Journal articles: 'Irrigation Canal Command Area'

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BS Kalra. "Irrigation water distribution in a canal command area -a case study." Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India) 37, no. 04 (2000): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.52151/jae2000374.0949.

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The Eastern Yamuna Canal (EYC) in western Uttar Pradesh is one of the oldest canals in India and does not have upstream storage dam in the system. The water availability fluctuates widely, both due to seasonal and intra-seasonal variations in water availability in the river. This results in very uncertain water supply for the distributaries in the canal system. The command area witnessed vast development of ground water potential through the farmers' efforts, which helped in solving the water problem. The farmers, in order to make best use of the uncertain canal water, have modified the water distribution practices among themselves, including both canal and ground water. However, corresponding institutional efforts to supplement farmers' endeavour to enhance the availability of irrigation water, does not seem to exist. In this situation canal neither provides protective irrigation, as envisaged originally nor provides productive irrigation as they fail to meet the time and quantity specific requirements of the crops.

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Hossain, MZ Siddiqui MB Razzaq MA Islam MA Hasan MM and Ferdous M. "Performance evaluation of a shallow tubewell irrigation project." International Journal of Natural and Social Sciences 7, no. 1 (2020): 76–85. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5087575.

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An attempt was made to evaluate the performance of a shallow tubewell (STW) irrigation project situated at the village Boira near BAU campus in Mymensingh district. The performances were evaluated by collecting data on some technical parameters. Data on actual tubewell discharge, command area, daily operations hours and crop yield were collected. By using these data, technical parameters like water loss in the canal, duty, command area ratio, water use efficiency and water management efficiency were determined. The discharge of the STW was found to be 8.91 lps. Conveyance loss of the project was 31.71 percent (with an average value) of the pump discharge. Duty was 133.22 ha/cumec. Water management efficiency was 74 percent. Canal density was 207m/ha. Command area ratio was 0.37. Water productivity of rice was 0.63 kg/m3. Benefit cost ratio was found to be 2.62. The higher seepage losses in the study area were due to earthen canal networks which were not compacted properly and were not designed following any engineering principle. The performance parameters are expected to be improved to the satisfactory extent if earthen canals are compacted properly and optimum quantity of water is applied as and when necessary.

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Shrestha, N., K. D. Awasthi, and N. Bohara. "Unlocking Excellence: Khageri Irrigation System Benchmarking in Chitwan." Journal of UTEC Engineering Management (JUEM) 2, no. 1 (2024): 77–89. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13169887.

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The objective of the study was to assess the present service delivery, financial and productivity indicators. The performance of five branch canals i.e. Branch Canal 1, Branch Canal 4, Branch Canal 6, Branch Canal 7 and Branch Canal 8 of the Khageri Irrigation System was evaluated for 2023 AD using fifteen performance indicators under water supply, financial performance and agricultural productivity categories suggested by the International Programme for Technology and Research in Irrigation and Drainage (IPTRID). 331 farmers were interviewed in respective five branch canals from head, middle, and tail portions of the command area in order to get a representative sample. The data obtained from the interview was analysed and interpreted to calculate the values of the performance indicators. It was also found that the canal capacity and scheme infrastructure was not the limiting cause of this observation according to the calculation of water delivery capacity (1.08). The irrigation service fee charged was not sufficient to pay for the Operation and Maintenance (O&M) cost according to the calculation of revenue collection performance (0.5, 50%). Land productivity in this system was found to be unsatisfactory according to the calculations of output per unit command area (13084.76 Rs/ha), ouput per unit irrigated area (13216.93 Rs/ha) and output per unit irrigation supply (1.82 Rs/m3).<em><strong>Keywords</strong></em>: Benchmarking, evaluation of performance, performance indicators, irrigation system

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Satyendra Kumar and Ashwani Kumar. "Microirrigation for Onion Cultivation in a Canal Command Area." Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India) 44, no. 1 (2007): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.52151/jae2007441.1236.

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Two-year field studies were carried out to determine the impact of an irrigation system comprising a secondary reservoir and pressurized (microsprinkler and drip) irrigation method in a canal irrigated area. It was hypothesized that such a system with appropriate irrigation schedule would facilitate vegetable cultivation, which requires frequent watering. The experimental crop was onion, which was irrigated through microsprinkler and drip irrigation method at irrigation schedules of 0.60; 0.80; 1.00 and 1.20 of pan evaporation (Ep). Results of the study revealed that using this system, onion production was more profitable as compared to existing irrigation practice. Between the two, microsprinkler had a better economics than drip. This conclusion is, however, dependent upon market price of onion, as with price Rs. 1.50/kg or lower, the system may become unprofitable.

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Shrestha, Neshan, Keshab Datt Awasthi, and Niraj Bohara. "Unlocking Excellence: Khageri Irrigation System Benchmarking in Chitwan." Journal of UTEC Engineering Management 2, no. 01 (2024): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.36344/utecem.2024.v02i01.007.

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The objective of the study was to assess the present service delivery, financial and productivity indicators. The performance of five branch canals i.e. Branch Canal 1, Branch Canal 4, Branch Canal 6, Branch Canal 7 and Branch Canal 8 of the Khageri Irrigation System was evaluated for 2023 AD using fifteen performance indicators under water supply, financial performance and agricultural productivity categories suggested by the International Programme for Technology and Research in Irrigation and Drainage (IPTRID). 331 farmers were interviewed in respective five branch canals from head, middle, and tail portions of the command area in order to get a representative sample. The data obtained from the interview was analysed and interpreted to calculate the values of the performance indicators. It was also found that the canal capacity and scheme infrastructure was not the limiting cause of this observation according to the calculation of water delivery capacity (1.08). The irrigation service fee charged was not sufficient to pay for the Operation and Maintenance (O&M) cost according to the calculation of revenue collection performance (0.5, 50%). Land productivity in this system was found to be unsatisfactory according to the calculations of output per unit command area (13084.76 Rs/ha), ouput per unit irrigated area (13216.93 Rs/ha) and output per unit irrigation supply (1.82 Rs/m3).

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Sayed, Abu, A. F. M. Saleh, Md Altaf Hossain, Zobayer Ali Basunia, and Md Afzal Hosain. "Impact of Lined Canal on Shallow Tubewell Irrigation and Their Acceptability by the Farmers." Agriculturists 12, no. 2 (2015): 116–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v12i2.21740.

