Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Irrigation par aspersion'

Lors de l'irrigation par aspersion, les pertes par évaporation et dérive peuvent varier dans une large plage allant de 2% à 50%. Ce travail vise à connaître d'une manière plus précise cette perte, et à en connaître les formes et les mécanismes. Les mesures effectuées par bilan de volume ont permis d'évaluer la perte globale à un maximum de 23% sous des conditions climatiques extrêmes ; la part de la perte par évaporation directe, estimée par des mesures de conductivité électrique en conditions contrôlées, ne représente quant à elle que 5% au maximum. Un modèle statistique issu de ces résultats permet de connaître le taux de perte en fonction des conditions climatiques et du trajet des gouttes. La modélisation numérique de cette perte moyennant des approches Lagrangienne et Eulérienne a donné des résultats en accord avec les mesures enregistrées : l'évaporation directe constitue une faible proportion (inférieure à 4%) sur les gouttes de taille supérieure à 1mm. Cependant les plus petites parmi elles (de tailles inférieures à 150 µm) sont susceptibles de s'évaporer entièrement et le cas échéant de dériver en dehors de la zone d'arrosage. Les résultats de la modélisation numérique permettent, à partir de la connaissance des conditions climatiques, de distinguer la dérive de l'évaporation directe en fonction de la taille des gouttes. Étant donné que le trajet des gouttes est dépendant de leur inertie, on conclut que les deux modèles statistique et numérique sont directement corrélés à la granulométrie des gouttes, d'où la nécessité de bien la connaître, et de la maîtriser pour mieux contrôler les pertes d'eau dans l'air, et notamment la dérive qui constitue la plus importante part
During sprinkler irrigation, the water wind drift and direct evaporation losses can vary very widely: from 2% to 50 %. The object of this thesis project is to distinguish the two forms of these losses and to know how they are generated. We have been able, thanks to volumetric measurements, to assess the global losses to a maximum value of 23% registered under very hard climatic conditions. We have carried out under controlled conditions, by way of electric conductivity, some measurements of the direct evaporation losses: the maximum value registered was about 5%. This measurement allowed us to calibrate a statistic model able to assess the rate of this kind of losses under some climatic conditions. Using a CFD tool, the modelling of global losses, through a combined Eulerian and Lagrangian approach, gave us some results which are in agreement with measurements. We computed a very small direct evaporation rate on the big droplets: less than 4% of the droplets which are bigger than 1 mm. However, the smallest ones (which are smaller than 150 µm) can be totally evaporated and/or drifted outside the irrigation zone. Thanks to this modelling, we are able according to the climatic conditions to compute the water global losses and to distinguish the amount of every part: the drift and the direct evaporation losses. The droplets path is determined according to their size, so we can conclude that the two models (statistical and CFD ones) are correlated to the PDF of the droplets cloud. That's why, an accurate knowledge of the droplets initial size is needed to well assess the water global losses (particularly the drift losses which constitute the biggest part) and to control them

Dans la situation accidentelle d’une perte de refroidissement d’un réacteur nucléaire, l’enceinte de confinement est amenée à monter en pression par rejet de vapeur, de gaz issus de produits de fission et aussi de gaz explosifs, comme le dihydrogène, issus de réactions chimiques dans le circuit primaire. La procédure prévoit la mise en route du système d’aspersion, constitué de centaines de buses d’injection, destiné à faire diminuer la pression et la température, rabattre les aérosols radioactifs et brasser le mélange gazeux pour éviter des surconcentrations locales pouvant mener à une explosion. L’efficacité du système d’aspersion peut dépendre de la taille et de la vitesse des gouttes provenant de ces buses. Or, les enveloppes des jets peuvent se croiser, et des collisions entre gouttes peuvent éventuellement modifier les distributions en taille et en vitesse. Ce travail modélise la polydispersion en taille et en vitesse des gouttes et son évolution due aux collisions, puis implémente ces modèles dans le code eulérien NEPTUNE_CFD. La méthode des sections a été choisie, et la collision est modélisée à partir des résultats obtenus sur un banc expérimental permettant l’étude de la collision binaire de gouttes dans les conditions typiques d’un accident grave de réacteur nucléaire. La simulation des sprays générés par le système d’aspersion a ensuite été menée, et comparée avec les résultats expérimentaux issus d’un banc destiné à la caractérisation des nuages de gouttes à grande échelle. Un bon accord est mis en évidence. Ces résultats constituent donc une première étape dans la simulation complète d’un scénario accidentel de réacteur dans son intégralité

