Journal articles: 'Irrigation canals and flumes'

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Umale, Vidhi. "Prediction of Coefficient of Discharge for Oblique Sharp Crested Weir using ANN Model." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 4 (April 30, 2023): 4326–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.51251.

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Abstract: The application of artificial neural networks for solving complex civil engineering problems is of huge importance. This paper presents some of the positive aspects of the neural network’s model that are used for the determination of the coefficient of discharge of oblique sharp crested weir. Sharp crested weirs are used to measure flow rate and control upstream water surface in irrigation canals and laboratory flumes. The main advantages of such weirs are ease of construction and capability of measuring a wide range of flows with sufficient accuracy. ANN models have been developed to predict the discharge coefficients of oblique sharp-crested weirs for free flow cases using Borgheiet al.’s experimental data.

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Choudhary, Rishianand. "Estimation and Canal Conveyance Losses in Pune District." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 20, 2021): 1526–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35361.

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Water is a very precious natural resource. When this precious resource moves through the canals certain part of the water is lost by seepage, evaporation etc. This loss is known as conveyance loss. In present paper, study of Nira Left Bank Canal (NLBC) is done which is situated in Pune district. Total length of canal is 162 Km out of which 30 Km is our study area. Discharge calculations at the head of canal and at 30th Km is done, two standing wave flumes are present at these two locations. Since last few decades, the extensive underutilization has been found in canal irrigation. This issue constitutes the serious lacuna in irrigational planning which often depicts the major problem about optimal water use. As per FAO Aquastat 2015 records for India, out of 91% of water utilized for agriculture purpose, 45% is getting lost under different types of conveyance losses from dam headworks till farms. The conveyance losses constitute the seepage and evaporation losses. Out of these, seepage is a quite significant loss in most of the water conveyance systems. Estimating conveyance losses using physical methods is quite difficult and involves lots of field work and calculations, whereas empirical and analytical methods will not accommodate site condition of respective study area. This study attempted to assess the conveyance loss of Nira Left Bank Bank Main canal with the help of a hydraulic model built on a spatial platform and verified with flow-monitoring events. The hydrospatial model was simulated to understand the canal behaviour and evaluate the conveyance losses. The results show Nira Left Bank Main canal has average 39.96% water conveyance loss.

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Glovatskii, Oleg, Shavkat Usmanov, Rustam Ergashev, Bekmamat Hamdamov, and Alexander Gazaryan. "Hydrometric flow measurement in water management." E3S Web of Conferences 365 (2023): 03016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202336503016.

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The main problem in the operation of irrigation systems is to ensure the accuracy and reliability of measuring the main hydrometric parameters in managing water resources of irrigation facilities. When operating systems with pumping stations, it becomes necessary to measure a set of technological parameters, which can be divided into the following groups by type: hydraulic parameters (flow rate, fluid pressure, water flow in the channel), parameters of pumping units, linear-angular parameters (channel section length, channel width, gate movement, mixed parameters (clear area, flow depth, wetted perimeter length). Analysis of existing methods and instruments for measuring water flow for the rational use of water resources is used in all areas the volume of water taken from the water intake and supplied to the irrigation network. This task contributes to operational and control of pumping station parameters without hydrometric instruments at the stations themselves. The problem of organizing automated technological accounting of irrigation water at graduated hydraulic structures equipped with gates and operating in a flooded or backwater-variable mode is solved by new hydrometric methods with the integrated use of ultrasonic, acoustic, or float level gauges as part of modern microprocessor devices that convert water level readings at such structures into flow and runoff readings, according to the calibration characteristic each specific building. The article presents the recommended water metering devices for different hydraulic flow regimes and water quality. To speed up the process of measuring water flow in canals with flow rates of 1-10 m3 / s and large facilities of pumping stations with flow rates of 10-200 m3 / s, types of standard weirs, flumes of various profiles, and water measuring nozzles are recommended. According to the working formulas, changes in water flow are determined, taking into account the error of the gauging station and the indicated weirs.

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Hao, Zhenchun, Sichun Chen, Zehua Li, Zhongbo Yu, Quanxi Shao, Fei Yuan, and Fangxin Shi. "Quantitative assessment of the impacts of irrigation on surface water fluxes in the Tarim River, China." Hydrology Research 46, no. 6 (April 13, 2015): 996–1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2015.215.

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Irrigation is a significant human activity that affects surface water fluxes in the Tarim River Basin. To quantitatively assess the irrigation impact of this activity on surface water fluxes in the Tarim River, a land surface hydrologic model was coupled with a modified irrigation scheme and a reservoir module and applied to simulate these fluxes. Modeling results indicate that the combined effect of the irrigation process and reservoir operation is prominent in the study area, from which 70–75% of the surface water is extracted and used for irrigation. This scenario can primarily be attributed to the significant amount of water losses as a result of evaporation and the seepage of canals and aqueducts. The effective utilization coefficient of the extracted surface water is only approximately 0.40. The irrigation water withdrawals increased with the recent rapid expansion of cultivated land. Therefore, the water flowing into the main stem of the Tarim River still shows a downward trend, despite the significant increase in the total discharge of headwater basins since the 1960s.

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Al-Jassim, Wissam S., and Maysam Th Al-Hadidi. "Impact of Rationing on The Properties of Cement-Treated Gypsum Canals." Association of Arab Universities Journal of Engineering Sciences 27, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33261/jaaru.2020.27.3.003.

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The scarcity of irrigation water requires procedures of specific. One of these procedures is the implementation of the rationing system (a period of the irrigation followed by a period of the dry). This system can have an impact on the properties of irrigation channels. Therefore, the study of rationing system for irrigation channels is important in both water resources and civil engineering, especially if they are constructed with gypseous soil. In order to assess the rationing system on gypseous canals stabilized with a specific ratio of cement, practical experiments were conducted to detect the effect of wetting and drying cycles on the physical and hydraulic behavior of this soil and calculation of some properties of soil such as scouring, grain size and gypsum content of soil at each cycle (10 days wetting and 10 days of drying). Where the gypseous soil with gypsum content 65 % was brought from Lake Sawh-Iraq to the hydraulic laboratory at the University of Baghdad, Physical and chemical tests were carried out according to the standard classification system. The laboratory work includes construction of a laboratory flume with gypseous soil to calculate the scouring of the canal and effect grain size of soil by two methods (the standard sieve analysis and Particle size absorptive test) and also calculate gypsum content at each rationing cycle, where the channel consists of two stages of operation, the one for untreated soil (4 cycles operation) and the other for soil mixed with 10% cement (5 cm of cement mixture above 5cm soil) 4 cycles also. The results show that the rationing cycles reduce the scouring of canal in the case of untreated soil by 56.6% and in the case of treated soil 82%. The rationing system led to course the gradient of soil according to two methods. Also its reduction of the gypsum content in the case of untreated soil by 43% and in the case of treated soil 45.6%. Thus, conclude that the rationing system leads to a positive effect on some properties of gypsum soils and the lining of irrigation channels

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Wells, Martin J., Troy E. Gilmore, Natalie Nelson, Aaron Mittelstet, and John K. Böhlke. "Determination of vadose zone and saturated zone nitrate lag times using long-term groundwater monitoring data and statistical machine learning." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 25, no. 2 (February 19, 2021): 811–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-811-2021.

