To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Irrigation water demand, available water, Saxony.
Journal articles on the topic 'Irrigation water demand, available water, Saxony'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Irrigation water demand, available water, Saxony.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Schütze, Niels, and Michael Wagner. "Integrated management of water resources demand and supply in irrigated agriculture from plot to regional scale." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 373 (May 12, 2016): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-373-51-2016.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Growing water scarcity in agriculture is an increasing problem in future in many regions of the world. Recent trends of weather extremes in Saxony, Germany also enhance drought risks for agricultural production. In addition, signals of longer and more intense drought conditions during the vegetation period can be found in future regional climate scenarios for Saxony. However, those climate predictions are associated with high uncertainty and therefore, e.g. stochastic methods are required to analyze the impact of changing climate patterns on future crop water requirements and water availability. For assessing irrigation as a measure to increase agricultural water security a generalized stochastic approach for a spatial distributed estimation of future irrigation water demand is proposed, which ensures safe yields and a high water productivity at the same time. The developed concept of stochastic crop water production functions (SCWPF) can serve as a central decision support tool for both, (i) a cost benefit analysis of farm irrigation modernization on a local scale and (ii) a regional water demand management using a multi-scale approach for modeling and implementation. The new approach is applied using the example of a case study in Saxony, which is dealing with the sustainable management of future irrigation water demands and its implementation.
2
Sahibzada, Shamim A. "Pricing Irrigation Water in Pakistan: An Evaluation of Available Options." Pakistan Development Review 41, no. 3 (2002): 209–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v41i3pp.209-241.
Full textAbstract:
Irrigation water shortages have lately been a main area of concern for policymakers and planners in Pakistan. Current literature on the country’s water resources predicts an alarming situation regarding the availability of irrigation water in the future due to declining water tables and serious financial, environmental, and social constraints of developing big storage reservoirs. Since there is little room to augment water supplies by building new dams, the existing supply-driven surface irrigation system needs to be replaced by a demand-based system with special focus on water use efficiency through the introduction of an appropriate water pricing system. The present study aims to evaluate several alternative water pricing systems in the search for choosing one that will ensure efficient use of irrigation water in Pakistan. A related objective is to test the extent of sensitivity of the demand for irrigation water to a change in alternative water prices. A major conclusion that emerges from this research is that irrigation water shortages are the result of the inflexibility of the present irrigation water supply system for agricultural use and have little to do with the existing water pricing practice in the country. Furthermore, the results of our water price simulations exercise confirm the general perception that demand for irrigation water is less sensitive to changes in alternative irrigation water prices. Two findings from the pricing policy perspective are: (i) irrigation water is not available in adequate quantity to farmers in the nine sub-districts surveyed at almost all of the alternative prices in Pakistan’s irrigated agriculture sector since the predicted water usage at all prices is greater than the actual usage for all districts; and (ii) our empirical analysis indicates significant inefficiency of resource allocation in respect of irrigation water as shown by its positively large marginal value product to opportunity cost ratio.
3
Watto, Muhammad Arif, and Amin William Mugera. "Irrigation water demand and implications for groundwater pricing in Pakistan." Water Policy 18, no. 3 (2015): 565–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2015.160.
Full textAbstract:
This study employs the positive mathematical programming (PMP) approach to estimate groundwater derived demand for irrigation using a cross-sectional dataset of 200 predominantly groundwater irrigated farms from the Punjab province of Pakistan. First, we find that the PMP optimal solution uses less water than what is available (being extracted) in order to make farmers allocate all the available land to different crops. Second, when water supplies are constrained farmers allocate land to different crops based on their total returns, not on the irrigation water requirements. The study results suggest that the limiting/constraining groundwater extractions would induce farmers to reconsider their irrigation water demand. The study findings suggest an introduction of Rs. 0.04/m3 of groundwater would not decrease farm income rather it would make farmers aware of the economic value of water. We suggest that although water pricing can induce an efficient use of groundwater extractions, additional policies are also required that improve irrigation water use efficiency.
4
Zekri, Slim, Hemesiri Kotagama, and Houcine Boughanmi. "Temporary Water Markets in Oman." Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences [JAMS] 11 (January 1, 2006): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jams.vol11iss0pp77-84.
Full textAbstract:
Market vis-à-vis command and control approaches have been widely adopted in natural resource and environmental management since the 1980s. Adoption of markets in managing irrigation water resources is also emerging. It has been argued that markets are ineffective in managing the demand for irrigation water due to very low price elasticity. Most studies have been based on mathematical models simulating water markets and not on observed prices and quantities in real water markets since such data are rarely available. In Oman, perhaps in response to the extreme scarcity of water, elaborate water demand management institutions emulating markets have evolved and have been used for centuries. Water entitlements are leased based on prices through a community auction. The traded quantities of water and related prices have been recorded. This study uses this unique data set to estimate the elasticity of irrigation water. A log function on quantity and price of irrigation water is used with dummy variables on time and type of irrigation system. The price elasticity varies from -0.10 to -0.28, depending on the specifications of the econometric model. These estimates are higher than most estimates reported in past studies, indicating the efficacy of the indigenous market-based irrigation water management institution adopted in Oman.
5
Alghariani, Saad Ahmad. "Managing water resources in Libya through reducing irrigation water demand: more crop production with less water use." Libyan Studies 44 (2013): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263718900009687.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe looming water crisis in Libya necessitates taking immediate action to reduce the agricultural water demand that consumes more than 80% of the water supplies. The available information on water use efficiency and crop water productivity reveals that this proportion can be effectively reduced while maintaining the same, if not more, total agricultural production at the national level. Crop water productivity, which is depressingly low, can be doubled through implementing several measures including relocating all major agricultural crops among different hydroclimatic zones and growth seasons; crop selection based on comparative production advantages; realisation of the maximum genetically determined crop yields; and several other measures of demand water management. There is an urgent need to establish the necessary institutional arrangements that can effectively formulate and implement these measures as guided by agricultural research and extension services incorporating all beneficiaries and stakeholders in the process.
6
Wang, Yu, Weihao Wang, Shaoming Peng, Guiqin Jiang, and Jian Wu. "The relationship between irrigation water demand and drought in the Yellow River basin." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 374 (October 17, 2016): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-374-129-2016.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. In order to organize water for drought resistance reasonably, we need to study the relationship between irrigation water demand and meteorological drought in quantitative way. We chose five typical irrigation districts including the Qingtongxia irrigation district, Yellow River irrigation districts of Inner Mongolia in the upper reaches of the Yellow River, the Fen river irrigation district and the Wei river irrigation district in the middle reaches of the Yellow River and the irrigation districts in the lower reaches of the Yellow River as research area. Based on the hydrology, meteorology, groundwater and crop parameters materials from 1956 to 2010 in the Yellow River basin, we selected reconnaissance drought index (RDI) to analyze occurrence and evolution regularity of drought in the five typical irrigation districts, and calculated the corresponding irrigation water demand by using crop water balance equation. The relationship of drought and irrigation water demand in each typical irrigation district was studied by using grey correlation analysis and relevant analysis method, and the quantitative relationship between irrigation water demand and RDI was established in each typical irrigation district. The results showed that the RDI can be applied to evaluate the meteorological drought in the typical irrigation districts of the Yellow River basin. There is significant correlation between the irrigation water demand and RDI, and the grey correlation degree and correlation coefficient increased with increasing crops available effective rainfall. The irrigation water demand of irrigation districts in the upstream, middle and downstream of the Yellow River basin presented different response degrees to drought. The irrigation water demand increased 105 million m3 with the drought increasing one grade (RDI decreasing 0.5) in the Qingtongxia irrigation district and Yellow River irrigation districts of Inner Mongolia. The irrigation water demand increased 219 million m3 with the drought increasing one grade in the Fen river irrigation district and Wei river irrigation district. The irrigation water demand increased 622 million m3 with the drought increasing one grade in the downstream of Yellow River irrigation districts.
7
Rosa, Lorenzo, Davide Danilo Chiarelli, Maria Cristina Rulli, Jampel Dell’Angelo, and Paolo D’Odorico. "Global agricultural economic water scarcity." Science Advances 6, no. 18 (2020): eaaz6031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz6031.
Full textAbstract:
Water scarcity raises major concerns on the sustainable future of humanity and the conservation of important ecosystem functions. To meet the increasing food demand without expanding cultivated areas, agriculture will likely need to introduce irrigation in croplands that are currently rain-fed but where enough water would be available for irrigation. “Agricultural economic water scarcity” is, here, defined as lack of irrigation due to limited institutional and economic capacity instead of hydrologic constraints. To date, the location and productivity potential of economically water scarce croplands remain unknown. We develop a monthly agrohydrological analysis to map agricultural regions affected by agricultural economic water scarcity. We find these regions account for up to 25% of the global croplands, mostly across Sub-Saharan Africa, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia. Sustainable irrigation of economically water scarce croplands could feed an additional 840 million people while preventing further aggravation of blue water scarcity.