Dans le contexte actuel, l'accroissement des tensions liées à l'utilisation de la ressource en eau impose une meilleure gestion de cette ressource pour la poursuite d'une croissance économique durable. Cette problématique liée à la ressource en eau s'inscrit également dans des préoccupations sociales et environnementales importantes. En Europe, l'irrigation par aspersion représente une large part de la consommation en eau. Or l'irrigation des champs par aspersion est parfois mal adaptée et engendre de fortes pertes, dues à l'évaporation ou à la dispersion due au vent. Ces apports nécessitent d'être optimisés, ce qui passe par une meilleure maîtrise de la taille et de la dispersion des gouttes produites durant l'aspersion. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est la caractérisation des gouttes produites pendant l'atomisation d'un jet d'eau utilisé en irrigation par aspersion et la modélisation de l'atomisation de ce jet. Une technique d'ombroscopie est mise en place pour analyser le coeur liquide et pour caractériser la population de gouttes d'eau produites en terme de tailles et de vitesses moyennes et fluctuantes de la phase liquide. Une attention particulière a été portée sur la calibration de la technique et sur l'estimation des tailles de gouttes produites durant l'atomisation. L'approche employée pour la modélisation de l'atomisation repose sur une description eulérienne de l'écoulement diphasique, où celui-ci est représenté comme un écoulement turbulent d'un seul fluide dont la masse volumique varie selon la composition du mélange diphasique, entre la masse volumique du gaz et celle du liquide. La dispersion du liquide dans son environnement gazeux est prise en compte par la résolution d'une équation de transport de la fraction massique moyenne du liquide. De plus, une équation de transport de la densité moyenne d'interface liquide/ gaz permet de modéliser les phénomènes de fragmentation et de coalescence des gouttes et in fine d'estimer la taille des gouttes
In the present context of increasing water scarcity, a better water use efficiency is essential to maintain a sustainable economical growth. Moreover, water use efficiency covers also important environmental and social issues. In Europe, spraying irrigation represents a large part of water consumption. However, spraying irrigation of farming parcels is not always well fitted and can lead to strong water losses by evaporation or wind drift. An optimization of this water supply is necessary, which requires a better control of droplets dynamics, with regard to droplets size and droplets dispersion during atomization. This thesis aims at characterizing the droplets produced during the atomization of a water jet used in spraying irrigation and at modeling the jet atomization. A shadowgraphy method is carried out in order to analyse the liquid core and to estimate the droplets size in the spray. A droplet tracking algorithm is used to get the mean and fluctuating velocities of the liquid phase. Particular attention is focused on the technique calibration and on droplets sizing accuracy in the spray. An Eulerian approach is used for atomization modeling. The turbulent two phase flow is described as a single phase flow with a variable mean density, which varies between gas density and liquid density according to the liquid mass fraction. The liquid dispersion in its gaseous environment is taken into account by resolving a transport equation for the liquid mass fraction. Moreover a transport equation for the mean liquid/gas interface density is considered to model droplets fragmentation and coalescence and finally get a mean size of liquid fragments

Devant l'inadequation aux besoins des agriculteurs des moyens d'aide au pilotage des irrigations existants, un systeme expert a ete developpe. Ce systeme permet d'elaborer des strategies d'irrigation qui prennent en compte le contexte technico-economique de l'exploitation et permettent une verification de l'adaptation objectif-moyens en diminuant les besoins de point. Ce systeme est concu pour fonctionner sur micro-ordinateur ou sur serveur videotex (minitel). La methode d'elaboration de ce systeme a consiste a interviewer un expert, a formaliser la connaissance recueillie et a la coder dans un langage dit d'intelligence artificielle. Les connaissances mises en uvre dans le domaine des strategies et du pilotage des irrigations sont de plusieurs types. Les formalismes de representation les plus adaptes peuvent donc, etre differents: formalisme oriente objet pour les objets manipules; programmation logique pour les etapes de diagnostic; algorithmique pour l'elaboration des strategies et la modelisation du bilan hydrique. Ces differents types de connaissances justifient l'utilisation d'un outil permettant la mise en uvre des differents modes de representation qui leur sont le plus adapte. C'est le cas du langage que nous avons choisi (spiral). Le prototype ainsi obtenu a fait l'objet d'essais sur des parcelles de pommiers irrigues par mini-diffuseurs. Le pilotage effectue permet une economie d'eau par rapport a la pratique de l'agriculteur sans pour autant stresser la culture. Ce resultat est encourageant, mais il faut le considerer avec prudence: en effet, il depend du choix des parametres d'entree. Ce qui nous conduit a proposer un calage periodique du modele par des mesures in situ

