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1
Bjorneberg, David L., James A. Ippolito, Bradley A. King, S. Kossi Nouwakpo, and Anita C. Koehn. "Moving toward Sustainable Irrigation in a Southern Idaho Irrigation Project." Transactions of the ASABE 63, no. 5 (2020): 1441–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13955.
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HighlightsPrivate and public irrigation development was important for expanding agricultural production in the western U.S.The Twin Falls Canal Company is an excellent example of a successful Carey Act project.Cooperative efforts during the last 30 years have dramatically improved the water quality of irrigation return flow.Electricity generated by six hydroelectric facilities improves the sustainability of the irrigation project.Abstract. Private and public irrigation development projects were fundamental to bringing irrigation to arid regions of the western U.S. The Twin Falls Canal Company in southern Idaho provides a case study of private and public irrigation development because the project was developed by private investors under the Carey Act and receives a portion of its irrigation water supply from U.S. Bureau of Reclamation reservoirs. The project survived initial financial struggles and waterlogged soil to focus on sustaining crop production by reducing chronic furrow irrigation erosion and nutrient losses in irrigation return flow. Average sediment loss from the project was 460 kg ha-1 in 1970. A cooperative effort by the canal company, state and federal agencies, and farmers improved water quality by installing sediment ponds on fields, applying polyacrylamide with furrow irrigation, converting from furrow to sprinkler irrigation, and constructing water quality ponds on irrigation return flow streams. From 2006 to 2018, more sediment and total phosphorus flowed into the watershed than returned to the Snake River, and the project removed 13,000 Mg of sediment and 30 Mg of total phosphorus from the Snake River each year. However, nitrate-N from subsurface drainage was lost at 10 kg ha-1 each year, or 800 Mg year-1, for the entire watershed. While sediment and phosphorus concentrations in irrigation return flow have decreased, these concentrations were still greater than the irrigation water, indicating that more can be done to reduce the project’s influence on water quality in the Snake River. Keywords: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sediment, Soluble salts, Water quality.
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Cogels, F. X., S. Fraboulet-Jussila, and O. Varis. "Multipurpose use and water quality challenges in Lac de Guiers (Senegal)." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 6 (September 1, 2001): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0335.
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Lac de Guiers (Guiers Lake) is a shallow lake in West Africa. Its waters are used mainly for irrigation and drinking water. Recent engineering in the Senegal River Valley has changed the lakes functioning and led to new water quality conditions. This article describes the water quality effects of the management of the lake and use of its waters, with special emphasis on salinity and eutrophication.
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Poussin, Jean-Christophe, Youssouf Diallo, Jean-Claude Legoupil, and Abdoulaye Sow. "Increase in rice productivity in the Senegal River valley due to improved collective management of irrigation schemes." Agronomy for Sustainable Development 25, no. 2 (April 2005): 225–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/agro:2005021.
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Miatkowski, Zygmunt, and Karolina Smarzyńska. "Surface water resources of small agricultural watershed in the Kujawy region, central Poland." Journal of Water and Land Development 33, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jwld-2017-0028.
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AbstractThe goal of the paper was to determine surface water resources of an agricultural watershed representative for the areas of intensive crop production in the Kujawy region. This area is characterised by the lowest average annual precipitation in Poland and high water demands related to the intensive crop production.Hydrological studies were carried out in 2007–2011 in the upper Zgłowiączka River watershed located in the eastern part of the analysed region. Over 90% of the study area is used as an arable land.Water velocity in the river bed and water level were measured at the outlet of the watershed in the river cross-section Samszyce.The upper Zgłowiączka River has a snow-rainfall hydrological regime, strongly modified by anthropogenic activities related to the intensive crop production and installation of subsurface drainage system. The study period was characterised by very large temporal variability of hydrological conditions. The mean annual outflow coefficient amounted to 18% and varied highly in time: from 3% in the average years to 62% in the abnormally wet 2011. Average discharge (SSQ) in the Samszyce river cross-section was equal to 0.25 m3·s−1, and the mean unit outflow – to 3.2 dm3·s−1·km−2. The results of the study show that disposable surface water resources of the Kujawy region are very small, especially in the summer half-year. Thus, their utilization as a potential source of water for crop irrigation can be taken into account only, if water excesses will be retained within the watershed and used in conjunction with groundwater resources.
