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Chandel, Divya. "A PV Powered Solar Water Pumping System Using Microcontroller." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 3 (March 31, 2022): 526–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.40666.
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Abstract: The efficiency of the irrigation is predicated on the system uses, there are several different forms of irrigation system everywhere the planet however manual irrigations mistreatment motor pump are encountering several issues. Water resource distribution may be an important challenge to enhance crop productions. Tiny scale farmers are in want of an affordable and reliable system to irrigate crops and increase production. Presents PV battery-powered solar water pumping system for irrigationin developing countries. To design a water pumping system for irrigation that uses solar power for its operation. To style a pumping system that minimizes human interventions. To style a facility system that produces irrigation a lot of economical, since it’s planning to be operated by mobile phones. Solar battery-powered irrigation system is acceptable different for farmers in gift state of energy disaster automatic system. Planned wet detector primarily based star battery-powered system offers required waterto crop, water is used in good manner, through star panels, and electrical power downside isn't any a lot of. Keywords: Automated irrigation’s mobile, humidity sensor, Solar Panel
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Porter, Dana O., Suat Irmak, Freddie Lamm, Thomas Marek, and Bradley Rein. "Challenges and Opportunities for Education in Irrigation Engineering." Transactions of the ASABE 63, no. 5 (2020): 1289–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13943.
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Declining enrollments in a declining number of university degree programs in irrigation engineering are generating concern about the future of irrigation engineering expertise.Technical degree and certificate programs offer options for professionals in irrigation careers, especially those in landscape irrigation careers requiring licensure.Extension programs are evolving to include more on-demand internet-based and social media-based information delivery, as audiences have become more accustomed to these platforms.Addressing workforce and expertise needs in irrigation engineering is critically important, and it will involve equipping future professionals to address national and international challenges in agriculture.Abstract. Irrigation continues to be economically important in the U.S. and internationally, yet there is concern about future accessibility to appropriate expertise and the engineering preparation of irrigation professionals for both public and private sectors. Recent and impending retirements of academic and industry leaders, losses of some important academic programs (curricula/degree programs, research, and extension) in irrigation engineering, and reduced numbers of students threaten to significantly limit irrigation engineering capacity, especially in agricultural irrigation. Some of the challenges can be met through opportunities afforded by development of distance education programs; expansion of multi-state, multi-agency, multi-university collaborations; and increasing public-private partnerships, as well as through vigorous recruitment efforts. Recruitment can be strengthened by improving the competitiveness of salaries to be commensurate with other engineering disciplines, and by demonstrating and better explaining the abilities of the irrigation engineering profession to meet future challenges related to food, fiber, fuel, and ecosystem demands of a rapidly growing global population. While access to irrigation engineering expertise, especially domestic expertise, has declined, the need for such technical support and information for practitioners has not decreased. In fact, in many cases, technical advancements from public and industry developments have greatly outpaced the capacity for applied research and extension programs to robustly evaluate technologies and deliver objective, science-based recommendations. Growing knowledge gaps and time lags have exacerbated restlessness among some audiences, increasing the opportunities for promotion of unsubstantiated claims for some products that remain unchallenged, and further confusing appropriate selection from a growing array of available technologies. Keywords: Continuing education, Distance education, Extension, Irrigation engineering, Public-private partnerships, Technical support.
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Ramunaidu, P. V. S., D. Sekhar, A. Sowjanya, D. Srinivas, P. Pavankumar, and P. Babu. "Yield Attributes and Yield of Wheat Affected by Irrigation Schedules and Varieties under HAT Zone Conditions of Andhra Pradesh, India." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13, no. 9 (August 4, 2023): 2819–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i92515.
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Aims: A field experiment was conducted to assess the impact of various irrigation schedules and wheat varieties on yield characteristics and yield of wheat in Andhra Pradesh's high altitude and tribal area (HAT) zone.
Study Design: Split-plot design was used to conduct the research experiment.
Place and Duration of Study: Regional Agricultural Research Station, Chintapalle, Visakhapatnam, ANGRAU, Andhra Pradesh. The study was conducted during Rabi season 2021-22.
Methodology: Split-plot design was used to conduct the experiment in which as main plots, there were three irrigation schedules—irrigation at CRI, maximum tillering, jointing, flowering, and milking stages (M1); irrigation at CRI, flowering, and milking stages (M2); and irrigation at CRI and milking stages (M3)—and four varieties—DBW-252(V1), HI-1544(V2), HI-8759(V3), and HI-8713(V4)—as subplots. The parameters of Spike length, Spike weight, number of productive tillers m-2, number of grains spike-1, number of filled grains spike-1, 1000 grain weight, grain yield, straw yield, biological yield, and harvest index were found to be superior with five irrigations scheduled at CRI, maximum tillering, jointing, flowering, and milking stages. Among the varieties, HI-8759 recorded the highest values, which were comparable to HI-8713.
Results: Spike length, spike weight, no. of productive tillers m-2, no. of grains spike-1, no. of filled grains spike-1, 1000 grain weight found superior with five irrigations schedules. The highest values among the variations were achieved by HI-8759 and were comparable to HI-8713.The five irrigation schedule resulted in higher grain and straw yields. Despite the fact that there was a reduced grain yield with two irrigations, the straw yield was statistically equal with three irrigations. With five irrigations, the harvest index (%) was much higher, while with two irrigations, it was significantly lower. However, HI-8759 had a much greater grain and straw production than the other cultivars. The straw yield remained at HI-8713 levels. The HI-8759's harvest index outperformed all other kinds by a wide margin. With HI-1544, the lowest grain and straw yields were noted.
Conclusion: Wheat yield was dramatically increased by five different irrigation regimens applied at various phenological phases. The maximum yield was recorded by variety HI-8759, which was comparable to variety HI-8713 in terms of biological and straw yields.
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Choi, C., I. Song, S. Stine, J. Pimentel, and C. Gerba. "Role of irrigation and wastewater reuse: comparison of subsurface irrigation and furrow irrigation." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 2 (July 1, 2004): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0089.
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Two different irrigation systems, subsurface drip irrigation and furrow irrigation, are tested to investigate the level of viral contamination and survival when tertiary effluent is used in arid and semi-arid regions. The effluent was injected with bacteriophages of PRD1 and MS2. A greater number of PRD1 and MS2 were recovered from the lettuce in the subsurface drip-irrigated plots as compared to those in the furrow-irrigated plots. Shallow drip tape installation and preferential water paths through cracks on the soil surface appeared to be the main causes of high viral contamination in subsurface drip irrigation plots, which led to the direct contact of the lettuce stems with the irrigation water which penetrated the soil surface. The water use efficiency of the subsurface drip irrigation system was higher than that of the furrow irrigation system. Thus, subsurface drip irrigation is an efficient irrigation method for vegetable crops in arid and semi-arid regions if viral contamination can be reduced. Deeper installation of drip tapes, frequent irrigations, and timely harvests based on cumulative heat units may further reduce health risks by ensuring viral die-off under various field conditions.
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Mareels, Iven, and Erik Weyer. "Systems Engineering for Irrigation Systems 1." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 37, no. 11 (July 2004): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)31586-0.
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Elnashar, Walaa, Hany F. Abd-Elhamid, Martina Zeleňáková, and Ahmed Elyamany. "Value Engineering Approach to Evaluate the Agricultural Drainage Water Management Strategies." Water 15, no. 4 (February 20, 2023): 831. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15040831.
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Excessive irrigating water that has not been adequately drained may cause more water to enter the crop root zone than is necessary. As a result, issues with increasing water table levels, waterlogging, and salinity get worse and cause crop productivity losses. Agricultural drainage water management strategies (ADWMS) can be used to protect the quality of groundwater, guarantee that crops have better moisture conditions, and provide irrigation water by reusing agricultural water drainage and using sub-irrigation practices. In order to decrease the effects of poor drainage, mitigate climate change, conserve the environment, and achieve food security, this study proposes a framework for choosing the most effective ADWMS in Egypt’s Nile Delta as well as the new lands. The value engineering approach is used to ensure the strategy’s functionality and to present some innovation in the process of developing alternative solutions that are financially evaluated using the life cycle cost technique. According to the study results, the most effective strategy (ADWMS-3) prioritizes improving drainage effectiveness, controlling groundwater table rise, and providing another irrigation water source while maintaining environmental protection. This strategy encompasses the use of a control drainage system, timing of fertilizer application, regulating groundwater table variation, and using sub-irrigation practices. ADWMS-3 achieves the highest values for the technical score of 8.06 and the value index of 18.59. This study advances the understanding of the topic by providing policymakers with a tool to (i) evaluate ADWMS and (ii) incorporate the added value and functionality into their policies regarding agricultural drainage water.