La maîtrise du transfert de nitrates sous les systèmes irrigués est un objectif primordial dans l’agriculture moderne. Celle-ci exige la recherche, surtout en plein champ, de conduire une stratégie optimale de fertigation. Dans ce but, un protocole expérimental sur une parcelle de 2 ha a été mis en oeuvre pour analyser le devenir de l’’azote sous différents scénarios d’irrigation et de fertilisation d’une culture de maïs. Dans l’articulation de ce travail, et pour pouvoir étudier la dynamique de l’azote en systèmes irrigués, nous avons tout d’abord réussi à définir et clarifier la relation ambigüe entre la méthode d’irrigation (irrigation gravitaire, par aspersion ASP, en goutte à goutte de surface GGS ou enterré GGE) et les différentes transformations de l’azote (Fixation, Minéralisation, Immobilisation, Nitrification, Dénitrification et Volatilisation). Cette relation, peu claire et non traitée dans d’autres études similaires, a été étudiée en mettant l’accent sur l’effet de certains facteurs, comme par exemple, l’humidité de sol et sa température, sur l’activité microbienne et donc sur les différentes transformations de l’azote (comme la minéralisation) et ce en mettant en avant la relation directe ou indirecte avec les méthodes d’irrigation. Une différence significative a été observée pour la minéralisation in situ entre les traitements sans aucun apport d’engrais menés sous les deux méthodes d’irrigation GGE et ASP. Une méthode manuelle d’analyse a été ensuite mise au point et validée pour déterminer la concentration en azote dans les échantillons de sol prélevés dans le cadre de ce travail. Cette méthode peu onéreuse pourrait être profitable aux agriculteurs. Les données issues de l’ensemble des traitements ont été utilisées pour modéliser les flux hydriques et azotés à l’aide de modèle HYDRUS-2D pour les systèmes par aspersion et en goutte à goutte enterré. L’analyse de sensibilité aux paramètres liés au transfert de nitrates du modèle de transfert a permis d’estimer la dynamique azotée pour d’autres contextes hydro-pédo-climatiques plus complexes. En conclusion, la présente thèse a permis d’améliorer la connaissance du fonctionnement de la fertigation en irrigation goutte à goutte enterré par comparaison avec l’aspersion, en milieu méditerranéen, en vue d’une diminution des entrants agrochimiques dans un contexte d’économie de la ressource en eau
The main goal in modern agriculture is the control of nitrogen fluxes in agricultural soils under the irrigation techniques. This objective requires a lot of research, especially in the field, to escort an optimal strategy of fertigation. For this purpose, an experimental protocol has been applied to follow the soil nitrogen fate for various irrigation and fertilization scenarios, during two intensive field campaigns in maize plots. In the articulation of our work, and to be able to examine the nitrogen dynamics in unsaturated agricultural soils under irrigated systems, we succeeded firstly to determine and clarify the ambiguous relation between the irrigation techniques (flood irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, surface and subsurface drip irrigation) and the different nitrogen transformations (Fixation, Mineralization, Immobilization, Nitrification, Denitrification and Volatilization) in agricultural contexts. This relationship, which is unclear and untreated in other similar studies, has been reviewed by studying the impact of certain factors, such as soil moisture and soil temperature under different irrigation techniques, on microbial soil activity and therefore on the nitrogen transformations (such as mineralization). A significant difference of mineralization was observed in maize plots with no fertilizer application treatment between sprinkler irrigation and subsurface drip irrigation. The experimental data collected have been used to analyze the water and nitrogen fluxes for various initial conditions and fertilisation strategies under sprinkler and subsurface drip irrigation by using the HYDRUS-2D model. Analyzing the sensitivity of nitrogen fluxes parameters using HYDRUS-2D allowed to estimate the nitrogen dynamics under more complex agro-pedoclimatic contexts. In conclusion, the present study allowed to improve the fertilization knowledge under both the sprinkler and subsurface drip irrigation in a Mediterranean environment

Les eaux grises (EG) peuvent être considérées comme une ressource alternative à l'eau potable et peuvent donc être réutilisées, par exemple, pour l'arrosage d'espaces verts pour lequel une qualité ''eau destinée à la consommation humaine'' ne semble pas nécessaire. Toutefois la présence de microorganismes pathogènes et de composés organiques peut entraîner des risques sanitaires et environnementaux. Il est donc nécessaire de traiter ces EG avant de les réutiliser et caractériser les risques liés à leur recyclage, jusqu'à présent peu connus. Pour répondre à ces objectifs, la démarche a consisté à caractériser les EG afin de choisir un traitement adapté. Le procédé biologique retenu est un réacteur à lit fluidisé aérobie. Son optimisation a été basée sur l'étude de son comportement hydrodynamique et sur la cinétique de biodégradation des EG. Ses performances épuratoires ont également été déterminées. La qualité des EG traitées produites atteint les objectifs attendus par la réglementation française pour l'irrigation d'espaces verts avec des eaux usées traitées. En effet, la DCO et les MES obtenues dans l'effluent traité sont respectivement de 26 mg O2.L-1 et 5,6 mg.L-1. Le réacteur a permis de traiter 144 L.j-1 d'EG durant 16 mois. Trois parcelles de pelouse ont été irriguées respectivement par des EG brutes, des EG traitées et par de l'eau potable. Contrairement à la parcelle irriguée par les EG brutes, l'analyse de risques n'a montré aucune différence significative entre celle irriguée par les EG traitées et celle irriguée par l'eau potable. Ces travaux démontrent que les EG traitées produites dans cette étude peuvent être employées pour l'irrigation d'espaces verts.