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Alejo, Lanie A., and Victor B. Ella. "Assessing the impacts of climate change on dependable flow and potential irrigable area using the SWAT model. The case of Maasin River watershed in Laguna, Philippines." Journal of Agricultural Engineering 50, no. 2 (June 5, 2019): 88–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/jae.2018.941.
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Seasonal changes in rainfall and temperature brought about by climate change affect water resources availability for rice production areas. There are currently no published applications of the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) model on quantified effects of climate variability on irrigation service areas for rice production. The study assessed the impacts of climate change on dependable flow and potential irrigable areas of the Maasin River in Laguna, Philippines. Projected variations of rainfall and temperature in 2020 and 2050 developed using PRECIS model based on special report on emission scenarios were employed. The SWAT model was then used to simulate stream flow for each climate change scenario, from which dependable flows were quantified using flow duration analysis. Diversion water requirements for the rice areas in the watershed were determined using CROPWAT. Based on dependable flows and irrigation demand, the potential irrigable areas were estimated. Calibration and validation of the SWAT model showed satisfactory performance in stream flow simulations. The dependable flow in irrigation systems may decline by more than 50% in 2020 and by as much as 97% in 2050, because of seasonal changes in rainfall. In effect, the potential irrigable area may decrease to less than half of the current service area depending on the level of greenhouse gases emissions. SWAT water balance projections suggest surface runoff during wet seasons and increase annual groundwater recharge are possible sources of supplemental irrigation. Provisions of suitable storage reservoir facilities and groundwater development projects will alleviate water scarce conditions. The study demonstrated a technique that may be applied in other irrigation systems in the Philippines and in other countries to quantify the effects of climate change on dependable flows and potential irrigable areas. It can serve as an input to water resources planning and policy recommendations for climate change adaptation and risk reduction strategies. This technique can also be used to assess water resources in other perennial rivers and its viability for the development of new irrigation systems in the Philippines.
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Garcia-Armisen, Tamara, Josué Prats, Yociel Marrero, and Pierre Servais. "Faecal bacterial indicators removal in various wastewater treatment plants located in Almendares River watershed (Cuba)." Water Science and Technology 58, no. 4 (September 1, 2008): 773–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.440.
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The Almendares River, located in Havana city, receives the wastewaters of more than 200,000 inhabitants. The high abundance of faecal bacterial indicators (FBIs) in the downstream stretch of the river reflects the very poor microbiological water quality. In this zone, the Almendares water is used for irrigation of urban agriculture and recreational activities although the microbiological standards for these uses are not met. Improvement of wastewater treatment is absolutely required to protect the population against health risk. This paper compares the removal of FBIs in three wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) located in this watershed: a conventional facility using trickling filters, a constructed wetland (CW) and a solar aquatic system (SAS). The results indicate better removal efficiency in the two natural systems (CW and SAS) for all the measured parameters (suspended matters, biological oxygen demand, total coliforms, E. coli and enterococci). Removals of the FBIs were around two log units higher in both natural systems than in the conventional one. A longitudinal profile of the microbiological quality of the river illustrates the negative impact of the large conventional WWTP. This case study confirms the usefulness of small and natural WWTPs for tropical developing countries, even in urban and periurban areas.
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Koning, C. W., K. A. Saffran, J. L. Little, and L. Fent. "Water quality monitoring: the basis for watershed management in the Oldman River Basin, Canada." Water Science and Technology 53, no. 10 (May 1, 2006): 153–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.308.
