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Journal articles on the topic 'Irrigation Agriculture'
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Kruse, E. Gordon, James E. Ells, and Ann E. McSay. "Scheduling Irrigations for Carrots." HortScience 25, no. 6 (June 1990): 641–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.6.641.
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A 3-year irrigation scheduling study on carrots (Daucus carota L.) was conducted at the Colorado State Univ. Horticulture Research Center near Fort Collins to determine the irrigation schedule that produced the best combination of high water use efficiency and marketable yields with the least amount of water and fewest irrigations. This study used an irrigation scheduling program developed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service with crop coefficients calculated for carrots. Maximum carrot production and water use efficiency were obtained when the scheduling program simulated a 30-cm rooting depth at planting, increasing linearly to 60 cm in 75 days. Best yields and water use efficiency were attained by irrigating whenever 40% of the available water in the root zone had been depleted. The computer program for irrigation scheduling is available on diskette from the authors.
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Tendeku, D. K., M. A. Akudungu, and J. S. Dittoh. "The Effects of Participation in Smallholder Irrigated Agriculture on Livelihoods in the Bawku Area of Ghana." International Journal of Irrigation and Agricultural Development (IJIRAD) 1, no. 1 (January 24, 2018): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.47762/2017.964x.23.
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Irrigation is one of the key strategies for agricultural transformation and commercialization processes in Ghana and elsewhere in the developing world. This is because irrigation provides opportunity for extended agricultural production, particularly in areas characterized by short duration and low intensity rainfall regimes. Thus, irrigation provides a unique opportunity for the poor, who are mostly smallholder farmers to urge themselves out of poverty. In order to enhance and sustain the benefits from irrigation, there is the need for careful and rigorous study to understand the socio-economic underpinnings of irrigation participation. This paper sought to investigate the factors that influence participation in irrigated agriculture and its effects on livelihoods. The method of analysis involved an estimation of treatment effect model. The study relied mainly on primary data collected from 304 respondents randomly sampled across four irrigating communities in the Bawku West District of Ghana. The empirical results show that age, marital status, market availability, extension contact and farm size significantly influence farmers’ decision to participate in irrigated agriculture. Participation in irrigation positively affects livelihoods development. However, the benefits of irrigation are likely to be offset by large household sizes, source of water for irrigation and education. The study recommends that farmers must be assisted with improved technologies in irrigated agriculture supported by gender sensitive extension services to ensure effective technology use. There is also the need for improved access to markets.
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M, Magesh Babu, Revathy S, Revathy S, Sathya P, and Subbulakshmi R. "Evergreen based Agriculture Irrigation System using IoT." SIJ Transactions on Computer Science Engineering & its Applications (CSEA) 05, no. 02 (April 14, 2017): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.9756/sijcsea/v5i2/05010150101.
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C N, Lakshmiprasad, Aashish R, and Syed Muzaffar J. "Smart Irrigation in Agriculture." IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 9, no. 6 (2014): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/1676-09613440.
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Timon, Freedom, Ibraheem Alhassan, Musa Mohammed Maunde, and Nyandansobi John Simon. "Irrigation Water Productivity of Rice under Various Irrigation Schedules and Tillage Practices in Northern Guinea Savanna Region of Nigeria." Trends Journal of Sciences Research 2, no. 3 (September 30, 2015): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31586/agriculture.0203.05.
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Rustinsyah, Rustinsyah. "Social capital in agricultural irrigation management of “RBUMDES Mursapa”." Masyarakat, Kebudayaan dan Politik 32, no. 2 (June 28, 2019): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/mkp.v32i22019.123-133.
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Peasants in Plandirejo Village who live along the Bengawan Solo River use river water for agriculture. To distribute river water to agricultural land use the pump. It needs to be managed together so that it can be used properly. RBUMDES Mursapa as an institution that has succeeded in managing agriculture in Plandirejo Village. The role of social capital as one of the factors causing success in managing agriculture. Social capital is a network of elements of stakeholders involved in achieving the same goals. Therefore, qualitative research was conducted from June 2016 to July 2017 by collecting data through observation, interviews and FGD (Focus Discussion Group) with stakeholders managing agriculture. The purpose of the study is to describe social capital in irrigation management and its consideration of the sustainability of agricultural activities in the village. The results of this study are: a) social capital has an important role to succeed in managing agriculture; and b) agricultural development planning between the sustainability of agriculture and the development of communities in the village such as agricultural production which is quite high, in the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, and provides support for national agricultural improvement programs. The impacts of the success of RBUMDES Mursapa include: a) contributes to rural development and accommodates the activities of village government; b) to mobilize rural farming activities; c) open up employment for male and female.
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Bahagia, Bahagia, Fachruddin Majeri Mangunjaya, Zuzy Anna, and Rimun Wibowo. "INDIGENIOUS KNOWLEDGE OF URUG SOCIETIES FOR AGRICULTURE IRRIGATION IN BOGOR WEST JAVA." JURNAL SOSIAL HUMANIORA 11, no. 2 (October 12, 2020): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.30997/jsh.v11i2.3226.
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The objective of this research to investigate traditional agricultural irrigation based on indigenious knowledge of customary urug societies in Bogor West Java. The research method use is Ethnoecology qualitative approach. This method is implemented because research have conection among human (cultural & social) and environment including traditional agriculture water management as well as the knowledge about environment. Data are collected by in-depth interview, observation and documentation. In order to determine respondents as major sources information use purposive sampling technique. The outcome is analized with combination numerous of method such as in-dept interview, observation, and documentation (triangulation data). There are some results including rice paddy field in Urug societies exert traditional terrascering for inventing land for cultivating of paddy because geograhpycally location of wet land paddy is mountainious. The another is traditional irrigation of Urug slue river water (main sources of irrigation) to to susukan (traditional reservoir). After that water is flowed to Selokan and continue to rice paddy field. The person who have mandatory for water agriculture management is mentioned as Ulu-ulu. Ulu-ulu is pivotal person because have chores for ensuring all farmer received water from river, Susukan and selokan. The other finding is Urug customary societies applicate gotong royong (mutual cooperation) among member of societies typically in traditional agriculture irrigatin activity. Keywords: Indigenious Knowledge, Susukan, Ulu-ulu, Traditional irrigation, traditional agriculture
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Ya.E., Pulatov. "Water-saving irrigation technologies and water use efficiency in agriculture." Ekologiya i stroitelstvo 4 (2017): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.35688/2413-8452-2017-04-004.