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Abstract. In this study, we explored the use of statistical machine learning and long-term groundwater nitrate monitoring data to estimate vadose zone and saturated zone lag times in an irrigated alluvial agricultural setting. Unlike most previous statistical machine learning studies that sought to predict groundwater nitrate concentrations within aquifers, the focus of this study was to leverage available groundwater nitrate concentrations and other environmental variables to determine mean regional vertical velocities (transport rates) of water and solutes in the vadose zone and saturated zone (3.50 and 3.75 m yr−1, respectively). The statistical machine learning results are consistent with two primary recharge processes in this western Nebraska aquifer, namely (1) diffuse recharge from irrigation and precipitation across the landscape and (2) focused recharge from leaking irrigation conveyance canals. The vadose zone mean velocity yielded a mean recharge rate (0.46 m yr−1) consistent with previous estimates from groundwater age dating in shallow wells (0.38 m yr−1). The saturated zone mean velocity yielded a recharge rate (1.31 m yr−1) that was more consistent with focused recharge from leaky irrigation canals, as indicated by previous results of groundwater age dating in intermediate-depth wells (1.22 m yr−1). Collectively, the statistical machine learning model results are consistent with previous observations of relatively high water fluxes and short transit times for water and nitrate in the primarily oxic aquifer. Partial dependence plots from the model indicate a sharp threshold in which high groundwater nitrate concentrations are mostly associated with total travel times of 7 years or less, possibly reflecting some combination of recent management practices and a tendency for nitrate concentrations to be higher in diffuse infiltration recharge than in canal leakage water. Limitations to the machine learning approach include the non-uniqueness of different transport rate combinations when comparing model performance and highlight the need to corroborate statistical model results with a robust conceptual model and complementary information such as groundwater age.

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Walsh, Laurence J. "Novel Approaches to Detect and Treat Biofilms within the Root Canals of Teeth: A Review." Antibiotics 9, no. 3 (March 20, 2020): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9030129.

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Biofilms located within the root canals of teeth are a unique and pressing concern in dentistry and in medical microbiology. These multispecies biofilms, which include fungi as well as bacteria, form in a protected site with low shear stress and low oxygen tension. Systemic antibiotics are of limited value because of the lack of blood flow of the site, and issues with innate and acquired resistance. Physical disruption using hand or rotary powered instruments does not reach all locations in the root canal system where biofilms are present. Alternative strategies including agitated irrigation fluids, continuous chelation, materials with highly alkaline pH, and antimicrobial nanoparticles are being explored to meet the challenge. Detection and quantification of biofilms using fluorescence-based optical methods could provide an indication of successful biofilm removal and an endpoint for physical and chemical treatments.

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Nagpal, Ajay, Pankaj K. Srivastava, Gaurav Setya, Alankrita Chaudhary, and Kuldeep Dhanker. "Assessment of Coronal Leakage of Temporary Restorations in Root Canal-treated Teeth: An in vitro Study." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 18, no. 2 (2017): 126–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-2002.

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ABSTRACT Introduction Coronal leakage is one of the constant concerns in routine dental practice. It is one of the factors responsible for the failure of root canal therapy. Permanent restorations should be given as soon as possible after the completion of root canal therapy. If unavoidable, provisional restoration should be given in such a way that it maximally reduced the leakage of microorganisms and fluids from the external environment into the canal space. Hence, we evaluated the effect of saliva on the coronal leakage of temporary restorations. Materials and methods Biomechanical preparation of the root canals of 204 fresh mandibular first premolar teeth was done using endodontic files with intermittent irrigation of sodium hypochlorite solution and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Alternate irrigation with normal saline was done periodically. After preparation, drying of the canals was done using paper points followed by sealing of the apical foramen. For the assessment of the microleakage, Siqueira et al apparatus and method was used. All the specimens were divided into four groups based on the provisional restorative material used. All the groups were further divided into three subgroups based on the presence and absence of intracanal medicaments. Verissimo et al's criteria were used to check the turbidity at 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-week interval respectively. All the results were analyzed by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. Chi-square test was used to measure the level of significance, and p < 0.05 was considered to be significant. Results In group I, all the subgroups’ specimens showed significant difference at 1 week's time. Only the subgroup with no intracanal medicaments in Cavit-containing provisional restoration showed nonsignificant alterations. Statistically significant alterations were seen at 1, 2, and 3 weeks’ interval in all the subgroups except for one with intracanal medicaments. Conclusion All the temporary restorative materials were not able to prevent microleakage after 1 week's time, with worst bacterial resistance shown by Ketac Molar and ionomer restorative material. Future studies are advocated for better prognosis of root canal therapy. How to cite this article Srivastava PK, Nagpal A, Setya G, Kumar S, Chaudhary A, Dhanker K. Assessment of Coronal Leakage of Temporary Restorations in Root Canal-treated Teeth: An in vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017;18(2):126-130.

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Shahverdi, Kazem, and Mohammad Javad Monem. "CONSTRUCTION AND EVALUATION OF THE BIVAL AUTOMATIC CONTROL SYSTEM FOR IRRIGATION CANALS IN A LABORATORY FLUME." Irrigation and Drainage 61, no. 2 (July 6, 2011): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ird.638.

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Braaten, Robert O., and Mark Flaherty. "Salt balances of inland shrimp ponds in Thailand: implications for land and water salinization." Environmental Conservation 28, no. 4 (December 2001): 357–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892901000388.