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The Oldman River flows 440 km from its headwaters in south-western Alberta, through mountains, foothills and plains into the South Saskatchewan River. Peak flows occur in May and June. Three major reservoirs, together with more than a dozen other structures, supply water to nine irrigation districts and other water users in the Oldman basin. Human activity in the basin includes forestry, recreation, oil and gas development, and agriculture, including a large number of confined livestock feeding operations. Based on the perception of basin residents that water quality was declining and of human health concern, the Oldman River Basin Water Quality Initiative was formed in 1997 to address the concerns. There was limited factual information, and at the time there was a desire for finger pointing. Results (1998–2002) show that mainstem water quality remains good whereas tributary water quality is more of a challenge. Key variables of concern are nutrients, bacteria and pesticides. Point source discharges are better understood and better regulated, whereas non-point source runoff requires more attention. Recent data on Cryptosporidium and Giardia species are providing benefit for focusing watershed management activities. The water quality data collected is providing a foundation to implement community-supported urban and rural better management practices to improve water quality.
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Ismail, Habibu, Md Rowshon Kamal, Ahmad Fikri b. Abdullah, Deepak Tirumishi Jada, and Lai Sai Hin. "Modeling Future Streamflow for Adaptive Water Allocation under Climate Change for the Tanjung Karang Rice Irrigation Scheme Malaysia." Applied Sciences 10, no. 14 (July 16, 2020): 4885. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10144885.
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Spatial and temporal climatic variability influence on the productivity of agricultural watershed and irrigation systems. In a large irrigation system, the quantification and regulation of the flow at different locations of the channel is quite difficult manually, leading to a poor delivery of supply and demand. Water shortage is a crucial issue due to mismatch between available water and demand at intake point of Tanjung-Karang Irrigation Scheme. This study assessed the potential impacts of climate change on basin outflow for 2010–2039, 2040–2069, and 2070–2099 to the baseline period (1976–2005) and used it as input hydrograph to simulate river discharge. A Hydrologic Engineering Corps Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) model driven by projections from ten global climate models (GCMs) with three scenarios (Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) 4.5, 6.0, and 8.5) used to simulate the outflow and the Hydrologic Engineering Centers River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) model applied for hydraulic modeling. The projected seasonal streamflow showed a decreasing trend for future periods. The average available irrigation supply for historical period is 15.97 m3/s, which would decrease by 12%, 18%, and 21% under RCPs 4.5, 6.0, and 8.5, respectively. Projected irrigation supply showed oversupply and undersupply to the required supply during the growing season. Simulated discharge could therefore be incorporated into cropping practices to boost the sustainable distribution of water under the new realities of climate change in the future.
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Sapkota, Sudarshon, and Naresh Kazi Tamrakar. "Bank erosion and lateral instability hazard status of Kodku Khola, southeast Kathmandu, central Nepal." Journal of Nepal Geological Society 50, no. 1 (December 21, 2016): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngs.v50i1.22869.
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The northward flowing fifth order Kodku Khola confluences with the Manahara River in the southeast of Kathmandu, and has about 16.49 km stretch with 35.67 sq km watershed area. Many large civil engineering structures such as irrigation cannels, bridges, highways and roads are under construction, and are located along and around the river in the urbanizing Kodku Khola valley. Some sections of the river are of high erosion potential due to various reasons. Many human activities together with natural processes have led to bank erosion and channel shifting of the Kodku Khola. Thus, study of the river bank erosion and lateral instability is of great concern as unstable segments of the river may pose threat on civil engineering structures and adjacent agricultural lands. The river bank hazard potential and its variations were assessed in terms of its bank erosion and lateral instability (BELI) hazard indices by considering four parameters namely, bank erosion hazard index (BEHI), near bank stress index (NBSI), lateral instability hazard index (LIHI), and anthropogenic disturbance factors (ADF). For this, thirty nine locations were surveyed throughout the river and assessed the BELI hazard levels. This paper evaluated the BELI hazard levels and channel shifting condition of the Kodku Khola.
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Meksumpun, Charumas, and Shettapong Meksumpun. "Integration of aquatic ecology and biological oceanographic knowledge for development of area-based eutrophication assessment criteria leading to water resource remediation and utilization management: a case study in Tha Chin, the most eutrophic river of Thailand." Water Science and Technology 58, no. 12 (December 1, 2008): 2303–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.929.