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Results of researches of water saving up technologies for irrigation of agricultural crops and effective utilization of water resources in the Tajikistan are described. The comparative estimation of usage methods of water savings is spent and proved that the cheapest method of additional safeguarding of volume of water (up 1000 м3) appeared during introduction of water saving up technologies for irrigation at which expenses is only 1…5 US dollars. It is established that on prospect for maintenance of food safety for Tajikistan it is necessary to develop the suitable new earths for irrigation equal 500…800 thousand hectare, thus a total perspective water fence for all branches of economy will reach volume 18 км3. Lacks of existing system irrigation are revealed that efficiency of use of irrigating water very low and make up from 0.4 to 0.6. Water saving up technologies depending on investment of capital is divided into 2 groups: water saving up technologies, demanding small expenses and demanding big expenses. It is established that at a drop irrigation of a cotton, corn, vegetable cultures and microirrigation of wheat, the economy of irrigating water reaches up to 60 %, and productivity raises in 1.8 … 2.0 times.
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Afzal, Muhammad. "Managing Water Resources for Environmentally Sustainable Irrigated Agriculture in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 35, no. 4II (December 1, 1996): 977–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v35i4iipp.977-988.
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Pakistan’s agriculture is almost wholly dependent on irrigation and irrigated land supplies more than 90 percent of agricultural production. Irrigation is central to Pakistan’s economy. Massive investments in irrigation contributed to the development of one of the largest Indus Basin Irrigation System. Despite heavy budgetary inputs in irrigation system, it is facing shortage of resources and suffering from operational problems. The sustainability of irrigated agriculture is threatened due to problems of waterlogging and salinity, inadequate operation and maintenance, insufficient recovery of O&M expenditure, inequitable distribution, environmental degradation, institutional issues etc. The growing scarcity of water sets the future stage for intensive competition over water between agriculture and non-agricultural users. The growing need for food and fibre requirements of increasing population further limits the per capita availability of water. Due to the limited prospects for expanding irrigation facilities, the projected increase in irrigated agriculture will have to come from significant improvement in the performance of existing systems. Policy-makers and planners are of the view that Pakistan’s irrigated agriculture requires new strategies to enhance input efficiency and maintain and improve the quality of the resource base and to get the irrigation system out of crises. There is a global movement for searching a new type of relationship between the managers of irrigated agriculture and farmers. Such options are being considered by government at various levels to put the system on sustainable development path. In addressing the environmentally sustainable water resource management in Pakistan, the paper makes an attempt to provide an over-view of water resource issues and options.
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Sohou, Laurenda Rose, Christel Kénou, Jean Mianikpo Sogbedji, Luc Ollivier Sintondji, Euloge Kossi Agbossou, and Guy Apollinaire Mensah. "Synthese Bibliographique Sur Les Technologies De Maitrise De L’eau Pour Les Cultures Dans Les Zones Humides Tropicales." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 3 (January 31, 2017): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n3p152.
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Water management for agriculture is a worry in the world. The objective of this study is to provide an overview of the current knowledge on water control’s technologies for the crops in wetlands. Comparison research work carried out on different irrigation systems revealed that drip irrigation can lead to 28-35% of water saving in relation to irrigation surface technic. Surface irrigation offers higher yield in relation to drip irrigation. It’s necessary to improve knowledge and local communities’ technics on different water control technologies in order to provide irrigation’s functions in developing countries. Research efforts on three important concepts are necessary such as : (i) local communities perceptions on crops water need and the responses of differents crops technologies on crops yield ; (ii) interactions between agricultures prospects, water controls innvations and economics benefits of theses technologies.
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Devanand Kumar, G., B. Vidheya Raju, and Durgesh Nandan. "A Review on the Smart Irrigation System." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, no. 9 (July 1, 2020): 4239–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.9053.
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Agriculture is one of the broadest economic sectors in our country, many farmers and labor depend upon agriculture to develop and to increase the economy of our country. We use many wireless communication modules to communicate the status of the field. We use the smart irrigator system and the smart sensing system and many other sensors to use smart irrigation techniques efficient. The placement of different sensors in different positions of the fields to know the real status of the field. By this, we can automatically water the crop and operate different motors without any physical work. The basic components of this idea are to use the sensors and to get an efficient output in the agricultural sector.
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Soomro, Aeeman, Tanweer Hussain, and Wali Muhammad Daudpota. "Design and Installation of Controlled Drip Irrigation System." WEENTECH Proceedings in Energy 4, no. 2 (October 9, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.32438/wpe.9518.
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Globally, agriculture sector uses major share of available freshwater. Pakistan is an agricultural country and its major economy depends upon the agriculture sector. In Pakistan, freshwater sacristy rate is increasing due to poor sanitation and water management system, increase in population and food demands, and use of fresh water flood irrigation system to irrigate the agricultural land. This ultimately poses harmful effect on the economy of country. About 73% of freshwater resource is consumed for the irrigation purpose in Pakistan. The increase in population and the food demand is an impetus to adopt drip irrigation system at large in the country. In such a scenario, controlled drip irrigation system serves the suitable technique to limit the water supplied to the crops at regular interval for agriculture, and replaces the flood irrigation system. Besides ordinary drip irrigation system, the controlled drip irrigation system monitors and controls the soil moisture and temperature of the crops using sensors and actuators. This study is aimed at designing and installation of controlled drip irrigation system for crop fields at Nasarpur, Sindh, Pakistan. It was expected that agricultural sector will become more productive by effectively using the fresh water resources. The study has shown that converting conventional irrigation into controlled drip irrigation has saved freshwater to a greater extent and marginal excessive use energy used in pumping and the control system. On the other hand it has also minimized the energy usage for pumping fresh water through large tube wells.
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Mkpado, Mmaduabuchukwu, and Ndidiamaka Sandra Mkpado. "Comparative analysis of employment trend in African agriculture relative to other regions: a gender perspective." African Journal of Economic and Management Studies 11, no. 3 (July 13, 2020): 359–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ajems-01-2019-0018.