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Brackish water ponds for farming black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) have recently proliferated in inland areas of Thailand's central plain, raising concerns about land and water salinization. The environmental impacts of inland shrimp farming were assessed by analysing the salt balance for an inland shrimp farm. Field data on water fluxes and pond salinity, collected from nine ponds in Chachoengsao Province from May–July 1999, were used to model the salt balance for a typical shrimp pond over one growout cycle. During growout, seepage represented 38% (11.5 tonnes crop−1) of salt losses, pond discharge 33% (9.7 tonnes crop−1), and accumulation of salt in pond sediment 6% (1.8 tonnes crop−1). About 23% of the initial salt content remained at harvest and could have been recycled. However, the majority (84% on average) was discharged to the irrigation canals. Much of the salt in pond sediment was also exported to the canal system through tidal flushing of the ponds. Field measurements of salinity were taken in adjacent canals and rice paddies to explore the impacts of salt exports from shrimp ponds. Pond discharge caused increases in canal salinity above levels that would impact on yields of irrigated rice and orchard crops, the main land uses in the region. Elevated soil and water salinity in adjacent rice fields was probably related to lateral seepage from the ponds. The salt budget was also modelled for a zero discharge farming system, promoted by proponents of inland shrimp farming as having few impacts. However, the results suggest that, even in zero discharge ponds, almost half of the initial pond salt content is exported through seepage (45%, 12.4 tonnes crop−1), with another 6% (1.8 tonnes crop−1) deposited in sediments. While techniques exist for mitigating much of the salt leakage, the likelihood of their uptake in Thailand is low. Further expansion of inland shrimp farming in the central plain is therefore likely to contribute substantial salt load to the area's land and water resources.

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Deng, Chenda, and Ryan T. Bailey. "Assessing the Impact of Artificial Recharge Ponds on Hydrological Fluxes in an Irrigated Stream–Aquifer System." Hydrology 9, no. 5 (May 19, 2022): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology9050091.

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Artificial recharge ponds have been used increasingly in recent years to store water in underlying aquifers and modify baseline groundwater gradients or alter natural hydrologic fluxes and state variables in an aquifer system. The number of constructed ponds, their geographic spacing, and the volume of water diverted to each pond can have a significant impact on baseline system hydrologic fluxes and state variables such as groundwater head, with the latter sometimes rising to cause waterlogging in cultivated areas. This study seeks to quantify the impact of recharge ponds on groundwater state variables (head, saturated thickness) and associated fluxes within an irrigated stream-aquifer system. We use a numerical modeling approach to assess the impact of a set of 40 recharge ponds in a 246 km2 region of the South Platte River Basin, Colorado on localized groundwater head, regional groundwater flow patterns, and groundwater interactions with the South Platte River. We then use this information to determine the overall influence of recharge ponds on the hydrologic system. A linked agroecosystem–groundwater (DayCent-MODFLOW) modeling system is used to simulate irrigation, crop evapotranspiration, deep percolation to the water table, groundwater pumping, seepage from irrigation canals, seepage from recharge ponds, groundwater flow, and groundwater–surface water interactions. The DayCent model simulates the plant–soil-water dynamics in the root zone and soil profile, while MODFLOW simulates the water balance in the aquifer system. After calibration and testing, the model is used in scenario analysis to quantify the hydrologic impact of recharge ponds. Results indicate that recharge ponds can raise groundwater levels by approximately 2.5 m in localized areas, but only 15 cm when averaged over the entire study region. Ponds also increase the rate of total groundwater discharge to the South Platte River by approximately 3%, due to an increase in groundwater hydraulic gradient, which generally offsets stream depletion caused by groundwater pumping. These results can assist with groundwater resource management in the study region, and generally provide valuable information for the interplay between pumping wells and recharge ponds, and their composite effect on groundwater–surface water interactions. In addition, the developed linked DayCent-MODFLOW modeling system presented herein can be used in any region for which recharge rates should be calculated on a per-field basis.

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Malaterre, Pierre-Olivier. "Regulation of irrigation canals." Irrigation and Drainage Systems 9, no. 4 (November 1995): 297–327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00881619.

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Abd–Allah, Y. A. M. "A Simplified Mathematical Equation to Study the Relationship between Water Driving Forces and Water Losses Amount in Irrigation Canals in the Field." International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 35, no. 22 (November 16, 2023): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2023/v35i224116.

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This investigation aimed to study the effect of water driving forces in irrigation canals in the case of using one or two irrigation canals in the field and its impact on water losses amount by deriving a mathematical equation. The results across the two seasons showed that mean water driving forces (WDF) in the case of using one irrigation canal in field (0.26m3/16.63minute) was greater than two irrigation canals (0.24m3/36.13minute) and the water losses amount (WLA)resulted from using one irrigation canal (17.78 m3) was less than the two irrigation canals (36.25 m3) by saving 18.47m3 of irrigation water. Consequently, there is an inverse relationship between water driving forces in irrigation canals in the field and water losses amount. Grain yield in the case of using one irrigation canal in the field was 1.414 mg ha-1, while in the two irrigation canals recorded 1.365 mg ha-1by increasing 49.17 kg ha-1. Accordingly, a quantity of irrigation water can be saved during surface irrigation in order to achieve water abundance can be used to irrigate new lands. The quadratic model was the best statistical model to describe the relationship between Water Driving Force (WDF) and Water Movement Time (WMT) irrigation canal in field. Using the fitted quadratic model, it is clear that the Critical Water Movement Time (CWMT) which reflects the lowest WDF value was 25.55 min.

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Abdrazakov, Fyarid Kinzhaevich, and Andrey Alekseevich Rukavishnikov. "Elimination of unproductive losses of water resources from the irrigation network through the use of modern facing materials." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 10 (October 23, 2019): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2019i10pp91-94.

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The article presents the actual problems of irrigation canals. Unproductive losses of water from the irrigation network are justified. The classification of innovative facing materials for covering irrigation canals is presented. A comparative analysis of innovative materials on the basic parameters is carried out. A typical technological process of using a concrete canvas and geosynthetic materials for use on irrigation canals is considered.

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Fovet, O., G. Belaud, X. Litrico, S. Charpentier, C. Bertrand, A. Dauta, and C. Hugodot. "Modelling periphyton in irrigation canals." Ecological Modelling 221, no. 8 (April 2010): 1153–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2010.01.002.

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Wachyan, E., and K. R. Rushton. "Water losses from irrigation canals." Journal of Hydrology 92, no. 3-4 (July 1987): 275–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(87)90018-7.