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This research was carried out in Tha Chin Watershed in the central part of Thailand with attempts to apply multidisciplinary knowledge for understanding ecosystem structure and response to anthropogenic pollution and natural impacts leading to a proposal for an appropriate zonation management approach for sustainable utilization of the area. Water quality status of the Tha Chin River and Estuary had been determined by analyzing ecological, hydrological, and coastal oceanographic information from recent field surveys (during March 2006 to November 2007) together with secondary data on irrigation, land utilization, and socio-economic status.Results indicated that the Tha Chin River and Estuary was eutrophic all year round. Almost 100% of the brackish to marine areas reflected strongly hypertrophic water condition during both dry and high-loading periods. High NH4+ and PO43− loads from surrounding agricultural land use, agro-industry, and community continuously flew into the aquatic environment. Deteriorated ecosystem was clearly observed by dramatically low DO levels (ca 1 mg/l) in riverine to coastal areas and Noctiluca and Ceratium red tide outbreaks occurred around tidal front closed to the estuary. Accordingly, fishery resources were significantly decreased. Some riverine benthic habitats became dominated by deposit-feeding worms e.g. Lumbriculus, Branchiura, and Tubifex, while estuarine benthic habitats reflected succession of polychaetes and small bivalves. Results on analysis on integrated ecosystem responses indicated that changing functions were significantly influenced by particulates and nutrients dynamics in the system.Based on the overall results, the Tha Chin River and Estuary should be divided into 4 zones (I: Upper freshwater zone; II: Middle freshwater zone; III Lower freshwater zone; and IV: Lowest brackish to marine zone) for further management schemes on water remediation. In this study, the importance of habitat morphology and water flow regimes was recognized. Moreover, nearshore extensive shrimp culture ponds, irrigation canals, and surrounding mangrove habitats belonging to local households seemed to act as effective natural water treatment system that can yet provide food resources in turns. These remediation-production integrated functions should be deserved depth considerations for water quality development of the Tha Chin areas.
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Shirai, Naruhiko, Seemanta Sharma Bhagabati, Akira Kodaka, Naohiko Kohtake, Akiyuki Kawasaki, Ralph Allen Acierto, and Win Win Zin. "Data Communication for Efficient Water Resource Management Among Multiple Stakeholders – A Case Study in the Bago River Basin, Myanmar –." Journal of Disaster Research 13, no. 1 (February 20, 2018): 70–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2018.p0070.
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Cross-sectional communication for data sharing among multiple stakeholders involved in disaster responses is one of the fundamental non-structural measures that directly influence the performance of disaster risk reduction. Taking the event of the 2008 Cyclone Nargis as the watershed experience, Myanmar has been developing a nationwide disaster risk reduction scheme. Transition from the past structure of a vertically divided administration to cross-sectional interaction is underway, making use of lessons learned from past disaster events, yet many challenges remain in communications among stakeholders. To address the issue, this research proposes a communication scheme for data sharing among multiple stakeholders to complement the current scheme for better decision making of the stakeholders during both normal times and emergencies. The proposed scheme is evaluated by the stakeholders, and it is shown that the benefits would include not only the strengthening of the current scheme for decision making but also a contribution to the design of long-term plans in areas such as agriculture, irrigation, and disaster preparedness. This research anticipates further development of the scheme by employing more concrete needs of the stakeholders by reiterating contextual inquiries as well as by physically modeling a database taking case scenarios into account for its design.
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Song, Yong Jia, Xi Min Gao, Guang Jie Wang, and Jie Wang. "Analysis and Research on the Evaluation of Economy Benefits of Small Watershed Warping Dams System." Advanced Materials Research 403-408 (November 2011): 3026–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.403-408.3026.