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PurposeLucrative employment in agriculture is fundamental to poverty alleviation in Africa. The paper examined employment along gender, impact of materials and proportion of female employment in African agriculture.Design/methodology/approachTime series econometrics was employed in the framework of production function analysis involving 36 years of data.FindingsResults show that world labour in agriculture decreased from 49.77 to 40.04% but increased from 12.43 to 16.94% in Africa. World female employment in agriculture ranged from 40.56 to 42.81% and from 40.40 to 43.02% in developing economies, but decreased from 40.39 to 36.08% in developed economies. Total agricultural labour in Africa was negatively and significantly related to agricultural gross production index number (APIN).Research limitations/implicationsInteraction of cattle stock and females employed in agriculture was positive and significant at pooled African values. Interaction of irrigation facilities and female labour was positive and significant in West Africa. Interaction of cattle stock and total labour in Southern Africa had negative relationship with APIN. Interaction of total labour and irrigation had negative relationship with APIN in Africa. Insufficient agricultural facilities in terms of cattle stock and irrigation infrastructure for the populace exist. It recommends increased investments to expand irrigated lands and livestock.Practical implicationsAfrican governments need to use good political will to effect the needed transformation in agriculture. It is possible for agriculture to offer lucrative employment to both males and females in less developed world as in developed economies.Originality/valueThe paper noted very limited agricultural facilities in terms of cattle stock and irrigation facilities for the populace engaged in agriculture. It recommends investments to expand irrigated lands and livestock.
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Loiskandl, Willibald, and Reinhard Nolz. "Requirements for Sustainable Irrigated Agriculture." Agronomy 11, no. 2 (February 9, 2021): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020306.
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The aim of this review is to present a holistic view on irrigation with respect to local environmental and social conditions. Future irrigation development is addressed with a focus on sustainable development. However, technical irrigation aspects are included and references are provided for further reading and completeness. An irrigation intervention is always a combination of feasible technical, social and environmental aspects. This review provides an overview of the various fields of expertise involved in irrigation interventions and contributes to cross-discipline discussions and understanding. The selected cases demonstrate the bias of human developments and they serve to raise awareness of the impact of human interventions. The practical examples refer mainly to the authors’ project experiences and were selected so as to support pathways for sustainable irrigation development. Placing modern irrigation in relation to sustainable development goals needs a sophisticated holistic approach.
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Crossley, Phil L. "Sub-irrigation in wetland agriculture." Agriculture and Human Values 21, no. 2/3 (2004): 191–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:ahum.0000029395.84972.5e.
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Saccon, Pierpaolo. "Water for agriculture, irrigation management." Applied Soil Ecology 123 (February 2018): 793–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2017.10.037.
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Vimal, S. P., N. Sathish Kumar, M. Kasiselvanathan, and K. B. Gurumoorthy. "Smart Irrigation System in Agriculture." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1917, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 012028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1917/1/012028.
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Zhang, Linna, Huimin Wang, Zhisong Chen, Zhou Fang, Dongying Sun, and Gang Liu. "Empirical Analysis and Countermeasures of the Irrigation Efficiency Paradox in the Shenwu Irrigation Area, China." Water 12, no. 11 (November 10, 2020): 3142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12113142.
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Water-saving in agriculture is critical for building a water-conserving society. However, the application of high-efficiency water-saving technology in agriculture may create a paradox of irrigation efficiency. Efficiency improvement in agricultural water utilization may not lead to the expected agricultural water-saving. In this paper, a rebound intensity model of the irrigation efficiency paradox is established and combined with remote sensing measurement to verify the irrigation efficiency paradox caused by expanding the irrigation area in the Shenwu Irrigation Area, China. Based on ideas in the principal–agent theory and stakeholder theory, it is concluded that the essence of the irrigation efficiency paradox is the conflict of interests among stakeholders with asymmetric information due to inadequate regulatory capacity. A dual principal–agent model is formulated to optimize the conflict among heterogeneous stakeholders in the paradox. The results show that the paradox should be restrained by a suitable distribution mechanism of water-saving gains, improved irrigation water metering, and enhanced water-use monitoring.
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Dandhare, Niketan B. "Solar Powered Smart Irrigation System with GSM for Agriculture." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 14, 2021): 643–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35033.
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Most of the Indian people are dependent on agriculture and for this reason our country’s economy is mainly dependent on agriculture, so efficient agriculture requires proper irrigation and can improve our country’s economy accordingly. We can achieve this with the help of various electronic devices and through its use we can get proper irrigation in this field in an automated manner. Project Irrigation and Water Level Control using AT89S52 designed to address agricultural sector issues related to irrigation and water monitoring systems with available water resources. Prolonged periods of dry weather conditions due to fluctuations in annual rainfall can significantly reduce agricultural yields. Profiteering companies need an efficient irrigation system as their intolerance to the cost and drought of establishing these crops. On this project we're the usage of AT89s52 (8051 microcontroller), humidity sensor, dc water pump, relay driving force, level sensor, gsm modem, sun panel, battery etc. A sprinkler turns on / off depending on soil moisture condition and condition. The motor can be displayed in text messages via the GSM model on a 16X2 LCD. Also, the water level can be monitored by level sensors. It helps to know the availability of water at the input source
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Solovyev, Dmitry Aleksandrovich, Galina Nickolaevna Kamyshova, Nadezhda Nikolaevna Terekhova, Dmitriy Gennadievich Goryunov, and Arman Vardumian. "Digital technologies in irrigation management." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 4 (April 29, 2019): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2019i4pp93-97.
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The article presents the results of the analysis of existing digital technologies used for irrigation management. As practice shows, the use of digital technologies and modern digital tools in irrigation management contributes to further improving the efficiency of agricultural production and developing the potential of domestic agriculture.
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Davies, Stephen, Wajiha Saeed, Muhammad Saad Moeen, Tehmina Tanveer, and Aamer Irshad. "Fiscal Space for Investment in Agriculture— A Review of Taxes and Subsidies in Agriculture in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 55, no. 4I-II (December 1, 2016): 873–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v55i4i-iipp.873-887.
