) ozonated tap water (aerated plus 0.8 mg·L-1 ozone). Leachate was periodically collected and analyzed for pH, electrolytic conductivity (EC), and nutrients. Grass clippings were weighed and analyzed for total nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). Roots were periodically collected from selected cores to determine root distribution. At 40 and 90 days after initiating water treatments, bentgrass irrigated with ozonated water had a higher chlorophyll index than bentgrass irrigated with tap water. After 128 and 157 days, bentgrass clipping weights were significantly greater for the cores irrigated with ozonated water and, to a lesser extent, aerated water. At 61 and 149 days, nitrate (NO3-N) and EC levels were elevated in leachate from aerated and ozonated samples, suggesting increased mineralization of organic matter in those bentgrass cores. Ozonated water increased bentgrass crown weights, but had no effect on root mass. Ozonated water did not affect bentgrass tissue N and P concentrations. Statistically significant effects from ozonated water occurred within the first few months, but sustained benefits were negligible.

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Canto, M. W., E. J. Pancera, A. Barth Neto, C. Bremm, P. U. Vier, and A. C. S. Costa. "Effects of nitrogen fertilisation and irrigation on seed yield and yield components of signal grass (Urochloa decumbens)." Crop and Pasture Science 71, no. 3 (2020): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp18369.

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The effects of nitrogen (N) fertiliser rate and irrigation on seed yield and its components were evaluated for signal grass (Urochloa decumbens (Stapf) R.D. Webster; syn. of Brachiaria decumbens Stapf) cv. Basilisk in a field experiment in Umuarama, Paraná, Brazil. Two water regimes (irrigated and non-irrigated) and four nitrogen (N) fertiliser rates (0, 25, 50 and 75 kg ha–1) were applied to perennial signal grass crops in a split-plot randomised complete block design with three replications. In two consecutive harvests, favourable rainfall resulted in irrigation having limited influence on most measurements, and the combined application of irrigation and N fertiliser did not improve seed yield. Compared with the nil N, the highest N application rate significantly increased seed yield for the first crop (266 vs 498 kg ha–1) and the second crop (104 vs 286 kg ha–1). Nitrogen fertilisation significantly increased number of seed per area, reproductive tiller density and plant biomass at harvest for the first and second crops. Harvest index, 1000-seed weight, reproductive tiller weight, number of spikelets per panicle and number of seeds per panicle were unaffected by N rate. Harvest index ranged from 1.10% to 3.63% and 1000-seed weight from 2.15 to 3.36 g. There were no treatment effects on number of days to flowering or anthesis. Fertilisation with 75 kg N ha–1 for the first crop and 50–75 kg N ha–1 for the second crop maximised signal grass seed yield.

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46

Wang, Yuxiang, Youping Sun, Genhua Niu, Chaoyi Deng, Yi Wang, and Jorge Gardea-Torresdey. "Growth, Gas Exchange, and Mineral Nutrients of Ornamental Grasses Irrigated with Saline Water." HortScience 54, no. 10 (October 2019): 1840–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci13953-19.