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The comparative conveyance losses between lined and unlined canals, impact of water saving on command area development and irrigation cost, and farmers acceptability of lined canal in shallow tubewell (STW) irrigation schemes were studied during 2010-11 Boro season at three upazilas: Manikgonj Sadar of Manikgonj district, Dhamrai of Dhaka district and Mithapukur of Rangpur district. The conveyance loss was measured using inflow-outflow method and focus group discussion (FGD) was carried out with the pump owners and farmers to assess the impact of water saving on command area development and the acceptability of lined canal technology. Average conveyance losses were found to be 41, 48 and 45% in the existing earthen canals; 18, 21 and 24% in improved earthen canals; and 12, 11 and 13% in pre-cast canals at Mithapukur (M1), Manikgonj Sadar (M2) and Dhamrai (D) schemes, respectively. The water saving did not increase the command area in any of the schemes but reduced the irrigation time and saved fuel requirement for irrigation. On an average, 32, 23 and 30% fuel were saved by improved earthen canals where as 45, 46 and 48% were saved by pre-cast canals for M1, M2 and D schemes compared to earthen canal. The benefit-cost ratios of improved earthen canals were 1.36, 1.38 and 1.30 where as 3.36, 4.28 and 3.34 by pre-cast canals for M1, M2 and D schemes, respectively. The internal rate of return (IRR) from the investment on water distribution was over 50%. The lining technology was acceptable to pump owners, but did not impress the farmers who share the crop with the pump owners as price of irrigation or pay on the basis of irrigated area. In order to make the technology acceptable to the farmers, polices must be framed to share the benefits of lining by the pump owners with the farmers by reducing the price of irrigation water or through financial support of GO and NGOs for efficient use of STW irrigation system in Bangladesh.The Agriculturists 2014; 12(2) 116-125

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S.B. Gadge, S.D. Gorantiwar, Virendra Kumar, and Mahesh Kothari. "Optimal Cropping Pattern for Adoption of Micro-Irrigation Methods in Canal Command Area - A Case Study." Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India) 48, no. 1 (2024): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.52151/jae2011481.1427.

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Currently the micro irrigation methods are mainly adopted on farms with irrigation from tube wells or dug wells. However, in view of increasing scarcity of water for irrigation and need to increase food production, it is important to adopt these methods in canal command area. A linear programming model was formulated to suggest the optimal cropping pattern under micro irrigation method in canal command areas. The objective was to achieve the maximum such as net returns. The objective function of the model was subjected to the constraints such as total available water and land during different irrigation periods, crop area restrictions, and system reutilization constraints. The system reutilization constraint facilitated utilization of micro irrigation system among the different short duration seasonal crops having similar system geometry requirement. The model was applied to command area of direct minor no. 3 of the Mula Irrigation Project, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra. The model gave optimal cropping pattern for

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B. Krishna Rao and T. B. S Rajput. "Mismatch between Supplies and Demands of Canal Water in a Major Distributary Command Area ofthe Nagarjunasagar Left Canal." Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India) 43, no. 3 (2006): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.52151/jae2006433.1191.

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Scientist, Division of Agricultural Engineering, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Barapani, Meghalaya 793103 b_krishnarao@rediffmail.com Principal scientist, Water Technology Centre, IARI, New Delhi-110012. tbsraj@iari.res.in A study was conducted in the command area of Guvvalagudem major distributary of the Nagarjunasagar Left Canal, Andhra Pradesh to determine weekly canal water supplies and demands and to examine if any imbalances between the two exist in the command area. It was concluded that most of the times canal supplies were lesser than the design capacity and there were wide gaps between weekly canal water demands and supplies. The mismatch between the annual supplies and the annual demands were lesser in magnitude (up to 20%) when compared to the weekly mismatches, which went up to 100% in some cases. ewe. 1988. Water and related statistics. Central Water Commission, Government of India. 314. FAO. 1998. Crop Evapotranspiration: Guidelines for Computing Crop Water Requirements. FAO Irrigation and Drainage paper 56, 57-139. Ministry of Irrigation. 1984. A guide for estimating irrigation water requirements. Technical Series No.2, Water Management Division, Govt. of India, New Delhi. Rao M S. 1984. Studies on optimum conjunctive water use in agriculture. Ph. D. Thesis, IARI, New Delhi. Rao V V. 1987. Evaluation of water management practices in canal command area - A case study of Paladugu major distributary. M. Sc. Thesis, IARI, New Delhi. Rao V V. 1992. Studies on water management in irrigation canal command areas - a case study. Ph. D. Thesis, IARI, New Delhi.

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Patel, Monali, Sahita I. Waikhom, and Dr P. G. Agnihotry Dr. P.G. Agnihotry. "Replacement of Sub Minors With Pressurized Irrigation Systems: In Canal Command Area." Global Journal For Research Analysis 3, no. 4 (2012): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778160/apr2014/74.

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Sharma, Neha, Kaushal Kumar Gautam, and Mushtaq Ahmad Khan. "EXOTIC FLORA OF IGNP COMMAND AREA OF THAR DESERT OF CHURU DISTRICT, RAJASTHAN." Journal of Global Resources 8, no. 02 (2022): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.46587/10.46587/jgr.2022.v08i01.014.

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The Rajasthan desert is a major part of the Thar-desert situated in North-West of Aravalli hills and forms the arid zone of Rajasthan. Churu district is a part Bikaner division in the Thar-desert. Indira Gandhi Canal (previously called Rajasthan canal), Bhakra canal and Gang canal system have been introduced in the Thar-desert for the purpose of irrigation facility in the region. The Indira Gandhi Canal has been invaded in Churu district for the irrigation purpose. There has been remarkable extinction of the natural floral wealth and excessive increasing of exotic plant species observed due to excessive irrigation facility. The main purpose of this study was documentation and listing of the alien plant species from IGNP command area of Churu district. These plants were enlisted with their family and habit in table 1. This paper enumerates 48 non-native plant species belonging to 43 genera covering 19 families of angiosperms.

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Sharma, Neha, Kaushal Kumar Gautam, and Mushtaq Ahmad Khan. "EXOTIC FLORA OF IGNP COMMAND AREA OF THAR DESERT OF CHURU DISTRICT, RAJASTHAN." Journal of Global Resources 8, no. 02 (2022): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.46587/jgr.2022.v08i02.014.

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The Rajasthan desert is a major part of the Thar-desert situated in North-West of Aravalli hills and forms the arid zone of Rajasthan. Churu district is a part Bikaner division in the Thar-desert. Indira Gandhi Canal (previously called Rajasthan canal), Bhakra canal and Gang canal system have been introduced in the Thar-desert for the purpose of irrigation facility in the region. The Indira Gandhi Canal has been invaded in Churu district for the irrigation purpose. There has been remarkable extinction of the natural floral wealth and excessive increasing of exotic plant species observed due to excessive irrigation facility. The main purpose of this study was documentation and listing of the alien plant species from IGNP command area of Churu district. These plants were enlisted with their family and habit in table 1. This paper enumerates 48 non-native plant species belonging to 43 genera covering 19 families of angiosperms.

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S. D. Vibhute, A. Sarangi, and D.K. Singh. "Development of Crop Water Demand Based Water Delivery Schedule for a Canal Command." Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India) 53, no. 2 (2024): 12–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.52151/jae2016532.1599.

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Crop water demand-based canal water delivery schedule was developed using geospatial tools and CROPWAT model for the Jhajjar distributary of Western Yamuna Canal Command in Haryana, India. The geospatial database of different soil, water and crop parameters in the command area were developed and analyzed using the Geographic Information System (GIS) tool. Further, the geospatial data were used to work out the irrigation schedule of different crops using CROPWAT model. It was observed from the analysis that the gross irrigation water requirement of wheat was 363.4 mm and that of rice was 1386 mm with effective rainfall depths of 55.8 and 461.8 mm during the wheat (rabi) and rice (kharif) growing seasons, respectively. The crop water demand driven protocol developed in this study estimated that about 25.5% of area under the Jhajjar distributary could be supplied with adequate irrigation, considering the operational canal release roster of the distributary. Nontheless, it could be recommended to modify the existing roster as per the crop water demand estimates, or use of ground water resource in area of deficit canal supply to match the crop water demand in the entire canal command.