8
Patay, I., and M. Montvajszki. "Solar PV for Water Pumping and Irrigation." Progress in Agricultural Engineering Sciences 11, no. 1 (2015): 9–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/446.11.2015.2.
Full textAbstract:
Water pumping for irrigation has a relatively high energy demand, depending on the applied irrigation method. At the same time, there is a considerable energy from the sun during the irrigation period. The solar PV (photovoltaic) technology may be suitable to ensure electric energy for pumping in many cases in agriculture, where the electric network is not available or reduction of the energy costs is wanted. There are some pilot plants for water pumping on the base of solar energy in the world and the spreading of these solar technologies is predictable. The solar energy based pumping process can be approached both in theoretical and experimental ways. In this paper, both the theoretical questions of the solar based pumping process and the experimental results of a model testing pump station powered by PV panels are shown.
9
Hong, Sothea, Pierre-Olivier Malaterre, Gilles Belaud, and Cyril Dejean. "Optimization of water distribution for open-channel irrigation networks." Journal of Hydroinformatics 16, no. 2 (2013): 341–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2013.194.
Full textAbstract:
Water distribution for open-channel irrigation networks is more and more complex due to increasing constraints on water resources and changing demand patterns, whereas the performance of such systems is expected to increase. In this regard, an optimization approach is developed in order to schedule a fair scenario of water distribution among different users, where water demand is formulated in term of start time, duration and flow rate. This study investigates how to optimize the water distribution over a finite scheduling horizon while respecting the constraints linked to the system. The optimization approach forces the scheduled start time and the volume to be closer to the demanded ones, to minimize water losses and to reduce manpower. The constraints take into account the flow routing processes, the physical infrastructure, the available water resource, and the gate keeper timetable. The numerical resolution is done by using an optimization software IBM-Ilog Cplex. The method is then illustrated with the scheduling of off-take withdrawals for a typical traditional open-channel network: a lateral canal of the Gignac canal, in southern France.
10
Rosa, Lorenzo, Davide Danilo Chiarelli, Matteo Sangiorgio, et al. "Potential for sustainable irrigation expansion in a 3 °C warmer climate." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 47 (2020): 29526–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2017796117.
Full textAbstract:
Climate change is expected to affect crop production worldwide, particularly in rain-fed agricultural regions. It is still unknown how irrigation water needs will change in a warmer planet and where freshwater will be locally available to expand irrigation without depleting freshwater resources. Here, we identify the rain-fed cropping systems that hold the greatest potential for investment in irrigation expansion because water will likely be available to suffice irrigation water demand. Using projections of renewable water availability and irrigation water demand under warming scenarios, we identify target regions where irrigation expansion may sustain crop production under climate change. Our results also show that global rain-fed croplands hold significant potential for sustainable irrigation expansion and that different irrigation strategies have different irrigation expansion potentials. Under a 3 °C warming, we find that a soft-path irrigation expansion with small monthly water storage and deficit irrigation has the potential to expand irrigated land by 70 million hectares and feed 300 million more people globally. We also find that a hard-path irrigation expansion with large annual water storage can sustainably expand irrigation up to 350 million hectares, while producing food for 1.4 billion more people globally. By identifying where irrigation can be expanded under a warmer climate, this work may serve as a starting point for investigating socioeconomic factors of irrigation expansion and may guide future research and resources toward those agricultural communities and water management institutions that will most need to adapt to climate change.
11
Shevah, Yehuda. "Water scarcity, water reuse, and environmental safety." Pure and Applied Chemistry 86, no. 7 (2014): 1205–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2014-0202.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract In the arid and semi-arid regions, being the most water-deprived regions of the world, water scarcity is the most pressing challenge. The dry climate and the effects of the global warming are leading to increased pressure on the meager water resources causing a rapid quality degradation of chronically depleted water resources, while the use and disposal of numerous biological and chemical pollutants endangers the water bodies to a degree that part of the resources are not safe to use for human consumption, posing a health risk to the population. The degradation of water resources is magnified by the fast-growing population and the increase in domestic and irrigation water demand, which is impossible to meet from available natural resources. Such adverse development is already apparent in the Near East region (Israel, Palestine, and Jordan) where the shared water resources are already in a deteriorated state unable to satisfy the basic needs. To satisfy current and future needs, a new water resources management strategy is suggested, aiming at the sustainable use of available water resources, supplemented by the development of water reuse and desalination of brackish groundwater and seawater, cautiously considering the associated health and environmental safety, as discussed herewith.
12
Kannan, Narayanan, and Aavudai Anandhi. "Water Management for Sustainable Food Production." Water 12, no. 3 (2020): 778. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12030778.
Full textAbstract:
The agricultural community has a challenge of increasing food production by more than 70% to meet demand from the global population increase by the mid-21st century. Sustainable food production involves the sustained availability of resources, such as water and energy, to agriculture. The key challenges to sustainable food production are population increase, increasing demands for food, climate change, and climate variability, decreasing per capita land and water resources. To discuss more details on (a) the challenges for sustainable food production and (b) mitigation options available, a special issue on “Water Management for Sustainable Food Production” was assembled. The special issue focused on issues such as irrigation using brackish water, virtual water trade, allocation of water resources, consequences of excess precipitation on crop yields, strategies to increase water productivity, rainwater harvesting, irrigation water management, deficit irrigation, and fertilization, environmental and socio-economic impacts, and irrigation water quality. Articles covered several water-related issues across the U.S., Asia, Middle-East, Africa, and Pakistan for sustainable food production. The articles in the special issue highlight the substantial impacts on agricultural production, water availability, and water quality in the face of increasing demands for food and energy.
13
Barbagallo, S., G. L. Cirelli, and S. Indelicato. "Wastewater reuse in Italy." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 10 (2001): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0576.
Full textAbstract:
In many parts of Italy, particularly in the South, it has become ever more difficult to meet the water demand. The recent years of drought and the constant increase of water demand for the civil sector have made irrigation supply more problematic. Wastewater reuse could represent a viable solution to meet water demand. The focus of this paper is on the regulation problems, hampering the development of wastewater reuse for irrigation, and on the potentials for reuse, particularly in Southern Italy. Planned exploitation of municipal wastewater could help meeting the irrigation water demand particularly in Southern Italy, where farmers have been practising uncontrolled wastewater reuse for a long time. In Northern and Central Italy, where available water resources generally meet water needs for different purposes, wastewater reuse could play an important role in controlling the pollution of water bodies. Despite the fact that Italian legislation is extremely strict and outdated, for several years in some regions, such as Sicily, wastewater reuse systems have been in operation; furthermore, several projects of wastewater reuse are currently in progress.
14
Bhattarai, Debi Prasad, and Narendra Man Shakya. "Conjunctive Use of Water Resources in Sustainable Development of Agriculture in Terai Nepal." Journal of the Institute of Engineering 15, no. 2 (2019): 210–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v15i2.27668.
Full textAbstract:
The need of conjunctive use of surface and ground water resources in agricultural sector arises due to the continuous increase in population and its growing demand for the production of food and fiber globally. United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 2 also targets to double the agricultural productivity to feed the growing population and ensure sustainable food production systems by 2030. The conjunctive uses allow the utilization of ground water and surface water simultaneously as per the demand and supply requirement of available water resources. This paper presents an overview of the conjunctive use practices in the different parts of the world in general and specific issues for conjunctive use of irrigation for sustainable agriculture in the Terai region of Nepal. It covers a synopsis of literatures available regarding the conjunctive use of irrigation system in different irrigation command area of Nepal and unveils some research issues that need to be addressed. The review also covers an overview of different computer based models developed for the management of conjunctive water use for irrigated agriculture. Based on the review conclusions are drawn which could be helpful for further research and for the management of conjunctive irrigation system in the Terai region of Nepal.
15
Jahromi, Nastaran Basiri, Amy Fulcher, Forbes Walker, James Altland, Wesley Wright, and Neal Eash. "Evaluating On-demand Irrigation Systems for Container-grown Woody Plants Grown in Biochar-amended Pine Bark." HortScience 53, no. 12 (2018): 1891–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci13541-18.