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Despite agriculture’s importance in terms of its relationship to poverty and welfare of the poorest households, the government finds it increasingly difficult to find the fiscal space for budgetary allocations for agriculture and agricultural RD. We hypothesise that expansion of expenditures on agriculture is possible in the short to medium run with a combination of reallocations and new taxation. We argue that existing spending aimed towards the agriculture sector includes very large outlays on implicit subsidies that are largely unproductive. These costs include: subsidisation of gas for fertiliser plants, which approach Rs 48 billion in gas subsidies to fertiliser companies; the full costs of the infrastructure and operation and maintenance of the irrigation system, which amount to Rs 166 billion per year; and losses on wheat procurement, which have been about Rs 25 billion recently. On the taxation side, while agricultural producers are not currently liable to pay tax on income, they do however pay indirect taxes on agricultural inputs. Using a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM), we estimate agricultural producer pay about Rs 61 billion, mostly from GST taxes on fertiliser. Using a Computable General Equilibrium model, we show that agriculture could contribute further with an income tax on agricultural income. With a ―low-rate-widebase‖ income tax of 15 percent on non-poor, medium and large farms, as much as Rs 130 billion could be raised, enough to cover, for example, a sizable portion of the operation and maintenance cost of the irrigation system. JEL Classifications: D58, E16, H20, H22, H23, Q10 Keywords: Agriculture, Fiscal Policy, Subsidies, Taxation, General Equilibrium, Social Accounting Matrix, Pakistan
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Usman, Muhammad, Gulnaz Hameed, Abdul Saboor, and Lal Khan Almas. "Research and Development Spillover, Irrigation Water Use and Agricultural Production in Pakistan." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT 17 (August 4, 2021): 840–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232015.2021.17.79.
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This research entails investigation of the impacts of Research and Development (R&D) spillover and irrigation water use efficiency on agricultural productivity in Pakistan. Influenced through the importance of R&D spillovers in innovation, water scarcity, irrigation technology, internal and external R&D shocks, human capital, agriculture employment and land were analyzed in the agricultural productivity. Considered the research objectives the annual timeseries data is collected for the period of 1973 to 2020 from different sources. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model is applied to investigate the contribution of knowledge spillover and water resources efficiency for agricultural production in Pakistan. The results suggest the presence of positive and significant impact of foreign and domestic R&D spillovers on agriculture productivity of Pakistan. Further, the study found presence of larger positive externalities associated with external R&D spillovers in agriculture productivity. The estimates highlight that efficient utilization of water technology performs positive role in agriculture productivity in Pakistan. The results of both human capital and interactive term have negative sign and are significant which has clearly indicated that agriculture labor has less absorptive ability of foreign knowledge spillover. From the estimated results, it is recommended that government needs to focus on availability and accessibility of advance technology for farmers through increased outreach and extension services to educate the farmers and accelerate adoption of innovation in agriculture. Further, it is recommended that the Pakistani government must focus on the exploration of alternative irrigation technology in agriculture production for efficient use of water to increase agriculture productivity. Through the adoption of advanced irrigation techniques, the farmers can conserve the irrigated water, enhance water use efficiency in food production and overcome climatic challenges for agriculture production as well as food insecurity issues in Pakistan.
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Pardaev, Ahrorqul Hasanovich. "The History Of Irrigated Agriculture In The Jizzakh Oasis." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 03, no. 05 (May 7, 2021): 128–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume03issue05-23.
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This article studies irrigated agriculture in the Jizzakh oasis based on written and archaeological sources. The irrigation system of the Jizzakh oasis of the XVI-XIX centuries, the terms associated with irrigation, the agricultural oases formed during this period have been scientifically studied.
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Van der Merwe, D. S. "Utilization of water in agriculture: strategy for the future." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 4, no. 4 (March 18, 1985): 156–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v4i4.1050.
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A n exposition is given of the factors influencing future utilization of water in agriculture. These are the quantity of water available for agricultural purposes, the increasing mineralisation of irrigation water and the effect of energy demands on irrigation. To meet this situation, research is necessary. The recommendations of four irrigation research workshops in this regard are discussed. From these discussions a strategy for future water
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Math, RajinderKumar Mallayya, and Nagaraj V. Dharwadkar. "An Intelligent Irrigation Scheduling and Monitoring System for Precision Agriculture Application." International Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Information Systems 11, no. 4 (October 2020): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijaeis.2020100101.
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In spite of technological advancements, the farm productivity of Indian agriculture is still on the lower side. The underlying reason for poor farm productivity in India is due to the inefficient usage of agricultural inputs, resulting in low or poor-quality agricultural yields. Water happens to be one of such imperative agricultural input that has a huge impact on agricultural productivity. Precision agriculture systems can take care of irrigation requirements by optimally and efficiently using irrigation water for producing crops having superior quality and quantity. This work proposes a smart irrigation system that can efficiently manage the water requirements of the crop for its optimal growth. The irrigation schedules are developed using a feed forward neural network model that can predict the variation in the soil moisture considering the environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, and the rain. The results indicate the effectiveness of the developed system in predicting the soil moisture with mean square error as low as 0.13 and the R value as high as 0.98.
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Rakesh, Noora. "Smart Irrigation using IOT and Arduino." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 30, 2021): 4266–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35691.
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India is in particular an agricultural country. Agriculture is the maximum vital career for the maximum of the Indian families. It performs essential position withinside the improvement of agricultural country. In India, agriculture contributes approximately 16% of general GDP and 10% of general exports. Water is most important aid for Agriculture. Irrigation is one approach to deliver water but, in a few cases, there could be lot of water wastage. So, on this regard to shop water and time we've got proposed venture titled automated irrigation device the use of IoT the clever irrigation device is evolved to optimize water use and effective agricultural crops. The primary thing required to get desired results are Temperature, Humidity, Light depth and Water. Keeping those parameters in thoughts we have constructed a Smart irrigation device Over IOT the usage of Arduino. This device may be very green for developing edible vegetation with quality. The different vital a part of this venture is that it is completely automatic These days IOT is broadly used in lots of applications. This machine has a dispensed wi-fi community of soil-moisture and temperature sensors placed withinside the root quarter of the plants. In addition, a gateway unit handles sensor information, triggers and transmits sensors records the usage of IOT to a web utility and Android utility. A set of rules became advanced with threshold values of temperature and soil moisture that became programmed into a Arduino primarily based totally gateway to control water quantity.
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Karshiev, Rustam, Abduvoxid Urazkeldiyev, Adhamjon Rajabov, and Azizbek Ernazarov. "Hydraulic calculation of reliability and safety parameters of the irrigation network and its hydraulic facilities." E3S Web of Conferences 264 (2021): 04087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126404087.