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Kaur, Gagandeep, Satinder Singh Brar, C. B. Singh, and K. B. Singh. "Effect of Tillage and Nitrogen Levels on Yield and Water Productivity of Brassica napus in North West India." International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 35, no. 18 (July 13, 2023): 32–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2023/v35i183262.
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In North West India ground water is depleting because of adoption of rice-wheat system. Therefore for saving precious water resources there is need to diversify some area under low water requiring crops and adopt water saving techniques. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate individual and interactive effects of deep tillage, irrigation and nitrogen rates on yield and water productivity of canola (Brassica napus). Experimental treatments in main plots were combination of two tillage systems (deep tillage (DT) and conventional tillage (CT)) and three irrigation regimes (no (I0), one (I1) and two irrigations (I2)) and in subplots four nitrogen rates ( 0 (N0), 50 (N50), 75 (N75) and 100 (N100) kg ha-1 with three replications. Maximum rooting depth was observed with irrigation and 100 kg N ha-1. Root mass density in upper 60 cm soil depth was higher under irrigated plots whereas below 60 cm, it was higher under I0. Higher root density was recorded under DT and N100 plots. Dry matter accumulation significantly increased with irrigation, tillage and N application. Seed yield significantly increased under DT (10%) and I2 (26.2% over I0) treatment. Water productivity improved with DT and N100. Oil yield and N uptake increased under DTI2N100. Higher nitrogen rates at low irrigation frequency resulted in yield similar to low nitrogen rates at higher irrigation frequency. While yield produced under DT with one post sowing irrigation was equivalent to that produced under CT with two irrigations. The results suggest the saving of irrigation water and yield optimisation with high N rate and deep tillage in canola.
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Cholavardan, Dade, Jaya Krishna V. V. S., and Sushant. "Assessing the Effect of Irrigation Levels and Hydrogel on Growth and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13, no. 10 (September 8, 2023): 2644–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i102929.
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One of the most essential inputs for agriculture is water. Moisture stress at critical growth stages in wheat severely effects the growth and yield. Hydrogel (water-absorbing polymer) can keep the appropriate moisture level at the root zone depth and protects the crop from adverse effect of moisture stress. The present trial was conducted during rabi season of 2020-21 to assess the performance of different hydrogels under different levels of irrigations on growth, yield, and water use efficiency of wheat. Results revealed that application of 3 irrigations recorded significantly maximum number of tillers per m2 at 90 Days After Sowing and at harvest. The application of Nano hydrogel @ 20 kg ha-1 significantly increased the number of tillers per m2 at 90 DAS and at harvest over control. Significantly maximum grain (26.1%) and straw (24.5%) yield were obtained with 3 irrigation levels over one irrigation. The Nano hydrogel increased grain (33.6%) and straw (22.9%) yield significantly over control. Water use efficiency significantly improved with one irrigation over 3 irrigation levels, application of Nano hydrogel @ 20 kg ha-1 significantly increased WUE.
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Stone, Ken, Eric D. Billman, Philip J. Bauer, and Gilbert Sigua. "Using NDVI for Variable Rate Cotton Irrigation Prescriptions." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 38, no. 5 (2022): 787–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.15071.
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HighlightsCrop coefficients (Kcb) were calculated using Normalized Difference Vegetative Indices (NDVI) and compared to the FAO-56 method.Cotton yields using NDVI-Kcb based irrigation scheduling to a uniform checkbook irrigation were compared.Irrigated cotton yields were not significantly different between irrigation methods but were significantly higher in years requiring higher volumes of irrigation water.Cotton fiber quality was not significantly different for the two irrigation methods or plant populations.Abstract. Irrigation timing is crucial for achieving high cotton yields and lint quality. This irrigation timing is more challenging in the southeastern U.S. Coastal Plain region due to its spatial variable sandy soils with low water and nutrient holding capacities and rainfall variability during the growing season. To address these challenges, we conducted a 2-year (2017 and 2018) study evaluating two irrigation scheduling methods under a variable rate irrigation system. The two irrigation methods were: (1) a uniform irrigation management based on weekly crop water usage, and (2) spatial crop coefficients derived from normalized difference vegetative indices (NDVI). We compared cotton yields and water use efficiency using the two irrigation scheduling methods at two different planting densities. The two plant populations were 5 and 11.5 plants m2 to provide different NDVI readings and water requirements. In 2017, there were no significant differences in cotton yields due to the adequate rainfall during the growing season that required only three irrigations events. The mean irrigation depth for the NDVI method was significantly lower than the uniform method (56 and 64 mm, respectively, LSD = 4.2). In 2018, there was lower rainfall during the growing season requiring eight irrigation events and the cotton yields in the two irrigation treatments were significantly higher than the rainfed treatment. Irrigation depths in 2018 were not significantly different for the two irrigation methods. Water use efficiencies were not significantly different for the two irrigation methods. The planting density had little impact on the cotton yields, irrigation depth, water use efficiency, or cotton fiber quality. These results indicate that the NDVI-derived crop coefficient values were as effective in prescribing irrigation applications as the uniform irrigation method for irrigation management. The NDVI-derived crop coefficient irrigation method appears to be a useful tool for managing irrigation and developing irrigation prescriptions. Keywords: Cotton, Irrigation scheduling, Normalized difference vegetation indices, Variable rate irrigation
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Jia, Hong Wei, and Lei Lei Zheng. "Irrigation Water Use Efficiency Based on the Deficit Irrigation Theories." Advanced Materials Research 864-867 (December 2013): 2179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.864-867.2179.
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Irrigation water use efficiency is an important index to evaluate agricultural water use efficiency of irrigation districts, and is a basic parameter of hydraulic engineering construction and water management. However, there are many problems in practical applications of the traditional irrigation water use efficiency which is based on sufficient irrigation theory. This paper puts forward a new concept and determination method of irrigation water use efficiency based on the theories of deficit irrigation. Finally, we discussed the connotations from the project characteristics, benefit characteristics, spatial scale and time scale characteristics.
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Samuel, Agele, Charles Friday, and Famuwagun Babadele. "Cacao Water Use, Canopy Characteristics and Yield as Affected by Irrigation and Shade in a Rainforest Zone of Nigeria." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 14, no. 2 (February 28, 2024): 958–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i24010.
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There has been need to improve crop and water productivity considering the need for agricultural intensification in the realm of increasing water scarcity and drought in several regions of the world. Information is limited about the effects of irrigation on cacao water use (evapotranspiration) especially, during the terminal drought situation of the dry season in the rainforest agroecology of Nigeria. The effects of shade and dry season irrigation was examined on tree water use, canopy characteristics and pod and bean yields of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.). Treatments were 2 by 2 factorial combinations of irrigation intervals (5 and 10 days) and shade and no-shade (open sun) laid out in a split-plot scheme with 3 replications. Shade regimes constituted the main plots and irrigation intervals the sub-plot treatments. Irrigation water was delivered at 5-and 10-day intervals on emitter lines using gravity drip system. Irrigation combinations affected cacao canopy characteristics (leaf area index) and light integrals (photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) and canopy light attenuation (extinction coefficient, k) within the cacao field. The unshaded-irrigation had higher proportion of incident radiation (I) transmitted (Io) through the canopy (IO/I), PAR intensity, and canopy extinction coefficients (k) compared with the shaded plus irrigations at 5-and 10-day intervals. Cumulative seasonal irrigation (12119 and 8483 mm), soil moisture contents (19.6 to 13.7 %) and cacao water use (ETc: 3.8 and 3.2 mm.day-1) differed for the respective 5- and 10-day irrigation intervals. The unshaded plus 5- and 10-day irrigation intervals out-yielded the shaded-irrigation combinations for number and weights of pods and beans. Pod and bean yields were significantly different under irrigation treatments, the 5-day irrigation produced greater number and heavier pods and beans compared with the 10-day irrigation. For the shade-irrigation combinations the range of values were: weights of pods (78000 to 6000 kg/plant), beans (4.8 to 3.2 t/ha) and water productivities: Irrigation WUE: 0.45 to 0.33 mm/kg/ha) and ET WUE: 0.11 to 0.09 mm/kg/ha). The shade-irrigation strategy enhanced cacao leaf area index, water use and bean yields and ameliorated climate stress.