Full textAbstract:
Controlling irrigation using timers or manually operated systems is the most common irrigation scheduling method in outdoor container production systems. Improving irrigation efficiency can be achieved by scheduling irrigation based on plant water needs and the appropriate use of sensors rather than relying on periodically adjusting irrigation volume based on perceived water needs. Substrate amendments such as biochar, a carbon (C)-rich by-product of pyrolysis or gasification, can increase the amount of available water and improve irrigation efficiency and plant growth. Previous work examined two on-demand irrigation schedules in controlled indoor (greenhouse) environments. The goal of this study was to evaluate the impact of these on-demand irrigation schedules and hardwood biochar on water use and biomass gain of container-grown Hydrangea paniculata ‘Silver Dollar’ in a typical outdoor nursery production environment. Eighteen independently controlled irrigation zones were designed to test three irrigation schedules on ‘Silver Dollar’ hydrangea grown in pine bark amended with 0% or 25% hardwood biochar. The three irrigation schedules were conventional irrigation and two on-demand schedules, which were based on substrate physical properties or plant physiology. Conventional irrigation delivered 1.8 cm water in one event each day. The scheduling of substrate-based irrigation was based on the soilless substrate moisture characteristic curve, applying water whenever the substrate water content corresponding to a substrate water potential of –10 kPa was reached. The plant-based irrigation schedule was based on a specific substrate moisture content derived from a previously defined relationship between substrate moisture content and photosynthetic rate, maintaining the volumetric water content (VWC) to support photosynthesis at 90% of the maximum predicted photosynthetic rate. Total water use for the substrate-based irrigation was the same as for the conventional system; the plant-based system used significantly less water. However, plant dry weight was 22% and 15% greater, water use efficiency (WUE) was 40% and 40% greater, and total leachate volume was 25% and 30% less for the substrate-based and plant-based irrigation scheduling systems, respectively, than for conventional irrigation. The 25% biochar amendment rate reduced leachate volume per irrigation event, and leaching fraction, but did not affect total water use or plant dry weight. This research demonstrated that on-demand irrigation scheduling that is plant based or substrate based could be an effective approach to increase WUE for container-grown nursery crops without affecting plant growth negatively.
16
Mwebaze, Caroline Ednah, Jackson-Gilbert Mwanjalolo Majaliwa, Joshua Wanyama, and Geoffrey Gabiri. "Assessing the Impact of Management Options on Water Allocation in River Mubuku-Sebwe Sub-Catchments of Lake Edward-George Basin, Western Uganda." Water 13, no. 15 (2021): 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13152009.
Full textAbstract:
Limited studies in East Africa and particularly in Uganda have been carried out to determine and map water use and demands. This study aimed at assessing the impact of management options on sustainable water allocation in environmentally sensitive catchments of Mubuku and Sebwe of Lake Edward-George basin in Western Uganda. We used hydro-meteorological data analysis techniques to quantify the available water. We applied Mike Hydro model to allocate water to the different ongoing developments in the catchment based on 2015 and 2040 water demand management scenarios. We used the Nile Basin Decision Support System to assess the sustainability of the different water management scenarios for sustainable water resources use. Reliability computation did not consider hydropower in this study. Results show that water available in 2015 was 60 MCM/YR and 365 MCM/YR for Sebwe and Mubuku, respectively and is projected to decrease by 15% and 11% by the year 2040 under climate scenario RCP8.5. We project water demand to rise by 64% for domestic, 44% for livestock, 400% for industry, 45% for hydro power and 66% for irrigation by 2040. Mubuku water demand is projected to increase from 5.2 MCM in 2015 to 10.7 MCM in 2040. Mubuku available water is projected to fall from 364.8 to 329.8 MCM per annum. Sebwe water demand is projected to increase from 9.7 MCM in 2015 to 22.2 MCM in 2040 and its available water is projected to fall from 60 to 52 MCM per annum by the year 2040 from 2015. Water managers ought to allocate water based on the reliable water allocation which prioritizes domestic and environmental water demands, allocates 90% of industrial demand, 70% of irrigation and 60% of livestock demand. We recommend institutionalizing this model to guide water allocation in the Mubuku-Sebwe sub catchments. Water users should employ more efficient water use techniques to achieve high reliability and sustainable water resources management.
17
Ahmed, Naveed, Haishen Lü, Shakeel Ahmed, et al. "Irrigation Supply and Demand, Land Use/Cover Change and Future Projections of Climate, in Indus Basin Irrigation System, Pakistan." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (2021): 8695. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13168695.
Full textAbstract:
Sustainable management of canal water through optimum water allocation is the need of the modern world due to the rapid rise in water demand and climatic variations. The present research was conducted at the Chaj Doab, Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS) of Pakistan, using the WEAP (Water Evaluation and Planning) model. Six different scenarios were developed, and the results showed that the current available surface water is not sufficient to meet crop water demands. The Lower Jhelum Canal (LJC) command area is more sensitive to water scarcity than the Upper Jhelum Canal (UJC). The future (up to 2070) climate change scenarios for RCP 4.5 and 8.5 showed a decrease in catchment reliability up to 26.80 and 26.28% for UJC as well as 27.56 and 27.31% for LJC catchment, respectively. We concluded that scenario 3 (irrigation efficiency improvement through implementation of a high efficiency irrigation system, canal lining, reduction and replacement of high delta crops with low delta crops) was sufficient to reduce the canal water deficit in order to optimize canal water allocation. Improvement in the irrigation system and cropping area should be optimized for efficient canal water management.
18
Ismail, Habibu, Md Rowshon Kamal, Ahmad Fikri bin Abdullah, and Mohd Syazwan Faisal bin Mohd. "Climate-Smart Agro-Hydrological Model for a Large Scale Rice Irrigation Scheme in Malaysia." Applied Sciences 10, no. 11 (2020): 3906. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10113906.
Full textAbstract:
Agro-hydrological water management frameworks help to integrate expected planned management and expedite regulation of water allocation for agricultural production. Low production is not only due to the variability of available water during crop growing seasons, but also poor water management decisions. The Tanjung Karang Rice Irrigation Scheme in Malaysia has yet to model agro-hydrological systems for effective water distribution under climate change impacts. A climate-smart agro-hydrological model was developed using Excel-based Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) for adaptive irrigation and wise water resource management towards water security under new climate change realities. Daily climate variables for baseline (1976–2005) and future (2010–2099) periods were extracted from 10 global climate models (GCMs) under three Representative Concentration Pathway scenarios (RCP4.5, RCP6.0, and RCP8.5). The projected available water for supply to the scheme would noticeably decrease during the dry season. The water demand in the scheme will differ greatly during the months in future dry seasons, and the increase in effective rainfall during the wet season will compensate for the high dry season water demand. No irrigation will therefore be needed in the months of May and June. In order to improve water distribution, simulated flows from the model could be incorporated with appropriate cropping patterns.
19
Terrazas V., Lina G., Laura Forni, and Marisa Escobar A. "Integrating equality in evaluation of water access for irrigation in an Andean community." Aqua-LAC 12, no. 1 (2020): 42–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.29104/phi-aqualac/2020-v12-1-04.
Full textAbstract:
Development statistics for Bolivia reflect considerable inequalities among people, for instance, poverty rates are much higher in rural agricultural communities, where living conditions depend to a great extent on access to water resources. Many policy interventions ignore the principle of equality, and in some cases even exacerbate differences. In this paper, we examine water access for irrigation in an Andean community, integrating a perspective of equality based on data disaggregation. By analyzing the available data, we identified that tenure of rights and distribution priority are the main criteria that control water access in the community. Based on these criteria, water demand was disaggregated into 28 groups and the system was simulated using the Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) software, which allowed us to assess water demand coverage. Some groups receive less than 20% of their water demand, while others receive almost 100%. These inequalities are hidden in an aggregated model, which shows that the entire system never receives less than 60% of water demand. An evaluation of future climate change scenarios showed that water demand coverage could decline a further 15% in the dry season. The implementation of planned strategies, however, could counteract that decline by increasing supply and storage facilities; the model showed that implementing these strategies could raise water demand coverage up to 80% for some groups; however, others still face shortages. This study highlights methods and tools in planning that can strengthen existing equality approaches, and increase the efficiency in reducing poverty and inequality through water management.
20
Narayanamoorthy, A. "Drip irrigation in India: can it solve water scarcity?" Water Policy 6, no. 2 (2004): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2004.0008.
Full textAbstract:
There is an urgent need to increase the existing water use efficiency in Indian agriculture, mainly due to the increasing demand for water from different sectors and the rapid decline of the available potential of water. Water use efficiency under the flood method of irrigation (FMI), predominantly practised in India, is very low owing to enormous losses in distribution and evaporation. The drip method of irrigation (DMI) introduced recently helps to increase water use efficiency significantly, besides increasing the productivity of crops. However, not many studies are available focusing on the effectiveness of the drip method of irrigation in the context of the sustainable use of irrigation water. An attempt is made in this paper to bring out the importance of the drip method of irrigation in the sustainable use of irrigation water using both primary and secondary level information. The results of experimental station data show that water saving from DMI varies from 12% to 84% per hectare for different crops besides increasing the productivity of crops. The farm level data do confirm that DMI helps to save water by 29% for bananas and 37% for grapes per hectare over FMI in addition to substantial increases in productivity. The core and net potential areas of DMI are estimated to be 51.42 million hectares (mha) and 21.27 mha, respectively, for the country as a whole. The achievable total saving of water, by utilising the net potential area of DMI, is estimated to be about 11.271 million ha m. From the saving of water, an additional irrigated area of 11.22 mha under FMI or 24.12 mha under DMI can be created.
21
Kelley, Jason, Dalyn McCauley, G. Aaron Alexander, Wilton F. Gray, Rylie Siegfried, and Holly J. Oldroyd. "Using Machine Learning to Integrate On-Farm Sensors and Agro-Meteorology Networks into Site-Specific Decision Support." Transactions of the ASABE 63, no. 5 (2020): 1427–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13917.