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Zayadi, Ruwaida, Sih Andajani, Dewi Rintawati, Etty R. Tridarso, and Arya Raditya. "Production of vetiver root as a support for the cliffs of irrigation canals in the Bendung sub-district, Serang City." Community Empowerment 8, no. 3 (March 29, 2023): 414–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31603/ce.8765.

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Irrigation canals in Bendung Village, Kasemen District, Serang, only partially have masonry installed, most of them are still open canals. As time went by, the condition became deplorable, due to rain which eroded the cliffs due to surface erosion. This program aims to provide education about the vetiver system as a method of controlling surface erosion in irrigation canals. The method used in this activity was socialization about prevention of surface erosion in irrigation canals with vetiver roots, training and mentoring in making a pilot arrangement of vetiver in irrigation canals. As a result of the community service activities that have been carried out, it can be concluded that the socialization activities and shallow landslide/erosion control training with the "vetiver system" have provided new knowledge and skills for the people of Bendung Village.

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Abdrazakov, F. K., A. A. Rukavishnikov, A. V. Povarov, and Y. E. Trushin. "Intensification of melioration through decreasing maintenance load on irrigation canals." E3S Web of Conferences 140 (2019): 09009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201914009009.

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The article presents current problems of irrigation canals. We list research methods while specifying the methods and work processes used. We have schematically depicted and theoretically described the necessary operations for the construction, reconstruction and repair of irrigation canals. Additionally, we have substantiated the economic losses arising from using concrete facing materials, and proposed modern facing materials designed to solve the main issues of irrigation canals. The article demonstrates the results of work on laying concrete canvas and geosynthetic materials. We have described and clearly classified the proposed facing materials and systemically listed advantages and disadvantages of modern facing materials compared to standard concrete canvas. On the basis of the study, the technological intensification of melioration was presented by reducing the construction and maintenance load on irrigation canals. We have theoretically and visibly demonstrated the efficiency of proposed materials and mathematically proven the intensification of melioration by reducing the maintenance load on irrigation canals. The findings indicate that the use of the proposed materials should increase the performance of irrigation grids, as well as reduce the maintenance load on them.

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Wang, Weizhen, Feinan Xu, Suhua Liu, Long Wei, Jiaojiao Feng, Haining Wei, Leilei Dong, Yueru Wu, and Tetsuo Kobayashi. "Estimating Evaporation from Irrigation Canals in the Midstream Areas of the Heihe River Basin by a Double-Deck Surface Air Layer (DSAL) Model." Water 11, no. 9 (August 28, 2019): 1788. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11091788.

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Accurate quantification of evaporation loss from irrigation canals at an irrigation district scale is very useful for developing efficient irrigation strategies, particularly in water-deficient regions. The double-deck surface air layer (DSAL) model, a new aerodynamic method proposed by Kobayashi et al. (2013), is used for estimating the evaporation loss from a running water surface in irrigation canals. In this study, based on the long-term meteorological measurements made at automatic weather stations in 2013 and the field experiment conducted at - midstream areas of the Heihe River Basin (HRB), northwestern China, the DSAL model was applied to estimate the long-term evaporation loss from irrigation canals, which was the remarkable highlight of the study. The results showed that the rate of evaporation from irrigation canals exhibited a concave-up trend for the period from June to September, with higher values in June and September (20 to 50 mm day−1) and lower values in July and August (around 10 mm day−1). During the four months, for the Yingke and Daman irrigation districts in the Zhangye Oasis, the total water losses from irrigation canals due to evaporation were approximately 23.9 × 105 m3 and 36.6 × 105 m3, or 3.2% and 4.8% of the total amount of irrigation water, respectively. Results of the study are not only important for improving the irrigation water use efficiency, but also are beneficial to develop sustainable water resource management in the midstream areas of the HRB.

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Gadjev, Roumen, and Yordan Gerinski. "Exploration and researching for efficiency of open irrigation canals." International Conference on Technics, Technologies and Education, no. 1 (2018): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/ictte.2018.05.001.

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In the irrigation systems, it is necessary to systematize and specify the characteristics for surveillance and inspecting of the efficiency of irrigation canals and their processes for transportation and distribution the water for irrigation. This requires applying of indices and features about the efficiency of water transportation and distribution and taking into account the influence of the flow quantity alteration, the coefficient of roughness, the velocity characteristics of the flow and the hydraulic flow condition. For this reason in the paper is offered indices and approaches about the efficiency of irrigation activities by considering and analyzing the flow processes in irrigation open canals, as well as the dependencies for influence of flow condition and the coefficient of roughness on exploitation of irrigation canals.

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Clarke, D., P. Andrews, E. Messeth, R. Sala, and J. M. Deom. "Analysis of the hydraulics of the irrigation canals of Otrar, Kazakhstan." Water Supply 10, no. 3 (July 1, 2010): 453–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2010.114.

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Surveys of relic canals at the Oasis of Otrar in Kazakhstan have been used to re-construct patterns of agricultural water use for irrigation between AD700 and AD1500. Hydraulic simulation software was used to calculate the water carrying capacity of historical irrigation canal networks. An analysis of modern day irrigation systems has enabled the calibration of crop water use models and an estimate of the effectiveness of the ancient irrigation canals was made. The hydraulic models show that significant organisation of the management of the canals was necessary to ensure correct delivery of water to the farms.

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Hasyim, Yuli, Asral Asral, and Fri Murdiya. "Development of Pico-Hydro Electric Power Plant on Irrigation Canal - Case Study: Menaming Village, Indonesia." Journal of Ocean, Mechanical and Aerospace -science and engineering- (JOMAse) 67, no. 2 (July 30, 2023): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.36842/jomase.v67i2.342.

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One potential that can be utilized as a source of small-scale electrical energy is irrigation canals. The obstacle experienced to utilize irrigation canals is because irrigation canals have low flow speeds and height differences in irrigation canals. In this study, a power plant was made in an irrigation stream with a flow speed of 0.3 m/s and a height difference of only 0.3 meters. This research began with a survey of the design and manufacture of waterwheels, transmission systems, and generators. After all components are installed, the generator output voltage measurement is carried out using lamp loads of 3,6,9,12,25 and 49 Watts. From the measurements, it can be seen that as the load increases, the rotation of the wheel, voltage, and frequency will also decrease. This is due to the lack of water power so that the water is no longer able to turn the waterwheel.