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Rath, Ashutosh, Sandeep Samantaray, and Prakash Chandra Swain. "Optimal Irrigation Management at Mundoghat Canal Command Area of Hirakud Canal System using Particle Swarm Optimization." International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Research 5, no. 7 (2017): 180–85. https://doi.org/10.70729/ijser171643.

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G. Murli Krishna, Radhey Shyam, and Vanita Jha. "Dynamic Irrigation Scheduling Model For A Canal Command." Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India) 41, no. 1 (2004): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.52151/jae2004411.1066.

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The linear and dynamic programmings are two most used systems analysis techniques for planning of water resources use in a canal command. The stage wise allocation of water is better achieved through the use of dynamic programming particularly when objective function and constraints are non linear. Irrigation scheduling is one area where this technique fits better than any other systems analysis techniques. The present study is conducted with a view to increase crop return and to plan the future requirement of' additional water resources development in the command 10 realize 75 per cent of the production potential of different crops taken in the canal command.

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Mujumdar, P. P., S. Vedula, Subhankar Karmakar, P. Manavalan, and P. P. Nageshwara Rao. "IRRIGATION WATER ALLOCATION IN CANAL COMMAND AREAS." ISH Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 10, no. 1 (2004): 33–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09715010.2004.10514742.

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Bainda, S. K., and GS Malhotra. "Impact of the Sidhmukh Canal Irrigation Project (SCIP) on landscape modification and agriculture at Bhadra Tehsil segment, district Hanumangarh, Rajasthan." Environment Conservation Journal 22, no. 1&2 (2021): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.2021.221225.

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The study was conducted to know the landscape modification and agricultural intensification at a terrestrial segment of the Sidhmukh Canal Irrigation Project (SCIP) command area. The study confirms that the inception of the Sidhmukh Canal Project caused a massive land-use pattern change and shifted irrigation systems towards rain-fed farming to canal irrigation. Furthermore, the increased water availability by SCIP has extensively inflated irrigated land area, changed cropping pattern and land productivity. The study noticed a significant positive impact of SCIP on agricultural intensification. The study was accomplished by analysing primary data provided by the Department of Water Resources, Department of Agriculture, and Department of Economics & Statistics, Rajasthan Government.

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H.V. Parmar and N.K. Gontia. "Estimation of Crop Coefficients by Remote Sensing based Vegetation Index." Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India) 53, no. 3 (2024): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.52151/jae2016533.1608.

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Crop coefficient plays a vital role in estimation of crop evapotranspiration for irrigation scheduling in a canal command. Remote sensing-based vegetation indices can help in efficient irrigation water management, as the irrigation systems need near real-time spatial information on types of crop, area under irrigation, crop water requirement, etc.The Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) was used for estimating actual evapotranspiration (AET) based on remotely sensed data. The summer groundnut crop coefficients were estimated using AET and ET0 . The FAO-56 method helped to estimate reference evapotranspiration (ET0 ) and crop evapotranspiration using crop coefficient. The remote sensing based Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) for different days of year (DOY) were derived using Landsat imageries for summer crop season in 2014. The relationship between the NDVI and Kc for different DOY was established to estimate the crop coefficients of summer groundnut at field and regional scales for different growth stages for the Ozat-II canal command of Junagadh district of Gujarat State, India. The developed equation might be useful for estimation of crop water requirement and irrigation scheduling of canal command using remote sensing data.

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P.K. Shrivastava and A.M. Patel. "SALTMOD Model Validation and Application in Segwa Minor Canal Command Area." Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India) 39, no. 4 (2002): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.52151/jae2002394.1020.

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Model SALTMOD was validated by comparing model predictions with the field observations on soil salinity and drain discharges and depth of water table collected during 2000 - 01, for the Segwa minor canal command. After installation of drainage system, soil salinity of root zone was found to reduce from 12 dS/m to around 7 dS/m in the first year, which was also predicted by the model, similarly the model predicted steady increase on salinity levels each year which was confirmed from field tests. The model forecasts salinity levels of 8 dS/m by 2010 thus making the land uncultivable, if precautionary measures are not taken in the canal command area. Investigations were made to study the impact of drain spacing in the form of Q/H relations, drain depth, depth of irrigation water application on soil salinity. It predicts that at 45 m drain spacing the depth of drains should be at least 1.2 m below ground level, for irrigation water quality of 0.9 dS/m, for maintaining the salinity levels at around 2.5 dS/m. The model also shows that salinity levels of 2.5 dS/m could be maintained if irrigation water supplies (IWS) remain at least 20 % lower. Therefore, SALTMOD could work as an effective tool to forecast various situations once the model is calibrated and validated for the region and could help during design of drainage system.

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Ravish Chandra, B.R. Sharma, and V.K. Bhatt. "Ground Water Use Across Command Area of Pabnawa Minor of Bhakra Irrigation System." Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India) 49, no. 1 (2024): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.52151/jae2012491.1470.

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The northwest Indo-Gangetic plain of India endowed with fertile soil, defined seasons and fair climate produces about 52 % of the national food requirement. Currently, this plain is facing a number of second generation problems, declining water table being the major one. The paper presents the status of ground water table, and looks at the scope of conjunctive use of water at field scale in the command area of the Pabnawa minor of the Bhakra irrigation system. The study showed that there is a steep decline in water table after 1998 in middle and tail reaches. The study revealed that ground water contribution to irrigation and productivity in the canal command is very high. While canal irrigated area is shrinking, ground water irrigated area is increasing every year. The contribution of shallow and medium depth tube wells is negligible /limited, and the area covered by deep tube wells is large in all the reaches of the command area. This system of intensive irrigated agriculture is unsustainable in the long run because of declining water tables and high use of energy.

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Shiv Singh Basediya et al.,, Shiv Singh Basediya et al ,. "A Review on Feasibility of Pressurized Irrigation in Canal Command Area." International Journal of Agricultural Science and Research 7, no. 6 (2017): 259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24247/ijasrdec201735.

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Talpur, Zenobia, Arjumand Z. Zaidi, Suhail Ahmed, Tarekegn Dejen Mengistu, Si-Jung Choi, and Il-Moon Chung. "Estimation of Crop Water Productivity Using GIS and Remote Sensing Techniques." Sustainability 15, no. 14 (2023): 11154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151411154.

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The global demand for food is growing with the population and urbanization, which puts pressure on water resources, which need assessing and quantifying water requirements. Adopting efficient irrigation methods to optimize water use is essential in this situation. In this study, crop water productivity (CWP) of major crops in the Rohri canal command area was estimated by the ratio of yield and actual evapotranspiration (ETa). Analyzing the CWP of major crops, water scarcity challenges can be tackled by selecting the most feasible irrigation methods. However, ETa was calculated and aggregated for all four stages of the crop growth period: initial, crop development, flowering stage, and maturity seasons. The crop yield data were obtained from the districts’ agricultural statistics. For this purpose, evapotranspiration products of Landsat 5 and 8 were downloaded from Earth Engine Evapotranspiration Flux (EEFlux). Landsat images were processed in a GIS environment to calculate ETa. The approach suggests developing a CWP database for major crops like wheat, cotton, and rice to improve irrigation water management. The objectives of this study are to estimate and analyze the difference in the CWP and evapotranspiration of major crops for the Rabi and Kharif seasons with high and moderate flows during 1998–2019. It comprises nine districts of Sindh that come under the Rohri Canal command area. To analyze the difference in CWP between the Rabi and Kharif seasons for all study crops of the seasons of Rabi (2014–2015 and 2016–2017) and Kharif (1998 and 2017). The growing periods for wheat, cotton, and rice in the Rohri Canal command area are 160, 195, and 180 days, respectively. The estimated ETa of the Rohri canal command area and CWP were in good agreement with the literature-reported values. Hence, enhanced agricultural productivity can be achieved by making considerable investments to improve agricultural research and extension systems.