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Gao, Huiyan, Yijin Ren, Hongquan Liu, Chunling Chai, Renqiang Chen, and Sutao Liang. "Application of Project-driven Teaching Method in Irrigation and Drainage Engineering." International Journal of Education and Humanities 2, no. 3 (May 9, 2022): 56–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ijeh.v2i3.346.
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Irrigation and Drainage Engineering is the core compulsory course of agricultural water conservancy engineering. It is professional and practical, cultivating students' ability of planning and design and practice. The traditional teaching method cannot integrate theory with practice well. Therefore, based on the current situation of agricultural water conservancy project teaching in Hebei Agricultural University, Application of project-driven teaching method for Irrigation and Drainage Engineering was discussed in paper, and the main teaching design process was put forward, which provides reference for further deepening the teaching reform of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering.
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Wang, Ying Hao, and Shuo Li. "Discussion on Moisture Migration and Law of Frost Heave of Seasonal Frozen Soil in Hetao Irrigation Area, Inner Mongolia." Applied Mechanics and Materials 212-213 (October 2012): 260–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.212-213.260.
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Hetao irrigation area in Inner Mongolia is one of the four major irrigation areas in China, seasonal frozen soil is widely distributed in this area. Irrigation channel engineering experiences seriously freeze-thaw cycle many times in the long winter, its maintenance is the important and difficult point all long in irrigation channel engineering of Hetao irrigation area. For this, we analyze the moisture migration and law of frost heave characteristics of seasonal frozen soil in Hetao irrigation area.
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Jia, Hong Wei, Ke Ke Hu, and Fei Su. "Study on the Relationship between Canal System Conveyance Efficiency and Basic Physical Parameters of Gravity Irrigation Districts." Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (June 2014): 3422–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.3422.
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Canal system conveyance efficiency (CSCE ) is a basic parameter of engineering construction and water management of the irrigation districts, either the response of operation status of an irrigation canal system. It plays great significance in searching quantity relationship between ICSCE and other basic parameters reflecting the condition of irrigation engineering. This paper, gravity irrigation districts in Zhejiang province as an example, sets up the relationship between basic parameters such as irrigation canal lining rate, canal flow and the CSCE, based on determining the CSCE in 61 typical gravity irrigation districts. And it also reflects the influence of basic parameters on CSCE, having a certain accuracy. This result plays a positive role on the further research and actual work on CSCE.
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Kaur, Gagandeep, Satinder Singh Brar, C. B. Singh, Madhu Dhingra, and K. B. Singh. "Impact of Tillage, Irrigation Regimes and Nitrogen Levels on Soil Moisture Dynamics, Growth and Productivity of Canola (Brassica napus)." International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 35, no. 17 (July 7, 2023): 320–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2023/v35i173214.
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A field experiment was conducted at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, during rabi 2018-19 to examine the effects of tillage, irrigation and nitrogen rates on the productivity of canola (Brassica napus). Combinations of two tillage systems (Deep tillage- DT, and conventional tillage- CT), with three irrigation regimes viz; no irrigation (I0), one irrigation (I1) and two irrigations (I2) in main plots and four nitrogen (N) rates viz; 0 (N0), 50 (N50), 75 (N75) and 100 (N100) kg ha-1 in sub-plots with three replications. Lower soil moisture content was recorded under deep tillage. Root density in upper 60 cm soil depth was higher in I2 followed by I1 and I0 irrigation regimes whereas below 60 cm, it was higher under I0. Higher root density was recorded under DT and N100 plots. Irrigation and N application significantly improved plant height, relative leaf water content and SPAD value at different stages. Yield attributes and yield were highest under I2, deep tillage and N100 treatment. Oil content also improved with successive increments of N rate. It may be concluded that, for higher productivity, canola can be grown under deep tillage with sufficient irrigation (I2) and N fertilization (N100).
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Wang, Xin Hua, Mei Hua Guo, and Hui Mei Liu. "Research Dry Crop and Irrigation Water Requirement in Environment Engineering." Applied Mechanics and Materials 340 (July 2013): 961–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.340.961.
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According to Kunming 1980-2010 monthly weather data and CROPWAT software and the corresponding crop data, crop water requirements and irrigation water use are calculated. By frequency analysis, irrigation water requirement was get for different guaranteed rate. The results show that: corn, potatoes, tobacco, and soybeans average crop water requirements were 390.7mm, 447.9mm, 361.8mm and 328.4mm, crop water dispersion coefficient is small, period effective rainfall during crop growth in most of the year can meet the crop water requirements, so irrigation water demand is small. While the multi-year average crop water requirements were 400.8mm, 353.5mm, 394.3mm for small spring crops of wheat, beans, rape. Because the effective rainfall for these crops during growth period is relative less, crop irrigation water requirements for small spring crop is much. Vegetables and flowers are plant around the year, so the crop water and irrigation water requirements are the largest.
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Obiajulu, Onwuegbunam, Oyebode Abubakar, Henry Igbadun, and Habibu Ismail. "Prediction of tomato yield and water productivity under deficit irrigation scenarios using AquaCrop model in Afaka, Kaduna, Nigeria." Poljoprivredna tehnika 48, no. 1 (2023): 66–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/poljteh2301066o.
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Improving water productivity through deficit irrigation has become a major goal for sustainable agriculture amidst global decline in water availability. The study evaluated the yield, crop water use and water productivities of field-grown drip-irrigated tomato in response to regulated deficit irrigation, and subsequent simulation under different deficit and irrigation method scenarios, using AquaCrop model, in Afaka, Nigeria. The field experiment, laid in randomized complete block design, comprised three deficit irrigation levels (80, 60 and 40% of reference evapotranspiration, ETo) imposed at the vegetative, flowering and maturity growth stages, with 100% ETo at the three crop growth stages as the control. The highest fresh fruit yield (19.0 t/ha) was obtained irrigating with 100% ETo value at all growth stages but the highest water productivity of fresh fruit (4.94 kg/m3 ) was obtained irrigating with 60% ETo at maturity stage, then full irrigation at vegetative and flowering stages. On fruit dry yield basis, the highest simulated crop water productivity (0.46 kg/m3 ) for the deficit scenarios was obtained irrigating with 80% ETo at all the three growth stages, having the highest fruit dry yield (1.67 t/ha) and the lowest seasonal water applied (447 mm). Under the scenarios of irrigation methods (drip, basin and furrow), the fruit dry yield was similar in each treatment, but water productivity was highest (0.53 kg/m3 ) under drip irrigation system. Irrigating with 80% ETo at all the entire crop growth cycle of UC 82B tomato is recommended for the highest crop water productivity.
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Liday, Denson, and Nobelyn Agapito. "Quality profile of QSU-farm pond irrigation system: Its suitability as irrigation waters." Can Tho University Journal of Science 14, CBA (October 27, 2022): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22144/ctu.jen.2022.025.
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The quality of available water must be tested to check its suitability prior to its use. The physicochemical analysis of the QSU-farm pond water system has been done to assess its quality for irrigation needs. The quality analysis was made through the estimation of its temperature, pH, salinity, Total Dissolved Solids, Electrical Conductivity, alkalinity, chloride, hardness, iron, and sulfate as irrigation water criteria. The analytical data were processed and compared with the standard permissible limit set for irrigation waters. Regarding the suitability of the farm pond water system for irrigational purposes with the measured quality criteria, the farm pond waters were within the safe limits except for few parameters that did not meet the required irrigation standard limit criteria which need immediate attention. The quality profile results may be used as a basis for future management and strategic intervention.
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Trout, Thomas J., Terry A. Howell, Marshall J. English, and Derrel L. Martin. "Deficit Irrigation Strategies for the Western U.S." Transactions of the ASABE 63, no. 6 (2020): 1813–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.14114.
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HighlightsDeficit irrigation may maximize net income when irrigation water supplies are limited or expensive.Water production functions are used with economic parameters to maximize net income with deficit irrigation.Net income may be insensitive to the amount of deficit irrigation if production costs are appropriate for anticipated yield.Deficit irrigation increases risk.Abstract. Competition for, regulation of, and depletion of water supplies in the western U.S. has resulted in reduced water available for irrigating crops. When the water supply is expensive or inadequate to meet full crop water requirements, deficit irrigation (DI) may maximize net income (NI) by reducing use of expensive water or irrigating more land with limited irrigation supplies. Managed DI entails rational planning and strategic water allocation to maximize NI when water supplies are constrained. Biophysical and economic relationships were used to develop NI models for DI and determine water allocation strategies that maximize NI under three types of water supply constraints. The analyses determined that potential benefits of DI are greatest when water is expensive, irrigation efficiency is low, the water supply is flexible, and rainfed production is not economically viable. When production costs are appropriate for anticipated yields, NI is less sensitive to DI planning decisions. Deficit irrigation will become more important as irrigation water supplies continue to decline in the future. Net income analysis can assist growers in making rational DI decisions. Keywords: Deficit irrigation, Economic analysis, Irrigation management, Net income, Optimization, Water productivity.