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Hajia, Muhammad Chaiddir. "Assistance in The Planning of Irrigation Channels for Farmers Using Water in Iwoi Sangia Area." Room of Civil Society Development 2, no. 1 (February 21, 2023): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.59110/rcsd.v2i1.160.

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The water for the rice fields comes from the Iwoi Sangia spring. The water flows in irrigation canals that are not feasible so that a lot of water is wasted. Water flows out of the canal through cracks in the walls. This resulted in water not being distributed optimally to the farmers' paddy fields. Through this program, we took the initiative to repair damaged irrigation canals. It is hoped that after the existence of good irrigation canals, water will no longer seep in vain so that irrigation coverage can be wider, irrigation canals become cleaner, and can initiate program plans with government assistance. The method of implementing this activity contains steps to realize the objectives of the community service PKM proposal. Community Service activities, especially the planning of tertiary irrigation channels, were carried out very well and smoothly in accordance with the previous planning activities. This activity begins with interaction with the Village Government and continues with site inspections and field measurements. The result of this community activity is the delineation of irrigation canal plans and budget plans, which will facilitate irrigation work for the Village Government.

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Hajia, Muhammad Chaiddir. "Assistance in The Planning of Irrigation Channels for Farmers Using Water in Iwoi Sangia Area." Room of Civil Society Development 2, no. 1 (February 21, 2023): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.59110/rcsd.160.

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The water for the rice fields comes from the Iwoi Sangia spring. The water flows in irrigation canals that are not feasible so that a lot of water is wasted. Water flows out of the canal through cracks in the walls. This resulted in water not being distributed optimally to the farmers' paddy fields. Through this program, we took the initiative to repair damaged irrigation canals. It is hoped that after the existence of good irrigation canals, water will no longer seep in vain so that irrigation coverage can be wider, irrigation canals become cleaner, and can initiate program plans with government assistance. The method of implementing this activity contains steps to realize the objectives of the community service PKM proposal. Community Service activities, especially the planning of tertiary irrigation channels, were carried out very well and smoothly in accordance with the previous planning activities. This activity begins with interaction with the Village Government and continues with site inspections and field measurements. The result of this community activity is the delineation of irrigation canal plans and budget plans, which will facilitate irrigation work for the Village Government.

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Abdrazakov, Fyarid Kinzhaevich, and Kristina Igorevna Churkina. "Assessment of agrotechnical and hydraulic characteristics of the spray during different slot sprayers operation." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 4 (April 20, 2022): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2022i4pp70-75.

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The article deals with the question of the best way to carry out cultural works on irrigation canals of irrigation systems by conducting laboratory and field studies using herbicides. The introduction describes the importance of an integrated approach to the maintenance and maintenance of irrigation canals. Experimental studies are aimed at determining the norms of irrigation with herbicides. Modern sprayers with different pressure modes are analyzed.

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Abdrazakov, Fyarid Kinzhaevich, and Kristina Igorevna Churkina. "Assessment of agrotechnical and hydraulic characteristics of the spray during different slot sprayers operation." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 4 (April 20, 2022): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2022i4pp70-75.

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The article deals with the question of the best way to carry out cultural works on irrigation canals of irrigation systems by conducting laboratory and field studies using herbicides. The introduction describes the importance of an integrated approach to the maintenance and maintenance of irrigation canals. Experimental studies are aimed at determining the norms of irrigation with herbicides. Modern sprayers with different pressure modes are analyzed.

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Khalifa, E. M., M. A. Eltawil, M. E. Meleha, and M. M. Sharaf. "ENHANCING THE IRRIGATION WATER MANAGEMENT USING DEVELOPED IRRIGATION CANALS." Journal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering 34, no. 6 (June 1, 2009): 7481–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jssae.2009.103878.

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Sayed, Abu, A. F. M. Saleh, Md Altaf Hossain, Zobayer Ali Basunia, and Md Afzal Hosain. "Impact of Lined Canal on Shallow Tubewell Irrigation and Their Acceptability by the Farmers." Agriculturists 12, no. 2 (January 25, 2015): 116–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v12i2.21740.

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The comparative conveyance losses between lined and unlined canals, impact of water saving on command area development and irrigation cost, and farmers acceptability of lined canal in shallow tubewell (STW) irrigation schemes were studied during 2010-11 Boro season at three upazilas: Manikgonj Sadar of Manikgonj district, Dhamrai of Dhaka district and Mithapukur of Rangpur district. The conveyance loss was measured using inflow-outflow method and focus group discussion (FGD) was carried out with the pump owners and farmers to assess the impact of water saving on command area development and the acceptability of lined canal technology. Average conveyance losses were found to be 41, 48 and 45% in the existing earthen canals; 18, 21 and 24% in improved earthen canals; and 12, 11 and 13% in pre-cast canals at Mithapukur (M1), Manikgonj Sadar (M2) and Dhamrai (D) schemes, respectively. The water saving did not increase the command area in any of the schemes but reduced the irrigation time and saved fuel requirement for irrigation. On an average, 32, 23 and 30% fuel were saved by improved earthen canals where as 45, 46 and 48% were saved by pre-cast canals for M1, M2 and D schemes compared to earthen canal. The benefit-cost ratios of improved earthen canals were 1.36, 1.38 and 1.30 where as 3.36, 4.28 and 3.34 by pre-cast canals for M1, M2 and D schemes, respectively. The internal rate of return (IRR) from the investment on water distribution was over 50%. The lining technology was acceptable to pump owners, but did not impress the farmers who share the crop with the pump owners as price of irrigation or pay on the basis of irrigated area. In order to make the technology acceptable to the farmers, polices must be framed to share the benefits of lining by the pump owners with the farmers by reducing the price of irrigation water or through financial support of GO and NGOs for efficient use of STW irrigation system in Bangladesh.The Agriculturists 2014; 12(2) 116-125

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Fatxulloev, Alisher, and Aziza Gafarova. "Study of the process of cultivation in soil fertile irrigation canals." E3S Web of Conferences 97 (2019): 05025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199705025.