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Nowadays, more than 155.7 thousand km of irrigation networks are operated by WUA, farms and clusters. 95% of irrigation networks were built and commissioned in the 80s of the last centuries. The parameters of the irrigation canals, built in the 70-80s of the XX century, are set for irrigation of cotton and alfalfa irrigated agriculture during the growing season 170-210 days. Irrigation networks have been designed for this crop rotation scheme. Since 1993, the rotation scheme has changed to cotton-wheat. Irrigation networks began to operate continuously throughout the year after the transition of agricultural production to the cultivation of autumn cereals, which require irrigation from October to May. As a result, it has become difficult to carry out repair work on irrigation networks. In addition, irrigation networks have been designed, built and operated by adapting crops to traditional irrigation systems. In recent years, large-scale work has been carried out on the widespread implementation of water-saving technologies in agriculture.
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Xu, Yuan-jun, Jia-ding Wang, Tian-feng Gu, and Jia-xu Kong. "Geological Hazards in Loess Induced by Agricultural Irrigation in Arid and Semiarid Regions of China." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (November 22, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8859166.
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The development of agriculture in the arid and semiarid regions of China mainly depends on agricultural irrigation. Until 2016, water required for agricultural irrigation has accounted for more than 90% of the total water consumption. But traditionally extensive broad irrigation causes frequent loess geological hazards in irrigation area and it threatens security of local life and property. In this paper, we selected the Heifangtai irrigation district in Yongjing County, Gansu Province, where frequent instabilities occur, as the study area. We used laboratory tests and numerical simulation to examine the mechanism of loess landslides owing to the irrigation hydrological cycle. Irrigation changes the local natural hydrogeological conditions because of the loose and macroporous structure of loess. The numerous pores and fissures constitute preferential migration pathways of irrigation water; thus, irrigation can increase the groundwater level and hydraulic gradient. Broad irrigation is the main inducing factor of geological hazards (including landslides, collapses, and soil salinization) in arid and semiarid regions, and the development of fissures and sinkholes increases the risk of landslides. New water-saving irrigation methods need to replace the traditional irrigation methods and improve the utilization of water resources. A monitoring and warning system in susceptible areas should be established to ensure the sustainability of local agriculture.
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Meinzen-Dick, Ruth. "Performance of Groundwater Markets in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 32, no. 4II (December 1, 1993): 833–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v32i4iipp.833-845.
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Irrigation provides crucial water for agricultural production on over 80 percent of the gross cropped area in Pakistan. Most of this irrigation comes through public canal systems, but groundwater has become a crucial input, both as a sole source of irrigation and as a supplement to surface irrigation in canal irrigation commands. However, ownership of private tubewells is concentrated among large farmers: 70 percent of all tubewells are owned by farmers with over 12.5 acres and half are owned by farmers with over 25 acres, which seems "to point toward an adverse effect of private tubewells on income distribution within agriculture" [World Bank (1984), p. 35]. Institutional arrangements are needed to spread access to groundwater to other farmers, to increase agricultural productivity and improve equity in the use of irrigation water resources without overcapitalisation of agriculture. Water m~kets provide one of the most promising institutional mechanisms for increasing access to irrigation from private groundwater, for providing vertical drainage, and for increasing the efficiency of water use in irrigation systems see Rosegrant and Binswanger (1992). While such markets are not formalised or officially recognised, the sale of water from private tubewells is a growing form of private irrigation development. I This paper examines the nature and operation of markets for groundwater in Pakistan. It deals with the extent of water market development, who participates, and the effect of purchased irrigation on the productivity of irrigated agriculture. It concludes with policy issues for improving the performance of water markets.
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Rosa, Jadir A. "Integrating professional education, research and extensionin irrigated agriculture technology centers." Engenharia Agrícola 31, no. 6 (December 2011): 1212–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-69162011000600018.
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With the objective to stimulate the use of irrigation and the electric energy fee reduction during night time program granted by the 2004 Federal law, the Government of the state of Paraná, Brazil launched the Night Irrigation Program - NPI. Beyond this discount, the farmer that adheres to NPI will get additional benefits, as completion of the electric grid without cost, subsidized financing of equipment, technical assistance, support with environmental farm compliance, and the possibility of replacing the entire pump energy matrix. As part of the NPI strategy of action, installation of learning centers for irrigation technology was planned in agricultural schools, thus contributing both to improve technical professional training in agriculture, and for the dissemination of knowledge in irrigated agriculture, in order to increase agricultural productivity.
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Soloviev, Dmitry Aleksandrovich, Larisa Anatolyevna Zhuravleva, and Rinat Nagimovich Bakhtiev. "Digital technology in agriculture." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 11 (November 14, 2019): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2019i11pp95-98.
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The article discusses the possibility of improving the technology of tillage, fertilizers, pesticides and irrigation through the integrated introduction of digital technologies and intellectual-advising control systems of agricultural machines. In Saratov State Vavilov Agrarian University conducted research of control systems of agricultural machinery, providing remote control operation, collecting and transmitting information on the status of implementation of technological operations, based on the use of computer technology. A robotic platform is being developed for the use of attachments that perform technological operations of fertilization and irrigation on the basis of the principle of "precision farming". The control system of the robotic irrigation complex is being improved.
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Chaudhary, Deepa. "Groundwater Irrigation in Punjab." Thematics Journal of Geography 8, no. 9 (September 4, 2019): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/tjg.v8i9.8422.
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Punjab located in the north western part of India is a small state comprising 1.54per cent of the total geographical area and little over2 per cent of the total population in the country. It is the largest contributor of wheat (around 55 per cent) and second largest of paddy (around 42 per cent) thoughts relative contribution in central pool of food grains both for wheat and paddy has been declining during the last few years. Sustainability of agriculture in Punjab is thus important for the state’s economy and also for food security in India Groundwater has played a key role in success of Green Revolution in India especially in original Green Revolution states comprising Punjab, Haryana, and western Uttar Pradesh (UP). The agriculture in state has reached a plateau making it very hard to make further progress under available technologies and the natural resource base; and the very sustainability of rice-wheat production system is under threat and climate change is posing new challenge on future agricultural growth.
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Vogels, Marjolein, Steven de Jong, Geert Sterk, Harke Douma, and Elisabeth Addink. "Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Smallholder Irrigated Agriculture in the Horn of Africa Using GEOBIA and Sentinel-2 Imagery." Remote Sensing 11, no. 2 (January 13, 2019): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11020143.