L'atomisation d'un jet circulaire d'eau typique des applications agricoles est présentée dans cette étude. Maîtriser la dispersion de l'eau à des fins d'irrigation ou de traitements phytosanitaires implique de réduire la consommation d’eau et la pollution de l'environnement. Un cas d'étude simplifié est construit : une buse ronde dn=1.2 mm et d'une longueur Ln=50dn y est considérée. La vitesse d'injection est fixée à UJ=35 m/s et alignée avec la gravité, plaçant le jet liquide dans un régime d'atomisation turbulent. L'écoulement est statistiquement axisymétrique. L'approche est à la fois expérimentale et numérique.Un modèle multiphasique Eulérien de mélange décrit l'écoulement constitué de deux phases. Plusieurs modèles de turbulence U-RANS sont utilisés: k-ε et RSM. Une attention particulière est alors portée à la modélisation des effets de masse volumique variable issus de la formulation du fluide de mélange. Un solveur numérique spécifique est développé à l'aide du code CFD OpenFOAM. Une série de cas d'étude est construite pour tester l'influence de la modélisation de la turbulence et des fermetures de premier/second-ordre des flux massiques turbulents.Les techniques optiques (LDV et DTV) sont déployées pour recueillir des informations statistiques des phases liquide et gazeuse du spray. La campagne expérimentale est réalisée de x/dn=0 jusqu'à x/dn=800. En ce qui concerne la LDV, des gouttelettes d'huile d'olive (~1 µm) permettent d'analyser la phase gazeuse. Une distinction entre les gouttes de liquide et ces traceurs est obtenue par une configuration spécifique de la source laser et le paramétrage de la détection des bouffées Doppler (Filtre-BP et le SNR). Dans la zone dispersée, les mesures par DTV permettent d'estimer les vitesses et les tailles des gouttes. Une attention particulière est portée à l'estimation de la profondeur de champ (DOF) afin d'obtenir une corrélation taille-vitesse des gouttes moins biaisée.Les résultats numériques et expérimentaux concordent pour le champ de vitesse moyenne. Une forte dépendance au modèle de turbulence est trouvée. Cependant, le modèle RSM ne simule pas le comportement du tenseur de Reynolds. En effet, ni l'anisotropie trouvée expérimentalement (R22/R11≈0.05), ni la vitesse de glissement liquide-gaz ne peuvent être reproduites; même avec une fermeture au 2nd-ordre des flux massiques turbulents. Le fort rapport de masse volumique (eau/air), la directionnalité de l'écoulement et la production d'énergie cinétique turbulente peuvent être à l'origine d'une faible dispersion et d'un faible mélange entre les deux fluides. Ce mécanisme n'est pas encore clarifié du point de vue de la modélisation RSM
A typical water round-nozzle jet for agricultural applications is presented in this study. The dispersion of a liquid for irrigation or pesticides spraying is a key subject to both reduce water consumption and air pollution. A simplified study case is constructed to tackle both scenarios, where a round dn=1.2 mm nozzle of a length Ln=50dn is considered. The injection velocity is chosen to be UJ=35 m/s, aligned with gravity, placing the liquid jet in a turbulent atomization regime. The flow is considered statistically axisymmetric. Experimental and numerical approaches are considered.An Eulerian mixture multiphase model describes the original two-phase flow. Several U-RANS turbulence models are used: k-ε and RSM; where special attention is taken to the modelling of variable density effects from the mixture formulation. A custom numerical solver is implemented using the OpenFOAM CFD code. A series of study cases are constructed to test the influence of the turbulence modeling and first/second-order closures of the turbulent mass fluxes. LDV and DTV optical techniques are used to gather statistical information from both the liquid and the gas phases of the spray. The experimental campaign is carried out from x/dn=0 to x/dn=800. Concerning the LDV, small (~1 µm) olive-oil tracers are used to capture the gas phase, where a distinction between the liquid droplets and tracers is achieved by a specific set-up of the laser power source and the burst Doppler setting (BP-Filter and SNR). On the dispersed zone, DTV measurements are carried out to measure velocities and sizes of droplets. Special attention to the depth-of-field (DOF) estimation is taken in order to obtain a less biased droplet’s size-velocity correlation.Numerical and experimental results show good agreement on the mean velocity field. A strong dependence on the turbulence model is found. However, the RSM does not capture the same behaviour on the calculated Reynolds stresses. Indeed, neither the experimental anisotropy (R22/R11≈0.05), nor the liquid-gas slip-velocity can be reproduced, even with a second-order closure for the turbulent mass fluxes. The strong density ratio (water/air), flow’s directionality and production of turbulent kinetic energy may be the cause of a weak dispersion and mixing between the two fluids. This mechanism is not yet clarified from a RSM modeling point-of-view

