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Eftekharzadeh, Shahriar. "Canal side weirs for water delivery to irrigation furrows." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_e9791_1985_139_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.
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Vigilar, Gregorio G. "Numerical simulation of an optimal channel cross-section." Thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-11012008-063227/.
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Story, Brian T. "Canal seepage reduction using anionic polyacrylamide field and bench-scale tests /." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1317346011&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Whitney, Damian. "Variations in the perceptions of urban canals in Fresno, California." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5725.
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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on September 19, 2008) Includes bibliographical references.
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Gale, Steven Burton. "Entrainment losses of westslope cutthroat trout into screened and unscreened irrigation canals on Skalkaho Creek, Montana." Thesis, Montana State University, 2005. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2005/gale/GaleS0805.pdf.
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Bahn, Leslie. "An assessment of losses of native fish to irrigation diversions on selected tributaries of the Bitterroot River, Montana." Thesis, Montana State University, 2007. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2007/bahn/BahnL1207.pdf.
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Harnish, Ryan Alexander. "Fish screen efficiency and effects of screened and unscreened irrigation canals on the downstream movement of westslope cutthroat trout juveniles in Skalkaho Creek, Montana." Thesis, Montana State University, 2007. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2007/harnish/HarnishR1207.pdf.
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Carlson, Andrew J. "Watershed scale habitat use and canal entrainment by Bonneville cutthroat trout in the Smiths Fork-Bear River drainage." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1273114571&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Amin, Muhammad Anjum. "Predicting the variations in water quality along an irrigation canal in Punjab, Pakistan." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=32750.
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The Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS) irrigates 16 million ha of land in Pakistan. The irrigation water is also used for domestic consumption in rural areas and where the ground water is brackish. Many major cities and towns dispose their untreated wastewater directly into the irrigation canal network, which ultimately has adverse impacts on the downstream water quality. In order to better understand the water quality variations, several parameters were measured along a 45 km long irrigation canal (Hakra-6R) in Punjab, Pakistan during the year 2000. The parameters measured were: biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), nitrate (NO3), ammonia (NH3), Escherichia coli (E.coli), dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, and water temperature. The PC-QUASAR model was used as predictive tool to simulate the water quality concentrations along the downstream locations of Hakra-6R canal. The measured data were used to validate the PC-QUASAR model. The model efficiencies ranged from 0.40 to 0.96 for selected parameters. A sensitivity analysis showed that the nitrification, denitrification, BOD sedimentation, and BOD algae rate were the most sensitive parameters of model performance. The BOD decay and sediment oxygen rates have negligible influence on model output. Water quality analysis showed that irrigation water was highly contaminated regarding microbiological aspects (E.coli ∼ 4000 N/100ml).
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Millette, Denis. "Reclamation of canal seepage affected land." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=59411.
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Deep interceptor drains are commonly used to control canal seepage in southern Alberta, Canada. Recently, shallow grid drainage was introduced. A study was initiated in 1987 to assess the effectiveness of grid drainage to intercept canal and natural groundwater seepage and reclaim the resulting saline affected land.Using a groundwater flow model, MODFLOW, it was found that a single deep interceptor drain would have failed to intercept all canal seepage and maintain the water table downslope of the canal below the 1.0 m design water table depth. Conversely, simulations indicated that with a grid drainage system, all canal and natural groundwater seepage would be intercepted and the water table would remain below the design water table depth, with or without irrigation recharge that would maintain a steady state salt balance.
The benefits of fall irrigation were demonstrated using three test plots near the canal.
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Molina, Katerine N. "Seepage Evaluations in Cache Valley Irrigation Canals." DigitalCommons@USU, 2008. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/424.
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Estimation of seepage was done in 39 selected reaches of 11 irrigation canals in the Logan and Blacksmith Fork Irrigation Systems of Cache Valley, Utah. The measurements were performed from June to October, 2008, which includes part of the irrigation season for these canals. The inflow-outflow method was used to measure seepage, in which area and velocities were measured under steady flow conditions. Velocity measurements were done with an acoustic flow meter and the mean velocity was determined using the reduced-point method (velocity measurements at 0.2, 0.6 and or 0.8 of the depth from the water surface).
As a result, reaches with the highest seepage losses were identified. Gaining streams, losing streams, and gaining-losing streams were also identified. Spatial variation was observed along each canal in which a descending trend of the mean seepage loss was found in the downstream direction. Additionally, spatial variation was found between canals, the reaches located in the east part of Logan city presented higher seepage losses than reaches on the west side of the city. Temporal variations were identified by a monthly comparison of seepage losses within reaches which indicated higher seepage losses during late July and August of 2008. Additionally, this report presents comments about the performance of the FlowTracker® ADV® in the present project.
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Horváth, Klaudia. "Model predictive control of resonance sensitive irrigation canals." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/116419.
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Saving water is an economic and ecological need. One way to save water is to reduce losses in irrigation networks by canal automation. The goal of canal automation is to make the right amount of water to at arrive in the right time. In order to achieve this goal, one of the ways is controlling the gates in the irrigation network by some control algorithm. In this work the control of a specific type of canal pools is studied: short and flat pools that are prone to resonance.
The downstream water level control of this type of canals is investigated using the example of the 3-reach laboratory canal of the Technical University of Catalonia. Numerical and experimental studies are carried out to investigate the following: the choice of models for predictive control, the possibility to achieve offset-free control while using gravity offtakes and the best choice of control action variables.
The objective of this work is to develop a well performing centralized model predictive controller (MPC) for the laboratory canal that is able to handle known and unknown setpoint changes and disturbances, and also to draw further conclusions about controller design for this type of canals.
A recently developed model for resonant canals, the Integrator Resonance, is implemented and successfully tested experimentally for the first time.
A new method to achieve offset free control for model predictive control is developed and tested numerically and experimentally.
A choice of control variables are tested: As opposed to the discharge which is generally used as the control action variable, a state space model is formulated by using the gate opening as control variable without the need of water level measurement downstream of the gates.
The results are summarized and conclusions are presented for control of short and flat canals that are prone to resonance.
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Temeepattanapongsa, Sathaporn. "Unified Equations for Cutthroat Flumes Derived from a Three-Dimensional Hydraulic Model." DigitalCommons@USU, 2012. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1308.
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Computational fluid dynamics software was used to simulate the hydraulic behavior of 51 Cutthroat flume (CTF) sizes under various flow conditions, including 24 standard sizes with throat widths (W) from 0.051 to 1.219 m (2 inches to 4 ft), flume scale lengths (L) ranging from 0.457 to 2.743 m (1.5 - 9 ft), constriction ratios (W/L) of 1/9, 2/9, 3/9, and 4/9, and 27 non-standard flumes of intermediate sizes. The validity and accuracy of the simulation results were demonstrated using laboratory data from other studies for 16 of the standard flume sizes and three non-standard sizes. By using the depth-discharge data for 24 standard CTFs obtained from the modeling, a series of "best-fit" calibrations of existing separate free- and submerged-flow rating equations were performed for each of the 24 standard-sized CTFs. A new unified rating equation for free- and submerged-flow conditions for the standard CTF sizes was proposed by comparing a set of empirical equations. The performance of the unified rating equation was also analyzed in order to determine the technical desirability of the equations as substitutes for the existing separate free- and submerged-flow rating equations. For the free-flow rating, the discharge parameters in the traditional equation are generalized to be applicable to any of the CTF sizes with flume lengths ranging from 0.457 to 2.743 m (1.5 - 9 ft), and the constriction ratio ranging from 1/9 to 4/9. This allows the application of CTFs with greater accuracy than the previously available equation. With the new generic-fit equations for the free-flow rating parameters, the discharge error is 4% from the standard discharge, with an average error of 2.2% for full-scale discharge. The generic unified rating equations proposed herein are also applicable to any of the CTF sizes, varying among the 24 standard sizes with flume lengths ranging from 0.457 to 2.743 m (1.5 - 9 ft) and the constriction ratio ranging from 1/9 to 4/9. With the generic-fit equations for the calibration parameters as derived herein, the discharge error is 6 - 8% compared to the standard discharge, and 2 - 3% for full-scale discharge.
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Elshorbagy, Walid Ali. "Design of irrigation system of canals using stochastic optimization approach." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187107.