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The article focuses on increasing the efficiency of soil fertile irrigation canals. The useful coefficient of the channels depends on many factors (such as the type of soils constituting a canal, the water-carrying capacity of the canal, the hydraulic elements of the canal and the operational condition), their joint study will enable to define the actual beneficial coefficient of the channel. The article also analyzes the methods for filtering leading researchers for filtering processes in soil-leach irrigation canals and compared the computational methods presented in the regulatory documents and analyzed based on the results of the analysis. The article focuses on natural-field conditions in the study of soil-water dynamics and filtration processes in natural conditions in determining the coefficient of usefulness in soil-leach irrigation canals. At the same time, filtration processes are directly related to the change (increase or decrease) of the water level, which in some cases changes rapidly. The article has developed a graph of determination of the useful coefficient of value depending on the water level of the channel by measuring-monitoring of hydrotechnical, hydrogeological and hydrometric methods in various methods of filtration processes in soil-sprinkling irrigation canals. With the help of the developed graphs, the possibility of increasing the efficiency of the channel’s useful coefficients in soil-leach irrigation canals has been identified. The recommendations developed within the article provide a good effect on the management of water resources in irrigation canals and water conservation in meeting the water demand of consumers.

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Kharaishvili, Olga, and Erekle Kechkhoshvili. "Scouring of Temporary Irrigation Network Canals." Works of Georgian Technical University, no. 1(531) (March 22, 2024): 182–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.36073/1512-0996-2024-1-182-188.

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Reduction of soil erosion is one of the main issues of modern engineering ecology. It should be noted that this problem is caused not only by natural factors, but also by peculiarities of some irrigation methods. The article considers the issue of erosion of earthen channels of temporary irrigation network under gravity irrigation. On the temporary irrigation network of three villages in Shida Kartli region of Georgia the amount of erosion was experimentally determined and its dependence on network parameters and soil conditions was established. As a result of this work, to reduce soil erosion (scouring), it is recommended to install canals with compacted crosssection.

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CHÁVEZ-ANDRADE, Gisselle Moraima, Juliane Maria GUERREIRO-TANOMARU, Lucas Martinati MIANO, Renato de Toledo LEONARDO, and Mario TANOMARU-FILHO. "Radiographic evaluation of root canal cleaning, main and laterals, using different methods of final irrigation." Revista de Odontologia da UNESP 43, no. 5 (October 2014): 333–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/rou.2014.053.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) using intermittent or continuous flushing and conventional manual irrigation (CMI) on the cleaning of main and simulated lateral root canals.MATERIAL AND METHOD: The root canals of 24 artificial teeth were prepared and simulated lateral canals were made in the medium and apical thirds of the root. The specimens were divided into three groups: G1- CMI, G2- PUI 1 (intermittent flushing) and G3- PUI 2 (continuous flushing). Root canals were filled with contrast solution and the roots were radiographed pre- and post-irrigation. The digital images were transferred to Image Tool 3.0 software and the areas of root canal completely filled with contrast, and after irrigation with contrast remnant, were measured to obtain percentage data. Statistical analysis between groups was performed by ANOVA and Tukey tests.RESULT: In the apical third, G2 and G3 (PUI) groups showed higher percentage of cleaning than G1 (CMI) (p<0.05).CONCLUSION: Passive ultrasonic irrigation using intermittent flushing promoted a higher cleaning of simulated lateral canals than conventional manual irrigation in the apical third. There were no differences between groups in the main root canal and the middle third.

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de Toledo Leonardo, Renato, Gisselle Moraima Chávez-Andrade, Mario Tanomaru-Filho, Juliane Maria Guerreiro-Tanomaru, Lucas Martinati Miano, and Fernanda Ferrari Esteves Torres. "Cleaning of Root Canal System by Different Irrigation Methods." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 16, no. 11 (2015): 859–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1771.

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ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this study was to compare the cleaning of main and lateral canals using the irrigation methods: negative pressure irrigation (EndoVac system), passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) and manual irrigation (MI). Materials and methods Resin teeth were used. After root canal preparation, four lateral canals were made at 2 and 7 mm from the apex. Root canals were filled with contrast solution and radiographed pre- and post-irrigation using digital radiographic system [radiovisiography (RVG)]. The irrigation protocols were: MI1—manual irrigation [22 G needle at 5 mm short of working length-WL]; MI2—manual irrigation (30G needle at 2 mm short of WL); PUI; EV1—EndoVac (microcannula at 1 mm short of WL); EV2—Endovac (microcannula at 3 mm short of WL). The obtained images, initial (filled with contrast solution) and final (after irrigation) were analyzed by using image tool 3.0 software. Statistical analysis was performed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey tests (5% significance level). Results EV1 and EV2, followed by PUI showed better cleaning capacity than manual irrigation (MI1 and MI2) (p < 0.05). Conclusion Negative pressure irrigation and PUI promoted better cleaning of main and simulated lateral canals. Clinical significance Conventional manual irrigation technique may promote less root canal cleaning in the apical third. For this reason, the search for other irrigation protocols is important, and EndoVac and PUI are alternatives to contribute to irrigation effectiveness. How to cite this article Tanomaru-Filho M, Miano LM, Chávez-Andrade GM, Torres FFE, de Toledo RL, Guerreir-Tanomaru JM. Cleaning of Root Canal System by Different Irrigation Methods. J Contemp Dent Pract 2015;16(11):859-863.

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Benin, Dmitry, and Vera Snezhko. "Water flow regulator for irrigation canals." E3S Web of Conferences 264 (2021): 03038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126403038.

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A distinctive feature of the irrigated systems of the Russian Federation is a large area of irrigated areas and a significant length of irrigation canals. With a large area of the irrigated massif on small canals, the use of electricity to regulate the throughput of network hydraulic structures is economically ineffective. Preference is given to means of hydraulic automation of water supply. Regulation of the throughput of a hydraulic structure is based on the laws of fluid flow within it. On irrigation canals in Russia, as in world practice, water-operated gates are widely used. One of the disadvantages of such gates is moving metal parts and sensors, which reduce the operational reliability of structures. A new regulator of throughput is proposed, the action of which is based on the injection effect. Compression of the flow by physical elements was replaced by the circulation of surplus water supply between the outlet section of the water supply structure and the downstream. The regulator is built into the pressure drop between the high and low order channels. Regulating the throughput of the tubular water outlet automatically begins after shutting down one or more sprinklers that take water from the lower order canal. After turning the sprinklers into operation, the regulator automatically restores the original throughput. Using the theory of jet pumps, a new method has been developed for the theoretical determination of the main hydraulic characteristics of the regulator. These include the size of the nozzle and the velocities of the injection and injection streams. The derivation of theoretical dependencies was based on the classical equations of fluid mechanics; the flow within the structure was considered quasi-one-dimensional. The obtained calculated dependencies were verified using numerical and physical modeling. The data of the physical and numerical experiment were in good agreement with the theoretical dependences. Further optimization of the controller can be performed by changing its geometric parameters.