Full textAbstract:
HighlightsMachine learning can incorporate a variety of data from low-cost sensors and estimate actual ET by comparison with short-term, higher-cost measurements.On-farm weather monitoring can be leveraged to estimate site-specific crop-water requirements.Expanding spatial coverage of weather and actual ET through on-farm monitoring will facilitate localization and leverage publicly available weather data to guide irrigation decisions and improve irrigation water management.Abstract. One of the basic challenges to adopting science-based irrigation scheduling is providing reliable, site-specific estimates of actual crop water demand. While agro-meteorology networks cover most agricultural production areas in the U.S., widely spaced stations represent regionally specific, rather than site-specific, conditions. A variety of low to moderate cost commercial weather stations are available but do not provide directly useful information, such as actual evapotranspiration (ETa), or the ability to incorporate additional sensors. We demonstrate that machine learning methods can provide real-time, site-specific information about ETa and crop water demand using on-farm sensors and public weather information. Two years of field experiments were conducted at four irrigated field sites with crops including snap beans, alfalfa, and pasture. On-farm data were compared to publicly available data originating at nearby agro-meteorology network stations. The machine learning procedure can robustly estimate ETa using data from a few basic sensors, but the resulting estimate is sensitive to the range of conditions that are used as training data. The results demonstrate that machine learning can be used with affordable sensors and publicly available data to improve local estimates of crop water demand when high-quality measurements can be co-located for short periods of time. Supplementary sensors can also be integrated into a tailored monitoring plan to estimate crop stress and other operational considerations. Keywords: Agro-meteorology, Irrigation requirement, Machine learning, Site-specific Irrigation.
22
Lamei, A., P. van der Zaag, and E. Imam. "Integrating wastewater reuse in water resources management for hotels in arid coastal regions - Case Study of Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 9 (2009): 2235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.685.
Full textAbstract:
Hotels in arid coastal areas use mainly desalinated water (using reverse osmosis) for their domestic water supply, and treated wastewater for irrigating green areas. Private water companies supply these hotels with their potable and non-potable water needs. There is normally a contractual agreement stating a minimum amount of water that has to be supplied by the water company and that the hotel management has to pay for regardless of its actual consumption (“contracted-for water supply”). Hotels have to carefully analyse their water requirements in order to determine which percentage of the hotel's peak water demand should be used in the contract in order to reduce water costs and avoid the risk of water shortage. This paper describes a model to optimise the contracted-for irrigation water supply with the objective function to minimise total water cost to hotels. It analyses what the contracted-for irrigation water supply of a given hotel should be, based on the size of the green irrigated area on one hand and the unit prices of the different types of water on the other hand. An example from an arid coastal tourism-dominated city is presented: Sharm El Sheikh (Sharm), Egypt. This paper presents costs of wastewater treatment using waste stabilisation ponds, which is the prevailing treatment mechanism in the case study area for centralised plants, as well as aerobic/anaerobic treatment used for decentralised wastewater treatment plants in the case study area. There is only one centralised wastewater treatment plant available in the city exerting monopoly and selling treated wastewater to hotels at a much higher price than the actual cost that a hotel would bear if it treated its own wastewater. Contracting for full peak irrigation demand is the highest total cost option. Contracting for a portion of the peak irrigation demand and complementing the rest from desalination water is a cheaper option. A better option still is to complement the excess irrigation demand from the company that treats and sells wastewater, if available or from another wastewater treatment company at a higher cost (but at a cost cheaper than that of desalination water) mainly due to the high demand season and the additional cost of trucking. In some cases, however, like in Sharm, the amount of treated wastewater is limited and variable during the year and some hotels have no choice but to partially use desalination water for irrigation. A conscious strategy for water management should rely solely on treated wastewater on-site. This can be achieved by: increasing the efficiency of the irrigation system, reducing the area of high-water consuming plantation (e.g. turf grass) and/or shifting to drought resistant plants including less water-consuming or salt tolerant turf grass.
23
Salman, M., and W. Mualla. "Water demand management in Syria: centralized and decentralized views." Water Policy 10, no. 6 (2008): 549–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2008.065.
Full textAbstract:
The countries of the Middle East are characterized by large temporal and spatial variations in precipitation and with limited surface and groundwater resources. The rapid growth and development in the region have led to mounting pressures on scarce resources to satisfy water demands. The dwindling availability of water to meet development needs has become a significant regional issue, especially as a number of countries are facing serious water deficit. Syria is becoming progressively shorter of water as future demand is coming close to or even surpassing available resources. Syria had a population of 18 million in 2002, and its total renewable water resources (TRWR) is estimated around 16 × 109 m3 per year. In other words, the per capita TRWR is less than the water scarcity index (1,000 m3 per person per year) which will make the country experience chronic stress that will hinder its economic development and entail serious degradation. Unfortunately, if water demand at current prices continues to increase in the same way, Syria will experience an alarming deficit between the available resources and the potential needs in the near future. In Syria, until fairly recently, emphasis has been placed on the supply side of water development. Demand management and improvement of patterns of water use has received less attention. The aim was always to augment the national water budget with new water. The most popular way of achieving this aim was to control surface flows by building new dams and creating multi-purpose reservoirs (there are now around 160 dams in Syria with a total capacity of 14 × 109 m3). Irrigation schemes were also built and agricultural activities were expanded greatly to achieve self-sufficiency in essential food products and food security. However, this is no longer achievable with the limited water resources available; water demand is rapidly increasing and easily mobilizable resources have already been exploited. The objective of this paper is to think of different possible ways to manage water demand in the agricultural sector of Syria. It mainly involves two main management options: taxation as a centralized option and water markets as a decentralized one. While water demand management refers to improving both productive and allocative efficiency of water use, this paper focuses on two allocative measures (taxation and water markets) and does not thoroughly cover productive measures such as rehabilitation and upgrading of irrigation schemes or improving operation. However, the paper does not attempt to settle the question for or against each option but tries to find some elements to determine under which conditions the option can lead to expected outcomes taking into account the history of management and the local conditions in Syria: political, social and economical. The paper also looks at other alternatives such as cooperative action and lifting subsidies and argues their possible association to the main management options that may help in reducing the difficulties of implementation.
24
Devi, Chandam Victoria. "Participatory Management of Irrigation System in North Eastern Region of India." International Journal of Rural Management 14, no. 1 (2018): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973005218765552.
Full textAbstract:
The demand of water by various competing sectors, such as industry, power, drinking and irrigation, is increasing while the supply of available fresh water remains the same. This calls for efficient use of water in all sectors especially irrigation, which consumes the highest amount of water in India. Due to recurrence of drought and flood India suffered from famine, so after the Independence the government has rigorously pursued the construction of irrigation dams to increase agricultural production and meet the increasing demand of food. Construction of dams was given priority than management of irrigation projects. But due to a large gap between irrigation potential created and irrigation potential utilized, there was a paradigm shift in the irrigation sector. As a result, the concept of participatory irrigation management (PIM) was widely spread through seminars, National Water Policies and specific irrigation Command Area Development (CAD) programme. The first National Water Policy in 1987 and the subsequent policies had provisions for involvement of farmers in irrigation management for efficient use of irrigation water. Many states in India implemented PIM Act under the policy. It also applies to the northeastern region (NE region) of India. This region has a traditional irrigation system such as bamboo drip irrigation in Meghalaya, water conservation among the Apatanis of Arunachal Pradesh, zabo system of Nagaland and dong irrigation among the Bodos of Assam which are traditionally managed by the farmers. This article examines the farmers’ participation in irrigation management in the NE region. It attempts to highlight the changes of PIM policies, involvement of farmers or the Water Users’ Associations (WUAs) in irrigation management, constraints and suggest ways to strengthen them for efficient use of irrigation water in the NE region of India.
25
Li, Xiaoshuang, Chunlian Zheng, Caiyun Cao, Junyong Ma, Kejiang Li, and Hongkai Dang. "The effects of water-fertilizer integration on productivity of winter wheat and water-fertilizer utilizing efficiency under irrigation based on testing soil moisture." E3S Web of Conferences 144 (2020): 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202014401007.