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Design capacities of irrigation system canals determine the size and the cost of the system. Decisions to define the canal capacities depend on many uncertain parameters such as those describing the system operation and crop return. The most economical design can be obtained from an optimization model that accounts for these uncertainties while considering both the system design and operation. A two-stage stochastic problem with recourse is formulated in which the canal capacities are the first stage decisions and the water allocations are made in the second stage. This dissertation examines the two-state regularized stochastic decomposition algorithm and modifies it to better handle general engineering applications. It was used to solve for the optimal canal capacities under uncertain parameters present in the right hand side (RHS) of the second-stage constraints. The L-shaped method was then used to solve for these capacities under uncertain objective coefficients as well as RHS parameters. Obtained capacities from the stochastic approach were compared with results obtained from a traditional design procedure and from a deterministic optimization model in different conditions. The comparison demonstrates the merit of the proposed approach and points out the necessity to consider the parameters uncertainties when designing under certain conditions.
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Bonet, Gil Enrique. "Experimental design and verification of a centralized controller for irrigation canals." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/287977.
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This thesis aims to develop a predictive control for irrigation canals to improve the management of water resources.
Water is necessary for life and it is a scarce good that we need for drinking, in the agriculture, etc. At the same time, it can constitute a serious threat in particular areas due to the difficulty to grow foods by the increasing of prolonged droughts.
The agriculture holds an important part of the food chain and the water resources for agriculture are important, the problem is the water transport systems present low efficiencies in practice. The yield agriculture has to be optimized, because the goal of an operational water manager is to deliver the water to the irrigation sites accurately and efficiently. To improve the efficiency of the water transport systems is necessary to invest in automating the operation of irrigation canals.
In order to fulfill these objectives, we define an overall control diagrams scheme in chapter 5 which splits the management of the canal control in different blocks. The management of a canal start from setting the demand delivery accurately taking into account the crops necessities during an irrigation cycle and establishing the gate trajectories for controlling the canal in each time step. In an ideal case, the system would be controlled but some factors which could deviated the desired state for the canal from the real canal state, as for instance, a disturbance introduced into the canal. In that circumstances, it would be necessary to introduce in our overall control diagram, other algorithms which could aid the watermaster to restore the desired state of the canal. These algorithms, developed and tested for us, are the CSI and GoRoSoBo algorithms.
The first one defines a powerful tool in the management of a canal. The Watermaster establishes the gates positions and fixes the desired water level at checkpoints to fulfill a scheduled demand. In that sense, when someone introduce a disturbance into the canal perturbs the water level at checkpoints, so the scheduled deliveries cannot fulfilled by the watermaster. In such case, the water level measurements at these checkpoints could be sent to the CSI algorithms which calculates the real extracted flow and the current canal state along the canal, that is, the water level and velocity in all cross-sections of the canal. This task is performed by the CSI algorithm which has been designed in this thesis and tested in numerous numerical examples (chapter 7) and experimentally in a laboratory canal of the Technical University of Catalonia (chapter 8).
The last one is the essential tool in the management of a canal, that is, a control algorithm operating in real-time. The GoRoSoBo algorithm (Gómez, Rodellar, Soler, Bonet) is a feedback control algorithm which calculates the optimum gates trajectories for a predictive horizon taking into account the current canal state obtained by CSI as well as the scheduled demands and the previous gate trajectories. GoRoSoBo has been designed in this thesis and tested in several numerical examples (chapter 10) as the Test-Case proposed by the ASCE Task Committee on Canal Automation Algorithms (chapter 11). In that sense, we propose a centralized control performance to manage the canal control.
In addition to these two main contributions, many other smaller developments, minor results and practical recommendations for irrigation canal automation are presented throughout this thesis.Aquesta tesi té com a objectiu principal desenvolupar un control predictiu per a canals de reg i d'aquesta manera fer una aportació a la gestió dels recursos hídrics. L'aigua és un bé escàs i necessari per a la vida. És un recurs que fem un ús habitual d'ell, per consum propi, a la industria, com a font d'energia, a la agricultura.... .Un recurs tan preuat en zones amb escassetat per sequeres prologades constitueix un problema important, ja que afecta al desenvolupament de la zona. Concretament al sector de la agricultura pot provocar una davallada dels cultius i la incapacitat de cobrir les necessitats de la zona. L'agricultura és una part important de la cadena alimentària i els recursos hídrics per a l'agricultura són imprescindibles. Un greu problema a la agricultura son els baixos rendiments dels cultius moltes vegades relacionats amb sistemes de transport d'aigua poc eficients. La gestió dels recursos hídrics ha de ser optimitzada per obtenir rendiments competitius, ja que l'objectiu d'un gestor d'aigua és lliurar l'aigua de reg amb precisió i eficiència. Per millorar l'eficiència dels sistemes de transport d'aigua és necessari invertir en l'automatització dels canals de reg. Per complir aquests objectius, es defineix un esquema general de control al capítol 5, que divideix la gestió del control de canal en diferents blocs. La gestió d'un canal de reg s'inicia amb la programació de les demandes hídriques dels agricultors tenint en compte les necessitats dels diferents cultius durant un cicle de reg. Amb aquesta informació el watermaster tindria que establir les trajectòries de comporta o les accions de control per lliurar les demanades hídriques requerides als diferents punts del canal. En un cas ideal, el sistema seria controlat però a la realitat alguns factors externs podrien desviar l'estat desitjat del real, com per exemple extraccions de cabal desconeguts. En aquest cas, caldria introduir en el nostre diagrama general de control, altres algoritmes que podrien ajudar al WaterMaster a restablir l'estat desitjat. Aquests algoritmes, desenvolupats i testejats per nosaltres, són els algoritmes CSI i GoRoSoBo. CSI defineix una poderosa eina en la gestió d'un canal. El Watermaster estableix les posicions de les comportes i fixa el nivell d'aigua desitjat per complir amb les demandes hídriques programades en diferent punts del canal. En aquest sentit, quan algú introdueix una pertorbació altera el nivells de l'aigua al llarg del canal modificant els lliuraments programats inicialment de tal manera que no es podrien complir. En aquest cas, les mesures dels nivells d'aigua en diferents punts de control podrien ser enviats al algoritme CSI que tenint en compte aquest informació, les trajectòries de comporta i les demandes previstes calcularia el caudal real extret per les estructures de control i l'estat hidrodinàmic del canal, és a dir, el nivell de l'aigua i la velocitat en totes les seccions del canal. Aquesta tasca es duu a terme mitjançant l'algorisme CSI que ha estat dissenyat en aquesta tesi i provat en nombrosos exemples numèrics (capítol 7) i experimentalment en un canal de laboratori de la Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (capítol 8). L'altre algorisme (GoRoSoBo) és l'eina essencial en la gestió d'un canal, és a dir, un algoritme de control que opera en temps real. GoRoSoBo (Gómez, Rodellar, Soler, Bonet) és un algorisme de control de retroalimentació (feedback) que calcula les trajectòries de comporta òptimes per un horitzó de predicció tenint en compte l'estat hidrodinàmic del canal en el moment actual i els caudals reals d'extracció obtinguts per CSI, així com les demandes programades i les trajectòries de comporta anteriors. GoRoSoBo ha estat dissenyat en aquesta tesi i provat en diversos exemples numèrics (capítol 10), així com als casos de prova proposats pel ASCE (Clemmens et a., 1998) (capítol 11) amb resultats excel·lents
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Khair, A. "Soil-cement tiles for lining small irrigation canals in developing countries." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.380763.
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Montanari, Irene <1969>. "Irrigation and drainage canals role for plant diversity and nature conservation." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/9955/1/MONTANARI_IRENE_TESI.pdf.
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Aims: With this research, we wanted to investigate and promote the conservation of biodiversity in the network of drainage canals of the Po Valley
Study area: The canal network of Bologna plain, long more than 1150 km (Po Valley, North Italy)
Methods: In Chapter II we analyzed the geographical patterns that characterize our transects, the land use of their upstream basins, the water quality at the closure points of their river basins. In Chapter III we described the plant communities with some ecological information and we also tested the effect of the canal size on the plant communities. In Chapter IV we described the relation beetween some functional traits of the plant species sampled and some environmental parameters
Results: A total of 272 species were sampled in 118 transects. The plant communities of the drainage canals have been found to have a significant influence: the geographical pattern "proximity to protected areas", the class of land use "agrozootechnical settlements", and some water parameters. The analysis of the parameter "canal depth" indicated a significant distinction between small and large canals based on plant communities. The functional composition of the plant communities was affected by the bank aspect, the inclusion/exclusion from the protected areas and the upstream basin land uses. Moreover, the functional groups of species responded differently to environmental drivers, water quality gradients and were influenced by a combination of environmental stresses
Conclusions: This research confirms the key role of the canals network in sustaining the plant richness in oversimplified landscapes. Considering the fragility of the floodplains and the global warming that is taking place, it is necessary to rethink the role of irrigation canals and their plant communities in the near future. This work reinforces the belief that long-term sampling plans and greater knowledge about canal management practices are needed
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Witek, Thomas J. "Efficacy of four irrigation protocols in the debridement of small apical accessory canals." [Milwaukee, Wis.] : e-Publications@Marquette, 1997. http://epublications.marquette.edu/theses_open/1.