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This study was aimed for developing a computing program in graphic atmosphere to determine the uniformity and efficiency of water distribution in the irrigation system by sprinkler and trickle. The program was developed in the Basic Visual programming language where it was aimed to make a friendly interface for the user and generate graphics of uniformity in tests with distribution in mesh and radial collectors. To generate three-dimensional graphics it was used an external library to Visual Basic, destined to generate specialized graphics from past information as a parameter in time of the program execution. In the program a routine was implemented to make the linear interpolation of the collected blades in the radial test projecting the other measures, generating a square mould, to draw the distribution profile of the sprinkler or trickle in test and the uniformity and efficiency of water distribution to the several spacings with blade coverings. A series of data and real laboratory test for sprinkler and trickle irrigation, in radial and mesh distributions were submitted to the program aiming to test their sensitivity, where it was observed that the Christiansen´s Uniformity Coefficient (CUC) reduces as the space increases; that the test with radial distribution of collectors is statistically equivalent to the test with mesh distribution and that the program presents coherence in the information gotten through the comparison of their results with the presupposition values and generated by the program CATCH-3D.
O presente trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver um programa computacional em ambiente gráfico para determinação da uniformidade e eficiência de distribuição de água em sistemas de irrigação por aspersão e por microaspersão. O programa foi desenvolvido na linguagem de programação Visual Basic, E buscou-se desenvolver uma interface amigável ao usuário e gerar gráficos de uniformidade em ensaios com distribuição dos coletores em malha e radial. Para a geração de gráficos tridimensionais foi utilizada uma biblioteca externa ao Visual Basic, destinada a gerar gráficos especializados a partir de informações passadas como parâmetro em tempo de execução do programa. No programa foi implementada uma rotina para fazer a interpolação linear das lâminas coletadas no ensaio radial projetando as demais medidas, gerando uma matriz quadrada, para traçar o perfil de distribuição do aspersor ou microaspersor em teste e a uniformidade e eficiência de distribuição de água para diversos espaçamentos com sobreposição de lâminas. Uma série de dados de ensaios reais de laboratório para aspersor e microaspersor, em distribuição radial e malha, foi submetida ao programa a fim de testar a sua sensibilidade e foi observado que o coeficiente de uniformidade de Christiansen (CUC) diminui à medida que aumenta o espaçamento; que o ensaio com distribuição radial de coletores é estatisticamente equivalente ao ensaio com distribuição em malha e que o programa apresenta coerência nas informações geradas por meio da comparação de seus resultados com os valores pressupostos e gerados pelo programa CATCH-3D.

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O sistema de bombeamento pressurizado convencional de rotação fixa que utiliza motor elétrico no acionamento, é analisado sob o aspecto do sistema de comando e controle, baseando-se em curvas e tabelas construídas para analise do comportamento hidráulico e elétrico do sistema, porém quando comparado com sistema de rotação variável apresentam desvantagens, quanto a eficiência desses parâmetros. Esta pesquisa tem como ponto principal, analisar teoricamente o comportamento hidráulico e mecânico dos acionamentos convencionais com rotação fixa de um sistema de irrigação por aspersão, e propor a aplicação de um sistema automatizado de controle de rotação, por inversor de freqüência e controlador lógico programável, sobre um conjunto motobomba, visando a racionalização de energia elétrica. Na proposta de automação do sistema, determina-se uma pressão constante na saída da bomba, que controla a rotação do motor pelo inversor de frequência, em função da altura manométrica e da vazão requerida, com isso, melhorando as condições de corrente para o motor em operação com partidas e desligamentos suaves, e possibilita o redimensionamento do motor elétrico para um potência menor na razão de 33 %.
The conventional pressurized pumping systems of fixed rotation that uses electrical devices for driving, is analyzed under the aspect of the command system and control, being based on curves and tables constructed to analyze of the hydraulical and electric behavior of the system, however when compared with system of variable rotation they present disadvantages, concerning to the efficiency of these parameters. This research has as main point, analyze theoretically to the hydraulical and mechanical behavior of the conventional drive with fixed rotation of a system of irrigation for aspersion, and to consider the application of a system automatized of rotation control, for frequency inverter and programmable logical controller, on the combine electrical pump, aiming the rationalization of electric energy. In the proposal of automation of the system, a constant pressure in the output of the pump is determined, that controls the rotation of the engine for the frequency invertor, in function of the manometric height and the required outflow, with this, improving the factor of power with the own correction for a value close to the ideal and the current conditions for the engine in operation with soft starts and power off, preventing high requests of the start current.

Devido à limitação dos recursos hídricos que está cada vez mais perto do limite, a utilização da água na agricultura precisa ser mais eficiente visando à manutenção dos níveis atuais de produtividade aliada a expansão da área irrigada. A eficiência dos sistemas de irrigação quanto ao uso da água pode ser aumentada adequando-se a quantidade aplicada de água às condições específicas do solo e da cultura, as quais variam dentro da lavoura. É notória a necessidade de equipamentos que sejam capazes de aplicar variadas lâminas de irrigação a fim de sanar a necessidade hídrica do solo levando-se em conta a variabilidade espacial e temporal. Assim, neste trabalho, teve-se por objetivo desenvolver e avaliar um aspersor de taxa variada para a utilização em pivôs-centrais e/ou sistemas lineares de irrigação com potencialidade de utilização em projetos de irrigação de precisão. Dois protótipos foram desenvolvidos realizandose em laboratório suas referidas calibrações bem como o ajuste de seus coeficientes de descarga. Realizou-se com êxito uma modelagem para se estabelecer uma equação para predição de vazão em aspersores de taxa variada. A calibração do protótipo do aspersor de taxa variada I apresentou resultados estatísticos satisfatórios, entretanto resultados técnicos questionáveis. Já o processo de calibração do protótipo do aspersor de taxa variada II apresentou resultados estatísticos e técnicos satisfatórios, sendo o protótipo escolhido para realização de ensaios de campo e posteriormente sua automação. Em ensaios de campo, determinaram-se perfis radiais de distribuição para o segundo protótipo, seguindo as recomendações da norma técnica da ASABE, encontrando-se os alcances correspondentes as diversas vazões ensaiadas e com os dois defletores rotativos de quatro e seis jatos testados em campo. A automação desse protótipo foi realizada por meio do acionamento de um motor de passo utilizando-se a comunicação de porta paralela de um microcomputador controlada por um software desenvolvido em linguagem pascal em ambiente Delphi. Os resultados foram considerados satisfatórios proporcionando a viabilidade técnica da idéia de construção de um aspersor de taxa variada a ser utilizado em projetos de irrigação de precisão.
Due to depletion of hydric resources which are nearing limits, water use in agriculture requires more efficient to maintain current levels of yield in the expansion of irrigated areas. The efficiency of irrigation systems as for water use can be increased adjusting the amount of water applied to the specific conditions of soil and crop, which vary in the field. It is evident the need for equipment capable of applying different irrigation levels in order to supply the water requirement of the soil taking into account the spatial and temporal variability. So, this work aims to develop and evaluate a flow rate sprinkler to be used in center pivots or linear moving irrigation systems with the potential for utilization in scheduling irrigation. Two prototypes were developed. Their calibrations and discharge coefficient adjustments were carried out in a laboratory. To predict flow rate, it was established a successful model that represents flow rate sprinklers operation. The calibration of the flow rate sprinkler prototype I showed good statistical results, however questionable technical results. As for the calibration process of flow rate sprinkler prototype II showed satisfactory statistical and technical results. This prototype was chosen to be implemented in field-testing and to be automated. In field tests, it was determined radial distribution profiles for the second prototype, following recommendations of ASABE technical standard. Sprinkler radius of throw was determined by different flow rates tested and two types of rotating deflectors: four and six jets. The automation of the prototype was obtained through driving a step motor using the communication of parallel door of a microcomputer which was controlled by a software program developed for this purpose. Results were considered satisfactory and provided technical feasibility to build a flow rate sprinkler to be used in precision irrigation.