Full textAbstract:
In order to explore efficient technic of water-fertilizer irrigation of wheat and provide theoretical support for wheat farming, this research investigate the effects of micro sprinkling irrigation with 180 cm width on distribution of moisture and nutrient in soil, water and fertilizer consumption, and grain yield of winter wheat. Field test was carried out during growth season of wheat, Water-saving wheat variety “Heng4399” was used as test material. Four times of irrigation were implemented in Spring. Combining with soil moisture criterion during reproduction period, soil moisture was tested before each time of irrigation, and the sprinkling irrigation was initiated if drought appeared. The bands of sprinkler were set in between, and parallel to lines of wheat, with irrigation width of 1.8m, covering 6 lines of wheat (L1-L6) on each side of band. The experiment showed that wheat production reached to 7844.9-8194.8 kg/hm2, with no significant difference among the lines of wheat. The maximum accumulation of N and P2O5 appeared during maturity and reached to 260.25-295.95 kg/hm2 and 109.89-139.61 kg/hm2, respectively. The maximum accumulation of K2O was 251.35-297.29 kg/hm2 during anthesis stage. The difference of K2O accumulation among wheat lines was significant. The distribution of nutrients in each organ of wheat was irregular. These results suggested that the width of sprinkling irrigation had no significant effect on nutrient assimilation and productivity of wheat. Soil moisture was positively correlated to rapidly available phosphorus content before anthesis and alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen content in each layer of soil, and was negatively correlated to rapidly available potassium in late seed filling stage. Based on the results, we suggest that applying nitrogen fertilizer multiple times at different stages. Phosphorus fertilizer can be implemented at early reproduction stage based on nutrient demand of wheat. All potassium fertilizer is recommended to be applied as base manure.
26
Neverre, Noémie, and Patrice Dumas. "Projecting Basin-Scale Distributed Irrigation and Domestic Water Demands and Values: A Generic Method for Large-Scale Modeling." Water Economics and Policy 02, no. 04 (2016): 1650023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2382624x16500235.
Full textAbstract:
This paper presents a methodology to project irrigation and domestic water demands on a regional to global scale, in terms of both quantity and economic value. Projections are distributed at the water basin scale. Irrigation water demand is projected under climate change. It is simply computed as the difference between crop potential evapotranspiration for the different stages of the growing season and available precipitation. Irrigation water economic value is based on a yield comparison approach between rainfed and irrigated crops using average yields. For the domestic sector, we project the combined effects of demographic growth, economic development and water cost evolution on future demands. The method consists in building three-part inverse demand functions in which volume limits of the blocks evolve with the level of GDP per capita. The value of water along the demand curve is determined from price-elasticity, price and demand data from the literature, using the point-expansion method, and from water cost data. This generic methodology can be easily applied to large-scale regions, in particular developing regions where reliable data are scarce. As an illustration, it is applied to Algeria, at the 2050 horizon, for demands associated to reservoirs. Our results show that domestic demand is projected to become a major water consumption sector. The methodology is meant to be integrated into large-scale hydroeconomic models, to determine inter-sectorial and inter-temporal water allocation based on economic valuation.
27
Surendran, U., C. M. Sushanth, George Mammen, and E. J. Joseph. "Modeling the impacts of increase in temperature on irrigation water requirements in Palakkad district: a case study in humid tropical Kerala." Journal of Water and Climate Change 5, no. 3 (2014): 472–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2014.108.
Full textAbstract:
Rise in temperature is one of the predicted impacts of climate change with significant implications on water resources management. An attempt has been made to calculate the water requirement of crops in different agro-ecological zones of Palakkad district in humid tropical Kerala using the CROPWAT 8.0 model. Sensitivity analysis was done for a simulated rise in temperature from 0.5 to 3.0 °C keeping other parameters the same. The analysis showed that the total crop water requirement of all the major crops, like coconut, paddy and banana, increased with rising temperature thereby increasing the simulated irrigation water demand. The gross water demand inclusive of irrigation, domestic and industries will be 1,496 Mm3. The simulated gross water demand for an increase in temperature of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 °C will be 1,523, 1,791, 1,822 and 1,853 Mm3, respectively. The maximum utilizable water resource available in the district is only 1,579 Mm3 and better water management, focusing particularly on improving the irrigation efficiency, has to be adopted to cater for the demands of the user sectors under changing climate scenario. A wide spectrum of climate change scenarios is also discussed in the paper along with guidelines for the future management of water resources.
28
Kurnia Hidayat, Asep, R. R. El Akbar, and A. S. Kosnayani. "Initial Dynamic System Design for Optimization of Gravity Irrigation Water Management (Open Gravitation Irrigation)." APTIKOM Journal on Computer Science and Information Technologies 4, no. 2 (2019): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/aptikom.j.csit.32.
Full textAbstract:
The available water condition is smaller than the need of irrigation water of agricultural land that is needed is an expression of conflict in the field. To overcome this is by the regulation of several parameters, including the regulation of planting schedule and reduction of land area. The model of irrigation system used is based on the optimum area regulation of cultivable land. Parameters used to overcome this problem are planting schedule, land failure risk and k factor. The k factor is the ratio of water availability to the water requirement. The output of this system is optimal net benefit based on alternative land area of irrigation. The result of the formula will show the optimal amount of land that produces the optimal net benefit based on certain cropping schedule and certain effective rainfall. The system will also demonstrate that optimization will be achieved if there is a water balance between the availability and demand for irrigation water. The system referred to in this study is a dynamic system. The purpose of this research is to make early design of dynamic system to optimize agricultural irrigation system. The results obtained in this research form the formation of feedback loops and interaction between loops with each other on irrigation systems of agricultural land.
29
Seizarwati, Wulan, Heni Rengganis, Muhshonati Syahidah, and Waluyo Hatmoko. "Water Supply Scheme in Morotai Island." Journal of the Civil Engineering Forum 6, no. 1 (2020): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jcef.51516.
Full textAbstract:
Morotai Island is designated as one of the National Tourism Strategic Area, and has increased demand for pure water. It is known as a dry area where water is difficult to obtain, and therefore, it is necessary to prepare a supply scheme to meet the island's demand. Hence, this study aims to obtain supply protocol from various available sources, in order to meet all water demands, especially for tourism sector development. The several methods used in this research include demand calculation for domestic, industry, irrigation, livestock, and tourism; rainfall-runoff simulation using Wflow model and estimation of groundwater availability using the baseflow recession method. Furthermore, surface balance shows the water availability in each sub-districts is not able to meet the demands. To overcome this problem, a supply scheme has been prepared, e.g. surface water utilization by constructing free intake in North Morotai, groundwater use by constructing dug and drilled wells in many locations, especially coastal areas, spring water utilization by creating a collection system (broncaptering) in Jaya, East and South Morotai. Furthermore, small islands can utilize springs and shallow dug wells, to prevent seawater intrusion from affecting the quality. The scheme suggests an appropriate infrastructural support to supply local communities, as well as develop the Island to be the new primary tourism center in Indonesia.
30
Nwazor, Nkolika O., Peter E. Odiushovwi, and Lukman Onalaja. "Design of an Automatic Irrigation System." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 4, no. 3 (2019): 97–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.3.1190.
Full textAbstract:
Over the years, a lot of irrigation systems have been developed to aid crop farming but most of them are manually operated. The few automatic irrigation systems available in the country are very expensive and therefore not easily available to the peasant farmers. The need for improved non-seasonal crop farming gave rise to this research work on a low cost irrigation system made from locally sourced components. The system designed in this work makes use of a locally made soil humidity sensor to check the water level in the soil. If the water level is below the required level, the irrigation system is turned on by sending a signal to the relay connected to the pump which opens the valve to let water out. Once the required humidity is obtained, it is turned off through a similar mechanism. The control also has six buttons for time-based control of irrigation for crops that demand irrigation at specific times of the day. With a system like this, non-seasonal farming is ensured thus increasing food supply and reducing hunger.
31
Zhang, Liudong, Ping Guo, Shiqi Fang, and Mo Li. "Monthly Optimal Reservoirs Operation for Multicrop Deficit Irrigation under Fuzzy Stochastic Uncertainties." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/105391.
Full textAbstract:
An uncertain monthly reservoirs operation and multicrop deficit irrigation model was proposed under conjunctive use of underground and surface water for water resources optimization management. The objective is to maximize the total crop yield of the entire irrigation districts. Meanwhile, ecological water remained for the downstream demand. Because of the shortage of water resources, the monthly crop water production function was adopted for multiperiod deficit irrigation management. The model reflects the characteristics of water resources repetitive transformation in typical inland rivers irrigation system. The model was used as an example for water resources optimization management in Shiyang River Basin, China. Uncertainties in reservoir management shown as fuzzy probability were treated through chance-constraint parameter for decision makers. Necessity of dominance(ND)was used to analyse the advantages of the method. The optimization results including reservoirs real-time operation policy, deficit irrigation management, and the available water resource allocation could be used to provide decision support for local irrigation management. Besides, the strategies obtained could help with the risk analysis of reservoirs operation stochastically.
32
Ismail, Habibu, Md Rowshon Kamal, Ahmad Fikri b. Abdullah, Deepak Tirumishi Jada, and Lai Sai Hin. "Modeling Future Streamflow for Adaptive Water Allocation under Climate Change for the Tanjung Karang Rice Irrigation Scheme Malaysia." Applied Sciences 10, no. 14 (2020): 4885. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10144885.