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Galvis, Restrepo Eduard. "Predictive control with dynamic constraints for closure and opening operations of irrigation canals." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/384542.
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Water delivery systems usually work in continuous way based on some prescribed flow conditions and user's needs .
However there are situations in which abrupt changes in the operating conditions must be carried on. Typical examples are the alternative closing of a canal system during the non-demand periods to save water for other purposes as energy production, and the closure of a canal due the danger of water pollution in the supplier river. Closure of a canal means setting zero flow conditions by closing the gates along the canal, while maintaining specific water levels under the maximum allowed value. The closure operation requires a progressive and well planned set of actions to avoid overtopping and cracking in the canal lining, which can involve both economic and environmental issues. The opening operation involves restarting the canal to its normal operating condition from zero flow condition.
This thesis is devoted to develop a supervised decentralized predictive control strategy for solving the problems related to the closure and opening operations of canal systems. The evaluation is fulfilled by means of numerical simulation on two cases of study in a variety of operating scenarios. The strategy is also experimentally validated through real-time implementation in a laboratory canal available in the Technical University of Catalonia (canal PAC-UPC).
The control strategy has been developed in a two-level architecture: (i) a set of individual decentralized downstream water level predictive controllers, which are formulated via an optimal control problem under dynamic constraints and implemented by upstream local gates; and (ii) a supervising level to achieve the compromise of fast execution with smooth gate trajectories and water level regulation, even in the presence of disturbances.
The simulation and real-time implementation scenarios have demonstrated that the proposed strategy is convenient for closure and opening of irrigation canals. Problems presented when the canal closure operations are not managed properly, such as overtopping, have been avoided in all the scenarios.Los canales de riego usualmente trabajan en forma continua bajo unas condiciones de flujo prescritas y acorde a las necesidades de agua de los usuarios. Sin embargo hay situaciones en las cuales se presentan cambios abruptos en las condiciones de operación. Un típico ejemplo es la alternativa de cierre durante los periodos de inactividad de los regantes. Dicho cierre tiene por objeto el ahorro de agua para otros propósitos, como puede ser la producción de energía. Otro ejemplo es la necesidad de cierre de un canal ante la presencia de un vertido de contaminantes aguas arriba en la fuente abastecedora de agua. El cierre de un canal requiere cerrar de forma progresiva y suave las compuertas de todo el canal, evitando desbordamientos y manteniendo unos calados de seguridad en los diferentes tramos del canal hasta llegar a una condición de caudal cero. La violación de los calados máximos puede producir inundaciones y pérdidas de agua innecesarias. La reducción de los niveles de agua por debajo de los calados mínimos permitidos puede causar daños en la estructura física del canal. Esta tesis se centra en el desarrollo de una estrategia de control predictivo descentralizado supervisado para gestionar de forma automática las operaciones de cierre y apertura de canales de riego. La evaluación de la estrategia se lleva a cabo mediante la simulación numérica en dos casos de estudio. Dicha evaluación se completa mediante experimentos en tiempo real realizados en un canal de laboratorio existente en la Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (canal PAC-UPC). La estrategia de control se ha desarrollado con una arquitectura de dos niveles: (i) un conjunto de controladores individuales descentralizados para el control de niveles de aguas abajo, cuya formulación se plantea como un problema de control óptimo con restricciones dinámicas; y (ii) un nivel de supervisión encargado de alcanzar el compromiso de una ejecución rápida del proceso de cierre (o apertura) con movimientos suaves de compuerta y de una regulación de los niveles de agua dentro de los márgenes de consigna, incluso en presencia de perturbaciones. Tanto los escenarios de simulación como los de implementación en tiempo real, han demostrado que la estrategia propuesta en esta tesis es satisfactoria para operaciones de cierre y apertura de canales de riego. En efecto, la estrategia de control ha sido capaz de evitar problemas, como por ejemplo el desbordamiento, que se presentan cuando la operación de cierre de un canal no se realiza adecuadamente.
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Sepúlveda, Toepfer Carlos. "Instrumentation, model identification and control of an experimental irrigation canal." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/5951.
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This thesis aims to develop control algorithms for irrigation canals in an experimental framework.These water transport systems are difficult to manage and present low efficiencies in practice.
As a result, an important percentage of water is lost, maintenance costs increase and water users follow a rigid irrigation schedule.
All these problems can be reduced by automating the operation of irrigation canals.
In order to fulfil the objectives, a laboratory canal, called Canal PAC-UPC, was equipped and instrumented in parallel with the development of this thesis. In general, the methods and solutions proposed herein were extensively tested in this canal.
In a broader context, three main contributions in different irrigation canal control areas are presented.
Focusing on gate-discharge measurements, many submerged-discharge calculation methods are tested and compared using Canal PAC-UPC measurement data. It has been found that most of them present errors around ±10%, but there are notable exceptions. Specifically, using classical formulas with a constant 0.611 contraction value give very good results (error<±6%), but when data is available, a very simple calibration formula recently proposed in the literature significantly outperform the rest (error<±3%). As a consequence, the latter is encouragingly proposed as the basis of any gate discharge controller.
With respect to irrigation canal modeling, a detailed procedure to obtain data-driven linear irrigation canal models is successfully developed. These models do not use physical parameters of the system, but are constructed from measurement data. In this case, these models are thought to be used in irrigation canal control issues like controller tuning, internal controller model in predictive controllers or simply as fast and simple simulation platforms. Much effort is employed in obtaining an adequate model structure from the linearized Saint-Venant equations, yielding to a mathematical procedure that verifies the existence of an integrator pole in any type of canal working under any hydraulic condition. Time-domain and frequency-domain results demonstrate the accuracy of the resulting models approximating a canal working around a particular operation condition both in simulation and experiment.
Regarding to irrigation canal control, two research lines are exploited. First, a new water level control scheme is proposed as an alternative between decentralized and centralized control. It is called Semi-decentralized scheme and aims to resemble the centralized control performance while maintaining an almost decentralized structure. Second, different water level control schemes based on PI control and Predictive control are studied and compared. The simulation and laboratory results show that the response and performance of this new strategy against offtake discharge changes, are almost identical to the ones of the centralized control, outperforming the other tested schemes based on PI control and on Predictive control. In addition, it is verified that schemes based on Predictive control with good controller models can counteract offtake discharge variations with less level deviations and in almost half the time than PI-based schemes.
In addition to these three main contributions, many other smaller developments, minor results and practical recommendations for irrigation canal automation are presented throughout this thesis.
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Heiner, Bryan J. "Parshall Flume Staff Gauge Location and Entrance Wingwall Discharge Calibration Corrections." DigitalCommons@USU, 2009. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/480.
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The Utah Water Research Laboratory, in conjunction with the State of Utah, initiated a study to determine the accuracy of a wide variety of flow measurement devices in Utah. The project selected 70 sites with flow measurement devices throughout the state. During the assessment each device had its physical condition and flow measurement accuracy documented.
Although a wide variety of flow measurement devices were tested, the majority were Parshall flumes. Many of the assessed Parshall flumes were not measuring flow to the specified ±5 percent design accuracy. Problems in flow measurement were due to issues with the staff gauge location and incorrect entrance geometry. Laboratory tests were conducted at the Utah Water Research Laboratory in an attempt to provide accurate flow measurement from flumes with these issues. The tests simulated incorrect locations for measuring upstream head with different entrance geometries on a 2-ft-wide Parshall flume.
The flume was tested with three different entrance wingwall configurations, eighteen stilling wells, and two point gauges, allowing water surface profiles to be collected throughout the flume. Corrections for incorrect head measurement locations and entrance geometries were created.