Orientador: Odivaldo José Seraphim
Resumo: O sistema de bombeamento pressurizado convencional de rotação fixa que utiliza motor elétrico no acionamento, é analisado sob o aspecto do sistema de comando e controle, baseando-se em curvas e tabelas construídas para analise do comportamento hidráulico e elétrico do sistema, porém quando comparado com sistema de rotação variável apresentam desvantagens, quanto a eficiência desses parâmetros. Esta pesquisa tem como ponto principal, analisar teoricamente o comportamento hidráulico e mecânico dos acionamentos convencionais com rotação fixa de um sistema de irrigação por aspersão, e propor a aplicação de um sistema automatizado de controle de rotação, por inversor de freqüência e controlador lógico programável, sobre um conjunto motobomba, visando a racionalização de energia elétrica. Na proposta de automação do sistema, determina-se uma pressão constante na saída da bomba, que controla a rotação do motor pelo inversor de frequência, em função da altura manométrica e da vazão requerida, com isso, melhorando as condições de corrente para o motor em operação com partidas e desligamentos suaves, e possibilita o redimensionamento do motor elétrico para um potência menor na razão de 33 %.
Abstract: The conventional pressurized pumping systems of fixed rotation that uses electrical devices for driving, is analyzed under the aspect of the command system and control, being based on curves and tables constructed to analyze of the hydraulical and electric behavior of the system, however when compared with system of variable rotation they present disadvantages, concerning to the efficiency of these parameters. This research has as main point, analyze theoretically to the hydraulical and mechanical behavior of the conventional drive with fixed rotation of a system of irrigation for aspersion, and to consider the application of a system automatized of rotation control, for frequency inverter and programmable logical controller, on the combine electrical pump, aiming the rationalization of electric energy. In the proposal of automation of the system, a constant pressure in the output of the pump is determined, that controls the rotation of the engine for the frequency invertor, in function of the manometric height and the required outflow, with this, improving the factor of power with the own correction for a value close to the ideal and the current conditions for the engine in operation with soft starts and power off, preventing high requests of the start current.
Mestre

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
The North region of Minas Gerais has a dry and hot weather wich demands efforts towards rational use of water to allow irrigated agriculture. Two new technologies were developed to simplify the irrigation called Irrigâmetro and the Intermitent Valve for Sprinklers (IVS). The Irrigâmetro makes the management of irrigation easier and the IVS besides to allow the use of irrigation by aspersion in low water and energy resources. Were aimed to determine the Irrigâmetro coefficient (KI) as well as evaluate water application efficience and the productive rate of sunflower using a special aspertion irrigation system with Intermitent Valve, during diurnal e nocturnal periods. All the experiments took place at Jaiba Irrigated Perimeter placed at 15° 36' South latitude and 43° 42' West longitude, with an elevation of 460m. The evapotranspiration reference rates were calculated by Penman-Monteith FAO 56 equation considering different timetable from INMET automatic station. The KI values were 0.42, 0.69, 0.85, 1.07, 1.34 and 1.61 for water levels of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 cm, respectively, resulting on equation with R² = 0,994. The efficiency of water application was 59% with 660mm of applied water at diurnal period and 95% with 447mm of applied water at nocturnal period of irrigation system use. There was no significant difference between irrigated sunflower production at diurnal period, and nocturnal period, mean 6.1 t ha-1 and 6.3 t ha-1, respectively.
Na região norte de Minas Gerais o clima quente e seco torna imprescindível o uso racional da água para viabilizar a agricultura irrigada. Duas novas tecnologias foram desenvolvidas para simplificar a irrigação, o Irrigâmetro e a Válvula Intermitente para aspersor. Objetivou-se determinar o coeficiente do Irrigâmetro (KI) e avaliar o uso de um sistema de irrigação por aspersão, dotado de válvula intermitente, no cultivo de girassol, operando nos períodos diurno e noturno. Os experimentos foram conduzidos no Perímetro Irrigado do Jaíba, a 15° 36 de latitude Sul e 43° 42 de longitude Oeste, com altitude de 460m. A evapotranspiração de referência foi calculada utilizando a equação de Penman-Monteith FAO 56 para dados horários obtidos da estação automática do INMET. Os valores de KI obtidos foram 0,42, 0,69, 0,85, 1,07, 1,34 e 1,61 para alturas dos níveis de água do evaporatório iguais a 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 e 6 cm, respectivamente, resultando na equação I0,232h + 0,185K=, com R²=0,994. A eficiência de aplicação da água de irrigação foi de 59% no período diurno, resultando na aplicação de 660mm de água durante o cultivo e 95% no período noturno, aplicando-se um total de 447mm. Não houve diferença significativa entre a produtividade do girassol irrigado no período diurno, com média de 6,1 t ha-1 e irrigado no período noturno, com média 6,3 t ha-1.