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Stone, Kenneth C., Phil J. Bauer, Susan O’Shaughnessy, Alejandro Andrade-Rodriguez, and Steven Evett. "A Variable-Rate Irrigation Decision Support System for Corn in the U.S. Eastern Coastal Plain." Transactions of the ASABE 63, no. 5 (2020): 1295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13965.
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HighlightsA decision support system using the USDA-ARS Irrigation Scheduling and Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (ISSCADA) system was evaluated for spatially managing corn irrigation in the U.S. Eastern Coastal Plain.The ISSCADA system was compared to traditional scheduling methods based on measured soil water potentials.The ISSCADA system with feedback on allowable soil water depletion shows potential as a tool for growers for managing variable-rate irrigation systems.Abstract. Variable-rate irrigation (VRI) systems are capable of applying different water depths both in the direction of travel and along the length of the irrigation system. VRI systems maybe useful for improving crop water management and efficiency. Although VRI technology is available and has high grower interest, it has had limited adoption. To address this, researchers have developed a decision support system that uses remote sensing of plant, soil, and microclimate to schedule VRI irrigations. In this research, we evaluated the use of the USDA-ARS Irrigation Scheduling and Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (ISSCADA) system for spatially managing corn irrigation in the U.S. Eastern Coastal Plain. The ISSCADA system consists of center pivot mounted infrared thermometers (IRT) to measure crop canopy temperatures and in situ soil water sensors. An integrated crop water stress index (iCWSI) was calculated from the canopy temperatures. The ISSCADA system analyzes the iCWSI and soil water measurements to provide an irrigation recommendation. The ISSCADA system was evaluated using (1) iCWSI values and (2) a hybrid ISSCADA system that incorporated both iCWSI values and soil water depletion criteria. These ISSCADA treatments were compared to traditional irrigation management using measured soil water potentials. The ISSCADA system was evaluated for four years. In 2016 and 2017, corn yields and water use efficiency were not significantly different between the irrigation treatments due to adequate rainfall during the growing season. In 2018 and 2019, mid-season drought conditions and sporadic rainfall patterns required frequent irrigations. In both years, the irrigation treatment corn yields were not significantly different from each other but were greater than the rainfed yields. In 2018, the irrigation treatments produced corn yields of 10.7, 10.4, and 10.1 Mg ha-1 for the hybrid, ISSCADA, and SWP treatments, respectively. Over the four-year study, the water use efficiencies of the irrigation treatments were not significantly different from each other or the rainfed treatment and ranged from 16.6 to 22.7 kg ha-1 mm-1. In the two years that the hybrid ISSCADA system was used for managing irrigations, it produced higher corn yields and required less irrigation than the standard ISSCADA treatments. Results from this experiment will help to evaluate and refine the ISSCADA system to provide a tool for growers to use in managing spatial irrigation with VRI systems. Keywords: Crop water stress, Decision support system, Variable rate irrigation.
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EL-Berry, Azmy M., Fathy G. EL-Ebaby, and Sarah A. Helalia. "ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT OF SURFACE DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEMS." Misr Journal of Agricultural Engineering 27, no. 4 (October 1, 2010): 1141–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/mjae.2010.104808.
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Renault, Daniel. "Re-engineering irrigation management and system operations." Agricultural Water Management 47, no. 3 (April 2001): 211–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-3774(00)00108-6.
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Istabraq. A. Aziz and S. A. Abd Al-Latif Jawad. "QUALITY OF IRRIGATION WATER , FOLIAR APPLIED SELENIUM AND SOIL POLYMER IN IMPROVING VEGETATIVE AND FLOWERING CHARACTERISTICS OF IRIS PLANTS." IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 55, no. 2 (April 28, 2024): 782–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.36103/yv56kn16.
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The experiment was conducted in a green house at the Department of Horticulture and Landscaping design College of Agriculture engineering Sciences for the fall season 2020-2021 to determine the response of the Iris plant to bear the conditions of abiotic stresses by studying the effect of irrigation with saline water on the vegetative and flowering characteristics of the plant.The study included three factor, the first factor, the quality of irrigation water (main plots) and at three levels: (irrigation with water from the Tigris River 0.92 dm s-1(I0), alternating irrigation (one irrigation with saline water followed by irrigation with the water of the Tigris River(I1), Alternating irrigation (two irrigations with saline water, followed by irrigation with the water of the Tigris River(I2), The second factor is the addition of Polyacrylamide (0, 1.5,2.5) g of soil-1 his symbol(P0,P1.P2). The third factor is foliar applied selenium using three concentrations (0, 10,20) mg L-1 his symbol(S0,S1,S2) Results showed that that increasing salinity of irrigation water led to a decrease in all vegetative characteristics and flowering, increasing the efficacy of the enzyme Peroxidase and Proline, increasing both chlorine and sodium in the leaves. Spraying with selenium at a concentration of 20 mg L-1 as well as adding polymers at a concentration of 2.5 g led to an increase in the vegetative and flowering characteristics of the plant, reducing the elements chlorine and sodium in the leaves, and decreasing the effectiveness of the enzyme Peroxidase and Proline.
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A. Hamoodi, Safwan, Ali N.Hamoodi, and Ghanim M.Haydar. "Automated irrigation system based on soil moisture using arduino board." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 9, no. 3 (June 1, 2020): 870–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v9i3.1736.
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In recent years, the best system of irrigation is studied by reducing the wasted amount of water and electricity. Automatic irrigation is the use of a device to operate irrigation structures so the change of flow of water from one bay, or set of bays, to another can occur in the absence of the irrigator. In this work, automatic control system of solar irrigation implemented practically using Arduino board. This photovoltaic (PV) system is applied in the garden of Engineering Technical College- Mosul (city in Iraq). PV system can be adjusted by many regions in Iraq where it planned to connect on small part of land. Irrigation process is controlled depending on moisture sensor that connected to sense the soil moisture and giving data to Arduino read pin. According to the program that uploaded to Arduino, DC pump can be controlled as ON-state or OFF-state as respect to the soil moisture percentage ratio. Finally, the practical results are approximately similar to that obtained from proteus Arduino simulator.
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Patel, Ankit, Sanjeev Kumar, Arpit Singh, Som Pal, Shivendra Singh, and Dhruvendra Singh Sachan. "Effect of Irrigation Frequencies and Foliar Application of Zinc and Boron on Growth and Yield of Yellow Sarson (Brassica rapa)." International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 35, no. 20 (October 12, 2023): 1355–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2023/v35i203935.
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A field experiment was carried out during the winter (Rabi) season of 2021-22 on sandy loam soil at C.S. Azad University of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur (U.P.) to study the Growth, yield of Yellow Sarson (Brassica rapa) influenced by different irrigation frequencies and foliar application of micronutrients (Zinc and Boron). Three irrigation (main plot) and four micronutrients level (sub plot) treatments were tested with "Split Plot Design" to know the influence of irrigation frequencies and micronutrients level on Yellow Sarson. To assess the effect of irrigation frequencies on yellow sarson, the treatment included IR1(one irrigation at 30 DAS), IR2(two irrigations at 30 and 55 DAS) and IR3 (three irrigations at 30 DAS, 55 DAS and 90 DAS) and to assess the effect of micronutrients level, the treatments were F0 (control), F1(0.5% zinc at 30-35 and 40-45 DAS) and F2(0.2% boron at 30-35 and 40-45 DAS) and F3(0.5% zinc+0.2% boron at 30-35 and 40-45 DAS). Treatment IR3 was found to be significantly superior to IR2 and IR1 treatments. The maximum seed yield was with the three irrigation frequencies IR3 (30+55+90 DAS) which were higher by 10.56 and 37.23 per cent than IR2 and IR1 treatments respectively. Regarding micronutrients the maximum seed yield was obtained in F3 treatment which was higher by 8.21, 14.42 and 21.78 percent than F2, F1 and F0 treatments in a relative manner. The maximum seed yield was obtained with IR3 X F3 interaction which was higher by 21.70, 13.20 and 7.92 per cent than then IR3F0, IR3F1, and IR3F2 treatment combination.