Full textAbstract:
Spatial and temporal climatic variability influence on the productivity of agricultural watershed and irrigation systems. In a large irrigation system, the quantification and regulation of the flow at different locations of the channel is quite difficult manually, leading to a poor delivery of supply and demand. Water shortage is a crucial issue due to mismatch between available water and demand at intake point of Tanjung-Karang Irrigation Scheme. This study assessed the potential impacts of climate change on basin outflow for 2010–2039, 2040–2069, and 2070–2099 to the baseline period (1976–2005) and used it as input hydrograph to simulate river discharge. A Hydrologic Engineering Corps Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) model driven by projections from ten global climate models (GCMs) with three scenarios (Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) 4.5, 6.0, and 8.5) used to simulate the outflow and the Hydrologic Engineering Centers River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) model applied for hydraulic modeling. The projected seasonal streamflow showed a decreasing trend for future periods. The average available irrigation supply for historical period is 15.97 m3/s, which would decrease by 12%, 18%, and 21% under RCPs 4.5, 6.0, and 8.5, respectively. Projected irrigation supply showed oversupply and undersupply to the required supply during the growing season. Simulated discharge could therefore be incorporated into cropping practices to boost the sustainable distribution of water under the new realities of climate change in the future.
33
Han, Bangshuai, Shawn G. Benner, John P. Bolte, Kellie B. Vache, and Alejandro N. Flores. "Coupling biophysical processes and water rights to simulate spatially distributed water use in an intensively managed hydrologic system." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 21, no. 7 (2017): 3671–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3671-2017.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Humans have significantly altered the redistribution of water in intensively managed hydrologic systems, shifting the spatiotemporal patterns of surface water. Evaluating water availability requires integration of hydrologic processes and associated human influences. In this study, we summarize the development and evaluation of an extensible hydrologic model that explicitly integrates water rights to spatially distribute irrigation waters in a semi-arid agricultural region in the western US, using the Envision integrated modeling platform. The model captures both human and biophysical systems, particularly the diversion of water from the Boise River, which is the main water source that supports irrigated agriculture in this region. In agricultural areas, water demand is estimated as a function of crop type and local environmental conditions. Surface water to meet crop demand is diverted from the stream reaches, constrained by the amount of water available in the stream, the water-rights-appropriated amount, and the priority dates associated with particular places of use. Results, measured by flow rates at gaged stream and canal locations within the study area, suggest that the impacts of irrigation activities on the magnitude and timing of flows through this intensively managed system are well captured. The multi-year averaged diverted water from the Boise River matches observations well, reflecting the appropriation of water according to the water rights database. Because of the spatially explicit implementation of surface water diversion, the model can help diagnose places and times where water resources are likely insufficient to meet agricultural water demands, and inform future water management decisions.
34
Sumanasena, H. A., D. J. Horne, P. D. Kemp, and D. R. Scotter. "Effects of irrigation frequency on ryegrass and white clover growth. 1. Experimental results." Soil Research 49, no. 4 (2011): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr10217.
Full textAbstract:
The rising demand for the finite amount of water available for pasture irrigation in New Zealand means increasing interest in irrigation efficiency. The effects of frequency of sprinkler irrigation of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and white clover (Trifolium repens) were investigated near Palmerston North on Manawatu fine sandy loam (Dystric Fluventric Eutrochrept), using replicated plots of 1.5 m2. As values range from 12 to 90 mm for the reported soil water deficit at which stress first reduces pasture growth, with the most common values between 20 and 60 mm, deficits of 20 mm (involving irrigation about every 5 days if no rain fell), 40 mm, and 60 mm were chosen to trigger irrigation. There were replicated plots with and without superphosphate treatments for each irrigation and species treatment, as an interaction between fertility and the optimal trigger deficit was considered possible, and such interactions have rarely been investigated. There were also four non-irrigated plots. Yield was measured and soil water content monitored. Irrigating at a soil water deficit of 20 mm (meaning readily available water was always present in the top 150 mm of soil) rather than 60 mm resulted in significantly more ryegrass and white clover production over the irrigation season. This was particularly so when superphosphate was applied to the ryegrass.
35
Gelcer, Eduardo, Clyde Fraisse, Lincoln Zotarelli, et al. "A Smart Irrigation Tool to Determine the Effects of ENSO on Water Requirements for Tomato Production in Mozambique." Water 10, no. 12 (2018): 1820. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10121820.
Full textAbstract:
Irrigation scheduling is used by growers to determine the right amount and timing of water application. In most parts of Mozambique, 90% of the total yearly precipitation occurs from November to March. The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon influences the climate in Mozambique and affects the water demand for crop production. The objectives of this work were to quantify the effects of ENSO phenomenon on tomato crop water requirements, and to create the AgroClimate irrigation tool (http://mz.agroclimate.org/) to assist farmers in improving irrigation management. This study was based on daily grid-based climate information from 1983 to 2016 from the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis. Daily crop evapotranspiration was calculated by Hargreaves equation and crop coefficients. This tool is available online and considers different planting dates, ENSO phases, and crop growing season lengths. Irrigation needs varied from less than 250 mm per growing cycle during winter to 550 mm during spring. Both El Niño and La Niña influenced the irrigation scheduling, especially from November to March. El Niño periods were related to increased water demand due to drier and warmer conditions, while the opposite was observed for La Niña. The ENSO information might be used to understand climate variability and improve tomato irrigation scheduling in Mozambique.
36
Mishra, Yogendra, Mukand Singh Babel, Tai Nakamura, and Bhogendra Mishra. "Impacts of Climate Change on Irrigation Water Management in the Babai River Basin, Nepal." Hydrology 8, no. 2 (2021): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology8020085.
Full textAbstract:
The diminishing spring discharge in the Middle Mountain Zone (MMZ) in Nepal is a matter of concern because it directly affects the livelihoods of low-income farmers in the region. Therefore, understanding the impacts of changes in climate and land-use patterns on water demand and availability is crucial. We investigated the impact of climate change on streamflow and environmental flow, and the demand for spring-fed river water for irrigation using the limited meteorological data available for the Babai River Basin, Nepal. SWAT and CROPWAT8.0 were used to respectively calculate present and future streamflow and irrigation water demand. Three general circulation models under two representative concentration pathways (RCPs 4.5 and 8.5) for the periods of 2020–2044, 2045–2069, and 2070–2099 were used to investigate the impact of climate change. Results indicate that the catchment is likely to experience an increase in rainfall and temperature in the future. The impact of the increment in rainfall and rise in temperature are replicated in the annual river flow that is anticipated to increase by 24–37%, to the historical data of 1991–2014. Despite this increase, projections show that the Babai River Basin will remain a water deficit basin from January to May in future decades.
37
Fanuel, Ibrahim Mwita, Allen Mushi, and Damian Kajunguri. "Irrigation water allocation optimization using multi-objective evolutionary algorithm (MOEA) − a review." International Journal for Simulation and Multidisciplinary Design Optimization 9 (2018): A3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/smdo/2018001.
Full textAbstract:
This paper analyzes more than 40 papers with a restricted area of application of Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm, Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II and Multi-Objective Differential Evolution (MODE) to solve the multi-objective problem in agricultural water management. The paper focused on different application aspects which include water allocation, irrigation planning, crop pattern and allocation of available land. The performance and results of these techniques are discussed. The review finds that there is a potential to use MODE to analyzed the multi-objective problem, the application is more significance due to its advantage of being simple and powerful technique than any Evolutionary Algorithm. The paper concludes with the hopeful new trend of research that demand effective use of MODE; inclusion of benefits derived from farm byproducts and production costs into the model.
38
Gao, Fei, Gary Feng, Ying Ouyang, Johnie Jenkins, and Changming Liu. "Simulating Potential Weekly Stream and Pond Water Available for Irrigation in the Big Sunflower River Watershed of Mississippi Delta." Water 11, no. 6 (2019): 1271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11061271.
Full textAbstract:
Groundwater storage and level have declined rapidly in the Big Sunflower River Watershed (BSRW) of Mississippi Delta in recent years. Farmers in this region are beginning to save groundwater resources by increasing surface water usage for agricultural irrigation. In this study, we estimated the weekly amount of surface water available in ponds and streams, determined if the weekly surface water resources are sufficient for major crop irrigation demand, and assessed how much surface water can replace groundwater for agriculture irrigation in the BSRW. The SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model was employed to simulate the weekly water resources for 23 sub-basins from the BSRW. Results showed that weekly stream water resources (SWR), stream evaporation (SE) and water loss from the channel via transmission through the side and bottom of the channel (stream transmission, referred as ST) for BSRW during the growing seasons ranged from 20.4 to 29.4 mm, 7.4 to 14.4 mm, 1.6 to 4.5 mm and 1.1 to 1.6 mm, while pond water resources (PWR) and pond evaporation (PE) ranged from 1.9 to 2.1 mm and 0.3 to 0.5 mm. The value of SWR − (ST + SE) and PWR − PE were positive in all sub-basins, indicating that there are net surface water resources available in this region. The percentages of total groundwater usage for irrigation that could be replaced by surface water in each sub-basin every week of each month from May to September ranged from 10% to 87%. Our studies suggested that the conjunctive use of surface and groundwater for agriculture irrigation is a feasible method for groundwater sustainable management in the Mississippi Delta.