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The evaluation of economy benefits of small watershed warping dams system program mainly includes foundation benefit, economic benefit, ecological benefit, social benefit on project construction. The thesis takes this small watershed planning scheme 30- year computation time as object of study ,on its soil conservation benefit, storage benefit, planting benefits and rationalities irrigation benefit, block mud benefit, economic indexes such as flood protection benefits were analyzed and calculated ,for dam system planning scheme of the economic rationality assessment provides evaluation basis. Using natural "catch-basin" concept, the people of loess plateau created warping dam whose role is storing muddy and releasing clearing, intercept sediment and silting farmland, which is a kind of soil and water conservation engineering measures. Since liberation, in the middle Yellow River area has built more than 110,000 warping dams, exceeding 0.3million hm2 place has been silting into dam land and accumulated retard mud 2.1 million tons. Since 1990s, in order to give full play to the operation safety and overall benefit of warping dams, which has formed the construction concept of dam is "in tributaries as skeletons, small watershed as a unit, matching key dam, small and middle warping dams to construction the dam system of gullies"[1]. Further assure the operation safety and the overall benefit of warping dams, which has been brought into full play. A watershed which is in order to limitation of control the flood and sediment to realize the long-term goals of soil and water conservation. Through the field survey and measurement, selected the dam system layout scheme , determinded the engineering construction scheme of the dam system of the river basin, dam system altogether layout 5 key dam (including 3 seats new dams , 2 seats old dam which is need reinforcement ) ,15 seats small and middle warping dams ,and the project under construction will last for 3 years. Basis to the specification requirement, we need evaluation analysis the planning scheme for engineering benefit. Dam system’s engineering benefits include foundation benefit, economic benefit, ecological benefit and social benefit. Basis to the specification requirement, engineering planning after the project implementation produced by the foundation and economic benefit emphatically analyzes, ecological and social benefits are briefly analyzed[2].
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Hashem, Ahmed A., Bernard A. Engel, Gary W. Marek, Jerry E. Moorhead, Dennis C. Flanagan, Mohamed Rashad, Sherif Radwan, Vincent F. Bralts, and Prasanna H. Gowda. "Evaluation of SWAT Soil Water Estimation Accuracy Using Data from Indiana, Colorado, and Texas." Transactions of the ASABE 63, no. 6 (2020): 1827–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13910.
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HighlightsSWAT soil water assessment was performed using soil water measurements.Dryland SWAT model soil water content was greater than the irrigated SWAT model.Using SWAT soil water estimates for real-time (daily) irrigation management purposes with the existing SWAT soil water subroutines and available soils data is considered risky.The surface layer showed the greatest soil water variability compared to deeper layers.Abstract. Soil water content (SWC) is a challenging measurement at the field, watershed, and regional scales. Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) soil water estimates were evaluated at three locations: the St. Joseph River watershed (SJRW) in northeast Indiana, the USDA-ARS Conservation and Production Research Laboratory (CPRL) at Bushland, Texas, and the USDA-ARS Limited Irrigation Research Farm (LIFR) at Greeley, Colorado. The soil water estimates were evaluated under two scenarios: (1) for the defined soil profile, and (2) by individual layer. Each site’s soil water assessment was performed based on the existing management conditions during each experiment, whether dryland or irrigated, and for various periods depending on SWC measurement availability at each site. The SWAT soil water was evaluated as follows: the Indiana site was evaluated under dryland conditions using daily soil water observations for one year; the Texas site was evaluated for a ten-year period under irrigated and dryland conditions using weekly soil water observations from four lysimeters; and the Colorado site was evaluated under irrigated conditions for a four-year period. The simulated soil water was evaluated by comparing the model simulations with observed daily and weekly soil water measurements at the three sites. Based on the results, even though all the SWAT models were considered to perform as good models following calibration (streamflow, ET, etc.), the soil water simulations were unacceptable for the defined soil profile and for individual layers at the three sites. Deeper soil layers had observations greater than field capacity values, indicating poor soil parameterization. The dryland model had greater water content than the irrigated model, contradicting the soil water measurements. This greater soil water simulation with the dryland model is a result of SWAT model uncertainties with ET reduction under dryland conditions due to water stress. This study indicated that soil water estimation using the default SWAT soil water equations has many sources of uncertainties. Two apparent sources resulted in the SWAT model’s poor performance: (1) SWAT soil water routines that do not fully represent soil water moving between layers to meet plant demand and (2) uncertainty in soil parameterization. Keywords: Hydrologic modeling, Soil moisture, Soil moisture sensor, Soil water, Soil and Water Assessment Tool.