The objective of this thesis is to provide water users and regulators with the information necessary to help improve open-channel flow measurement accuracies. An overview of design accuracies and flow measurement devices is given. In addition, a method to correct for incorrect head readings in Parshall flumes, a widely used flow measurement device in Utah, is presented. It is expected that this information will help water users and regulators monitor their water with the understanding necessary to ensure that water is more accurately measured.
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Moellendorf, Suzanne M. "Effects of irrigation canals on stream ecosystems in a tropical dry forest region of Costa Rica." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0024889.
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Parhar, Mark Azad. "Evaluation of ultrasonic irrigation systems for debris and smear removal in root canals : a scanning electron microscope study." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/42833.
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Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of continuous flow ultrasonic irrigation systems to conventional syringe irrigation in removing debris and smear layer in straight and curved root canals.
Methods: Twenty-four maxillary recently extracted anterior teeth of curvature less than 10 degrees and 24 mesial roots of mandibular molars with a curvature between 15-30 degrees were instrumented to size 40, 0.04 taper and 35, 0.04 taper, respectively, using 3% sodium hypochlorite. The teeth were divided into three experimental groups according to the final irrigation technique: conventional syringe irrigation with a 30 gauge side vented needle, the PiezoFlow Ultrasonic irrigation system, and the VPro StreamClean Ultrasonic irrigation system. In all experimental groups, 15 mL of 3% sodium hypochlorite was used after instrumentation. Both ultrasonic systems were set at a flow rate of 15 mL/min and used for 1 minute at the ultrasonic power setting recommended by the manufacturer. This was followed by 3 mL of 17% EDTA for 2 minutes and 2 mL of sterile water. The teeth were sectioned and prepared for scanning electron microscope observation to assess the presence of debris and smear layer at the apical level (1, 3, 5 mm) with 200x and 1000x magnification, respectively. The debris was graded using Adobe Photoshop CS5 and two calibrated observers using a five-score scale graded the smear. All grading was blinded. The debris data was analyzed using one-way analysis of variance with Dunett’s test and the smear layer scores were analyzed using Kruskal Wallis.
Results: Concerning debris removal, no significant differences among groups were detected, however, the PiezoFlow Ultrasonic system approached significance at the 1 and 3 mm levels in the straight canals. The PiezoFlow Ultrasonic system resulted in significantly more smear layer removal at the 1 mm level in the straight canals compared to conventional syringe irrigation.
Conclusion. The final irrigation techniques were unable to completely remove debris or smear layer from the apical 5 mm of the straight and curved canals, however, the PiezoFlow removed significantly more smear layer at the 1 mm level in straight canals.
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Zhang, Duo. "Evaluation of the effectiveness of two irrigation systems in reducing bacterial load in root canals in vitro by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/62461.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: Irrigation is regarded as having a key role in one of the main goals of endodontic treatment, the killing and removing bacteria from the infected root canal. Different methods and techniques have been used to deliver irrigating solutions and to facilitate the effectiveness of irrigation. The purpose of this in vitro study was, by using quantitative real-time PCR to determine the effectiveness of two irrigation and cleaning systems in removing multispecies oral biofilms from root canals.
Methods: Fifteen extracted human molars were instrumented to size #15/.02 and then cleaned with the GentleWave System (GW; Sonendo Inc, Laguna Hills, CA). The teeth were autoclaved to provide the same sterile baseline. The molars were filled with mixed plaque suspended in brain-heart infusion broth and centrifuged to help the bacteria spread all over the root canal system. After two weeks of incubation, samples were divided randomly into two treatment groups and instrumented into size #15/.04 (GW) and #35/.04 (PiezoFlow group) under needle irrigation with sterile water. The teeth were then cleaned either with GentleWave System or ProUltra PiezoFlow Active Ultrasonic System (Dentsply Tulsa, Tulsa, OK) using 3% NaOCl, 8% EDTA and sterile water as irrigants. Root canals were sampled with paper points before and after instrumentation (S1, S2) and after GW or PF cleaning (S3). Quantitative real-time PCR was performed, the presence of microorganism in the samples was determined by using universal bacterial, a genus specific and species-specific primers. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test with the significance level set at P < 0.05.
Result: A highly significant bacterial reduction was recorded for both groups (P < 0.001). GW group showed a significantly higher reduction than the PF group of total microbes (P < 0.01), Enterococcus faecalis (P < 0.01) and Streptococcus species (P < 0.05). GW resulted predictably in high reduction of over 99% of the microbes in every canal, whereas in the PF group the reduction of microbes varied between 87% and 99.99%.
Conclusion: While both systems demonstrated effective reduction of intracanal bacteria, a high level of over 99% was more predictably achieved in the GW group.Dentistry, Faculty of
Graduate
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Jansen, van Vuuren Arno. "The implementation of the water release module of the WAS program at the Vaalharts Water Users' Association." Thesis, Bloemfontein : Central University of Technology, Free State, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/112.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M. Tech) - Central University of Technology, Free State, 2008Food and water are two basic human needs. International projections indicate that water shortages will be prevalent among poorer countries where resources are limited and population growth is rapid, such as the Middle East, parts of Asia and Africa. Provisional estimates are that South Africa will run out of surplus usable water by 2025, or soon thereafter. Urban and peri-urban areas will therefore require new infrastructure and inter-basin transfers to provide safe water and adequate sanitation. Due to the high cost of these developments, such water is seen as being used for industrial and public needs only and not for irrigation. Currently, the agricultural water users consume the majority of the water used by humans. Taking cognisance of the before mentioned it is a reality that in the future the irrigation sector will have to sacrifice some of its water for public and industrial usage. This suggests growing conflict between the different water users and the agricultural water users. An attempt by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) to address this conflict has been the implementation of pilot studies to determine the steps Water User Associations (WUAs) could take to ensure more effective water use in the future by the agricultural sector. These steps include an increase in irrigation efficiency according to the benchmarks of crop irrigation requirements and more efficient dam and canal management. The Water Administration System (WAS) has been developed to fulfill this exact requirement as it ensures optimal delivery of irrigation water on demand. The program is designed as a management tool for irrigation schemes, WUAs and water management offices to manage their accounts, and also to manage water supply to clients more efficiently through canal networks, pipelines and rivers. The WAS program consists of four modules that are integrated into a single program. Three modules of the WAS program have already been implemented at the Vaalharts irrigation scheme. This scheme has been transformed from a government controlled scheme to a privately owned scheme, and is now known as the Vaalharts Water User’s Association (VHWUA). The main purpose of this study was to implement the fourth module of the WAS program at the VHWUA as only full functionality of the complete program will ensure effective water use at the scheme. The fourth module calculates the volume of water to be released for all the canals (main canal and all its branches), allowing for lag times, water losses and accruals in order to minimise waste and thus save water. The methodology followed in this study was to first of all develop an understanding of the distribution cycle and the current calculation procedure of the VHWUA. The fourth module was then applied on a typical feeder canal and used to calculate the release volumes in order to compare these results with the current values. The next step was then to verify all data abstracted from the database used by the WAS program to calculate the release volumes. The database consists of information like cross-sectional properties, positioning of the sluices, canal slope, as well as canal capacities. The verification of data was done by field work, by studying existing engineering design drawings, through meetings and consultations with all parties involved in the VHWUA as well as by mathematical calculations. Cross-checking and verification, if necessary, of all above mentioned data were done. After the verification process, the database was updated and another cycle of calculations were run to do the final calibrations. Accurate calibrations were done to the seepage and the lag time coefficient. Some final adjustments were also made to the canal geometry in the database. This was an important part of the study as only a trusted and verified database will deliver correct results, irrespective of the software program used. After calibration of the database, the fourth module was again applied, but this time water losses were included in the calculations and the results revealed trustworthy and accurate real-time release volumes. The study therefore succeeded in the implementation of the fourth module on a typical feeder canal at the VHWUA. The study was concluded by the compilation of a checklist, which the VHWUA can use to implement the module on the whole scheme. This would enable the VHWUA to implement and apply the complete WAS program, which offers all the benefits and answers in every need of any water management office. Sustainable water resource utilisation can only be achieved through proper management. Applying this most effective management program will ensure a cost effective and optimised process at the VHWUA.
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Sinton, Amber M. R. "The ecology of freshwater communities of stock water races on the Canterbury Plains : a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Environmental Science in the University of Canterbury /." 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/2273.