39
Zhao, Mengqi, Jan Boll, Jennifer C. Adam, and Allyson Beall King. "Can Managed Aquifer Recharge Overcome Multiple Droughts?" Water 13, no. 16 (2021): 2278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13162278.
Full textAbstract:
Frequent droughts, seasonal precipitation, and growing agricultural water demand in the Yakima River Basin (YRB), located in Washington State, increase the challenges of optimizing water provision for agricultural producers. Increasing water storage through managed aquifer recharge (MAR) can potentially relief water stress from single and multi-year droughts. In this study, we developed an aggregated water resources management tool using a System Dynamics (SD) framework for the YRB and evaluated the MAR implementation strategy and the effectiveness of MAR in alleviating drought impacts on irrigation reliability. The SD model allocates available water resources to meet instream target flows, hydropower demands, and irrigation demand, based on system operation rules, irrigation scheduling, water rights, and MAR adoption. Our findings suggest that the adopted infiltration area for MAR is one of the main factors that determines the amount of water withdrawn and infiltrated to the groundwater system. The implementation time frame is also critical in accumulating MAR entitlements for single-year and multi-year droughts mitigation. In addition, adoption behaviors drive a positive feedback that MAR effectiveness on drought mitigation will encourage more MAR adoptions in the long run. MAR serves as a promising option for water storage management and a long-term strategy for MAR implementation can improve system resilience to unexpected droughts.
40
Huang, X., J. You, P. Yang, and X. Chai. "Development of Chengdu and sustainable utilization of the ancient Dujiangyan Water-Conservancy Project." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 368 (May 7, 2015): 356–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-368-356-2015.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. The Dujiangyan Water-Conservancy Project is a great water irrigation works in Chinese cultural history, which led the Min River water to the vast Chengdu Plain, and created fertile and pretty "land of abundance". Now Chengdu is facing increased water demand stress due mainly to rapid urbanization. This paper first analyses the available water resources of Chengdu based on historical hydrological data from 1964 to 2008. The results show that the average annual water resources were 8.9 billion m3 in 1986 and 7.9 billion m3 in 2008 under various environmental conditions. The future tendency of water demand in city development planning is predicted by the Policy Dialogue Model (PODIUM). Finally, the strategies for water resources exploitation accompanying the sustainable development pattern are studied. The result illustrates that rational and careful management are required to balance the gap between water supply and demand
41
Reinhart, Benjamin D., Jane R. Frankenberger, Christopher H. Hay, Laura C. Bowling, and Benjamin G. Hancock. "Development and Sensitivity Analysis of an Online Tool for Evaluating Drainage Water Recycling Decisions." Transactions of the ASABE 63, no. 6 (2020): 1991–2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13900.
Full textAbstract:
HighlightsA modeling framework for drainage water recycling (DWR) was developed to estimate irrigation and water quality benefits.Global sensitivity analysis was used to identify most and least influential input parameters affecting model outputs.Parameters controlling total available water had the most influence on applied irrigation and captured tile drain flow.The modeling framework and sensitivity results were used to develop an open-source, online tool for evaluating DWR.Abstract. The U.S. Midwest is experiencing growth in both irrigation and subsurface (tile) drainage. Capturing, storing, and reusing tile drain water, a practice called drainage water recycling (DWR), represents a strategy for supporting supplemental irrigation while also reducing nutrient loads in tile-drained landscapes. This article describes the development and testing of an open-source online tool, Evaluating Drainage Water Recycling Decisions (EDWRD), which integrates soil and reservoir water balances for a tile-drained field and estimates potential benefits of DWR systems across multiple reservoir sizes. Irrigation benefits are quantified by applied irrigation and its relation to the irrigation demand, while water quality benefits are quantified by the amount and percentage of tile drain flow captured by the reservoir. Global sensitivity analysis identified input parameters affecting total available water as the most influential factors in estimating outputs. Initial and mid-season crop coefficients, irrigation management, and reservoir seepage rates were also influential. Curve number, fraction of wetted surface during irrigation, crop coefficients for the end of crop growth and frozen soil conditions, and the non-growing season residue amount were identified as low-sensitivity parameters. Results from the sensitivity analysis were used to prioritize and simplify user interaction with the tool. EDWRD represents the first open-source tool capable of evaluating DWR systems and can be used by multiple user groups to estimate the potential irrigation and water quality benefits of this innovative practice. Keywords: Drainage water recycling, Dual crop coefficient, Open-source model, Sensitivity analysis, Subsurface drainage, Supplemental irrigation.
42
Gedefaw, Mohammed, Hao Wang, Denghua Yan, et al. "Water Resources Allocation Systems under Irrigation Expansion and Climate Change Scenario in Awash River Basin of Ethiopia." Water 11, no. 10 (2019): 1966. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11101966.
Full textAbstract:
Rational allocation of water resources is very essential to cope with water scarcity. The optimal allocation of limited water resources is required for various purposes to achieve sustainable development. The Awash River Basin is currently faced with a scarcity of water due to increasing demands, urbanization, irrigation expansion, and variability of climates. The excessive abstraction of water resources in the basin without proper assessing of the available water resources contributed to water scarcity. This paper aimed to develop a water evaluation and planning (WEAP) model to allocate the water supplies to demanding sectors based on an economic parameter to maximize the economic benefits. The water demands, water shortages, and supply alternatives were analyzed under different scenarios. Three scenarios were developed, namely reference (1981–2016), medium-term development (2017–2030), and long-term development (2031–2050) future scenarios with the baseline period (1980). The results of this study showed that the total quantity of water needed to meet the irrigation demands of all the stations was 306.96 MCM from 1980 to 2016. Seasonally, March, April, May, and June require the maximum irrigation water demand. However, July, August, and September require minimum demand for water because of the rainy season. The seasonal unmet demand is observed in all months, which ranged from 6 × 106 m3 to 35.9 × 106 m3 in August and May respectively. The trend of streamflow in Melka Kuntre was a statistically significant increasing trend after 2008 (Z = 5.33) whereas the trends in other gauge stations showed a relatively decreasing trend. The results also showed that future water consumption would greatly increase in the Awash River Basin. The prevention of future water shortages requires the implementation of water-saving measures and the use of new water supply technologies. The findings of this study will serve as a reference for water resources managers and policy and decision makers.
43
Alromeed, Alaa Aldin, Roberta Rossi, Gianfranco Bitella, Rocco Bochicchio, and Mariana Amato. "Irrigation scenarios for artichokes and dry bean as a result of soil variability on the basis of resistivity mapping in southwest Italy." Italian Journal of Agronomy 10, no. 3 (2015): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ija.2015.631.
Full textAbstract:
This work aims at comparing irrigation strategies on the basis of deficit irrigation and soil spatial variability assessed through electrical resistivity mapping (ERM) conducted by an automatic resistivity profiler on-the-go sensor. Profiles chosen along a range of soil electrical resistivity showed different soil properties linked to water holding capacity within a field, with total available water (TAW) values of the coarser-textured zone corresponding to about 50% of TAW in the finertextured zone within the field. Multi-year weather data were obtained on a daily basis and scenarios were developed for climatic demand conditions representing dry average and wet years. The ISAREG water balance and irrigation scheduling model was afterwards applied to the different soil profiles and with different strategies for full and deficit irrigation, to compute water and irrigation requirements as well as related yield impacts of deficit irrigation for artichokes and dry beans. Deficit irrigation allowed calculated water savings up to about 50% for the winter crop and 33% for the summer crop with yield losses lower than 10%. Irrigation requirements within irrigation strategy were 10 to 44% different between profiles, and this indicates that soil visualization techniques such as ERM can be used for the identification of zones for site-specific irrigation management.
44
Sumaryanto, NFN. "Peningkatan Efisiensi Penggunaan Air Irigasi Melalui Penerapan Iuran Irigasi Berbasis Nilai Ekonomi Air Irigasi." Forum penelitian Agro Ekonomi 24, no. 2 (2016): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/fae.v24n2.2006.77-91.
Full textAbstract:
<strong>English</strong><br />Demand for irrigation water will increase in line with toting up cultivation area of rice required in the future. On the other hand, water quantity should be allocated to fulfil water demand of non-agricultural sectors which are also steadily increased. It implies that water available for irrigation will be scarcer, and therefore, utilization of irrigation water resource should be carried out in a more efficient way. It might be feasible to apply economic value of the irrigation water as a basis of water pricing. As an economic incentive, this approach could meet water charges paid by the farmers and the quantity of water used and the marjinal value product of the irrigation water. Aggregation of crops and its cultivation periods in the form of smaller groups will simplify its field applications.<br /><br /><br /><strong>Indonesian</strong><br />Di masa mendatang permintaan air irigasi akan terus meningkat seiring dengan pertambahan luas tanam padi yang diperlukan. Di sisi lain, volume air yang harus dialokasikan untuk memenuhi permintaan dari sektor non pertanian semakin meningkat pula. Implikasinya, pasokan air irigasi semakin langka. Oleh karena itu peningkatan efisiensi penggunaan air irigasi harus dilakukan. Penciptaan insentif ekonomi melalui penentuan besaran iuran irigasi berbasis nilai ekonomi air irigasi merupakan pendekatan yang layak ditempuh. Dengan pendekatan ini, nilai iuran irigasi yang dibebankan kepada petani sebanding dengan volume air yang digunakan dan nilai produk marjinal air irigasi. Penerapannya di lapangan dapat disederhanakan dengan melakukan pengelompokan komoditas usahatani dan jadwal pengusahaannya.