La parcelle de culture, unite caracteristique du paysage et echelle operationnelle pour l'agriculteur, constitue la surface elementaire de gestion de l'eau et de l'environnement. Aussi ce memoire s'attache a caracteriser a cette echelle variabilite des rendements des cultures et des bilans hydriques en confrontant approche experimentale et modelisation. Une meme methodologie a ete appliquee sur deux sites mediterraneens: en tunisie pour trois cultures pluviales et en france pour deux essais de sorghos irrigues par aspersion. La variabilite spatiale des rendements, de l'humidite du premier metre de sol et de l'irrigation est etudiee par la geostatistique. Puis les bilans hydriques locaux in situ sont etablis sur des stations tensioneutroniques representatives. La modelisation stationnelle est realisee en utilisant un modele deterministe simplifie du bilan hydrique de type capacitif, pilote et, dans le cas de montpellier, une fonction de rendement. En complement, une etude de sensibilite du modele a montre l'importance de l'estimation de la reserve mobilisable et de la variable reserve initiale. La variabilite simultanee, a l'echelle parcellaire, du sol (reserve mobilisable rm et reserve initiale ri) et de l'irrigation i a ete prise en compte grace a une version stochastique du modele, en utilisant la methode des bandes tournantes. Il a ainsi ete mis en evidence que: la variabilite du sol a une influence preponderante sur l'etr et le rendement ; la variance maximale de l'etr est observee en debut de stress ; les variogrammes des sorties du modele ont des structures emboitees fortement dependantes de la correlation entre ri et rm. L'approche developpee ici est la seule qui apprehende l'effet de la variabilite simultanee du sol et de l'irrigation sur le bilan hydrique et le rendement

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Capes
Este trabalho teve como objetivo a elaboração de modelos matemáticos (conjunto de equações) para escolha de emissores e dimensionamento hidráulico de sistemas de irrigação por aspersão convencional e localizada, em subunidades de irrigação de forma geométrica retangular, triangular e trapezoidal. O modelo proposto para escolha do emissor envolve os parâmetros de solo, água, planta, atmosfera, jornada de trabalho e tempo disponível para funcionamento do sistema em uma seleção otimizada de emissores com base em demanda de pressão por área instalada (aspersores) e aproximação de vazão (gotejadores e microaspersores). O modelo para o dimensionamento hidráulico de subunidades de irrigação retangulares propicia a determinação da posição ótima para a tubulação de derivação (menor demanda de pressão, menor comprimento da tubulação e maior aproximação da variação máxima de pressão na subunidade), permitindo nesse processo a utilização das equações de perda de carga unitária de Darcy-Weisbach, Hazen-Williams e Scobey. Nesse modelo também foram obtidos algoritmos para a determinação da situação mais desfavorável em sistema com tubulações móveis e do comprimento máximo de tubulações para diâmetros prefixados, com e sem uso de tratamentos numéricos (uso dos métodos de Newton- Raphson e das Secantes), para a resolução de equações implícitas. Obteve-se ainda, uma expressão matemática adaptada da fórmula de Blasius, de elevada precisão (erros menos que 1,35%), para a determinação do fator de atrito de Darcy-Weisbach para as situações mais comuns em projetos de irrigação pressurizada (escoamento turbulento liso). Para as subunidades triangulares e trapezoidais os modelos foram elaborados utilizando-se do método de dimensionamento trecho a trecho para as tubulações de derivação e do fator de múltiplas saídas para as tubulações laterais. Um último algoritmo foi elaborado para o dimensionamento das demais tubulações que compõem os sistemas de irrigação, bem como as definições necessárias para a montagem do cabeçal de controle e a seleção do conjunto motobomba. Devido as numerosas rotinas de cálculos envolvidas, os modelos propostos são potencialmente aplicados a programas computacionais.
This research aimed at developing mathematic models (set of equations) to choose emitters and hydraulic design of irrigation by sprinkler, in irrigation subunits in a rectangular, triangular and trapezoidal geometric form. The proposed model for the emitter's choice involves soil, water, plants and atmosphere parameters, workday and available time for the system to vvork in an optimized selection of emitters based on the demand of pressure for the area installed (sprinklers) and the approach flow (drip and micro-sprinklers). The model for hydraulic design of rectangular irrigation subunits offers the determination of the best position for the pipe shunt (lower demand pressure, shorter pipe length and higher approximation of maximum pressure variation in the subunit), favoring, in this process, the use of Darcy-Weisbach, Hazen-Williams and Scobey's equations of unit head loss. In this model, algorithms for the determination of the most unfavorable situation in mobile system with pipes and the maximum length of pipe diameters for fixed rate, with and without use of numerical treatments (use of Newton-Raphson's method as well as use Secantes's), to solve the implicit equations) were also obtained. One high precision mathematic expression adapted from Blasius's formula (errors less than 1,35%) was obtained in order to determine Darcy-Weisbach's friction factor for the most common situations in pressurized irrigation projects (smooth turbulent flow). For the triangular and trapezoidal subunits, the models were designed using the dimensioning method per zone for bypass pipes and multiple output factor for pipes shunts. Another algorithm was created to measure the other pipes that make part of the irrigation systems, as well as to define the assembling of the head control and the selection of the pump-motor set. Due to the several numbers of calculations involved, the proposed models are potentially applied to computer programs.