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Irrigated agriculture practiced by smallholders is essential for food security in East Africa. Insight in the spatio-temporal distribution of irrigated agriculture is required to optimize irrigation water use. Irrigation-mapping efforts in the complex smallholder-dominated agricultural landscape in the Horn of Africa so far are generally too coarse and often the extent of smallholder irrigated agriculture is underestimated. The arrival of Sentinel-2 (10-m resolution) considerably enhanced the prospect of analyzing agriculture at field level. The objective of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility to map spatio-temporal patterns of smallholder irrigated agriculture in the Horn of Africa using a novel method based on object-based image analysis and Sentinel-2 imagery. The method includes segmentation at field level and smart process-based rules on neighbouring objects and NDVI time series to distinguish irrigated agriculture from rainfed agriculture. The assumption is that irrigation is applied at field level, while a rainfall event is not restricted to field borders and that this information on the local context of irrigated agriculture can be exploited in an object-based approach. Monthly land-use maps on irrigated agriculture were produced for September 2016 to August 2017 at 10-m resolution field level (objects). Three different spatial-heterogeneity thresholds were used to describe the vegetation development of neighbouring objects and to assign crop growth to either rainfall or irrigation. This method is unique as it can discriminate irrigation- and rainfall-induced crop growth, even in the rainy season. The estimates of irrigated agriculture in the Horn of Africa range from 27.96 Mha to 37.13 Mha. This is 2.8 to 3.7 times higher than the current highest estimate, the Global Irrigated Area Map at 1000 m resolution, and 1.2 to 1.7 times higher than the Irrigated Area Map Asia (2000–2010) and Africa (2010) when including water-managed non-irrigated croplands. For the dry season (October–March), the estimates of irrigated agriculture range from 17.67 Mha to 23.72 Mha. The irrigation frequency, the number of time steps (months) with irrigation events in the studied year, varies strongly. Irrigated area with an irrigation frequency of 1 to 2 events has a mapped surface area of 22.57 Mha to 23.13 Mha. Irrigated area with an irrigation frequency of 3 or more events has a mapped surface area of 4.83 Mha to 14.56 Mha. The produced maps will provide valuable information for the development of irrigated agriculture and optimization of irrigation water use in the Horn of Africa. In addition, the portability of this method to other (semi-)arid regions seems feasible as the local context of irrigated agriculture, used in this study for irrigation classification, describes universal characteristics regarding irrigated agriculture. This is especially valuable in the context of food security and water availability for other large data-poor regions in low- and middle-income countries.
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Khadse, Kavita. "To Study Applications of Agricultural Drones in Irrigation and Agriculture." Bioscience Biotechnology Research Communications 14, no. 9 (June 25, 2021): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21786/bbrc/14.9.18.
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Angelakιs, Andreas N., Daniele Zaccaria, Jens Krasilnikoff, Miquel Salgot, Mohamed Bazza, Paolo Roccaro, Blanca Jimenez, et al. "Irrigation of World Agricultural Lands: Evolution through the Millennia." Water 12, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 1285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12051285.
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Many agricultural production areas worldwide are characterized by high variability of water supply conditions, or simply lack of water, creating a dependence on irrigation since Neolithic times. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the evolution of irrigation of agricultural lands worldwide, based on bibliographical research focusing on ancient water management techniques and ingenious irrigation practices and their associated land management practices. In ancient Egypt, regular flooding by the Nile River meant that early agriculture probably consisted of planting seeds in soils that had been recently covered and fertilized with floodwater and silt deposits. On the other hand, in arid and semi-arid regions farmers made use of perennial springs and seasonal runoff under circumstances altogether different from the river civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and early dynasties in China. We review irrigation practices in all major irrigation regions through the centuries. Emphasis is given to the Bronze Age civilizations (Minoans, Egyptians, and Indus valley), pre-Columbian, civilizations from the historic times (e.g., Chinese, Hellenic, and Roman), late-Columbians (e.g., Aztecs and Incas) and Byzantines, as well as to Ottomans and Arabs. The implications and impacts of irrigation techniques on modern management of water resources, as well as on irrigated agriculture, are also considered and discussed. Finally, some current major agricultural water management challenges are outlined, concluding that ancient practices could be adapted to cope with present challenges in irrigated agriculture for increasing productivity and sustainability.
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Cai, Ximing, and Mark W. Rosegrant. "Water management and food production in China and India: a comparative assessment." Water Policy 7, no. 6 (December 1, 2005): 643–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2005.0039.
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China and India have different climatic and hydrologic features, which characterize their agricultural production; they have experienced different water resources development in supporting their agriculture. In this paper, we try to indicate diversified water management strategies for China and India based on comparisons between the two countries. We also address their common problems and perspectives in water management and agriculture. This paper concludes that China's major challenge is to improve irrigation by more efficient use of water. On the other hand, India may have a greater potential in irrigating more land, improving rainfed crop yields, as well as creating efficient use of water.
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Lv, Yan Hang, and Rui Zhang. "Ecological Agriculture Technology in Urban Agriculture." Advanced Materials Research 224 (April 2011): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.224.38.
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Farming in city is the most significant practice of Urban Agriculture with important social and economic impact. It constructs a stable and sustainable eco-recycling system, utilizing daily waste for crops irrigation, livestock breeding and energy production. And these ecological technologies will be discussed about ecological characters, scientific principles and operation steps, to present the artificial agro-ecosystem efficiently in limited space.
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Qi, Xue Bin, Zong Dong Huang, Dong Mei Qiao, Ping Li, Zhi Juan Zhao, Tao Fan, Hai Qing Wu, et al. "Effect of New Irrigation Technology on the Physiology and Water Use Efficiency of Potato by Reclaimed Water Irrigation." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 3035–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.3035.
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Agriculture is a big consumer of fresh water in competition with other sectors of the society. The agricultural sector continues to have a negative impact on the ecological status of the environment. The worlds interest in high quality food is increasing. Field experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of subsurface drip irrigation on physiological responses, yield and water use efficiency, Soil nitrogen, Root weight density of potato in the semi-humid region of middle China using subsurface drip irrigation. The experiment used second-stage treated wastewater with and without addition of chloride, and both subsurface drip and furrow irrigations were investigated. Results indicated that the alternate partial root-zone irrigation is a practicable water-saving strategy for potato. The drip with chlorinated and non-chlorinated water improved water use efficiency by 21.48% and 39.1%, respectively, and 44.1% in the furrow irrigation. Partial root zone drying irrigation stimulates potato root growth and enhances root density. The content of the heavy metal in the potato tubers is no more than the National Food Requirements, and it is consistent with National Food Hygiene Stands.