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S.S. KHANDELWAL and S.D. DHIMAN. "Irrigation water requirements of different crops in Limbasi branch canal command area of Gujarat." Journal of Agrometeorology 17, no. 1 (2015): 114–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.54386/jam.v17i1.985.

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In this paper, the net irrigation water requirement estimation is carried out for different crops in Limbasi branch canal command area of Mahi Right Bank Canal (MRBC) project located in Gujarat, India. The Hargreaves – Samani approach for reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo) estimation is used for thirteen years of available data and the mean monthly ETo values were computed which were analyzed statistically. The potential crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and net irrigation requirement (NIR) of different crops in kharif, rabi and summer season were estimated. Results show that the NIR values (mm) for kharif crop paddy was 166.8; rabi crops jowar, tobacco & wheat were 404.3, 504.2 & 564.7 and summer crops paddy & bajri were 851.1 & 619mm respectively.

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Jitendra Rajput, Mahesh Kothari, and S.R. Bhakar. "Performance Evaluation of Water Delivery System for Command Area of Left Main Canal of Bhimsagar Irrigation Project, Rajasthan." Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India) 54, no. 3 (2024): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.52151/jae2017543.1632.

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Water delivery performance of left main canal of Bhimsagar irrigation project, Rajasthan was studied. Outlet-wise performance was evaluated using the adequacy, equity, dependability, relative irrigation supply and relative water supply indicators. These indicators were studied for the 21 outlets located on three minors at head, middle and tail reach of the left main canal for the 5-month irrigation period during Rabi season, using measured water deliveries and calculated crop water requirements. The outlet-wise water delivery performance indicators showed poor performance of the system. Considering the irrigation season and the system as a whole, the average value of indicator’s were found as “poor” for adequacy, equity and dependability; emphasizing for adopting improved management strategies.

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Basharat, Muhammad, and Ata-Ur-Rehman Tariq. "Command-scale integrated water management in response to spatial climate variability in Lower Bari Doab Canal irrigation system." Water Policy 16, no. 2 (2013): 374–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2013.221.

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Design and management of the Indus Basin Irrigation System are aimed at achieving equity in canal water supply. This concept, which is more than a century old, ignores the due aspect of groundwater management in today's perspective. Recent research has proved that variation in irrigation demand and rainfall within the irrigation units has given birth to varying stresses on groundwater. In response to spatial climate variability, reallocation of canal supplies from the head towards the tail of the Lower Bari Doab Canal (LBDC) command was evaluated in this study, with the objective of achieving equitable total irrigation costs. The ensuing groundwater regime was simulated for 50 years' time with a groundwater model. A 25% reallocation from head towards tail-end improves the standard deviation of total irrigation cost equity from 1905 to 241. This command scale integration of available water resources also demonstrated a net saving in groundwater pumping cost to the tune of 7.24 to 18.9%, in comparison with existing equitable canal supplies. With this approach, at least minimal or no waterlogging in the head-end area, even during wet years, and no groundwater mining in the tail-end, even during dry periods, are anticipated. In addition, this system-scale integrated water management would increase adaptive capacity to climate change adaptation.

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Silva, U. H. M. S., S. Ranwala, and K. D. W. Nandalal. "Enhancing Efficiency of the Minipe Left Bank Canal Irrigation System: A Strategic Approach." Engineer: Journal of the Institution of Engineers, Sri Lanka 57, no. 3 (2024): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/engineer.v57i3.7631.

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Minipe left bank canal faces a head-tail water imbalance due to insufficient water availability and inefficiency in water distribution. To address this issue, Minipe anicut is raised by 3.5m. Though ample water could be released, irrigation water would not be dispersed adequately along the canal due to mis-usage and mismanagement. The study aims to establish an operational pattern for the canal to deliver adequate water to the entire command area during both the Yala and Maha seasons. Simulation models were used to model the canal's operational pattern, including inflows and irrigation demands. Catchment areas, which bring water to the Minipe Left Bank canal, were delineated using ArcGIS software, and inflows were estimated using HEC-HMS software. Crop water requirements were estimated using CROPWAT program. A system simulation model developed usingWEAP software was used to simulate irrigation system operation. Nine management scenarios were evaluated, including introducing new cropping patterns, shifting sowing dates, increasing Minipe anicut discharges, and reducing the command area. The study found that introducing a 70% paddy crop pattern, advancing the sowing date by two weeks, and raising the Minipe anicut discharge by 15% significantly reduce unmet demands. Implementing these improvements could result in a 75% reduction in unmet demand.

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Ahmed, Naveed, Haishen Lü, Shakeel Ahmed, et al. "Irrigation Supply and Demand, Land Use/Cover Change and Future Projections of Climate, in Indus Basin Irrigation System, Pakistan." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (2021): 8695. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13168695.

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Sustainable management of canal water through optimum water allocation is the need of the modern world due to the rapid rise in water demand and climatic variations. The present research was conducted at the Chaj Doab, Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS) of Pakistan, using the WEAP (Water Evaluation and Planning) model. Six different scenarios were developed, and the results showed that the current available surface water is not sufficient to meet crop water demands. The Lower Jhelum Canal (LJC) command area is more sensitive to water scarcity than the Upper Jhelum Canal (UJC). The future (up to 2070) climate change scenarios for RCP 4.5 and 8.5 showed a decrease in catchment reliability up to 26.80 and 26.28% for UJC as well as 27.56 and 27.31% for LJC catchment, respectively. We concluded that scenario 3 (irrigation efficiency improvement through implementation of a high efficiency irrigation system, canal lining, reduction and replacement of high delta crops with low delta crops) was sufficient to reduce the canal water deficit in order to optimize canal water allocation. Improvement in the irrigation system and cropping area should be optimized for efficient canal water management.

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Karela, Bhanwar Lal, and Ruby Siddiqui. "Characterization of irrigation water of Gurgaon canal command area using geospatial techniques." International Journal of Geography, Geology and Environment 4, no. 2 (2022): 06–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/27067483.2022.v4.i2a.109.

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Sharma, A., and S. S. Tomar. "Transplanted Rice-Based Cropping Sequences in an Irrigation Canal Command Area of Rajasthan." International Rice Research Newsletter 16, no. 4 (1991): 23. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7218372.

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This article 'Transplanted Rice-Based Cropping Sequences in an Irrigation Canal Command Area of Rajasthan' appeared in the International Rice Research Newsletter series, created by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). The primary objective of this publication was to expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and for rice based cropping systems. This publication will report what scientists are doing to increase the production of rice in as much as this crop feeds the most densely populated and land scarce nations in the world.