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King, Bradley A., David Dale Tarkalson, and David Bjorneberg. "Evaluation of Canopy Temperature Based Crop Water Stress Index for Deficit Irrigation Management of Sugar Beet in Semi-Arid Climate." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 40, no. 1 (2024): 95–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.15822.
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Highlights Sugar beet irrigation scheduling was based on daily average crop water stress index between 13:00 and 16:00 hours. Three crop water stress index thresholds, 0.2, 0.35, and 0.55, were evaluated for irrigation scheduling. Season evapotranspiration decreased and soil water extraction increased as crop water stress threshold increased. There was no significant difference in root or sucrose yield between full irrigation and 0.2 crop water stress index, while seasonal irrigation depths were reduced from133 to 185 mm. Abstract. Sugar beet is an economically important crop in the semi-arid Intermountain Western U.S., with seasonal water use ranging from 500 to 900 mm. Sugar beet is a deep-rooted crop (1.5-2 m) in unrestricted soil profiles that can utilize stored soil water to reduce seasonal irrigation requirements. Effective use of stored soil water below 0.6 m requires precise irrigation scheduling and knowledge of soil water availability below 0.6 m, which is usually unknown due to the labor and expense of soil water monitoring at deeper depths and uncertainty in effective rooting depth and soil water holding capacity. Deficit irrigation (DI) management of sugar beet using a thermal-based crop water stress index (CWSI) has the potential to overcome soil water monitoring limitations and facilitate the utilization of stored soil water to reduce seasonal irrigation requirements. The objective of the research summarized in this paper was to implement and evaluate the effect of automated DI scheduling of sugar beet using three daily average CWSI thresholds (0.2, 0.35, and 0.55) on seasonal irrigation requirement, crop evapotranspiration, seasonal soil water depletion, root yield, estimated recoverable sugar (ERS) yield, and water use efficiency compared to full irrigation. There were no significant differences in root and ERS yield between full irrigation and 0.2 CWSI DI treatment, while seasonal ET was significantly decreased, seasonal soil water extraction was significantly increased, and seasonal irrigation depths were reduced from 133 to 185 mm. Root and ERS yield water production functions were curvilinear with a downward concave. Root and ERS yield water use efficiencies were constant or increased slightly for crop evapotranspiration reductions up to 85% of full irrigation evapotranspiration. The results indicate that irrigating when the average daily CWSI sugar beet exceeds 0.2 is an effective means for mild deficit irrigation scheduling to reduce seasonal irrigation requirements with no significant effect on root and ERS yield. Keywords: Crop water stress index, Evapotranspiration, Irrigation, Irrigation scheduling, Root yield, Sucrose yield, Sugar beet.
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Bordovsky, James P. "Low-Energy Precision Application (LEPA) Irrigation: A Forty-Year Review." Transactions of the ASABE 62, no. 5 (2019): 1343–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13117.
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Abstract. The low-energy precision application (LEPA) irrigation concept was developed 40 years ago (ca. 1978) to address the depletion of irrigation water from the Ogallala Aquifer and the sharp increase in pumping costs caused by the 1970s fuel crisis occurring at that time in the Texas High Plains. The LEPA method applies water to the soil surface at low pressure using a tower-truss irrigation system that continually moves through the field. This method brought changes in irrigation equipment and management that resulted in improvements in water productivity, particularly in semi-arid locations with diminishing water supplies. A review of published information pertaining to LEPA history, evaluation, and usage was performed. On landscapes of less than 1% slope, negative crop yield effects caused by irrigation runoff and start-stop system alignment were overcome with appropriately spaced basins, or furrow checks, and multiple irrigations over the course of the growing season. No consistent yield advantage at any level of irrigation was documented by placing water in every furrow (1 m spacing) compared to alternate furrows (2 m spacing). In irrigation treatments having =50% of the estimated full irrigation quantity, LEPA resulted in a 16% yield increase over sprinkler methods, although subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) resulted in a 14% yield increase over LEPA. At irrigation levels >50% of full irrigation, crop yields of sprinkler treatments were only slightly less than those of LEPA, and SDI yields were 7% greater than LEPA. The LEPA irrigation method was the catalyst for innovations in chemigation, no-till planting, and site-specific irrigation. As irrigation water becomes more limited, use and proper management of optimum irrigation methods will be critical. Keywords: Basin tillage, Chemigation, Evapotranspiration, Irrigation methods, LEPA, Low-energy precision application, Runoff, Spray irrigation, Sprinkler irrigation, Uniformity, Water use efficiency.
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Koech, Richard, and Philip Langat. "Improving Irrigation Water Use Efficiency: A Review of Advances, Challenges and Opportunities in the Australian Context." Water 10, no. 12 (December 2, 2018): 1771. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10121771.
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The demand for fresh water is on the increase, and the irrigation industry in Australia is looking to a future with less water. Irrigation consumes the bulk of the water extracted from various sources, and hence the efficiency of its use is of outmost importance. This paper reviewed the advancements made towards improving irrigation water use efficiency (WUE), with a focus on irrigation in Australia but with some examples from other countries. The challenges encountered, as well as the opportunities available, are also discussed. The review showed that improvements in irrigation infrastructure through modernisation and automation have led to water savings. The concept of real-time control and optimisation in irrigation is in its developmental stages but has already demonstrated potential for water savings. The future is likely to see increased use of remote sensing techniques as well as wireless communication systems and more versatile sensors to improve WUE. In many cases, water saved as a result of using efficient technologies ends up being reused to expand the area of land under irrigation, sometimes resulting in a net increase in the total water consumption at the basin scale. Hence, to achieve net water savings, water-efficient technologies and practices need to be used in combination with other measures such as incentives for conservation and appropriate regulations that limit water allocation and use. Factors that affect the trends in the irrigation WUE include engineering and technological innovations, advancements in plant and pasture science, environmental factors, and socio-economic considerations. Challenges that might be encountered include lack of public support, especially when the methods used are not cost-effective, and reluctance of irrigations to adopt new technologies.
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Rathod, Prof E. K., Mr Sarfaraj Tamboli, Mr Manav Tengale, Mr Ritesh Murshetwad, and Mr Sourabh Wandhekar. "Automatic Irrigation using Centre Pivot Irrigation System." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 5 (May 31, 2023): 7288–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.53440.
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Abstract: In most of the agriculture lands the crops are over watered without checking the soil dampness. This leads to the waste of water resource which can be utilized in some other areas where there is in need of water. The project presents the use of correct soil moisture sensors which helps to ease out the pain to monitor and keep records about the changes in soil moisture. Using the Arduino Uno R3 micro controller with, moisture sensor and temperature sensor, temperature are measured and analyzed. The soil moisture sensor for a certain duration, provides information related to the moisture status of the soil. The Arduino Uno will collect and process the data received from the Sensors. When a threshold moisture level of the soil is reached, the water will supply accordingly. This is essential because water must be provided to the plant at a particular time for a good yield. The primary motivation behind the ventures to keep up soil dampness level so that there is no damage to the harvests. Soil dampness sensors fundamentally utilized for estimating the gauge volumetric water content. We are using center pivot irrigation system for application of our project. This project is highly useful for farmers, Nursery professionals for eradicating traditional or Manual method of irrigation system.
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Agyeman, Bernard T., Mohamed Naouri, Willemijn Appels, and Jinfeng Liu. "Irrigation management zone delineation and optimal irrigation scheduling for center pivot irrigation systems." IFAC-PapersOnLine 56, no. 2 (2023): 9906–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2023.10.674.
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Zhu, Junfeng, Xingtian Wang, Wenbing Liu, Shifeng Wang, and Qiujun Wang. "Photovoltaic Direct Drive Water-saving irrigation System and Its Optimization Design Method." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2076, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2076/1/012013.
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Abstract Photovoltaic irrigation has been widely used in many areas without conventional energy sources. In order to solve the problem of unstable operation and poor irrigation uniformity caused by the diurnal variation of solar radiation, a photovoltaic direct-drive water-saving irrigation system with automatic regulation was proposed. By using automatic control technology and the method of zonal rotation irrigation, all the electric energy generated by solar panels can be converted into irrigation energy under different light intensities, so that the water-saving irrigation equipment can work stably in different regions and the irrigation uniformity is ensured in different regions. According to the characteristics of solar energy resources and photovoltaic water-pumping units, the optimum design method of photovoltaic water-saving irrigation system is put forward. The minimum capacity of solar panels can meet the irrigation demand of a certain area, which can guide the engineering design of solar water-saving irrigation, greatly improve the engineering quality and energy utilization rate. It has the advantages of simple design, low cost, stable operation and energy-saving ring.