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Mittelstadt, Robert. "Characterizing hydraulics and water distribution of furrow irrigation in northeast Malheur County." Thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/34923.
Full textAbstract:
Furrow irrigation is the dominant practice for irrigating row crops in the
western Treasure Valley region near Ontario, Oregon. Though improvements
have been made in management practices over the years, excessive runoff and
deep percolation are still important problems contributing to surface water and
groundwater degradation.
Field observations were made during two growing seasons to establish a
data base from which the hydraulic surface irrigation model, SRFR (SRFR, a computer program for simulating flow in surface irrigation, developed at the U.S. Water Conservation Laboratory in Phoenix, Arizona
(Strelkoff, 1991)), could be calibrated. SRFR is a numerical model, based on the principles of open channel
hydraulics coupled with an empirical relationship characterizing furrow intake.
SRFR is an analytical tool, with which the user supplies the physical
parameters (such as furrow shape and furrow intake) and also the management
variables (inflow rate and duration of inflow), and a simulation is conducted based on these conditions. Therefore, this model is a tool which provides insight into furrow irrigation processes. More specifically, SRFR can help answer such questions as which factors at the time of the irrigation are most important in determining irrigation performance. Once calibrated for a given set of conditions, various management strategies may be evaluated as to their relative effectiveness. These strategies may include, but are not limited to, cut-back irrigation, surge irrigation, alternating furrow irrigation, and laser-leveling of
the field.
A broad data-base is necessary for model calibration and to develop an understanding of it's limitations. Measurements of furrow intake, stream advance times, inflow and outflow, hydraulic roughness and furrow shape were obtained from several sites and irrigation events. These sites represent several crops, field lengths, field slopes, and soil textures. Using these data, a model calibration procedure was developed which matched irrigation inflow and outflow volumes and stream advance times for a given irrigation event. The calibration procedure is used to help identify those model input parameters that best describe a given irrigation event. This thesis is to provide a broad understanding of furrow irrigation systems in northeast Malheur County, recommended hydraulic parameters for use with SRFR, and the practical limitations of such hydraulic irrigation models.
Irrigation performance is largely determined by the intake characteristics of the soil at the time of irrigation. Field conditions vary greatly depending on the crop, soil moisture, number of irrigations, tractor traffic, field slope, furrow shape and field history. The grower has control over only two variables which determine irrigation performance: inflow rate and duration.
A difference in intake and irrigation performance was found to exist between non-wheel and wheel traffic furrows. These differences became less noticeable late in the season. Straw mulching greatly increases the furrow hydraulic roughness and therefore increases stream wetted perimeter and advance time. Vegetative interference from crops such as potato and sugar beets increase furrow hydraulic roughness late in the season. Initially, furrow shape depends on the crop and which cultivating implement is used. Furrow shape may evolve during the growing season depending on field slope, flow velocities, crop stand and the presence of crop residues and straw mulch.Graduation date: 1996
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Roy, Richard Roger. "Presence of fish in irrigation diversions from the Verde River and Wet Beaver Creek, Arizona." 1989. http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=.
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Chen, Ming-Yi, and 陳明儀. "Study and Application of Ecological Engineering in Agricultural Irrigation Canals." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/b4utjb.
Full textAbstract:
碩士朝陽科技大學
營建工程系碩士班
93
ABSTRACT Irrigation canals spread throughout the agricultural farmland are like the blood vessels within the human body. These canals provide the necessary water supply for the farmlands, therefore becoming essential to the enhancement of agricultural productivity. At the same time, these canals serve as a link between land and waterways for a variety of insect and animal life. Recently because of severe water pollution and the overuse of concrete building material, the ability for canals to provide livable habitats and sustain insect/animal life has greatly diminished. This study focuses on the irrigation canals throughout the Taiwan area and the creation of an evaluation procedure and analysis in canal construction using current river management regulations and feasible ecological engineering methods. Two cases in Taiwan verified the procedure and evaluation criteria. Because irrigation canal function is limited by size and water transport efficiency, the use of ecological engineering techniques could not be used consistently throughout the area. The results of this study revealed: according to the current Taiwan agricultural Irrigation Association, canal function limitations can be improved using appropriate ecological engineering material and methods in correspondence to insect/animal habitat environments. In addition, the combination of ecological environmental planning between river and irrigation canals is essential to the advancement of ecological engineering methods and techniques in Taiwan.
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Demich, Larry Ralph. "The Effects of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation on Flow in Irrigation Canals." 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2879.
Full textAbstract:
Invasive aquatic species such as Hydrilla verticillata (hydrilla) have become a pervasive and
nearly ineradicable part of the waterways of the American south. Hydrilla is an aggressive
colonizer; grows rapidly and rapidly blocks flow areas, which greatly reduces the capacity of
water supply canals. Hydrilla grows up through the water column and is present throughout flow
zones that are typically assumed to be free flowing and without resistance, other than that
transmitted via the mechanics of a Newtonian fluid. Hydrilla is highly flexible and its
morphology in the flow field is dependent on many parameters, including flow, growth stage,
cross-section geometry and substrate.
Traditional methods of calculating canal flow capacities assume that resistance to flow originates
at the boundary of the channel. These methods typically attempt to account for vegetation by
increasing resistance coefficients, which are associated with the boundary of the canal.
A combination of field studies and experimentation in three separate laboratory channels was
used to characterize the behavior of hydrilla and its impacts on open-channel flow. This work
developed relationships for energy losses of flow within the vegetation, as well as velocity
gradients within the vegetation and through the vegetation water interface to the open water.
The information developed in this investigation was used to develop a model of the cross-section
of flow with vegetation growing in the center of the channel. The model is based on the Prandtlvon
Kármán universal-velocity-distribution law; and uses modifications to the method of
calculating the hydraulic radius, to account for the increased frictional elements and reduced flow areas in the canal cross-section. A simple function was developed to estimate the
remaining flow capacity in a canal as a function of the remaining unblocked area.
The Prandtl-von Kármán universal-velocity-distribution law, together with modifications to the
method for calculating the hydraulic radius, can improve estimates of the flow in channels
impacted by submerged aquatic vegetation. The effects of a broad range of parameters can thus
be represented by a relatively simple function, which was developed in this project.
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Hsieh, Wen-Hsien, and 謝文憲. "A Study on Prioritizing Decision Model for Agricultural Irrigation Canals System Renovation－The Lateral Canals Managed by Hsin-Ying Management Office, CNIA." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/38835271112754350586.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立成功大學
土木工程學系碩博士班
93
Abstract This thesis develops the prioritizing decision model for agricultural irrigation canals renovation, in which a case study of the eight lateral canals (Line A to H) managed by Hsin-Ying Management Office, Chia-Nan Irrigation Association（CNIA）is presented. Agricultural canal renovation is an important issue for the CNIA. Due to the limited governmental budget and the priority of renovating agricultural irrigation canals has to meet multiple purposes, such as landscaping, efficiency, and reliability, it is not an easy task to determine the renovation priority for each agricultural irrigation canal. This research first conduct a survey to determine the critical factors for agricultural irrigation canals renovation by distributing questionnaires to experts in agricultural irrigation. Then, Analytic Hierarchy Process（AHP） is performed to determine the renovation priority and method for each agricultural irrigation canal. Results indicated：（1）the loss of canal leakage is the most important critical factor for the renovation of irrigation canals;（2）the priority sequence among the eight laterals is line C, line H, line A, line D, line F, line G, line B and line E；（3）for renovating the lateral canals, choose either “reinforced concrete U-type Ditches” or “reinforced concrete U-type Ditches＆Canals Landscaping”. The “trapezoid concrete lining” is not recommended.
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Lai, Jun-Cheng, and 賴俊程. "The Hydraulic Analysis of Pre-cast Ecological Concrete Blocks for Irrigation and Drainage Canals." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/18796139541068457466.