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Yassa, Evelin S., and T. T. El-Gamal. "IRRIGATION PATTERN IN IMPROVED BRANCH CANALS." ERJ. Engineering Research Journal 34, no. 4 (October 1, 2011): 393–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/erjm.2011.67295.

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Reddy, J. Mohan. "Local Optimal Control of Irrigation Canals." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 116, no. 5 (September 1990): 616–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9437(1990)116:5(616).

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Imam, Emad H., Abdallah S. Bazaraa, and Ashraf S. Zaghlool. "Design of Irrigation Canals: Integrated Approach." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 117, no. 6 (November 1991): 852–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9437(1991)117:6(852).

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Swamee, Prabhata K. "Critical Depth Equations for Irrigation Canals." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 119, no. 2 (March 1993): 400–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9437(1993)119:2(400).

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Holly, Forrest M., and Gary P. Merkley. "Unique Problems in Modeling Irrigation Canals." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 119, no. 4 (July 1993): 656–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9437(1993)119:4(656).

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Liu, Fubo, Jan Feyen, and Jean Berlamont. "Downstream Control Algorithm for Irrigation Canals." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 120, no. 3 (May 1994): 468–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9437(1994)120:3(468).

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Swamee, Prabhata K. "Normal‐Depth Equations for Irrigation Canals." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 120, no. 5 (September 1994): 942–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9437(1994)120:5(942).

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Misra, Rajeev. "Steady flow simulation in irrigation canals." Sadhana 20, no. 6 (December 1995): 955–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02745875.

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Depeweg, Herman, and Néstor Méndez V. "Sediment transport applications in irrigation canals." Irrigation and Drainage 51, no. 2 (April 5, 2002): 167–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ird.49.

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KURNIARI, KRISNA, I. MADE NADA, and I. GEDE SUADNYANA. "ANALISIS EFISIENSI SALURAN DAN EFEKTIVITAS DAERAH IRIGASI OONGAN PADA DAERAH ALIRAN SUNGAI (DAS) TUKAD AYUNG." GANEC SWARA 17, no. 4 (December 1, 2023): 1924. http://dx.doi.org/10.35327/gara.v17i4.652.

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The Oongan Irrigation Area, which is located in East Denpasar as part of the Tukad Ayung River Basin, has a potential land area of 1781 Ha, but only 617 Ha has been utilized. In March 2019, the average discharge reached 680 l/second, while the Oongan intake gate required a discharge of 880.7 l/s for the rice growing period. Based on these data, there is a need for in-depth research in the Oongan Irrigation Area regarding the efficiency and effectiveness of irrigation canals.. The research method used is the survey method. Based on the results of the analysis of the efficiency of the primary and secondary canals and the effectiveness of the Oongan Irrigation Area, the percentage results were 80.47%, 94.1% and 35% which showed that the primary canal was not efficient and irrigation that was not effective was below the standard value, namely 90% and 55%. There needs to be an improvement both in the water management system and the physical improvement of irrigation infrastructure. Meanwhile, secondary canals get an average yield with a percentage of 94.1% which is included in the efficient category so that it needs to be maintained and carried out maintenance through operational and maintenance activities on irrigation canals.

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Damp, Jonathan E., Stephen A. Hall, and Susan J. Smith. "Early Irrigation on the Colorado Plateau near Zuni Pueblo, New Mexico." American Antiquity 67, no. 4 (October 2002): 665–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1593797.

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The introduction of maize agriculture into the Southwest and onto the Colorado Plateau was accompanied by irrigation techniques. Twenty-six radiocarbon dates at two sites, K'yana Chabina and K'yawa:na'a Deyatchinanne, in the Zuni area of New Mexico, establish the use of irrigation canals to between 3,000 and 1,000 years ago. Associated features and the presence of nearby habitation sites independently corroborate the chronology of canal building. The geomorphology of the Zuni landscape and the morphology of the irrigation canals are consistent with the artificial construction of the canals. Pollen evidence points to an agricultural landscape and the cultivation of maize.

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Suprabha, BS. "Effectiveness of Ultrasonic and Manual Dynamic Agitation Techniques in Irrigant Penetration: An in vitro Study." World Journal of Dentistry 8, no. 3 (2017): 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10015-1439.

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ABSTRACT Aim The aim is to compare the extent of irrigant penetration into root canals up to the working length and in simulated lateral canals after passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) and manual dynamic agitation (MDA). Materials and methods Root canals of 36 single-rooted extracted teeth were shaped using rotary files. Irrigation was done with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite and 17% ethylenediaminetetraaceticacid. Teeth were decalcified in 5% nitric acid. Lateral canals were created by inserting 10 K-files and then, the teeth were cleared using methyl salicylate. Samples were randomly divided into three groups of 12 teeth each: Group I — Control, group II — PUI, and group III — MDA. A contrast solution was delivered to the root canals during final irrigation and activation. Specimens were photographed using dental operating microscope, and the mean length of dye penetration was measured. Results Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey test, and repeated measures ANOVA. Passive ultrasonic irrigation group showed the highest penetration of the irrigant upto the working length followed by MDA. Manual dynamic agitation and PUI groups had equivocal results in lateral canal irrigation. Conclusion Passive ultrasonic irrigation technique is the most effective in delivering the irrigants up to the working length. The effectiveness of PUI and MDA is equivocal in lateral canal irrigation, and hence, MDA can be considered an alternative to PUI, in the case of nonavailability of PUI. Clinical significance The clinician can consider the use of MDA technique for irrigant agitation in root canals as an alternative to PUI, based on the extent of irrigant penetration. How to cite this article Khare M, Suprabha BS, Yadav A, Shenoy R, Boaz K, Rao A. Effectiveness of Ultrasonic and Manual Dynamic Agitation Techniques in Irrigant Penetration: An in vitro Study. World J Dent 2017;8(3):207-212.

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Agripina, I. Gusti Ayu Widi, Hari Siswoyo, and Sumiyati Sumiyati. "Rehabilitasi Bangunan Dan Saluran Irigasi Di Subak Sembung Kota Denpasar." J-ENSITEC 9, no. 02 (May 20, 2023): 841–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31949/jensitec.v9i02.5093.