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Hashem, Ahmed A., Bernard A. Engel, Gary W. Marek, Jerry E. Moorhead, Dennis C. Flanagan, Mohamed Rashad, Sherif Radwan, Vincent F. Bralts, and Prasanna H. Gowda. "Evaluation of SWAT Soil Water Estimation Accuracy Using Data from Indiana, Colorado, and Texas." Transactions of the ASABE 63, no. 6 (2020): 1827–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans13910.
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HighlightsSWAT soil water assessment was performed using soil water measurements.Dryland SWAT model soil water content was greater than the irrigated SWAT model.Using SWAT soil water estimates for real-time (daily) irrigation management purposes with the existing SWAT soil water subroutines and available soils data is considered risky.The surface layer showed the greatest soil water variability compared to deeper layers.Abstract. Soil water content (SWC) is a challenging measurement at the field, watershed, and regional scales. Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) soil water estimates were evaluated at three locations: the St. Joseph River watershed (SJRW) in northeast Indiana, the USDA-ARS Conservation and Production Research Laboratory (CPRL) at Bushland, Texas, and the USDA-ARS Limited Irrigation Research Farm (LIFR) at Greeley, Colorado. The soil water estimates were evaluated under two scenarios: (1) for the defined soil profile, and (2) by individual layer. Each site’s soil water assessment was performed based on the existing management conditions during each experiment, whether dryland or irrigated, and for various periods depending on SWC measurement availability at each site. The SWAT soil water was evaluated as follows: the Indiana site was evaluated under dryland conditions using daily soil water observations for one year; the Texas site was evaluated for a ten-year period under irrigated and dryland conditions using weekly soil water observations from four lysimeters; and the Colorado site was evaluated under irrigated conditions for a four-year period. The simulated soil water was evaluated by comparing the model simulations with observed daily and weekly soil water measurements at the three sites. Based on the results, even though all the SWAT models were considered to perform as good models following calibration (streamflow, ET, etc.), the soil water simulations were unacceptable for the defined soil profile and for individual layers at the three sites. Deeper soil layers had observations greater than field capacity values, indicating poor soil parameterization. The dryland model had greater water content than the irrigated model, contradicting the soil water measurements. This greater soil water simulation with the dryland model is a result of SWAT model uncertainties with ET reduction under dryland conditions due to water stress. This study indicated that soil water estimation using the default SWAT soil water equations has many sources of uncertainties. Two apparent sources resulted in the SWAT model’s poor performance: (1) SWAT soil water routines that do not fully represent soil water moving between layers to meet plant demand and (2) uncertainty in soil parameterization. Keywords: Hydrologic modeling, Soil moisture, Soil moisture sensor, Soil water, Soil and Water Assessment Tool.
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Band, Shahab S., Saeid Janizadeh, Subodh Chandra Pal, Indrajit Chowdhuri, Zhaleh Siabi, Akbar Norouzi, Assefa M. Melesse, Manouchehr Shokri, and Amirhosein Mosavi. "Comparative Analysis of Artificial Intelligence Models for Accurate Estimation of Groundwater Nitrate Concentration." Sensors 20, no. 20 (October 12, 2020): 5763. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20205763.