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Adamala, Sirisha, Yogesh Anand Rajwade, and Y. V. Krishna Reddy. "Estimation of wheat crop evapotranspiration using NDVI vegetation index." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 8, no. 1 (2016): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i1.767.

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The evapotranspiration of the wheat crop grown in Tarafeni South Main Canal (TSMC) irrigation command area of West Bengal, India was estimated based on Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from LANDSAT images. The crop evapotranspiration (ETc) of wheat crop was estimated using the crop coefficient (Kc) maps and the reference evapotranspiration (ETo) in the TSMC irrigation command area. The ETo was estimated from the well known temperature based ETo estimation method, i.e. FAO-24 modified Blaney-Criddle method using measured maximum and minimum air temperatures data during January 2011 in the command area. The Kc maps were mapped in ARC GIS software using procured LANDSAT images for the study period. The area under wheat crop was clipped from land use/land cover map generated from LANDSAT image of January, 2011 for winter season. Further, the crop evapotranspiration map was obtained by multiplying Kc map with the estimated ETo value i.e., 5.76 mm/day for a particular day. The maximum crop evapotranspiration computed for Rabi crop was 5.57 mm/ day, whereas minimum was 1.59 mm/day for the TSMC command area.

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Chavda, Hiren J., and Kashyap B. Gohil. "Crop Water Requirement for Cotton Crop in Unchadi Section Command Area of Shetrunji Right Bank Main Canal using WEAP Model." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 4 (2023): 3863–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.51129.

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Abstract: Crop coefficients and reference crop evapotranspiration must be determined in order to estimate irrigation water requirements for any crop and improve irrigation scheduling and water management. The objective of this study is to evaluate the crop water requirements of cotton using the FAO-56 Penman-Monteith Method with dual crop coefficients. Meteorological data for the Unchadi Section Command Area of Shetrunji Right Bank Main Canal, such as maximum and minimum temperatures, mean relative humidity, sunlight hours, and wind speed, are used to calculate reference crop evapotranspiration. The MABIA method in WEAP (Water Evaluation And Planning) software uses the dual-Kc approach to calculate crop evapotranspiration or crop water requirement, which is described in FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 56, whereby the Kc value is divided into a ‘basal’ crop coefficient (Kcb) and a separate component (Ke) representing evaporation from the soil surface. The basal crop coefficient represents actual ET conditions when the soil surface is dry but sufficient root zone moisture is present to support full transpiration. Cotton crop water requirement (ETc) using is found about 940.93 mm during the growing season in region. This result can be useful for agricultural planning and efficient irrigation management for cotton cultivation in Unchadi Section Command Area of Shetrunji Right Bank Main Canal.

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Ebissa, G. K. "Geological study of Gondoro Small Scale Irrigation Project." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT AND RESEARCH Volume 5, Issue 2 | May 2017 (2017): 1148–56. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.583716.

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The geological and geotechnical investigation for the final study of Gondoro small scale irrigation project has been conducted in parallel with the topographic survey. The investigation is conducted mainly to provide data: on foundations of structures along the main canal, water tightness of the irrigation canals, stability of canals, quality and availability of natural construction materials. The study comprises of: gathering available information about the regional geology, characterization of the geology of the project area, assessment of Ground water condition of the project area in view of the design of structures and drainage condition of the irrigation land, evaluation of the nature and distribution of foundation materials for the proposed structures as well as natural construction material to define the required construction materials quality availability. For the final investigation of Gondoro Irrigation development project the available information on geological maps, satellite images and local information were reviewed. To attain the objectives of the study initially surface local geological study of the project area has been conducted followed by subsurface investigation on the weir axis along the main canal alignment and the proposed sources of construction materials. These Sites were investigated to evaluate the foundation conditions and to study possible available construction material sources. Laboratory tests were conducted on disturbed samples retrieved from canal alignment and proposed construction materials sources, in Addis Ababa, at Transport Construction Design Company central laboratory. The results of these tests are given in annexed in this report. Alternative weir site options have been assessed and all the options are not better than the traditional diversion site from geological point of view and the depth of the bed rock for the structure foundation cannot be encountered at shallow depth in all cases due to deep rock weathering in the area. The alluvial deposit in the entire river course is composed of coble and large boulders with traces of block sizes. The weir site is located in the upper course of the river where large boulders are reworked and mobilized. Naturally deposited Construction materials such as concrete aggregate and quarry for masonry stone are not available within the project area consequently the. River deposit is proposed by crushing to the required size and shape. The entire length of the main canal to the command area extends along the loose organic top soil underlying thick reddish stiff clayey silt residual soil layer. In all the stretches of the main canal alignment there is no stability problem of natural slopes. For the entire length of the canal alignment considerable amount of seepage is not expected if the canal prism lies within the residual soil layer.

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Syahrul, M. Yasar, and R. Safira. "Cropping pattern and schedule using K-Factor for optimizing irrigation networks operation in Krueng Jreu Irrigation Area, Aceh, Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 922, no. 1 (2021): 012025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/922/1/012025.

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Abstract Determining the cropping pattern and schedule according to the availability and requirement of irrigation water is important in an irrigation command area. Supplying irrigation water in the Krueng Jreu Irrigation Area is still less effective in the dry season, so it is necessary to review the existing cropping pattern and schedule in the irrigation area by considering the K factor. To achieve optimal irrigation networks operation, simulation of cropping patterns and schedules based on the K factor was conducted. Optimal cropping patterns and schedules were determined by the highest frequency of the half-month K factor greater than 0.75. The best cropping pattern and schedule for Krueng Jreu Irrigation Area was rice-rice-soybean cropping pattern with first planting season started in mid-July, second planting season in mid-November and third planting season in mid-March. The results achieved the best frequency of K factor > 0.75 as many as 15 times, K factor in the range of 0.50 - 0.75 as many as 3 times, and K factor < 0.25 as many as 4 times. The application of the selected cropping pattern and schedule was done by allocating water into three groups in case of the K factor < 0.75, namely Group I (Menara and Krueng Aceh Extension secondary canal), Group II (Krueng Jreu Kiri secondary canal) and Group III (Kayee, Lamkrah, and Inong secondary canal).

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Rao, D. Sai Gangadhara, Ch Murali Krishna, H. V. Hema Kumar, B. Sarojini Devi, L. Edukondalu, and V. Srinivasa Rao. "Assessment of Available Water and Crop Water Requirements of Major Crops in Nagarjuna Sagar Right Canal Command Area, Andhra Pradesh, India." International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 35, no. 3 (2023): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2023/v35i32764.

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The mean water releases at head section of 11 years of Nagarjuna Sagar Jawahar right main Canal, Andhra Pradesh, India is found to be 128.13 TMC (3,627.71 MCM). The mean surface water availability was estimated as 2,229 MCM. For the efficient utilization of groundwater, the quality plays a major role in terms of selection of crop variety for sustainable agriculture. The ground water quantity of the command area available was estimated 1385 MCM and the mean annual conjunctive use of command area was 3,614 MCM (128 TMC). The crop water requirement for paddy, cotton, chilies, millet and pulses were estimated in the command area by using CROPWAT model. The crop water requirement for paddy in NSRC command area of Guntur district for black soils was 848.2 mm. The irrigation water requirement was 638.9 mm and for red soils, crop water requirement for paddy and irrigation water requirements were 848.2 mm and 624.5 mm respectively. Similarly, computed for all the crops and overall crop water demand for both (Guntur and Prakasam) districts of NSRC command area for different soils and different crops per annum was 4,456 MCM without considering cattle and domestic water use. Based on the research, it was concluded that the available water is not sufficient and it is suggested to choose alternative crops for bringing entire area into cultivation.