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Velasco-Muñoz, Juan F., José A. Aznar-Sánchez, Ana Batlles-delaFuente, and Maria Dolores Fidelibus. "Sustainable Irrigation in Agriculture: An Analysis of Global Research." Water 11, no. 9 (August 23, 2019): 1758. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11091758.
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Irrigated agriculture plays a fundamental role as a supplier of food and raw materials. However, it is also the world’s largest water user. In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of studies analyzing agricultural irrigation from the perspective of sustainability with a focus on its environmental, economic, and social impacts. This study seeks to analyze the dynamics of global research in sustainable irrigation in agriculture between 1999 and 2018, including the main agents promoting it and the topics that have received the most attention. To do this, a review and a bibliometric analysis were carried out on a sample of 713 articles. The results show that sustainability is a line of study that is becoming increasingly more prominent within research in irrigation. The study also reveals the existence of substantial differences and preferred topics in the research undertaken by different countries. The priority issues addressed in the research were climatic change, environmental impact, and natural resources conservation; unconventional water resources; irrigation technology and innovation; and water use efficiency. Finally, the findings indicate a series of areas related to sustainable irrigation in agriculture in which research should be promoted.
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Kulothungan, S., K. Kamalakannan, and P. Thirugnanam. "Agriculture robot for irrigation and automation." Bulletin of Pure & Applied Sciences- Geology 37f, no. 1 (2018): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2320-3234.2018.00010.0.
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Pigram, John J., and Helen K. Mulligan. "Private sector involvement in irrigation agriculture." Land Use Policy 8, no. 2 (April 1991): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-8377(91)90005-4.
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Manchanda, Abhay. "Smart Irrigation System for Indian Agriculture." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VII (July 10, 2021): 424–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36349.
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Technology plays a very crucial role in the field of agriculture. By the help of automation, a procedure or process can be executed without any or minimal human assistance. This project is an automation of farm irrigation and soil moisture control by Arduino using moisture sensor. This automatic irrigation system determines the moisture content (by measuring resistance) with the help of the sensor which senses the moisture content of the soil and switches the pump on automatically whenever the power is kept on. Agriculture has a long history in India, dating back to ten thousand years. It is a source of employment of many Indians and has great impact on the economy of the country.
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Devne, Manojkumar Popatrao, Ganesh Madhukar Dhawale, Jyotiram More, and Mundhe Nathuram Nitin. "Evaluation of Blended Irrigation Schemes: A Micro-Level Decadal Study of Shrigonda Tahsil in Drought Prone Western Maharashtra, India." Indonesian Journal of Geography 52, no. 1 (April 28, 2020): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijg.49759.
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The qualitative parameters of development of a quantitatively increasing population for a resource stressed country like India, is dependent on the sustainability of food availability. Agriculture remains to be a backbone of the economy and food supply. Agriculture, however, in many parts of India, even today, remains to be rain-fed. Recent efforts at the government level, Centre and State, have helped to bring a significant amount of land, initially under rain-fed agriculture, to under irrigation of various types. These varied types of irrigation change regionally; on various agro-factors. Source of water resources to be used for irrigation in the respective climatic sub-regions and the subsequent crop cultivated in the respective region are just a few primary factors controlling the effectivity of the type of irrigation method used. Irrigation requires technological inputs, which, in turn, requires financial expenses that need to be under the significant agro-factors mentioned above. Governments at the Centre and State levels; have been continuously making efforts to support irrigation practices through direct and indirect supportive schemes. These schemes have their positive, and at times, negative impact on the local agriculture at a micro-level. Agriculture is a state subject in India. The Centre does provide finance for various agricultural projects as well. Micro-irrigation has been and will play an essential role in the future in India. Ever since 1992, the government has been taking initiatives in micro-irrigation. These have eventually transpired into schemes, i.e., Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) in 2006, later upgraded to the National Mission on Micro Irrigation (NMMI) implemented since 2013-14 and subsequently National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture. The present study is an attempt to evaluate such 'State' (Central and State Governments)sponsored irrigation programs on agricultural practices at a micro level, over a decade (2005-2016). The study area identified for the same is a tahsil in the Ahmednagar district of Western Maharashtra. What is significant is that, the said tahsil Shrigonda; lies in the drought-prone region and that there have been cyclic variations in the rainfall, and the various agriculture crops cultivated through the last decade. State Government-sponsored schemes are seen to have been blended with Central Government schemes by the local farmers to achieve sustainability of crops. The effects of the same, on the cycle of products, is worth an observation.Human factors also play an equally important role while using the developing Technology of micro-irrigation. Farmers try-and-test various crops with the respective Micro-irrigation technique, in the respective agro-climatic regions, particularly when the source of water is not assured in the drought-prone area. Subsequent allied government schemes (farm ponds), the market value of the product, and perishability or shelf-life of the products also play a significant role in the choice of crop. The success of the micro-irrigation schemes will, however, be dependent on the effective delivery mechanism through close coordination among all the tiers of government and capacity building of beneficiaries.
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Kumari, Akanksha, and Prabhat Kumar Sahu. "Internet of Things-Based Smart Drip Irrigation Using Arduino." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, no. 9 (July 1, 2020): 4598–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.9286.
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Agriculture is one of the primary sectors in the Indian economy. Over the past several years, agricultural scientific techniques and agricultural implements have developed in the region, replacing the traditional method of farming. By which the economic condition of the farmers has improved. In addition, there are still some small farmers in India who use the old traditional methods of farming of agriculture because they do not have the resources to use modern methods. Besides, it is the only region that has contributed not only to the development of itself but also to other areas of the country. Agriculture has a major contribution to the country’s GDP and national income. In addition, it requires a huge manpower and labour which constitutes about 80% of the total workforce. Employees work not only directly but indirectly in the agricultural sector. Irrigation is the use of controlled amounts of water at the required intervals to the plants. Effective irrigation will affect seed development, germination, root growth, utilization of nutrients, plant growth and revival, yield and quality of the entire development process. The farmer knows how much water he has to give to the crop and when crop is to be planted, but the best system of irrigation it is necessary to have the information about use of equipment, plant species, soil structure, soil preparation and It is also important to be aware of all these that at what stage to watering the plant. The aim of this research paper is to describe how the Internet of Things (IoT) framework plays an important role in the field of agriculture. Here to show the importance of IoT in agriculture, we choose “Smart Drip Irrigation System.”