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Prediction of the groundwater nitrate concentration is of utmost importance for pollution control and water resource management. This research aims to model the spatial groundwater nitrate concentration in the Marvdasht watershed, Iran, based on several artificial intelligence methods of support vector machine (SVM), Cubist, random forest (RF), and Bayesian artificial neural network (Baysia-ANN) machine learning models. For this purpose, 11 independent variables affecting groundwater nitrate changes include elevation, slope, plan curvature, profile curvature, rainfall, piezometric depth, distance from the river, distance from residential, Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), and topographic wetness index (TWI) in the study area were prepared. Nitrate levels were also measured in 67 wells and used as a dependent variable for modeling. Data were divided into two categories of training (70%) and testing (30%) for modeling. The evaluation criteria coefficient of determination (R2), mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) were used to evaluate the performance of the models used. The results of modeling the susceptibility of groundwater nitrate concentration showed that the RF (R2 = 0.89, RMSE = 4.24, NSE = 0.87) model is better than the other Cubist (R2 = 0.87, RMSE = 5.18, NSE = 0.81), SVM (R2 = 0.74, RMSE = 6.07, NSE = 0.74), Bayesian-ANN (R2 = 0.79, RMSE = 5.91, NSE = 0.75) models. The results of groundwater nitrate concentration zoning in the study area showed that the northern parts of the case study have the highest amount of nitrate, which is higher in these agricultural areas than in other areas. The most important cause of nitrate pollution in these areas is agriculture activities and the use of groundwater to irrigate these crops and the wells close to agricultural areas, which has led to the indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers by irrigation or rainwater of these fertilizers is washed and penetrates groundwater and pollutes the aquifer.
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Khalid, Khairi, Mohd Fozi Ali, Nor Faiza Abd Rahman, Mohd Razmi Zainuddin, Noor Safwan Muhamad, Elias Mohamed Den, and Zulhafizal Othman. "SURFACE RUNOFF VARIATION ASSESSMENT USING PROCESS-BASED HYDROLOGIC MODEL." Jurnal Teknologi 78, no. 10-4 (October 30, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/jt.v78.9889.
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Process-based hydrologic models are progressively being used to support decisions on many water resources management such as in the design and operation of the hydraulic structures, water supply, irrigation, flood control, and many other engineering practices. Many of these models share a common base in their endeavor to incorporate the diversity of the watershed and the spatial distribution of topography, vegetation, land use, soil characteristics and rainfall. Activities in the flood plain and catchment such as land clearing for other developments may increase the magnitude of the flood. Understanding on the reaction of the river basin on the floods scenario becomes a crucial part before any project of flood mitigation approach is implemented. The study attempts to highlight the simulation of the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) hydrologic model in determining the surface runoff distribution from a different sub-basin. For Langat River Basin, the sub-basin 17 was produced the highest amount of surface runoff in the basin. The assessment of the sub-basins response on the surface runoff can be used as guidance for modelers to understand the impact of a spatial heterogeneity of the river basin towards flood.
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Afriani, Lusmeilia, Gatot Eko Susilo, Sri Nawangrini, and Iswan Iswan. "Soil shrinkage and consolidation study on flood embankments in swamp irrigation areas." Engineering Solid Mechanics, 2021, 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.esm.2021.1.003.
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Research in this paper discusses shrinking and consolidation of flood embankments soil in swamp irrigation areas. The flood embankments are made from swampy soil materials. The focus of this research is the reduction of dyke embankment height that occurs due to soil shrinkage and soil consolidation. Investigations about the time of consolidation and land subsidence that occurred on the embankment at certain periods after the embankment established were also carried out in this study. The research sites are some swamp irrigation areas in the Tulang Bawang Watershed, around North-East Lampung, Indonesia. This research was carried out by conducting laboratory tests on soil samples and field observations on the reduction in height of flood embankments in the study area. The research shows that the main cause of total decrease on the embankment is due to linear shrinkage, consolidation of soil under the embankment, an immediate subsidence, and the subsidence of the embankment themselves. Their contribution to total decrease of embankment is 42.51%, 34.48%, 18.32%, and 4.62%, respectively. Results also indicate that the ratio between the percentage of embankment consolidation in downstream area happen faster than the one in upstream area of the river.
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Jha, Gaurav, April L. Ulery, Kevin Lombard, Dawn VanLeeuwen, Colby Brungard, Biswanath Dari, and Debjani Sihi. "Portable X-ray Fluorescence (PXRF) Analysis of Total Metal(loid)s and Sequential Extraction of Bioavailable Arsenic in Agricultural Soils of Animas Watershed." Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 232, no. 7 (July 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11270-021-05249-2.