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Makadiya, Kishan, R. C. Purohit, Jitendra Rajput, Dimple, Ashish Rai, and Ahmed Elbeltagi. "Socio-economic analysis of Baroda branch canal of Som Kamla Amba irrigation project, Dungarpur, Rajasthan." Environment Conservation Journal 22, no. 3 (2021): 271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.2021.22332.

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Irrigation system development results in improvements of farmers' economy, followed by livelihood sustainability, standard of living and social attitude. Present analysis focused on socio-economic status of farming families in the command area of Baroda Branch Canal of Som Kamla Amba Irrigation Project. The study considered survey sampling of 10 per cent beneficiaries in the Baroda branch canal command which consisted 150 farming families having 787 persons in numbers. The socio-economic indicators viz., the family structures, employment pattern, education status, livestock ownership, farm asset distribution, cost of cultivation, and cost of returns were analysed. Results indicated that education and living standards are of farmers was low which may be one of the reasons for not adoption of newly farming technologies. Cost of cultivation per hectare for wheat, barley, gram, and mustard crops were found as Rs. 28,503.00, Rs. 26,727.00, Rs. 21,184.00 and Rs. 21,697.00, respectively and net benefits per hectare obtained from these crops were Rs. 13,297, Rs. 13,023, Rs. 14,416 and Rs. 18,303, respectively. The pattern of ownership of livestock showed that the average number of cows in the command area was about 1.97 per family. The productivity in the area is average due to low inputs use.

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Agrawal, Purushottam, M. K. Verma, Jitendra Sinha, and G. K. Nigam. "Optimization of canal irrigation scheduling for Kharif crops in Mahanadi command area, Chhattisgarh." Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 16, no. 1 (2017): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2455-7145.2017.00005.4.

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Adhakari, Basistha. "Design of Water Distribution System: Appropriateness of Structured System in Large Irrigation Projects in Nepal." Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment 19 (July 26, 2016): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v19i0.15348.

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Many large irrigation projects in Nepal operate under command area development works that emphasize on-farm water distribution and management. These projects have specific design characteristics that were planned to comply with available water resources, climatic conditions, soil type, and water distribution technology. The water distribution technologies differ based on the design needs of each individual project and the design preferences of various foreign consulting firms. This article focuses on the issues of planning and designing water distribution systems of large irrigation systems at the irrigation service delivery level. The layout planning of an irrigation system is an important aspect of design for water distribution, typically guided by hierarchical system. This article also highlights the existing canal hierarchy of these systems and their appropriateness for efficient water distribution. Furthermore, the appropriateness of the structured system is also examined in the Sunsari Morang Irrigation Project. The article concluded with some suggestions for planning and designing command area development works of forthcoming large irrigation projects such as the Sikta Irrigation Project, the Babai Irrigation Project, and the Mahakali Irrigation Project Stage-III.HYDRO Nepal JournalJournal of Water, Energy and EnvironmentIssue: 19Page: 25-30

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Ali Shah, Shoukat, Madeeha Kiran, Rabia Dars, Aleena Nazir, and Shaharyar Hassan Ashrafani. "DEVELOPMENT OF STAGE-DISCHARGE RATING CURVE AND RATING TABLE OF PIYARO MINOR AND DILWARO MINOR." GEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR 5, no. 1 (2020): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/gbr.01.2021.23.27.

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Developing a gauge-discharge relationship in rivers, canals, and minor flow is vital for controlling floods, managing water resources, Spatio-temporal analysis, socio-economic development, and sustaining the ecosystem. Accurate and consistent data of irrigation networks are perilous to scheduling and managing for accurate application of irrigation water. Most of the hydrologic engineering activities like hydraulics structure, designs, flood monitoring, surplus water, reservoir, canal, and minor’s operation depend on flowing water derived from Rating Curve (RC). The effective management of irrigation water is necessary for crop water requirements and seepage losses estimation. In this context, the present study showed the actual field level work tested at two minors of the Ghotki feeder canal namely Pyaro minor and Dilwaro minor. The main object of the study is to develop gauge-discharge relation and development of RC and Rating Table (RT). The current meter was used for taking discharge measurements with the area velocity technique in both minors. Moreover, stage-discharge RC and RT were developed for different flows of water for both minors in Origin Software. From the calculated results, Power equations were developed for both minors for the actual requirement of crop water in the command area. The results of the study calculated in RT of Piyaro minor between 0.5-5ft stage gave discharge 0.053 cusecs to 90.616 cusecs. While the RT of Dilwaro minor showed the range between 0.5ft-4ft stage gave 26.575cusec to 168.888 cusecs. Hence, the present study suggested that for both minors, automatic gauging stations should be established for the actual demand of irrigation water in the command area and di-siltation should be done on both minors to make availability of water at the tail section.

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Rao, D. Sai Gangadhara, Ch Murali Krishna, H. V. Hema Kumar, B. Sarojini Devi, L. Edukondalu, and V. Srinivasa Rao. "Assessment of Crop Water Requirements of Nagarjuna Sagar Right Canal Command Area under Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 15, no. 6 (2025): 313–33. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2025/v15i64892.

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The Nagarjuna Sagar Right (Jawahar) Canal Command area spans 37 mandals in Guntur. Surface water availability has been assessed using data from the Water Resources Department, specifically from the Lingamguntla and Ongole Circles within the command area of Andhra Pradesh. Groundwater levels are monitored through 300 observation wells across the command area, managed by the State Groundwater Department. The water requirements for various crops, including paddy, cotton, chilies, millet, and pulses, have been calculated. CROPWAT 8.0 was utilized to calculate the water requirements for crops, whereas EasyFit and SPSS software were employed to analyse the rainfall data that had been input for the crop water requirement calculations. For instance, the crop water requirement for paddy in the Guntur district's NSRC command area, particularly in black soil regions, is 488.2 mm, with an irrigation water requirement of 368.9 mm. The percentage of water requirement calculated for paddy in the Guntur district of NSPRC was 72%, for chillies 74%, for cotton 65%, for pulses 61%, and for millets 65%, when compared to the entire command area. Finally, the available water supply is insufficient, necessitating the selection of alternative crops to fully cultivate the area.

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Singh, Sachchida Nand, Mohd Aftab Alam, Bharti Tiwari, Alka Kumari, and Surendra Kumar Pali. "Estimation of Water Requirement of Different Field Crops Grown in Tons Pump Canal Command Area of Eastern Uttar Pradesh, India." International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 37, no. 3 (2025): 407–14. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2025/v37i35377.