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Subak Sembung is intended to be the keeper of the green lane area and a large water catchment area. Subak Sembung has an area of 103 ha and a tertiary irrigation canal of 5.1 km. Based on the survey results at the study area conducted in July 2022, there are several damage of the buildings and irrigation canals that had an impact on the supply of irrigation water to rice fields, especially for farmers who have downstream rice fields. Irrigation canals damage causes by the uneven water distribution by farmers. The purpose of this study is to repair and improve the function of buildings and irrigation canals therefore they can facilitate irrigation water supply and be able to reach wider agricultural land. This research was conducted using survey and interview method. The results showed that there was 1 (one) building and 4 (four) irrigation channels damage that were disrupted the irrigation water supply, therefore the rehabilitation cost needed would be Rp. 746,243,500,-. The cost is planned for the next 1 (one) year period.

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DERIB, SISAY DEMEKU, KATRIEN DESCHEEMAEKER, AMARE HAILESLASSIE, and TILAHUN AMEDE. "IRRIGATION WATER PRODUCTIVITY AS AFFECTED BY WATER MANAGEMENT IN A SMALL-SCALE IRRIGATION SCHEME IN THE BLUE NILE BASIN, ETHIOPIA." Experimental Agriculture 47, S1 (January 2011): 39–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479710000839.

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SUMMARYIn Ethiopia, irrigation is mainly implemented in small-scale irrigation schemes, which are often characterized by low water productivity. This study reports on the efficiency and productivity of a typical small-scale irrigation scheme in the highlands of the Blue Nile, Ethiopia. Canal water flows and the volume of irrigation water applied were measured at field level. Grain and crop residue biomass and grass biomass production along the canals were also measured. To triangulate the measurements, the irrigation farm management, effects of water logging around irrigation canals, farm water distribution mechanisms, effects of night irrigation and water losses due to soil cracking created by prolonged irrigation were closely observed. The average canal water loss from the main, the secondary and the field canals was 2.58, 1.59 and 0.39 l s−1 100 m−1, representing 4.5, 4.0 and 26% of the total water flow respectively. About 0.05% of the loss was attributed to grass production for livestock, while the rest was lost through evaporation and canal seepage. Grass production for livestock feed had a land productivity of 6190.5 kg ha−1 and a water productivity of 0.82 kg m−3. Land productivity for straw and grain was 2048 and 770 kg ha−1, respectively, for teff, and 1864 kg ha−1 and 758 kg ha−1, respectively, for wheat. Water productivities of the crops varied from 0.2 to 1.63 kg m−3. A significant volume of water was lost from small-scale irrigation systems mainly because farmers' water application did not match crop needs. The high price incurred by pumped irrigation positively affected water management by minimizing water losses and forced farmers to use deficit irrigation. Improving water productivity of small-scale irrigation requires integrated interventions including night storage mechanisms, optimal irrigation scheduling, empowerment of farmers to maintain canals and proper irrigation schedules.

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Dessalegn, Hanan Tadele, Alex Bolding, Charlotte de Fraiture, and Mekonen Ayana. "Livestock and Small-Scale Irrigation Scheme Interactions as a Key Source for Sedimentation during the Irrigation Season: Four Case Studies from South-West Shoa, Ethiopia." Sustainability 13, no. 10 (May 20, 2021): 5745. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105745.

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Small-scale irrigation (SSI) development can play a major role in Ethiopia’s economic development, but sedimentation is a major threat to its sustainability. The focus of the dominant discourse around the sedimentation of SSI schemes lies in upstream catchment protection during the rainy season, neglecting both protection against erosion through overland flow along the margins of the canal network and sedimentation caused by livestock disturbances. Remedies against the latter causes of sedimentation during the irrigation season have been ineffective due to erroneous assumptions regarding its cause. This study aimed to identify the sources and extent of sedimentation in SSI schemes. The accumulated sediment in the canal pre-irrigation season was measured from four SSI schemes and suspended sediment samples during irrigation season were collected from one SSI scheme. The accumulated sediment in the canal pre-irrigation season was measured from four SSI and suspended sediment samples during irrigation season were collected from one SSI scheme. The extent of sedimentation in the canals during the pre-irrigation season in relation to canal capacity was 100% of lined and unlined canals in abandoned, 68% in a lined, and 84% unlined canals in heavily sedimented and 38% in a lined and 46% of unlined canals lightly sedimented schemes. Livestock interactions with the SSI schemes were found to be the major sediment source before and during the irrigation, hence, attention should be given to integrating livestock as a part of the system.

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Shahkohali, Amir, and Kent von Maubeuge. "How GCLs can help create more efficient waterways?" E3S Web of Conferences 368 (2023): 03007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202336803007.

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Commercial, agricultural, and recreational canals continue to be important economic drivers in many countries. A wide range of geosynthetic products, such as geotextiles, geomembranes, and geosynthetic clay liners (GCL), help create more efficient waterways. Barrier geosynthetics such as GCLs are used to improve canal performance in numerous applications. For example, for irrigation canals, geosynthetic lining systems prevent seepage loss into soils. This improves the economics and sustainability of the irrigation system. The geosynthetic barrier also optimizes water flow in the canal network. Irrigation is conveyed more quickly and efficiently. This presentation reviews the application of GCLs in hydraulic structures including canals, and presents considerations for GCLs to perform as an impervious lining in these applications.

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Rakhimov, Kudrat, Tursinoy Apakhujayeva, Maxsud Otaxonov, and Davronjon Allayorov. "ECONOMIC HYDRAULIC PARAMETERS FOR CONCRETING CANALS." Journal of Science and Innovative Development 3, no. 6 (December 29, 2020): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.36522/2181-9637-2020-6-11.

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Irrigation canals are of particular importance to provide water for irrigated areas. In recent years, the irrigation canals of Central Asia have been negatively affected by deformation phenomena. As a result, their hydraulic parameters changed and their throughput decreased. The results of the studies in the field of the deformations and designing open irrigation canals show that a lot of work has been completed. Ensuring the static and dynamic stability and increasing the efficiency of the canals require to cover the channels with concrete cladding. The need to cover the canals with concrete cladding raises the problem of the high cost of these works. The optimal solution to the problem is to reduce concrete consumption. The article proposes a method for designing a canal from the condition of the hydraulically most advantageous section. According to the proposed method, the consumption of concrete mixture is reduced by 36% and the increase in the dynamic stability of the canal (when assessing the nanotransport ability of the canal) is increased by 26%. The research results are confirmed by the formulas used in practice.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Irrigation canals and flumes'

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