Full textAbstract:
碩士中原大學
土木工程研究所
94
Abstract The agricultural irrigation and drainage canals considered the efficiency of supply water and reduce supply water losses and security of structure. Majority canals are designed by the reinforced concrete. The irrigation ditches and soil revetments are replaced by a lot of reinforced concrete lining. The smooth non-porosity surface make the biology survive with difficulty and cause the flow monotonous. This research is planned to propose using pre-cast ecological concrete blocks without influencing to supply water efficiency. The pre-cast ecological concrete blocks use the height of 4 kinds of projection, by the hydraulic model test to get the hydraulic characteristic of pre-cast ecological concrete blocks. The experimental results show that, under the same flux and the manning coefficient lying between 0.0167~0.0437 bigger than pile up cobblestone of concrete, the manning coefficient and the slope are in direct proportion. Another results show that, under different flux, the manning coefficient and water depth are in inverse proportion. When the height of projection of the model is 2.5~7cm, the roughness lies between 0.446~1.17. After regression analysis, the Height D and roughness fr relational expression are fr=0.1723D+0.0126. The roughness fr of a stone and the Manning n value relational expression are n=n0+n*(1-e-1.854fr).The analyses of hydraulic characteristic and estimate of manning coefficient through hydraulic model test will be helpful for the construction improvement of irrigation and drainage canals.
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Hsieh, hui-chu, and 謝惠竹. "The geographic variation of irrigation canals in Hsinchu City during the Japanese-ruling period." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/52541259948199424998.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺北藝術大學
建築與文化資產研究所
103
Abstract In 1697, a traveler YU Yonghe from China a Chinese traveller, Yu Yonghe, arrived in Taiwan to mine sulfur. Yu then travelled northward from Tainan to Beitou where he collected sulfur. During the journey Yu carefully recorded everything he witnessed and experienced and the memoir subsequently became the book “The Small Sea Travel Records”, which provides the first-hand account of the historical developments of Taiwan in the seventeenth century. According to the book, Hsinchu was uncultivated and inhabited by wildlife with a scatter of aboriginal tribes. Later, Chinese arrived and established the first irrigation canal, which allowed them to cultivate and build villages on a large scale. The complex of irrigation canals in Hsinchu City was founded by Wang Shi-Jie family in 1718 in the reign of Emperor Kangxi of The dynasty. With the canals, the plain between Touqian River and Keya River was cultivated, which boosted the agricultural development and population. A city as then formed due to the accumulation of residents. The canals which built for cultivation gradually became the important sources of irrigation and domestic water. As a result, the canals became constructions that should not be damaged in city developments. After 1895, Taiwan was under the ruling of Japan. In order to enhance agricultural development, the Japanese colonial government gradually nationalized the privately-built irrigation canals and put them under central management and regular maintenance. Due to the poor hygiene of Taiwan at that time, city walls were demolished, roads were re-directed or straightened, and districts were re-designed. This renewal affected the original waterways of canals inside and outside the old walls, and the new planning of the city had to take into account the modification of these canals. New constructions in the city also caused changes to the canals. Furthermore, in addition to the original agricultural use, some of the canals were converted to industrial use with the rising of industry such as sugar production and liquor factory. The main study methods of this thesis includes collecting relevant literature and conducting on-site field research, in order to analyze how the irrigation canals in Hsinchu City were varied over time. In addition to exploring the layout of the canals built in the Qing-ruling period, this thesis also examine new canals constructed during the Japanese-ruling period and the modifications done for city developments. It is expected that the changes of the canals can be understood and in the future the present canals could coexist with city landscape and become the “Blue Ribbon Network” of the city. Keywords: Irrigation canal, Long-En Canal of Hsinchu, City Planning
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Huang, Yun-Ho, and 黃雲和. "Establishment of the Assessment Methods for Ecological quality in Irrigation Canals by Fuzzy Theory." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/31690245667165949773.
Full textAbstract:
碩士中華大學
土木工程學系碩士班
90
There are 17 Irrigation Associations in Taiwan, with a total canal length of 57,740 km. The irrigation canals widely spread in farmlands, supporting the productive, ecological and living functions. Recently, the government has aware of the importance of ecological conservation and proposed the “Ecological Diversity Promotion Project”. The irrigation canals hold ecological function if they adopt the ecological working method or the near-natural working method in canal renovation. However, the successfulness of the ecological function by those working methods has to be investigated further. For waterway studies in the country, there is an emphasis on the rivers in either ecological survey or working methods. There is much less study on ecological survey, quality assessment for the irrigation canals. The success of ecological functions has to base on high ecological quality. This study is to develop an evaluation model to assess the ecological quality for irrigation canals. The Fuzzy theory has been extensively applied in many fields. This study using the fuzzy theory and surveyed data from Chelan creek and Fartz creek, taking environmental factors (uncover ratio, canal-bed composition, protective bank material, bank slope, vegetation cover ratio, water quality, and water depth), and ecological factors (fish diversity, shrimp diversity, aquatic insects diversity) into account, establish their membership function and weighting function, using integral fuzzy evaluation and logical inference to analyze the overall ecological quality and level. Finally, the study using the Kolin-YonChuan canal of Ilan irrigation association and the Chuan-Long canal of Miaoli irrigation association as examples, to demonstrate that this method can be used in canal ecological quality assessment for irrigation canals.
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Hung, Lin-Ya, and 洪琳雅. "Efficacy of different irrigation and activation systems in root canals with different curvatures: an in vitro study." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/60136685194145985682.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立陽明大學
牙醫學系
101
In curved root canals and complex root canal systems, conventional irrigation methods are often ineffective in debriding the apical third of root canals during endodontic treatment. This study was intended to examine the debris removal efficacy of varies irrigant delivery/agitation techniques in an inaccessible recess of simulated curved root canals. Thirty-six simulated root canals with different curvatures of 0, 15, and 30 degrees of 12 specimens each were used. Each canal was assembled by two plastic blocks, and a standardized groove was carved at the apical third of each canals. The standardized groove was filled up with dentin debris and subjected to conventional irrigation, EndoVac, and passive ultrasonic (PMax) irrigation, respectively. Tap water was delivered for 1min by a micro-pump for conventional irrigation and EndoVac, while water delivery of and PMax was followed manufacturers’ instructions. Dentin debris in the standardized grove was photographed before and after irrigation and analyzed by Image J software to quantify the cleansing ratio of dentin debris, which represented the efficacy of irrigation. The data was analyzed by a two-way ANOVA and followed by Tukey test for multiple comparisons (α = 0.05). The result showed that conventional irrigation was significantly less effective in all canals. The cleansing ratios for canals with curvature of 0, 15, and 30 degrees, were 36%, 20%, and 19% for conventional irrigation, 84%, 52%, 14% for EndoVac, and 98%, 95%, 98% for PMax ultrasonic irrigation, respectively. According to two-way ANOVA, both factors of irrigation system and root canal curvature significantly influenced the efficacy of debridement. Further, the interaction of these two factors was significant. In 0 degree canals, PMax and EndoVac showed better cleansing ability than conventional irrigation. In 15 degrees canals, PMax had the best efficacy while conventional irrigation had the worst cleansing ability. In 30 degrees canals, both EndoVac and conventional irrigation revealed ineffective debridement compared to PMax. In conclusion, conventional irrigation technique was less effective in all canals. PMax ultrasonic irrigation system was more effective in debridement from a mechanically inaccessible recess of the curved root canals.
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Tsai, Ching-Yen, and 蔡青燕. "The cleanliness comparison of hand file and rotary file with/without ultrasonic irrigation in C shaped root canals." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/42755740765167818439.
Full textAbstract:
碩士高雄醫學大學
牙醫學研究所
96
The purpose of this study was to compare the cleanliness of hand file and rotary file with/without ultrasonic irrigation in C-shaped root canals Forty extracted human mandibular molars classified by Melton’s classification type I,II C-shaped root canals randomly divided into five groups. The five groups were respectively prepared by crown down technique using K-file with syringe irrigation, K-file with ultrasonic irrigation ,Protaper system with syringe irrigation ,Protaper system with ultrasonic irrigation for 1 min and uninstrumentation group. Following instrumentation, histological preparation and staining, the apical third, middle third and coronal third levels were evaluated by software PHTOSHOP 7.0.1 for percentage of cleanliness in main canal and isthmus areas of C-shaped root canals. ANOVA and MANOVA were used to analyze the differences of percentage of necrotic debris removal in five groups, three positions and two canal anatomy . Results by morphometric analysis indicated that in C-shaped main canal,groups using Protaper system at coronal and apical levels were significant more efficient in cleanliness than K-file instrumentation groups, and groups with ultrasonic irrigation at apical level were significant more efficient in cleanliness than without ultrasonic irrigation. In C-shaped isthmus, Groups with K-file instrumentation at middle third were significant more efficient in cleanliness than using Protaper system, and groups with ultrasonic irrigation were significant more efficient at all three levels in cleanliness than without ultrasonic irrigation. The two-way ANOVA showed that the canal positions ,canal morphology,instrumentation techniques and using ultrasonic irrigation were significant risky factors for percentage of cleanliness.. It was concluded that using rotary file in main canal followed by manual instrumentation using K-file with final irrigation of 5.25% NaOCl energized by ultrasonic unit leads to more efficient debris removal from isthmus of complex C-shaped root canals.