45
Ravazzani, Giovanni, Chiara Corbari, Alessandro Ceppi, et al. "From (cyber)space to ground: new technologies for smart farming." Hydrology Research 48, no. 3 (2016): 656–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2016.112.
Full textAbstract:
Increased water demand and climate change impacts have recently enhanced the need to improve water resources management, even in those areas which traditionally have an abundant supply of water, such as the Po Valley in northern Italy. The highest consumption of water is devoted to irrigation for agricultural production, and so it is in this area that efforts have to be focused to study possible interventions. Meeting and optimizing the consumption of water for irrigation also means making more resources available for drinking water and industrial use, and maintaining an optimal state of the environment. In this study we show the effectiveness of the combined use of numerical weather predictions and hydrological modelling to forecast soil moisture and crop water requirement in order to optimize irrigation scheduling. This system combines state of the art mathematical models and new technologies for environmental monitoring, merging ground observed data with Earth observations from space and unconventional information from the cyberspace through crowdsourcing.
46
Chacón, Miguel Crespo, Juan Antonio Rodríguez-Díaz, Jorge García Morillo, John Gallagher, Paul Coughlan, and Aonghus McNabola. "Potential Energy Recovery Using Micro-Hydropower Technology in Irrigation Networks: Real-World Case Studies in the South of Spain." Proceedings 2, no. 11 (2018): 679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2110679.
Full textAbstract:
The agricultural sector is one of the most significant users of water resources worldwide. Irrigation infrastructure has been modernized in recent years in many regions dedicated to agriculture, transitioning from traditional open channels to more efficient on-demand pressurized irrigation networks. Despite improvements in water efficiency, the modernization of these networks has led to increased energy demands of the irrigation sector. Several negative consequences have been linked to additional energy requirements of pressurized networks, such as the rising cost of irrigation water. Other consequence linked has been the excess pressure in certain locations that could be used to recover energy from these networks. This paper studies the excess pressure in pressurized irrigation networks and the conversion of this excess to usable energy by means of small-scale hydropower turbines. Twelve irrigation networks located in the South of Spain have been modelled, quantifying the excess pressure available for power generation. Over 1 GWh per annum has been estimated that could be recovered.
47
Siam, Lubna, Issam A. Al-Khatib, Fathi Anayah, et al. "Developing a Strategy to Recover Condensate Water from Air Conditioners in Palestine." Water 11, no. 8 (2019): 1696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11081696.
Full textAbstract:
As the need for water is increasing in Palestine, and the available water resources are barely sufficient to meet the demands of the current quality of life and the economy, air conditioner condensate water could be explored as an alternative water source. The objective of this study is to better understand the potential for recovery of condensate water from air conditioning systems in two Palestinian cities. In addition, this study aims to evaluate this water source in terms of quality and quantity. Generally, it was found that the condensate water has good quality, which conforms to the Palestinian standards for reused water for irrigation, except for turbidity, biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) measurements. Reflecting the heavy metal occurrence in the collected condensate water, no particular risk was recognized for drinking water or reused irrigation standards, except for manganese occurrence of 0.19 mg/L in one sample. From a single unit capacity, high quantities of water were observed of approximately 259 L and 453 L per month in Ramallah and Jericho cities, respectively. These figures should draw the attention of decision and policy makers to put in place strict technical guidelines to be followed for potential reuse of condensate water at the local level.
48
Bhusal, Jivan, and Prakash Gyawali. "Water quality of springs in Badigad Catchment, Western Nepal." Bulletin of the Department of Geology 18 (January 23, 2017): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bdg.v18i0.16458.
Full textAbstract:
Population growth and intense agricultural activities in Nepal has caused substantial increase in demand for fresh water. As there is limited access to surface water in most parts of the country, groundwater and springs are the principal water sources for irrigation and drinking purposes in the Terai and hilly region, respectively. The present study carries out the water quality analysis of 30 spring samples in the Badigad Catchment from Gulmi and Baglung Districts. The study was made to analyse suitability of spring waters of the Badigad Catchment for irrigation and drinking purposes. The physiochemical parameters were analysed using standard methods in the site and laboratory. Average value for pH of the sample was 7.8 with conductivity value ranging from 630 to 1500 micro Siemens/cm. The bicarbonate alkalinity ranges from 140 to 350 mg/L, indicating a medium salinity hazard in the catchment. The water in the catchment was found to be moderately hard with an average of 75mg/L CaCO3 hardness. Nitrate, sulphate, ammonia, chloride, fluoride and sodium absorption ratio were found to be <0.1mg/L, <1mg/L, <1.5mg/L, 3mg/L, 1mg/L and <2, respectively in all samples. Iron content in the water was also below the permissible limits in some samples and not available in some samples. Thus, the spring water in Badigad Catchment is suitable for drinking and irrigation purposes.Bulletin of the Department of Geology, Vol. 18, 2015, pp. 67-74
49
Wada, Y., L. P. H. van Beek, and M. F. P. Bierkens. "Modelling global water stress of the recent past: on the relative importance of trends in water demand and climate variability." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 15, no. 12 (2011): 3785–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-3785-2011.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. During the past decades, human water use has more than doubled, yet available freshwater resources are finite. As a result, water scarcity has been prevalent in various regions of the world. Here, we present the first global assessment of past development of water stress considering not only climate variability but also growing water demand, desalinated water use and non-renewable groundwater abstraction over the period 1960–2001 at a spatial resolution of 0.5°. Agricultural water demand is estimated based on past extents of irrigated areas and livestock densities. We approximate past economic development based on GDP, energy and household consumption and electricity production, which are subsequently used together with population numbers to estimate industrial and domestic water demand. Climate variability is expressed by simulated blue water availability defined by freshwater in rivers, lakes, wetlands and reservoirs by means of the global hydrological model PCR-GLOBWB. We thus define blue water stress by comparing blue water availability with corresponding net total blue water demand by means of the commonly used, Water Scarcity Index. The results show a drastic increase in the global population living under water-stressed conditions (i.e. moderate to high water stress) due to growing water demand, primarily for irrigation, which has more than doubled from 1708/818 to 3708/1832 km3 yr−1 (gross/net) over the period 1960–2000. We estimate that 800 million people or 27% of the global population were living under water-stressed conditions for 1960. This number is eventually increased to 2.6 billion or 43% for 2000. Our results indicate that increased water demand is a decisive factor for heightened water stress in various regions such as India and North China, enhancing the intensity of water stress up to 200%, while climate variability is often a main determinant of extreme events. However, our results also suggest that in several emerging and developing economies (e.g. India, Turkey, Romania and Cuba) some of past extreme events were anthropogenically driven due to increased water demand rather than being climate-induced.
50
Nigussie, Getenet, Mamaru A. Moges, Michael M. Moges, and Tammo S. Steenhuis. "Assessment of Suitable Land for Surface Irrigation in Ungauged Catchments: Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia." Water 11, no. 7 (2019): 1465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11071465.
Full textAbstract:
Planning and decision making for new irrigation development projects requires the systematic assessment of irrigable land together with available water resources. The data required are usually not available in developing countries, and therefore a method was developed for quantifying surface water resources and potentially irrigable land in ungauged watersheds in the Upper Blue Nile Basin using Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model and Multi-Criterion Decision Evaluation (MCDE). The method was tested using the Lah river basin in the Jabitenan district and then applied in the whole area, including ungauged areas. In MCDE, soil type, slope, land use, and river proximity were considered. Onion, Cabbage and Tomato were grown on the identified irrigable areas. The predicted monthly stream discharge agreed well with observed values, with Nash and Sutcliffe efficiencies of 0.87 during calibration and 0.68 for validation. The SWAT model calibrated parameters from the gauged catchment were used to simulate the discharge of the ungauged catchments. The potential irrigable land was determined in Jabitenan woreda and included the Rivers like Birr, Tikurwuha, Gunagun, Leza Lah, Geray, Arara, Debolah, Guysa, and Silala, with an area of 460 km2. By evaluating gross irrigation demand of irrigable land with available flow in rivers (both observed and simulated), the actual surface irrigation potential was 47 km2. The main limitation for surface irrigation in all districts was the available water and not the land suitable for irrigation. Therefore, the study suggests that in order to irrigate a greater portion of the irrigable land, water should be stored during the monsoon rain phase for use in the last part of the dry phase.