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García-Asensio, José M., and Francisco Ayuga. "Irrigation engineering in Spain and how it has changed the country’s landscape." European Countryside 9, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 211–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/euco-2017-0013.
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Abstract Irrigation is a rural development technique widely extended in, and affecting the landscape of, areas of Mediterranean climate. In Spain, irrigation accounts for ⅔ of all water use. The country has over 3.5 million ha of irrigated land, some 15% of all its agricultural land. Valley bottoms and riversides are the landscapes most commonly associated with irrigation in Spain, followed by peninsular coastal and interior plains, basins, hollows and depressions. This paper describes the engineering infrastructures associated with irrigation, the structures involved in water capture, transport, storage and distribution, and water use and drainage in the irrigated lowlands of Spain. It also examines the environmental impact of such water use. Several descriptors are proposed to describe its association with the landscape.
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Bautista-Capetillo, Carlos, Cruz Octavio Robles Rovelo, Julián González-Trinidad, Hugo Pineda-Martínez, Hugo Enrique Júnez-Ferreira, and Martín García-Bandala. "Teaching Sprinkler Irrigation Engineering by a Spreadsheet Tool." Water 15, no. 9 (April 26, 2023): 1685. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15091685.
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Since being released 40 years ago, computer spreadsheets have proven to be worthwhile for use in educational contexts. There is plenty of evidence for this in practically every scientific discipline and engineering field. In view on this fact, the present work exposes a didactical resource, named the sprinkler irrigation tool, developed in Excel® spreadsheet licensed by 2018 Microsoft©. The objective of this tool is to offer an alternative to students in irrigation engineering, particularly for those training in the design of sprinkler irrigation systems so they can develop their theoretical knowledge and practical skills acquired in laboratory and field experiments. The main findings reported in this paper address well-agreed methodologies for evaluating radial patterns of precipitation rates, diameter distribution frequency, ballistic simulation of water drops’ movement through air, kinetic energy, and performance indicators as part of the core parameters of efficient irrigation system management. This computing tool provides outcomes in tabular and graphical formats that are consistent with those found in studies previously published in specialized literature on related topics. Likewise, spreadsheets have been proven to be adequate pedagogical instruments on the path to achieving meaningful learning; however, this assertion still needs to be confirmed through a rigorous study of students who have used the developed tool.
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Kopen, M. B., B. S. Otarbaev, G. T. Aldambergenova, A. A. Shomantaev, and M. B. Yessembay. "IRRIGATION PROCEDURE (MODE) OF TOMATO GROWN BY THE LOW PRESSURE DRIP IRRIGATION METHOD." BULLETIN of the Korkyt Ata Kyzylorda University 1 (2024): 70–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.52081/bkaku.2024.v68.i1.130.
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Presently, the Republic of Kazakhstan, particularly the Kyzylorda region, grapples with a significant water scarcity issue. In light of this, the utilization of the drip irrigation method plays a crucial role in the judicious management of water resources. In regions like Kyzylorda, characterized by pronounced drought conditions, the efficacy of employing a low-pressure drip irrigation system is notably high. This approach results in an augmented land utilization coefficient, savings in material and labor costs, and an enhanced efficiency in the utilization of irrigation water. The implementation of a drip irrigation system contributes to the improvement of soil nutrition, air circulation, and water-physical properties. It mitigates soil erosion risks, ensures optimal water utilization by supplying irrigation water directly to the roots of each plant, and thereby maximizes the plants' water utilization efficiency. The likelihood of achieving abundant, excellent, and consistent harvests from agricultural crops rises. This method offers several advantages compared to alternative irrigation techniques, including reduced labor costs, preservation of the soil's fundamental structure, prevention of surface soil folds, the ability to concurrently apply fertilizers to the root system area, a potential 30-100% increase in crop productivity, a 50-60% decrease in irrigation water usage, and suitability for use in areas with high slopes.
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Ravesteijn, Wim. "Controlling Water, Controlling People: Irrigation Engineering and State Formation in the Dutch East Indies." Itinerario 31, no. 1 (March 2007): 89–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300000085.
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AbstractIn 1885, the Dutch East Indian state began a huge ‘civilisation offensive’ in the field of irrigation focussed on Java. It comprised creating modern irrigation works, regulating irrigation management and planning construction activities. This paper shows the successes and failures of this irrigation programme, which was part of the Dutch ‘colonial project’ as a whole. Particular attention is given to the question of why the colonial state made irrigation affairs one of its special missions. What emerges is that Dutch exploitation interests (sugar) were dominant, though the welfare interests of the native population (rice) clearly became more prominent. Another question to be dealt with is the issue of how the Dutch East Indian state realized its plans. As this paper argues, the engineers of the Public Works Department played a key part, but only in competition and cooperation with other relevant groups.
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Zhai, Zhiyong, Xing Chen, Yubin Zhang, and Rui Zhou. "Decision-making technology based on knowledge engineering and experiment on the intelligent water-fertilizer irrigation system." Journal of Computational Methods in Sciences and Engineering 21, no. 3 (August 2, 2021): 665–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jcm-215117.
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Although the irrigation technologies based on the Decision-making System (DMS) began in the late 1990s, while being merely embryonic from laboratory research into application in the agricultural irrigation areas, DMS based on intelligent algorithms have drawn much attention from the academia over the recent years. In this study, we have provided an overview of the decision-making technology based on knowledge engineering for intelligent irrigation system referred to as Knowledge-based Engineering (KBE). As the modern technical research and scientific theory on agricultural water saving is further developed, the water-fertilizer irrigation is becoming increasingly intelligent. We have put forward the concept of KBE intelligent irrigation system and its support to decision-making in the study, while adopting the techniques and methods of knowledge engineering. In addition, we have combined our research findings with the expert knowledge on the water-fertilizer irrigation in a system integrated with computer network, intelligent reasoning and artificial intelligence (AI), among other modern high-techs. We have set up the decision-making models and analytical methods of irrigation and fertilization for KBE by referring to the expert experience and data of fertilization. Moreover, we have taken into account the web crawler technology in irrigation and fertilization, and we have put forward novel methods of knowledge acquisition based on the web crawler. Correspondingly, we have established the knowledge base for the decision-making support system tailored to irrigation and fertilization. The experiment result shows that the recommended irrigation quota is compared with local cultivation technology experience to obtain a decision accuracy of 81.7%. And the water and fertilizer management plan obtained by the intelligent decision-making system has a thicker stem and higher plant height during the growth period than the crops obtained by local cultivation experience. The output of the decision-making system is 620 kg, which a relative increase of 5.08% is compared with the 590 kg obtained from local cultivation experience.
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Patnaik, Girija Prasad, Anupama Baliarsingh, Sanat Kumar Dwibedi, Bama Shankar Rath, Dayanidhi Mishra, Narayan Panda, and Kailash Chandra Samal. "Integrated Nutrient Management and Salicylic Acid Boost Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Yield under Deficit Moisture Stress at Different Critical Stages." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13, no. 11 (November 15, 2023): 3043–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i113473.
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Aims: A field study was conducted to quantify the effect of moisture deficit stress at different critical stages of quinoa and different mitigation approaches were adopted in order to alleviate moisture deficit stress.
Study Design: The experiment was designed in a split-plot design comprising six main plots (water management) and four subplots (stress mitigation approaches). The treatments in main plots viz., cut-off irrigation at branching (M1), at ear formation (M2), flowering (M3), grain filling (M4) stages, irrigating at all four stages (M5) and irrigating as and when required (M6), and subplot treatments viz., soil test-based fertiliser recommendation (STBFR) (S1), STBFR + Salicylic acid spray at 100 ppm (S2), STBFR + rice straw mulching (S3) and integrated nutrient management (S4) were tested.
Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was conducted at the Instructional Farm, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar during Rabi 2021-22.
Methodology: Moisture deficit stress was imposed by withholding irrigation water and not irrigating in the defined period. The treatments in the subplots were imposed as per the schedule.