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Lin, Tsung-Cheng, and 林宗正. "The Study of Residents´ Cognition toward Irrigation Canals´ Environmental values, Environmental Attitude and Behavior—A Case Study of Meinong Region." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/95b332.
Full textAbstract:
碩士大仁科技大學
環境管理研究所
102
In rural area, irrigation ditches is a key part of water resources, for it not only supports the agricultural industries, but also provides the functions of living needs, natural ecology and leisure and recreation. Moreover, the residents’ perception, attitudes and behaviors towards the ditches direct influences on the ditch environmental protection achievements. Therefore, this paper explores the current conditions of residents’ environmental value perception, attitudes and behaviors towards the ditch environmental protections in Meinong District of Kaohsiung City. With questionnaire survey, and refers to previous researches and formulates the questionnaire of Study on Residents’ Environmental Perception and Attitude and Behaviors towards Ditches in Meinong District of Kaohsiung City as research tools. Based on the respondents’ answers, the research utilized SPSS statistical software for descriptive statistics, dependent sample t-test, independent sample t-test, one-way ANOVA and correlation coefficient analysis to analyze the data. From the analysis results, it can be learned that residents in Meinong District show positive in terms of their environmental value perception, attitude and behaviors towards ditches, with the degree up to middle-high level. They also believe that ditches have values of supporting of agricultural industry and living needs in rural area, and also provide them with functions of leisure and recreation. As for the environmental value perception, significant differences are shown in people with different ages, occupation, education level, and place of residence and period of residence; there are no obvious differences in terms of people of different genders and annual family income. In terms of their environmental attitudes, significant differences can be seen among people with different ages, occupation, education level and place of residence and annual family incomes, which shows no significant differences in terms of people with different gender and period of residence; for their environmental behaviors, people of different gender, ages, occupations, place of residence and period of residence perform quite different to each other, but no significant differences are shown in terms of their education level and annual family income. Moreover, residents’ environmental value perception and their environmental attitudes and behaviors show positive correlation of middle-high degree. The paper draws conclusions and provides suggestions for governments at each level, education administration and governing departments, non-governmental organizations and for future research reference.
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Lo, Shu-o., and 羅淑娥. "A Study of Urban Historic Irrigation Canals Representation of Space－the Revitalization of the Guang Hawn Section of the Liu Gong Canal." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/ew2kqh.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺北科技大學
建築與都市設計研究所
96
Rivers are the cradle of civilization having both natural and humanistic qualities. They affect the overall development the urban environment and are the most natural element in the urban fabric and are thus an important natural resource in the urban landscape. Good design can create unforgettable “urban reflectance” spaces that effectively combine urban life and the waterfront. Urban “Historic Irrigation Canals Representation of Space” has become an important topic in urban regeneration and improving the ecological environment. During the process of urbanization, the Liu Gong Canal of the agricultural period in Taipei has long ago lost its original irrigation function. The historic irrigation canals that once crisscrossed the city have been reclaimed as public land, made into sewage ways, filled in and built over. The urban development of Taipei and the Liu Gong Canal are intimately intertwined historically. The “Historic Irrigation Canals Representation of Space” has an affect similar to rivers with regard to their ecological and humanistic aspects and when compared to those rivers that lie hidden behind high levies, these canals can, with careful restoration planning, provide urban inhabitants with a more experiential, ecological and aesthetically pleasing experience. Therefore, the city’s urban development should return to the central issue of environmental ecologic ethics. The scientific, educational and cultural image of the Guang Hwa district has been internationally recognized and, added to this, the agricultural historic relic of the Liu Gong Canal; thus the Representation of Space of the Guang Hwa section of the Liu Gong Canal will become a landmark example of the restoration of historic urban irrigation canals. This study will utilize the “Heuristic Structure” method to analyze the data and create a basis for establishing theory and to study the impact such reclaimed water spaces have on an urban environment’s ecological and humanistic aspects. By using reclaimed irrigation canal space to create an ecological, humanistic fluid space from the urban plight that will intertwine with the more traditional heterogeneous urban space and a heterotopia that interweaves history and culture. Utilising the integrated research method this study will propose the “Guang Hwa Artistic Special Region Liu Gong Canal Rejuvenation Design Criteria” and present the Space of Representation planning concept for the Guang Hwa section of the Liu Gong Canal.
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Schmidt, Anne-Kathrin. "Untersuchung neuer Techniken zur Entfernung von Kalziumhydroxid aus dem Wurzelkanalsystem gerader Wurzelkanäle." Doctoral thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-B2BC-1.
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Adler, Carolin. "Vergleichende In-vitro-Studie zur Entfernung der medikamentösen Einlage Kalziumhydroxid aus runden und ovalen Wurzelkanälen. Vergleich von passiver Ultraschallspülung und SAF: Eine Micro-Computertomographie-Studie." Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0022-5F21-E.
Full textAbstract:
Ziel der Studie: Vergleich zweier Methoden zur Entfernung der medikamentösen Einlage Kalziumhydroxid aus runden und ovalen Wurzelkanälen mithilfe eines Micro-CTs.
Material und Methode: Es wurden 80 extrahierte menschliche Prämolaren und Inzisivi verwendet. Die Wurzelkanäle wurden von koronal auf eine einheitliche Länge von 18 mm gekürzt und mit dem FlexMaster-System (VDW, München) bis zu Größe 40/.04 präpariert. Nach jeder Instrumentengröße wurden die Kanäle mit 2 ml 3%igem Natriumhypochlorit gespült. Die Spülung erfolgte mit einer 2 ml Spritze und einer Nadel der Größe 30 (NaviTip 30 Gauge, Ultradent, München). Die Applikation des Kalziumhydroxidpräparates (UltraCal XS. Ultradent Products Inc., Utah, USA) wurde mit einer Injektionsnadel der Größe 30 durchgeführt. Eine anschließende röntgenologische Kontrolle sicherte die vollständige und homogene Verteilung des Präparates im Wurzelkanal. Alle Probenzähne wurden für sieben Tage bei 37°C Lufttemperatur und 100% Luftfeuchtigkeit gelagert. Nach Anfertigung präoperativer Micro-CT-Scans von jedem Wurzelkanal erfolgte eine Volumenbestimmung der applizierten Kalziumhydroxideinlage. Außerdem konnten die Proben anhand der Bilddaten einer runden oder ovalen Querschnittsform zugeteilt werden. Anschließend erfolgte die Einteilung der Probenzähne in vier Gruppen; Gruppe 1 (n = 10, ovale Querschnittsform), Gruppe 2 (n = 10, ovale Querschnittsform), Gruppe 3 (n = 30, runde Querschnittsform), Gruppe 4 (n = 30, runde Querschnittsform). Die Gruppen 1 und 3 wurden dem Spülprotokoll der Self-Adjusting File (SAF) zugeteilt, die Gruppen 2 und 4 dem der passiven Ultraschallspülung (PUI). Das Spülprotokoll beider Entfernungsmethoden sah eine 4-minütige Anwendung, aufgeteilt in 8 jeweils 30 Sekunden lange Zyklen und eine Gesamtspülmenge von 20 ml 3%igem Natriumhypochlorit vor. Die Auswertung erfolgte durch Anfertigung postoperativer Micro-CT-Scans und erneute Bestimmung des verbliebenen Volumens an medikamentöser Einlage. Zur statistischen Auswertung wurde der Quotient aus Volumen nach der Entfernung zu dem Volumen vor der Entfernung berechnet und eine zweifaktorielle Varianzanalyse (ANOVA) durchgeführt.
Ergebnisse: Keine der verwendeten Methoden konnte eine vollständige Entfernung der medikamentösen Einlage Kalziumhydroxid erreichen. Die SAF-Spülung erreichte signifikant bessere Ergebnisse als die PUI. Es konnte kein signifikanter Einfluss der Kanalform (rund/oval) auf die Reinigungswirkung beider Systeme festgestellt werden.