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AbstractThe Animas River provides irrigation water in northwestern New Mexico and the Navajo Nation. Concerns regarding the river water quality arose on August 5, 2015, when approximately 11.35 million liters of heavy metal contaminated water was accidentally released from the Gold King Mine into the Animas River. This study sought to determine the total concentrations of 7 heavy metal(loid)s (As, Pb, and Zn as metals of concern and Fe, Mn, Ca, and Cu as metals of interest) using portable X-ray fluorescence (PXRF) in two agricultural fields and compare these values to Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regional screening levels (RSL). Total concentrations of 6 out of 7 metals were below the RSL; only As exceeded the soil screening value of 7.07 mg kg−1 at some locations in the agricultural fields. We also determined water-soluble (WS) and exchangeable fractions (Ex) of As that might be available for agricultural crop uptake using sequential extractions. The WS-As ranged from 0.014 to 0.074 mg kg−1 and Ex-As ranged from 0.135 to 0.248 mg kg−1 and thus were less than 1 and 3% of the total As concentration respectively (ranging from 5.62 to 14.79 mg kg−1) and not considered a threat for plant tissue accumulation. While the concentrations of As observed in the agricultural fields may have exceeded screening levels, the As was not apparently plant available and its risk to crops was determined to be low.
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Nath, Anirban, Sourav Samanta, Saon Banerjee, Anamitra Anurag Danda, and Sugata Hazra. "Threat of arsenic contamination, salinity and water pollution in agricultural practices of Sundarban Delta, India, and mitigation strategies." SN Applied Sciences 3, no. 5 (April 15, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42452-021-04544-1.
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AbstractThe paper through a critical appraisal of the agricultural practices in the Indian Sundarban deltaic region explores the tripartite problems of arsenic biomagnification, salinity of arable lands and ingress of agrochemical pollutants into the freshwater resources, which endanger the health, livelihood and food security of the rural population inhabiting the delta. The threefold problem has rendered a severe blow to the agrarian economy consequently triggering large-scale outmigration of the rural population from the region. Although recent studies have addressed these issues separately, the inter-connectivity among these elements and their possible long-term impact upon sustainability in the Sundarbans are yet to be elucidated. In the current scenario, the study emphasizes that the depleting freshwater resources is at the heart of the threefold problems affecting the Sundarbans. Owing to the heavy siltation of the local river systems, freshwater resources from the local ravines have salinized beyond the point of being used for agricultural purposes. At the same time, increasing salinity levels resulting from fluctuation of pre- and post-monsoon rainfall, frequent cyclones and capillary movement of salinized groundwater (primarily during the Rabi season) have severely hampered the agricultural practices. Salinization of above groundwater reserves has forced the farmers toward utilization of groundwater, which are lifted using STWs, especially for rice and other cultivations in the Rabi season. The Holocene aquifers of the region retain toxic levels of arsenic which are lifted during the irrigation process and are deposited on to the agricultural fields, resulting in bioaccumulation of As in the food products resourced from the area. The compound effect of consuming arsenic-contaminated food and drinking water has resulted in severe health issues recorded among the local population in the delta. Furthermore, due to the sub-optimal conditions for sustaining agriculture under saline stress, farmers often opt for the cultivation of post-green revolution high-yielding varieties, which require additional inputs of nitrogen-based fertilizers, organophosphate herbicides and pesticides that are frequently washed away by runoff from the watershed into the low-lying catchment areas of the biosphere reserve. Such practices have endangered the vulnerable conditions of local flora and fauna. In the present situation, the study proposes mitigation strategies which necessitate the smart use of locally obtainable resources like water, adaptable cultivars and sustainable agronomic practices like organic farming. The study also suggests engaging of conventional plant breeding strategies such as “Evolutionary plant breeding” for obtaining cultivars adapted to the shifting ecological conditions of the delta in the long run.