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Ornamental grasses are commonly used in urban landscapes in Utah and the Intermountain West of the United States. The relative salt tolerance of Eragrostis spectabilis (Pursh) Steud. (purple love grass), Miscanthus sinensis Andersson ‘Gracillimus’ (maiden grass), Panicum virgatum L. ‘Northwind’ (switchgrass), and Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash (little bluestem) were evaluated in a greenhouse. Plants were irrigated with a nutrient solution at an electrical conductivity (EC) of 1.2 dS·m–1 (control), or saline solution at an EC of 5.0 or 10.0 dS·m–1. At harvest (65 days after the initiation of treatment), P. virgatum and S. scoparium exhibited no foliar salt damage, and E. spectabilis and M. sinensis had minimal foliar salt damage when irrigated with saline solution at an EC of 5.0 dS·m–1. At an EC of 10.0 dS·m–1, P. virgatum and S. scoparium still had no foliar salt damage, but E. spectabilis and M. sinensis displayed slight foliar salt damage, with visual scores greater than 3 (0 = dead; 5 = excellent). Compared with the control, saline solution at an EC of 5.0 and 10.0 dS·m–1 reduced the shoot dry weight of all ornamental grasses by 25% and 46%, respectively. The leaf sodium (Na+) concentration of E. spectabilis, M. sinensis, P. virgatum, and S. scoparium irrigated with saline solution at an EC of 10.0 dS·m–1 increased 14.3, 52.6, 5.3, and 1.7 times, respectively, and the chloride (Cl–) concentration increased by 9.4, 11.1, 2.8, and 2.7 times, respectively. As a result of the salt-induced water deficit, plant height, leaf area, number of inflorescences and tillers, net photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (gS), and transpiration rate of four tested ornamental grasses decreased to some extent. Although high Na+ and Cl– accumulated in the leaf tissue, all ornamental grass species still had a good visual quality, with average visual scores greater than 3. In conclusion, all ornamental grasses showed a very strong tolerance to the salinity levels used in this research.

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Beloni, Tatiane, Vanessa Cristina Piotto, Gracielle Caroline Mari, Alyson Andrade Pinheiro, Cassio Antonio Tormena, and Ulysses Cecato. "Root system and resistance to penetration of Mombaça grass fertilized with nitrogen and irrigated." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 37, no. 5 (October 26, 2016): 3243. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2016v37n5p3243.

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High stocking rates in intensive pasture-based animal production systems may compromise the development of the forage roots due to increased resistance in the surface layer. This study tested the hypothesis that an increase in stocking rate resulting from different levels of nitrogen fertilization in irrigated Mombaça grass (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Mombaça) pasture under intermittent grazing could increase resistance to penetration and consequently the growth of the root system. A split-plot design with randomized blocks and subplots was used, including three replications and the following four treatments: 0, 200, 400 and 800 kg N ha?1 year. Evaluations performed in spring, summer and fall seasons were assigned as subplots. The highest values for area, diameter, length and percentage of root biomass (91.4%) were concentrated at the 0-10 cm soil depth, which is explained by the lower penetration resistance in this layer. Increased stocking rate resulting from increased levels of nitrogen in the Mombaça grass sward does not directly affect the penetration resistance of the soil or root characteristics. However, in the rainy season, higher nitrogen levels lead to increased resistance, as they provide higher cumulative stocking rates in this period.

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Yaghoobian, Neda, Jan Kleissl, and E. Scott Krayenhoff. "Modeling the Thermal Effects of Artificial Turf on the Urban Environment." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 49, no. 3 (March 1, 2010): 332–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jamc2198.1.

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Abstract The effects of artificial turf (AT) on the urban canopy layer energy balance, air and surface temperatures, and building cooling loads are compared to those of other common ground surface materials (asphalt, concrete, and grass) through heat transfer modeling of radiation, convection, and conduction. The authors apply the Temperatures of Urban Facets in 3D (TUF3D) model—modified to account for latent heat fluxes—to a clear summer day at a latitude of 33° over a typical coastal suburban area in Southern California. The low albedo of artificial turf relative to the other materials under investigation results in a reduction in shortwave radiation incident on nearby building walls and an approximately equal increase in longwave radiation. Consequently, building walls remain at a relatively cool temperature that is similar to those that are adjacent to irrigated grass surfaces. Using a simple offline convection model, replacing grass ground cover with artificial turf was found to add 2.3 kW h m−2 day−1 of heat to the atmosphere, which could result in urban air temperature increases of up to 4°C. Local effects of AT on building design cooling loads were estimated. The increased canopy air temperatures with AT increase heat conduction through the building envelope and ventilation in comparison with a building near irrigated grass. However, in this temperate climate these loads are small relative to the reduction in radiative cooling load through windows. Consequently, overall building design cooling loads near AT decrease by 15%–20%. In addition, the irrigation water conservation with AT causes an embodied energy savings of 10 W h m−2 day−1. Locally, this study points to a win–win situation for AT use for urban landscaping as it results in water and energy conservation.