Results: The lowest leaf area index was recorded when irrigation was withheld at the branching stage (0.61) which was statistically similar to M2 (no irrigation at the ear formation stage) with an average leaf area index of 0.64. Similarly, plants under integrated nutrient management practices (S4) recorded a significantly higher leaf area index (0.92) which was statistically at par with S2 (STFBR + Salicylic acid spray) which was 0.87. The reduction in the TCC was the maximum when stress was applied at the branching and ear formation stage compared to the flowering and grain filling stage. The increment in grain yield by following INM (S4) and STBFR+SA (S2) under drought stress and irrigated control was 23.6% and 17.6%, respectively over fully inorganic nutrient management (S1).
Conclusion: The result indicated that the branching stage is the most critical stage for irrigation in quinoa and integrated nutrient management could be the best approach under moisture deficit stress in quinoa among the other treatments.
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Jireh, Selvin Jehovah, and Yamuna S. "A Web-based Computerization Tool Environment for Smart Motor controller Deployment." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 12, no. 1 (January 31, 2024): 1104–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2024.58082.
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Abstract: India has a vast variety of irrigational settings and conditions due to its geographically diverse terrain. A government survey conducted in India indicates that 75% of people live in rural regions where farming is the primary source of income. Recent studies demonstrate that globalisation and resource scarcity have led to a significant change in weather patterns, which has a detrimental impact on farming. Inefficient irrigation systems, losses, improper techniques, etc. are the primary issues that hasten the deterioration of agricultural conditions. Farming is quite labor-intensive and needs the physical presence of the farmer using the existing irrigation system. We investigated the problems farmers faced and offered them an inexpensive, lowmaintenance irrigation option. Sometimes the system's power supply was timed incorrectly, making the conditions too unpleasant and dangerous for field irrigation. In order to control the functioning of water irrigation systems using automated AC motor starters, we use an already-existing WiFi network. The fundamental timer-based Starter Automation Structure forms the basis of the whole design. The principal objective of this design is to limit design criticality, hence enabling straightforward maintenance and repair.
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Mareels, Iven, Erik Weyer, Su Ki Ooi, Michael Cantoni, Yuping Li, and Girish Nair. "SYSTEMS ENGINEERING FOR IRRIGATION SYSTEMS: SUCCESSES AND CHALLENGES." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 38, no. 1 (2005): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20050703-6-cz-1902.02092.
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El-Nashar, Walaa Younes, and Ahmed Hussien Elyamany. "Value engineering for canal tail irrigation water problem." Ain Shams Engineering Journal 9, no. 4 (December 2018): 1989–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2017.02.004.
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Mareels, Iven, Erik Weyer, Su Ki Ooi, Michael Cantoni, Yuping Li, and Girish Nair. "Systems engineering for irrigation systems: Successes and challenges." Annual Reviews in Control 29, no. 2 (January 2005): 191–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arcontrol.2005.08.001.
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Karthik, Elukur, and Rajesh Singh. "Effect of Irrigation Scheduling and Foliar Organic Nutrition on Yield and Economics of Summer Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)." International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 35, no. 4 (March 8, 2023): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2023/v35i42804.
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A field experiment was conducted during summer season of 2022 at Crop Research Farm (CRF), Department of Agronomy, SHUATS, Prayagraj (UP) on soil with sandy loam in texture to investigate the effect of Irrigation Scheduling and Foliar Organic Nutrition on growth and yield of Zaid Groundnut. The treatments consist of three Irrigation Schedulings viz., I1: 3 Irrigations (25,45,70 DAS), I2: 2 Irrigations (25,45 DAS), I3: 2 Irrigations (25,70 DAS) and three Foliar Organic Nutrition Comprising of F1 – Panchagavya at 3%, F2 – Jeevamrutha at 3%, F3 – Panchamrutha at 3% whose effect is observed on Groundnut (var. Kadiri-6). The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with Ten treatments replicated thrice. The treatment with application of 3 Irrigations (25,45,70 DAS) + panchagavya-3% recorded significantly higher number of pods per plant (20.33), number of kernels per pod (2.47), seed index (39.84 g), pod yield (2.85 t/ha), haulm yield (4.4 t/ha) gross returns (1,61,808.4 INR), net returns (1,08,262.20 INR) and B:C ratio (2.02) compared to other treatment combinations.
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Zuo, Feng Lin, Wei Hua Zhang, Xiao Lan Bai, Jin Hua Nong, Hai Qiang Zhao, and Mei Quan Zhong. "Irrigation Coefficient Analysis and its Research Progress." Applied Mechanics and Materials 405-408 (September 2013): 2283–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.405-408.2283.
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Based on the definition of the irrigation coefficient, we discussed the main factors which affect the irrigation coefficient as well as the measures to improve the irrigation coefficient in agriculture. According to the variation and the different features of the irrigation coefficient in different regions and conditions, this article not only explores the basic way to improve the irrigation coefficient, but also gives measures including water apportion measures, management and engineering measures. The potential ability of improving the irrigation coefficient is analyzed preliminarily in the real situation of Chinese irrigation methods and techniques.
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Patnaik, Girija Prasad, Anupama Baliarsingh, Sanat Kumar Dwibedi, Bama Shankar Rath, Dayanidhi Mishra, Narayan Panda, and Kailash Chandra Samal. "Integrated Nutrient Management and Salicylic Acid Improves Grain Yield of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Subjected to Moisture Deficit Stress." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13, no. 11 (November 15, 2023): 3050–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i113474.
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Aims: A field study was conducted to quantify the effect of moisture deficit stress at different critical stages of quinoa and different mitigation approaches were adopted in order to alleviate moisture deficit stress.
Study Design: The experiment was designed in split plot design comprising of six main plots (water management) and four sub plots (stress mitigation approaches). The treatments in main plots viz., no irrigation at branching (M1), at ear formation (M2), flowering (M3), grain filling (M4) stages, irrigating at all four stages (M5) and irrigating as and when required (M6), and sub plot treatments viz., soil test-based fertilizer recommendation (STBFR) (S1), STBFR + Salicylic acid spray at 100 ppm (S2), STBFR + rice straw mulching (S3) and integrated nutrient management (S4) were tested.
Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was conducted at the Instructional Farm, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar during Rabi 2021-22.
Methodology: Moisture deficit stress was imposed by withholding irrigation water and not irrigating in the defined period. The treatments in the subplots were imposed as per the schedule.
Results: Optimal results, including significantly taller plants, elevated relative water content, and increased grain yield, were achieved when irrigation was applied on an as-needed basis (M6). Conversely, the lowest grain yield was observed when moisture deficit stress was imposed during the branching stage of quinoa. This outcome was primarily linked to a more substantial reduction in both relative water content and plant height. Among the various stress mitigation approaches, integrated nutrient management (S4) emerged as the most effective management practice, followed closely by STBFR + Salicylic acid spray at 100 ppm (S2).
Conclusion: The result indicated that branching stage is the most critical stage for irrigation in quinoa and integrated nutrient management could be the best approach under moisture deficit stress in quinoa among the other treatments.
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Satyendra Kumar, Rajbir Singh, D.D. Nangare, and R.K. Gupta. "Optimization of Irrigation for Potato with Microsprinkler Irrigation System." Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India) 45, no. 3 (September 30, 2008): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.52151/jae2008453.1337.
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Water application for agriculture in semi-arid areas should be limited because of scare resources. An effort was made at Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology, Abohar to determine the optimal water allocation to potato crop with micro sprinkler irrigation system. In this study, crop production and cost functions for potato were derived from field data and analyzed for determination of amount of water required to attain the maximum yield potential and profit. Results of the study indicated higher yield at 14 (1.2 Ep) irrigation level, whereas water use efficiency was found to be maximum at 13 (1.0 Ep). Derived relationship revealed that 280 mm of water (average value of two years) is required to get maximum potato yield with microsprinkler irrigation system under semi arid environment. Further, present study clearly indicated that reduction in water application from 280 mm (water level for maximum yield) to 247 mm (water level for maximum profit) increased net profit by 7%. When land is not a constraint, the saved water could be used to bring 12% more area under irrigation with micro sprinkler irrigation system to enhance the farmer's income.
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Hossain, M. A., M. A. Hoque, S. S. A. Kamar, M. A. Rahman, N. N. Karim, M. S. Islam, T. Ashraf, N. Jahan, and M. A. Kader. "Prospects of Solar Pump for Irrigation and Household Applications for Climate Resilience in the Coastal Region of Bangladesh." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 14, no. 3 (March 18, 2024): 508–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i34060.