Schlussfolgerung: Das SAF-System entfernt Kalziumhydroxid effektiver aus runden und ovalen Wurzelkanälen als die passive Ultraschallspülung. Mit beiden Systemen konnten relativ saubere, aber keine vollständig von Kalziumhydroxid gereinigten Kanalwände erzielt werden.
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Gopakumar, R. "Fuzzy Dynamic Wave Models For Flow Routing And Flow Control In Open Channels." Thesis, 2009. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/990.
Full textAbstract:
The dynamic wave model (the complete form of the saint-Venant equations), as applied to flow routing in irrigation canals or flood routing in natural channels, is associated with parameter and model uncertainties. The parameter uncertainty arises due to imprecision in the estimation of Manning’s n used for calculating the friction slope (sf) in the momentum equation of the dynamic wave model. Accurate estimation of n is difficult due to its dependence on several channel and flow characteristics. The model uncertainty of the dynamic wave model arises due to difficulty in applying the momentum equation to curved channels, as it is a vector equation. The one-dimensional form of the momentum equation is derived assuming that the longitudinal axis of the channel is a straight line, so that the net force vector is equal to the algebraic sum of the forces involved. Curved channel reaches have to be discretized into small straight sub-reaches while applying the momentum equation. Otherwise, two- or three-dimensional forms of the momentum equation need to be adopted.
A main objective of the study presented in the thesis is to develop a fuzzy dynamic wave model (FDWM), which is capable of overcoming the parameter and model uncertainties of the dynamic wave model mentioned above, specifically for problems of flow routing in irrigation canals and flood routing in natural channels. It has been demonstrated earlier in literature that the problem of parameter uncertainty in infiltration models can be addressed by replacing the momentum equation by a fuzzy rule based model while retaining the continuity equation in its complete form. The FDWM is developed by adopting the same methodology: i.e. By replacing the momentum equation of the dynamic wave model by a fuzzy rule based model while retaining the continuity equation in its complete form. The fuzzy rule based model is developed based on fuzzification of a new equation for wave velocity, to account for the model uncertainty and backwater effects.
A fuzzy dynamic wave routing model (FDWRM) is developed based on application of the FDWM to flow routing in irrigation canals. The fuzzy rule based model is developed based on the observation that inertia dominated gravity wave predominates in irrigation canal flows. Development of the FDWRM and the method of computation are explained. The FDWRM is tested by applying it to cases of hypothetical flow routing in a wide rectangular channel and also to a real case of flow routing in a field canal. For the cases of hypothetical flow routing in the wide rectangular channel, the FDWRM results match well with those of an implicit numerical model (INM), which solves the dynamic wave model; but the accuracy of the results reduces with increase in backwater effects. For the case of flow routing in the field canal, the FDWRM outputs match well with measured data and also are much better than those of the INM.
A fuzzy dynamic flood routing model (FDFRM) is developed based on application of the FDWM to flood routing in natural channels. The fuzzy rule based model is developed based on the observation that monoclinal waves prevail during floods in natural channels. The natural channel reach is discredited into a number of approximately uniform sub-reaches and the fuzzy rule based model for each sub-reach is obtained using the discharge (q)–area (a) relationship at its mean section, based on the kleitz-seddon principle. Development of the FDFRM and the method of computation are explained. The FDFRM is tested by applying it to cases of flood routing in fictitious channels and to flood routing in a natural channel, which is described in the HEC-RAS (hydrologic engineering center – river analysis system) application guide. For the cases of flood routing in the fictitious channels, the FDFRM outputs match well with the INM results. For the case of flood routing in the natural channel, optimized fuzzy rule based models are derived using a neuro-fuzzy algorithm, to take the heterogeneity of the channel sub-reaches into account. The resulting FDFRM outputs are found to be comparable to the HEC-RAS outputs.
Also, in literature, the dynamic wave model has been applied in the inverse direction for the development of centralized control algorithms for irrigation canals. In the present study, a centralized control algorithm based on inversion of the fuzzy dynamic wave model (FDWM) is developed to overcome the drawbacks of the existing centralized control algorithms. A fuzzy logic based dynamic wave model inversion algorithm (FDWMIA) is developed for this purpose, based on the inversion of the FDWM. The FDWMIA is tested by applying it to two canal control problems reported in literature: the first problem deals with water level control in a fictitious canal with a single pool and the second, with water level control in a real canal with a series of pools (ASCE Test Canal 2). In both cases, the FDWMIA results are comparable to those of the existing centralized control algorithms.
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Gopakumar, R. "Fuzzy Dynamic Wave Models For Flow Routing And Flow Control In Open Channels." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/990.
Full textAbstract:
The dynamic wave model (the complete form of the saint-Venant equations), as applied to flow routing in irrigation canals or flood routing in natural channels, is associated with parameter and model uncertainties. The parameter uncertainty arises due to imprecision in the estimation of Manning’s n used for calculating the friction slope (sf) in the momentum equation of the dynamic wave model. Accurate estimation of n is difficult due to its dependence on several channel and flow characteristics. The model uncertainty of the dynamic wave model arises due to difficulty in applying the momentum equation to curved channels, as it is a vector equation. The one-dimensional form of the momentum equation is derived assuming that the longitudinal axis of the channel is a straight line, so that the net force vector is equal to the algebraic sum of the forces involved. Curved channel reaches have to be discretized into small straight sub-reaches while applying the momentum equation. Otherwise, two- or three-dimensional forms of the momentum equation need to be adopted.
A main objective of the study presented in the thesis is to develop a fuzzy dynamic wave model (FDWM), which is capable of overcoming the parameter and model uncertainties of the dynamic wave model mentioned above, specifically for problems of flow routing in irrigation canals and flood routing in natural channels. It has been demonstrated earlier in literature that the problem of parameter uncertainty in infiltration models can be addressed by replacing the momentum equation by a fuzzy rule based model while retaining the continuity equation in its complete form. The FDWM is developed by adopting the same methodology: i.e. By replacing the momentum equation of the dynamic wave model by a fuzzy rule based model while retaining the continuity equation in its complete form. The fuzzy rule based model is developed based on fuzzification of a new equation for wave velocity, to account for the model uncertainty and backwater effects.
A fuzzy dynamic wave routing model (FDWRM) is developed based on application of the FDWM to flow routing in irrigation canals. The fuzzy rule based model is developed based on the observation that inertia dominated gravity wave predominates in irrigation canal flows. Development of the FDWRM and the method of computation are explained. The FDWRM is tested by applying it to cases of hypothetical flow routing in a wide rectangular channel and also to a real case of flow routing in a field canal. For the cases of hypothetical flow routing in the wide rectangular channel, the FDWRM results match well with those of an implicit numerical model (INM), which solves the dynamic wave model; but the accuracy of the results reduces with increase in backwater effects. For the case of flow routing in the field canal, the FDWRM outputs match well with measured data and also are much better than those of the INM.
A fuzzy dynamic flood routing model (FDFRM) is developed based on application of the FDWM to flood routing in natural channels. The fuzzy rule based model is developed based on the observation that monoclinal waves prevail during floods in natural channels. The natural channel reach is discredited into a number of approximately uniform sub-reaches and the fuzzy rule based model for each sub-reach is obtained using the discharge (q)–area (a) relationship at its mean section, based on the kleitz-seddon principle. Development of the FDFRM and the method of computation are explained. The FDFRM is tested by applying it to cases of flood routing in fictitious channels and to flood routing in a natural channel, which is described in the HEC-RAS (hydrologic engineering center – river analysis system) application guide. For the cases of flood routing in the fictitious channels, the FDFRM outputs match well with the INM results. For the case of flood routing in the natural channel, optimized fuzzy rule based models are derived using a neuro-fuzzy algorithm, to take the heterogeneity of the channel sub-reaches into account. The resulting FDFRM outputs are found to be comparable to the HEC-RAS outputs.
Also, in literature, the dynamic wave model has been applied in the inverse direction for the development of centralized control algorithms for irrigation canals. In the present study, a centralized control algorithm based on inversion of the fuzzy dynamic wave model (FDWM) is developed to overcome the drawbacks of the existing centralized control algorithms. A fuzzy logic based dynamic wave model inversion algorithm (FDWMIA) is developed for this purpose, based on the inversion of the FDWM. The FDWMIA is tested by applying it to two canal control problems reported in literature: the first problem deals with water level control in a fictitious canal with a single pool and the second, with water level control in a real canal with a series of pools (ASCE Test Canal 2). In both cases, the FDWMIA results are comparable to those of the existing centralized control algorithms.