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Marín, José, Salima Yousfi, Pedro V. Mauri, Lorena Parra, Jaime Lloret, and Alberto Masaguer. "RGB Vegetation Indices, NDVI, and Biomass as Indicators to Evaluate C3 and C4 Turfgrass under Different Water Conditions." Sustainability 12, no. 6 (March 11, 2020): 2160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12062160.

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Grasslands have a natural capacity to decrease air pollution and a positive impact on human life. However, their maintenance requires adequate irrigation, which is difficult to apply in many regions where drought and high temperatures are frequent. Therefore, the selection of grass species more tolerant to a lack of irrigation is a fundamental criterion for green space planification. This study compared responses to deficit irrigation of different turfgrass mixtures: a C4 turfgrass mixture, Cynodon dactylon-Brachypodium distachyon (A), a C4 turfgrass mixture, Buchloe dactyloides-Brachypodium distachyon (B), and a standard C3 mixture formed by Lolium perenne-Festuca arundinacea-Poa pratensis (C). Three different irrigation regimes were assayed, full irrigated to 100% (FI-100), deficit irrigated to 75% (DI-75), and deficit irrigated to 50% (DI-50) of container capacity. Biomass, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), green area (GA), and greener area (GGA) vegetation indices were measured. Irrigation significantly affected the NDVI, biomass, GA, and GGA. The most severe condition in terms of decreasing biomass and vegetation indices was DI-50. Both mixtures (A) and (B) exhibited higher biomass, NDVI, GA, and GGA than the standard under deficit irrigation. This study highlights the superiority of (A) mixture under deficit irrigation, which showed similar values of biomass and vegetation indices under full irrigated and deficit irrigated (DI-75) container capacities.

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Pritchard, KE. "Yield and quality of irrigated summer fodder crops in northern Victoria." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 27, no. 6 (1987): 817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9870817.

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Dry matter (DM) yield, in vitro digestibility (DMD%), and nitrogen (N) concentration were determined for 28 cultivars of millet (Echinochloa utilis), hybrid forage sorghum (Sorghum spp.) and maize (Zea mays), under irrigation at Kyabram, Victoria. These summer fodder crops produced large amounts of digestible dry matter (DDM) under intensive irrigated management in northern Victoria, indicating their potential importance for animal production in irrigated warm temperate regions, where pasture dominates the present land use. Single harvest cultivars produced more DM and DDM than did multiple-cut types but with a lower N concentration and generally lower digestibility. Comparing the highest 3-year mean yields for each species, sweet sorghum cv. Honey drip produced more dry matter (273 t/ha) than did maize cv. XL77 (21.6 t/ha) but yields of DDM were similar (14.4 v. 14.0 t/ha). Both yielded more DM and DDM than grain sorghum cv. Pacific 303 (20.1 t DM/ha and 12.4 t DDM/ha). Maize had higher digestibility (65.0%) than grain sorghum (61.5%) or sweet sorghum (53.0% DMD) and higher N concentration (1.1%) than sweet sorghum (0.9%). All maize cultivars had similar dry matter yields but differed in grain yield. Echinochloa millet cv. Shirohie produced a similar amount of DM (16.3 t/ha) and DDM (10.8 t DM/ha) to sorghum x sudan grass hybrid cv. Sudax (17.1 t DM/ha and 10.7 t DDM/ha). This contrasts with their comparative performance at lower latitudes where sorghum hybrids have the higher yield. There was no difference in mean yield between cultivars of sorghum x sudan grass hybrid. Millet had a higher digestibility (65.9%) and nitrogen concentration (1.9%) than sorghum x sudan hybrids (63.3% DMD, 1.5% N). In this environment, maize and Echinochloa millet had similar DDM yield capacities to sorghum cultivars oftheir equivalent type but superior forage quality.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Irrigated grass'

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