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The estimation of water requirements for different field crops was conducted in the Tons Pump Canal Command Area of Eastern Uttar Pradesh, utilizing twenty-five years of meteorological data. The study aimed to determine the reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and crop water requirements for major crops cultivated in the region, including wheat, paddy, barley, millet, pea, potato, sugarcane, mustard, til, Arhar, and gram. The Penman-Monteith equation was employed to calculate ETo, which ranged from 2.27 mm to 6.80 mm per day. The estimated crop water requirements were found to be 53.84 cm for wheat, 16.43 cm for paddy, 32.88 cm for barley, 6.38 cm for pea, 25.39 cm for potato, 70.02 cm for sugarcane, 33.31 cm for mustard, 150.23 cm for til, 38.38 cm for Arhar, 3.57 cm for gram, and 4.98 cm for another crop. Notably, millet required no additional irrigation. These findings provide valuable insights into the water management needs of field crops in the Tons Pump Canal Command Area, assisting in efficient irrigation planning and sustainable water resource utilization. The study underscores the importance of crop-specific water management strategies to optimize agricultural productivity in the region.

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Indraja, P., H. V. Hema Kumar, A. Mani, K. V. S. Rami Reddy, and Ch Sujani Rao. "Estimation of Ground Water Recharge in the Command Area of Krishna Central Delta." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13, no. 12 (2023): 1317–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i123798.

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Groundwater recharge is the most important component in all the water balance studies and in ground water development projects as a part of sustainable groundwater management. Norms set by the Groundwater Resource Estimation Committee, GEC-2015 was used for the estimation of recharge. The study was conducted for the Bandar canal command area constituting the Krishna Central Delta in Andhra Pradesh. Following the norms of GEC-2015, the recharge was estimated for the past decade from 2012-13 to 2021-22 and it was found that recharge rate ranged from 438135.8 ha-m in the year 2015-16 to 1677730 ha-m in the year 2013-14. While computing the gross recharge, recharge attributed by rainfall, canal seepage, irrigation return flow and from the ponds/tanks are considered. Recharge estimated sheds information on replenishment and improved management of coastal aquifers where seawater intrusion is a major problem.

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Krishna., CH Murali, D. Sai gangadhara Rao, B. Ramana Murthy, HV Hema Kumar, MV Ramana, and NV Sarala. "Impact of Telugu Ganga Project on Irrigation Efficiency and Crop Yield in Nellore District, Andhra Pradesh, India." International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 36, no. 11 (2024): 451–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2024/v36i115162.

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A study was conducted to assess the effect of rainfall and canal water on paddy and groundnut yield in Nellore under Telugu Ganga Project (TGP) command in Andhra Pradesh. The evaluation was made using different indicators at the start (1997) and end of the study (2018). The study focused on evaluation of TGP for assessing the crop condition, inventory, calendar, irrigation potential, irrigation scheduling and yield attained in the command. Optimization was done to identify suitable rainfall and canal water levels for maximizing the yield. Paddy area significantly increased by 129.2% (78688 to 180351 ha) due to supply of canal water, while groundnut area decreased by 54.1% (35181 to 16152 ha) over years. Based on NDVI, maximum kharif paddy area of 44% was under ‘good’ category in 1997, while 52% was under ‘very good’ category in 2018.Maximum rabi paddy area of 51% was in ‘good’ category in 1997, while 56% was under ‘very good’ category in 2018. In Nellore, mean equity of 60.3% (CV of 55%), uniformity of 69% (CV of 44.5%), irrigation intensity of 72.1% (CV of 62.7%), consumed ratio/efficiency of 50.9% (CV of 53.3%), adequacy of 159% (CV of 24.5%) andyield of 5552 kg/ha (CV of 25.6%) were observed. Among 8 mandals of Nellore, NDVI of paddy ranged from 0.324-0.396 with mean of 0.362 (CV of 6.6%) in 1997, while it ranged from 0.475-0.547 with mean of 0.510 (CV of 4.2%) in 2018. In groundnut, NDVI ranged from 0.282-0.404 with mean of 0.328 (CV of 12.7%) in 1997, while it ranged from 0.489-0.552 with mean of 0.516 (CV of 4.3%) in 2018. Among 33 mandals of TGP command, NDVI of paddy ranged from 0.324-0.616 with mean of 0.503 (CV of 17.6%) in 1997, while it ranged from 0.475-0.811 with mean of 0.650 (CV of 16.9%) in 2018. In groundnut, NDVI ranged from 0.282-0.653 with mean of 0.526 (CV of 22.5%) in 1997, while it ranged from 0.489-0.867 with mean of 0.667 (CV of 15.9%) in 2018.

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Syed, Naeem Shah Bukhari, Zhao Shuqi, Muhammad Munir Babar, and Rajesh Kumar Soothar. "Analysis of Conveyance Losses from Tertiary Irrigation Network." Civil Engineering Journal 7, no. 10 (2021): 1731–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2021-03091756.

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Irrigation canals are generally made through porous soil formations, since the soil is loose porous media – a huge amount of canal water is lost to conveyance losses. The situation becomes direr when these losses result in non-beneficial losses. The Sindh province of Pakistan has more than 70% saline groundwater, conveyance losses to such areas in the province not only become unusable but also creates water management problems. Perhaps the only cost-effective way to address these losses is canal lining. The present study was conducted in the command area of Belharo distributary, Sindh, Pakistan with an aim to determine the extent of losses from the tertiary irrigated network as these water channels are less considered in the literature with regards of conveyance losses. Using water balance method, conveyance efficiency and conveyance losses at 30% lined and 50 and 75% unlined length of the watercourses was observed. The results revealed that the tertiary irrigation channels face an average of 43% conveyance losses and major proportion of these losses is lost to non-beneficial losses from the study area. The study further suggests 75% lining of watercourses in order to minimize non-beneficial losses. This study also infers that with the use of geo-membrane lining, sizeable amount of fresh water can be saved. Doi: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091756 Full Text: PDF

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Basediya, Shiv Singh, S. K. Pyasi, and R. N. Shrivastava. "Irrigation Planning in Canal Command Area of Samrat Ashok Sagar Project-A Case Study." International Journal of Agriculture Sciences(IJAS) 10, no. 4 (2018): 5187. http://dx.doi.org/10.9735/0975-3710.10.4.5187-5191.

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Dr. Nazir Ahmed, Dr. Nosheen Abdul Raheem Abro, Dr. Zahid H. Channa, and Bahram Khan. "An Analysis of Household Income, Consumption Expenditure, and Savings Before and After The Mirani Dam Right and Left Bank Canals In District Kech, Balochistan, Pakistan." ACADEMIA International Journal for Social Sciences 4, no. 2 (2025): 155–67. https://doi.org/10.63056/acad.004.02.0150.

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This study looked at household income, consumption, and saving patterns in the Mirani dam command area before and after the dam's two irrigation canals were built. A total of 371 households were chosen for the data collection for this study in the vicinity of the Mirani dam command area. A T-statistics technique was used to compare income, consumption, and saving before and after the Mirani dam on both canals. The data analysis result reveals that all three variables have changed significantly in the locality of the Mirani dam command area. The income, consumption, and saving patterns of the three types of farmers have significantly improved. These changes in the variables were caused by the availability of irrigation water in the vicinity of the Mirani dam command area.

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Narziev, Jasurbek, Bhaskar Nikam, and Furqat Gapparov. "Infrastructure mapping and performance assessment of irrigation system using GIS and remote sensing." E3S Web of Conferences 264 (2021): 03005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126403005.