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Busca-se, com a realização deste trabalho, a avaliação dos custos de água e energia elétrica para frutíferas irrigadas no Estado da Paraíba. Com este propósito se obtiveram, de início, as demandas de água e energia elétrica para as culturas do mamão, coco e banana, através do sistema de irrigação por aspersão e microaspersão. João Pessoa, Capital da Paraíba, localizada no baixo Rio Paraíba, é o município de menor consumo de água, necessitando de apenas de 37,71, 40,6 e 44,7% das demandas de água e energia elétrica do município de Desterro para as culturas do mamão, coco e banana, respectivamente. O município de Desterro, localizada na subbacia do Taperoá, apresentou a maior evapotranspiração anual e diária, combinada com as menores precipitações anuais, enquanto o município de João Pessoa, localizado no Baixo Rio Paraíba, teve a menor média de evapotranspiração, combinado com boas médias de precipitação provável a nível de 75% de probabilidade de ocorrer; desta forma, Desterro necessita de uma reposição maior de água para as plantas, o que acarreta também maior custo com água e energia elétrica. A demanda de água e energia elétrica aumenta na medida em que os municípios se afastam do litoral paraibano, devido às características hidroclimáticas dos locais do estudo. A região do Baixo Rio Paraíba, obteve as menores médias de demanda e a sub-bacia do Taperoá, obteve as maiores médias de demanda de água e energia elétrica, assim os maiores custos de água e energia elétrica ocorreram na sub-bacia do Taperoá e os menores custos no Baixo Rio Paraíba. Para a agricultura irrigada, a cobrança de água a ser implementada pelo comité da bacia do Rio Paraíba pode servir de incentivo, desde que sejam cobradas tarifas diferentes, isto é, implementar uma tarifa menor para os sistemas de irrigação mais eficientes, acarretando assim, maior economia no consumo de água e, consequentemente menor impacto na bacia, além de uma produção maior por hectare, com o mesmo volume de água captado. Palavras-chaves: Simulação, irrigação, frutíferas.
iis work deals with the evaluation of the costs of power and water for irrigated the planning áreas in Paraíba State. First, the demands of water were obtained and power electricity for cultures of papaya, coconut and banana using the irrigation system based on aspersion e microaspersion. João Pessoa, capital of Paraíba State, located in the lower Paraíba River, is the city which has the lowest water consumption and it requires only 37.71, 40.6 and 44.7% the demands of power and water of Desterro city for cultures of papaya, coconut and banana, respectively. The city of Desterro, located at the basin of Taperoá River, has presented the highest leveis for annual and daily evapotranspiration combined with the lowest rain rates. On the other hand, Jõao Pessoa, presented in the lower Paraíba River, presented the lowest leveis for average evapotranspiration and good rain rates of 75% of occurrence probability. Thus, the city of DesteiTO needs a higher reposition of water for the plants which leads a higher costs of water and electrical power. For cities located in the Paraíba State, the demand of water and electrical power increases when the distance between the cities and the offshore increases as a consequence of the precipitation and weather carachateristics of the cities used in this study. The region of the lower Paraíba River achieved the lowest average leveis for demand of water and electrical power while the sub-basin of the Taperoá River achieved the highest average leveis. Thus, the highest costs of water and electrical power occurred in sub-basin of the Taperoá River and lowest ones occurred in the lower Paraíba River. For irrigated agriculture, the taxes for the use of water should be implemented by the committe of the River Paraíba and they can be serving as a motivation for the efficient use of the water. In this case, lower taxes can be applied for efficient irrigation systems. So, a lower consumption of water should be achieved and the higher productivity by hectare can be obtained for the same volume of water. Keywords: Irrigation, simulation, planning