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Bangladesh is a climate vulnerable and agricultural country. Coastal region of Bangladesh is severely affected by climate change. To mitigate climate, change a solar pump of flow rate 180 liter per minute was designed and tested in farmers’ fields of Kalapara and Galachipa Upazila (sub-district) of Patuakhali district, Barguna Sadar and Amtali Upazila of Barguna district and Char Fasson and Lalmohon Upazila of Bhola district in the coastal region of Bangladesh for irrigating in high value crops like tomato and brinjal using pond/canal water. One solar pump was installed in each Upazila of off-grid area in 2018 and experiments were conducted during 2018-2021. Each solar pump was operated with 1300 Wp photovoltaic panels and the panels were also used for supplying electricity to home appliances and home water supply when the irrigation time was over. In farmers’ fields, water saving irrigation methods such as drip irrigation and alternate furrow irrigation were conducted. The water savings from drip and alternate furrow irrigation methods over famers’ practice (every furrow irrigation) for tomato were 48.79% and 30.39% and those for brinjal were 47% and 35%, respectively. The benefit cost ratio of the demonstrated solar PV system was found to be 1.62 which was higher than low lift diesel pump (1.30). A small solar pump of 0.8 kW reduced 1.76 ton of carbon emission per year than a similar diesel engine operated pump. The farmers in the project areas are using the solar panels for irrigation, lightings, operating fans, supplying drinking water, sanitation and other purposes. Therefore, solar pump is an environment friendly and climate resilient technology with multiple benefits for small holder farmers in the coastal region of Bangladesh.
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Seyar, Mohammad Hussain, and Tofael Ahamed. "Development of an IoT-Based Precision Irrigation System for Tomato Production from Indoor Seedling Germination to Outdoor Field Production." Applied Sciences 13, no. 9 (April 29, 2023): 5556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13095556.
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Proper irrigation management, especially for tomatoes that are sensitive to water, is the key to ensuring sustainable tomato production. Using a low-cost sensor coupled with IoT technology could help to achieve precise control of the moisture content in the plant root-zone soil and apply water on demand with minimum human intervention. An IoT-based precision irrigation system was developed for growing Momotaro tomato seedlings inside a dark chamber. Four irrigation thresholds, 5%, 8%, 12%, and 15%, and two irrigation systems, surface and subsurface drip irrigation, were compared to assess which threshold and irrigation system referred the ideal tomato seedling growth. As a result, the 12% soil moisture threshold applied through the subsurface drip irrigation system significantly (p < 0.05) increased tomato seedling growth in soil composed of a main blend of peat moss, vermiculite, and perlite. Furthermore, in two repeated experiments, a subsurface drip irrigation system with 0.86 distribution uniformity used 10% less water than the surface drip irrigation system. The produced tomato seedlings were transplanted to open fields for further assessment. A low-power wide area networking (LoRaWAN) protocol was developed with remote monitoring and controlling capability for irrigation management. Two irrigation systems, including surface and subsurface drip irrigations, were used to compare which system resulted in higher tomato yields. The results showed that the subsurface drip irrigation system with 0.74 distribution uniformity produced 1243 g/plant, while each plant produced 1061 g in the surface drip irrigation system treatment. The results also indicated that the LoRaWAN-based subsurface drip irrigation system was suitable under outdoor conditions with easy operation and robust controlling capability for tomato production.
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Neogi, MG, JC Biswas, MM Khan, and MM Rashid. "Wheat–Lentil Mixed Cropping System Productivity Under Varied Irrigation Levels." Annals of Bangladesh Agriculture 25, no. 1 (March 21, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/aba.v25i1.58150.
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The study on mixed cropping of lentil and wheat was conducted under three levels of irrigation. Wheat at 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 and 50% of the normal seed rates were mixed with full seed rate of lentil to find out a suitable mixing rate of wheat for maximum total yield from unit land. The study was conducted in a split plot design with three replications. Lentil yields obtained with single and two irrigations were identical and higher than with no irrigation. The highest wheat yield was obtained with two irrigations. Total yield was the highest with application of two irrigations. Mixing different proportions of wheat with lentil produced 95-171% additional yield over sole cropping of lentil. Mixing of wheat at 25-35% with lentil was found to be judicious for obtaining maximum total yields. The highest protein yield was obtained with 30-35% and 35% mixing rates of wheat at zero and single irrigation levels. Growing wheat with lentil resulted in increased protein yield in wheat than sole cropping. The highest land equivalent ratio (LER) values were obtained when 30-35% of wheat seed rate were mixed with lentil. Application of two irrigations resulted in high LER values. It is concluded that use of 35% of wheat seed rate along with full seed rate of lentil under two levels of irrigations would be the best mixing ratio for obtaining the highest wheat and total grain yield. Ann. Bangladesh Agric. (2021) 25 (1) : 1-10
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Cypher, Quinn, Amy Fulcher, Wesley C. Wright, Xiaocun Sun, and Lauren Fessler. "Leachate and Irrigation Sensor Development and Performance in Container Nursery Production." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 37, no. 1 (2021): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.14080.
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HighlightsUsing leaching fraction to schedule irrigation is recommended yet no automated measurement system exists.Sensors were developed to automatically measure leachate and irrigation within a sensor network.There was no difference between sensor measured and manually captured volume for sensors deployed in a nursery.After deployment in commercial nurseries, sensors accurately measured leachate and irrigation within 10% margin.Abstract. Nursery crops are often over-irrigated, resulting in wasted water and agrochemical inputs. Irrigating based on leaching fraction is recommended, yet an automated system for measuring and recording nursery container effluent (leachate) does not exist. The objective of this research was to develop and test a sensor-based system for real-time leachate and irrigation measurement in outdoor commercial nurseries. Sensors were developed to automatically measure irrigation and leachate volume in container nurseries that use overhead irrigation with the goal of facilitating the development of an automated leaching fraction-based irrigation system. Sensors were built using readily available components, including tipping bucket mechanisms calibrated to either 4.7 or 8.2 mL per tip, and were designed and constructed to function with commonly used 3.8-, 11.4-, and 14.5-L nursery containers. Sensor networks were developed in order to collect data from the sensors. Sensors were deployed at three commercial nurseries and tested using closed- and open-loop tests. Initially, a closed-loop test was performed on a subset of the sensors to test the integrity of the sensor-container system when subjected to an overhead irrigation delivery system. Following closed-loop tests, sensors were subjected to tests utilizing directed applications of water to compare sensor measurements with the volume of water applied and to compare sensor measurements over time (pre- and post-season). There was no difference between leachate measured by sensors and leachate captured and measured manually in closed-loop tests (p = 0.0570). In directed applications, sensors measured water flow with less than 3% margin at the beginning of the season (p = 0.0485) and less than 10% margin at the end of the season (p = 0.0390) regardless of container size. Pre- and post-season comparisons showed equivalence at the 10% margin for the 4.7-mL tipping bucket size (p = 0.0043) and at 5% for those calibrated to 8.2 mL per tip (p = 0.0198). Sensors deployed in commercial nurseries accurately measured leachate and irrigation within a 10% margin in real-time, on an individual plant scale, making them a viable option for a leaching fraction-based irrigation schedule. Keywords: Container effluent, Container-grown plants, Leaching fraction, Irrigation schedule, Sensor network.
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K S, Joji Mitto, and Dr Preeti Savant. "A Concise Survey Paper on Automated Plant Irrigation System." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 3 (March 31, 2022): 1324–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.40860.
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Abstract: In the present day world Scarcity of meals and water mainly takes place due to the increase in population in order to keep away from this there's a need to sell the agriculture zone. Agriculture is one of India's most important industries, accounting for 18% of the country's GDP. The best yield is determined by the irrigation device utilised, which has an impact on the sector. The traditional irrigation arrangements employed in the major components do not deliver the best yield for the plants. The venture's main goal is to develop an Automated Irrigation System that may be used to supplement traditional irrigation methods. The job isn't necessarily restricted to the agriculture sector; it may also be done at our homes or businesses with lawns and plants. There are a whole lot of wastage water and other sources within the crop discipline. In order to prevent this difficulty, we're using an Arduino-based automatic plant irrigating device. This instrument measures the moisture content of the soil and provides sufficient water in accordance with the need .So while the soil is dry the pump will robotic-ally water the fields and whilst the soil is wet the pump robotic-ally stops, there by eradicate the want of manpower and preserve the time. Keywords: Arduino, Irrigation, Agriculture.