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Hence evaluating and improving the performance of irrigation systems is of paramount importance in Irrigation Water Management. Researchers are making many attempts to evaluate and benchmark the performance of irrigation systems. All of them have concluded that the non-availability of a detailed database limits their efforts. Keeping this in mind, an attempt is made in this pilot project titled “Infrastructure mapping and Performance Assessment of Irrigation system using GIS and Remote Sensing.” The results indicate that the Irrigation system's performance is satisfactory, but the water supply is not adequate if surface water (canal water) is the only source of irrigation. The analysis of feedback collected from farmers indicates that the positive project impacts agricultural productivity and socio-economics in the command area.

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Kumar, Mahesh, Priyabrata Santra, P. C. Moharana, Nav Raten Panwar, R K Goyal, and C B Pandey. "Characterization of Natural Resources in the Narmada Canal Project Area of Rajasthan for their Management under Canal Command Irrigation." Annals of Arid Zone 63, no. 4 (2024): 185–99. https://doi.org/10.56093/aaz.v63i4.154743.

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A systematic investigation was undertaken to assess the state of natural resources i.e. soils, landform, and water in response to continuous canal irrigation in the Narmada Canal Project area in two arid districts of arid Rajasthan. Soils in the NCP area in Rajasthan were found very deep, slightly to strongly alkaline in reaction (pH 7.62 to 9.98), sandy to silty loam in texture at surface and loamy sand to sandy loam in texture at the subsurface. Five soil series were characterized and mapped in the course of the investigation. Four soil series belonged to the aeolian plains covering 74% area of NCP and these are Sanchore, Dhorimana, Chohtan and Dune complex whereas one soil series i.e. Chitalwana was identified belonging to alluvial plains covering 10% area of NCP. Organic carbon content ranged from 0.03 to 0.42% in the surface soils with a decreasing trend along the depth. Available N, P and K content in surface soils ranged from 61.9 to 191.0 kg ha-1, 1.41 to 47.84 kg ha-1 and 56.25 to 652.50 kg ha-1, respectively. Similarly, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu ranged from 0.85 to 13.46 mg kg-1, 1.72 to 14.55 mg kg-1, 0.08 to 2.40 mg kg-1 and 0.02 to 1.38 mg kg-1, respectively. Based on visual interpretation of satellite images and subsequent ground truthing, ten types of landforms have been characterized in the area, which have been categorised under fluvial, aeolian and coastal kinds. Among the landforms of fluvial origin, alluvial plains occur in about 37% of total area under NCP and have been further mapped as younger and older alluvial plain types. Analysis of groundwater in the NCP area of Rajasthan revealed medium sodicity of groundwater with the value of sodium adsorption ratio ranging from 0.15 to 36.31. The residual sodium carbonate of groundwater ranged from almost nil to 5.7 me L-1 with a mean value of 1.1 me L-1. Among the cations and anions, Na+ and Cl- are the dominant ions and their concentrations ranged from 0.27 to 95.50 me L-1 and 1.40 to 92.40 me L-1, respectively. Benchmark characterization of these soil and water resources will help in future assessment and best management of natural resources specifically in canal command area located in arid landscape.

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Varadarajan, N., and B. K. Purandara. "SaltMod estimation of root-zone salinity Varadarajan and Purandara Application of SaltMod to estimate root-zone salinity in a command area." Materials and Geoenvironment 65, no. 2 (2018): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rmzmag-2018-0008.

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Abstract Waterlogging and salinity are the common features associated with many of the irrigation commands of surface water projects. This study aims to estimate the root zone salinity of the left and right bank canal commands of Ghataprabha irrigation command, Karnataka, India. The hydro-salinity model SaltMod was applied to selected agriculture plots at Gokak, Mudhol, Biligi and Bagalkot taluks for the prediction of root-zone salinity and leaching efficiency. The model simulated the soil-profile salinity for 20 years with and without subsurface drainage. The salinity level shows a decline with an increase of leaching efficiency. The leaching efficiency of 0.2 shows the best match with the actual efficiency under adequate drainage conditions. The model shows a steady increase, reaching the levels up to 8.0 decisiemens/metre (dS/m) to 10.6 dS/m at the end of the 20-year period under no drainage. If suitable drainage system is not provided, the area will further get salinised, thus making the land uncultivable. We conclude from the present study that it is necessary to provide proper drainage facilities to control the salinity levels in the study area.

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Chaitra, B. S., and M. G. Chandrakanth. "Optimal extraction of groundwater for irrigation: synergies from surface water bodies in tropical India." Water Policy 7, no. 6 (2005): 597–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2005.0036.

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The synergistic effects of canals and tanks in groundwater recharge that contribute to an economically sustainable path of groundwater extraction are examined. Thirty farmers each with groundwater wells located in canal command (GWCI), in tank command (GWTI) and in solely well-irrigated areas (devoid of surface water bodies) (GWSI) are studied in Tumkur district of Karnataka. Applying Pontryagin's maximum principle to find the economically sustainable path of groundwater extraction, results indicated that by following the optimal path, the life of groundwater wells will increase by an additional 8, 17 and 24 years, respectively in GWSI, GWTI and GWCI areas over myopic (or uncontrolled) extraction. The additional net present value of benefit realized is US$822, US$1,907 and US$3,636 by optimal extraction in the three well areas. GWCI farmers realized the highest net returns (US$255) per hectare of gross groundwater irrigated area followed by GWTI (US$227.5) and GWSI (US$162.5). In GWTI (GWCI) amortized cost per cubic metre of groundwater was lower by 33% (53%) compared with GWSI, which reflects positive externality owing to the synergistic role of canals and tanks in groundwater recharge.

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Dhruw, Manju, and V. K. Pandey. "Estimation of Actual Evapotranspiration (ETa) of Major Crops of a Distributary of Mahanadi Canal Command Using CROPWAT 8.0 Model by Penman: Montieth Method." Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology 42, no. 20 (2023): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/cjast/2023/v42i204149.

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This paper aims to estimate Actual Evapotranspiration of major crops by using CROPWAT 8.0 software in 2A canal command of Mahanadi of Dhamtari district. Actual evapotranspiration is a key process of hydrological cycle and a sole term that links land surface water balance and land surface energy balance. Irrigation is an essential part of different crops because rainfall is not enough for irrigated farmland. Long term daily meteorological data including rainfall, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and sunshine hours of IMD station data was used as input data in modified Penman method and CROPWAT 8.0 model. The crop stage data, including the value of Kc in, Kc mid, Kc end for the selected crop was obtained from Department of Irrigation the rooting depth, critical depletion and crop height of different crops are taken from FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56. The Penman Monteith method was used to estimate ETo and ETc respectively. The major crops in 2A canal command area are Paddy, Wheat, Chickpea , Summer Paddy. Based on the intensive study of this paper, daily basis meteorological weather data was recorded from 2007 to 2021 were used to obtain the result. The study detects that Penman–Montieth method is the best method to estimate Actual Evapotranspiration of all crops.

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Mirajkar, A. B., and P. L. Patel. "A FUZZY BASED OPTIMAL IRRIGATION PLANNING FOR KAKRAPAR RIGHT BANK CANAL COMMAND AREA, GUJARAT, INDIA." ISH Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 17, sup1 (2011): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09715010.2011.10515059.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Irrigation Canal Command Area'

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