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Yu, Xiao, Xun Jian Long, Yan He, and Ying Liu. "Study on Water Measuring Facilities in Water-Saving Irrigation District, China." Advanced Materials Research 1010-1012 (August 2014): 1033–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1010-1012.1033.
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In recent years, the Chinese government has adjust the implementation of national industrial structure and popularize water saving. However, agricultural water consumption still accounted for more than 60% of the total water content. With the rapid development of economy, the situation of water shortage is becoming increasingly serious. In agriculture production, developing accurate quantity water infrastructure projects can promote water saving on agricultural production and advance the process of water-saving agriculture. Based on the analysis of the current situation of agricultural development in China, this manuscript compared the development of the irrigation district management system since 1950s, and summarized the main factors restricting the construction of water-saving irrigation area. The results show that (1) Irrigation facilities coverage remains to be improved. (2) Low accuracy of measuring water facilities. (3) Lack of economic and practical equipment. In addition, this paper also put forward the research and development direction of quantity of water facilities in future. It can provide useful reference for water-saving agriculture development in China.
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PATHANIA, Rajni. "Estimating Effects of Agricultural Inputs on Growth of Agricultural Production: A comparative study of India and Pakistan." Journal of Global Economy 12, no. 2 (June 25, 2016): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1956/jge.v12i2.426.
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Abstract: The present study compares the relationship between agricultural inputs and agricultural production growth in India and Pakistan during the period 1991-92 to 2013-14. In this study we used five variables fertilizer usage, electricity consumption in agricultural sector, irrigation, Public Investment in agricultural sector and agriculture production. The econometric results suggest that fertilizer usages, electricity consumption and public investment have significant on agricultural production in India as well as in Pakistan. Only one independent variable irrigation has insignificant but positive impact on agricultural production in both economies. The distinctive implication for Indian and Pakistan policymakers is that there is need to increase public investment in agriculture sector it may be in area of agriculture research, rural infrastructure, storage and marketing facilities. More public investment should be encouraged in agricultural backward regions of both nations.Keywords: Agricultural inputs, Agricultural Production, Public investment, fertilizer usages, Electricity consumptionJEL classification: Q1, Q12, Q15, Q120, Q110Â
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Clemings, Russell. "Rescuing Irrigated Desert Agriculture." HortScience 32, no. 3 (June 1997): 550A—550. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.550a.
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From its birth in British India in 1847, modern irrigated desert agriculture has grown in just more than a century to produce one-third of the world's crops. Until the techniques of civil engineering were wedded to the ancient art of irrigation on the plains of the Punjab, most crops were rain-fed, except in areas such as the Nile Valley, where reliable seasonal floods made irrigation practical. Today, in contrast, we have made the desert bloom, giving ourselves fresh produce yearround and making the difference between survival and starvation in much of the developing world. Without irrigation, it would not have been possible to farm the high-yielding seeds of the Green Revolution, which greatly reduced the threat of famine in Asia and Latin America. But now, after a century of heavy irrigation, serious side effects are beginning to appear. Soils are becoming salinized by the cycles of wetting and drying in an arid climate, and wildlife has been poisoned by toxic drainage pumped from beneath irrigated fields where it has built up over time. These side effects have caused some to predict that the bounty of modern desert agriculture may not be sustainable, but others see hope of reducing the side effects through vastly improved water management.
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Derr, Jennifer L. "LABOR-TIME: ECOLOGICAL BODIES AND AGRICULTURAL LABOR IN 19TH- AND EARLY 20TH-CENTURY EGYPT." International Journal of Middle East Studies 50, no. 2 (May 2018): 195–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743818000028.
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AbstractBeginning in the second decade of the 19th century, Egyptian agriculture began a process of transformation from basin to perennial irrigation. This shift facilitated the practice of year-round agriculture and the cultivation of summer crops including cotton whose temporalities did not match that of the annual Nile flood. One facet of the perennially irrigated landscape was an increase in the prevalence of the parasitic diseases bilharzia (schistosomiasis) and hookworm, the symptoms of which came to constitute normative experiences of the body among those engaged in perennially irrigated agriculture. Male agricultural laborers, who most often performed the work of irrigation, were at the greatest risk of infection. This article considers the significance of agricultural labor in the continuous making and maintenance of perennially irrigated agriculture and the role of parasitic disease in producing temporal experiences of this labor.
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Szabó, Andrea, János Tamás, and Attila Nagy. "An Irrigation Homogenity Assessment of a Variable Rate Sprinkler Irrigation." Acta Horticulturae et Regiotecturae 24, s1 (May 1, 2021): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ahr-2021-0002.
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Abstract Nowadays, the development of irrigation is increasingly recognized as a necessary factor in agriculture, primarily because of global warming. Depending on the field conditions, the most commonly used method is sprinkler irrigation. The spray uniformity of sprinklers installed on the field irrigation equipment can be characterized by the Christiansen-uniformity coefficient (CUc%) and the distribution uniformity coefficient (DU%). Our investigations were carried out on the lateral moving irrigation equipment of University of Debrecen, Institutes for Agricultural Research and Educational Farm and Nyírbátor’s company in Hungary in 2019. Variable rate irrigation (VRI) is used in Nyírbátor. In contrast, the VRI has given positive results, making an irrigation equipment with the VRI a safer and more uniform method than a conventional linear irrigation equipment.
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McKellar, Lisa, Rosalind H. Bark, and Ian Watson. "Agricultural transition and land-use change: considerations in the development of irrigated enterprises in the rangelands of northern Australia." Rangeland Journal 37, no. 5 (2015): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj14129.
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The factors affecting the adoption of irrigation by landholders, using a case study of a government-managed irrigation water release in north-west Queensland, Australia, where current land use is dominated by extensive beef-cattle production, were investigated. The study was based on multiple data sources – interview data from family-owned agricultural enterprises, historical and contemporary documents and contemporary media analysis, workshop participation and field work. The study revealed multiple drivers and constraints, which affect the rate, timing and location of adoption of irrigation by family-owned grazing enterprises. The key finding was that there are individual, group and regional interests in irrigation development but that considerable social and individual learning is required for adoption of irrigation to occur. It was found that there is a prominent role for knowledge brokers — as individuals, irrigator groups, and trusted brokers of science information — in facilitating learning and change. An insight, relevant to governments that support irrigation developments is that interventions that aid and support learning can play a role in facilitating the land-use transition for individual grazing properties to irrigated agriculture.