To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Isaac Newton.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Isaac Newton'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Isaac Newton.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Oliveira, Bruno Camilo de. "A metaf?sica de Isaac Newton." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2012. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/16502.
Full textAbstract:
Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:12:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
BrunoCO_DISSERT.pdf: 1224385 bytes, checksum: e81346840baebc6b478b882c9d426669 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2012-04-13The general objective of this dissertation is to analyze the metaphysical aspects of "rational mechanics" of Isaac Newton, clarifying, by scientific and philosophical discourse, their main elements, with emphasis to the presence of one entity infinitely rational behind all the phenomena of nature, and to the Newton's insight as certain empiricist which, however, accepts deductions metaphysics; a philosopher-scientist. The specific objectives are detailed below: a) brief presentation of the development of modern science, since the Pre-Socratics, seeking to understand the historical conjecture that enabled the rise of Newtonian mechanics; b) presentation of the elements of scientific methodology and philosophical, aimed at comprehension of certain "Newtonian methodology", understanding how this specific methodology able to present empirical aspects, mathematics, philosophic and religious in communion; c) to understand, from the Newtonian concepts, both concerning man's role in the world as the "notional notions" of mass, space, time and movement, necessary for analysis and understanding of certain metaphysical aspects in the Newtonian physics; d) to present the Newtonian concepts related to the ether, to understand why it necessarily assumes metaphysics characteristics and mediation between the bodies; e) to present and understand the factors that lead the empiricist Newton to assume the religion in his mechanics, as well as, the existence and functions of God in nature, to object to the higher content of his metaphysics; f) to highlight the metaphysical elements of his classical mechanics, that confirm the presence of concepts like God Creator and Preserver of the natural laws; g) at last, to analyze the importance of Newton to the modern metaphysics and the legacy to philosophy of science at sec. XVII to science contemporary
O objetivo geral dessa disserta??o ? analisar os aspectos metaf?sicos da mec?nica racional de Isaac Newton, esclarecendo, pelo discurso cient?fico e filos?fico, os seus elementos principais, com destaque para a presen?a de uma entidade infinitamente racional por tr?s dos fen?menos de toda a natureza, e para a percep??o de Newton como certo empirista que, no entanto, aceita dedu??es metaf?sicas; um fil?sofo-cientista. Os objetivos espec?ficos podem ser assim enumerados: a) breve apresenta??o do desenvolvimento da ci?ncia moderna, desde os pr?-socr?ticos, buscando compreender os aspectos hist?ricos que possibilitaram o surgimento da mec?nica newtoniana; b) apresenta??o dos elementos da metodologia cient?fica e filos?fica, visando ? compreens?o de certa metodologia newtoniana , compreendendo como essa metodologia espec?fica consegue apresentar aspectos emp?ricos, matem?ticos, filos?ficos e religiosos; c) exposi??o, a partir dos conceitos newtonianos, do papel concernente ao homem no mundo e das no??es nocionais de massa, espa?o, tempo e movimento, necess?rios ? an?lise e compreens?o de certos aspectos metaf?sicos na f?sica de Newton; d) elucidar os conceitos newtonianos referentes ao ?ter, para entendermos por que ele assume necessariamente caracter?sticas metaf?sicas e de media??o entre os corpos; e) apresentar e compreender os fatores que levam o empirista Newton assumir a religi?o na sua mec?nica, bem como, a exist?ncia e fun??es de Deus na natureza, para objetar o conte?do maior de sua metaf?sica; f) evidenciar os elementos metaf?sicos de sua mec?nica cl?ssica, que confirmam a presen?a de conceitos como Deus Criador e Preservador das leis naturais; g) por fim, analisar a import?ncia de Newton para a metaf?sica moderna e a heran?a da filosofia da ci?ncia do s?culo XVII para a ci?ncia contempor?nea
2
Zanon, Irene <1984>. "The alchemical Apocalypse of Isaac Newton." Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/3022.
Full textAbstract:
An analysis of Newton’s main life events and works highlights how his scientific commitment has always been followed by a living interest for theology, Biblical exegesis and alchemy. Chiefly due to a late re-discovery of a great bulk of Newtonian manuscripts, scholars have been able to enquire into the true nature of these documents. Yet nothing has been said about a possible influence of alchemical knowledge over Newton’s Biblical exegesis. One of the main goals of this Ph.D. thesis of mine is to suggest some possible hypotheses about the interaction between Newton’s alchemical mind and his millenarianism. A key role in the development of my criticism will be played by the analysis of some previously unpublished manuscripts gathered in the Yahuda Collection (Jewish National and University Library of Jerusalem).
3
Anderson, Edward James. "The logic of illusion in modern optics and its apologetical implications for science and religion." Online full text .pdf document, available to Fuller patrons only, 2003. http://www.tren.com.
Full text
4
Garcia, Valdinei Gomes. "A gravitação universal na filosofia da natureza de Isaac Newton." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFPR, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1884/24235.
Full textAbstract:
Resumo: Esta pesquisa apresenta um estudo sobre o conceito de força gravitacional na filosofia da natureza de Isaac Newton. O presente texto foi elaborado a partir dos argumentos desenvolvidos por Newton para defender esse conceito em sua obra mais importante, o Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687). Será visto que, em tais argumentos, Newton restringe o conceito de força gravitacional a partir de um tratamento matemático, que ele próprio elaborou em sua obra. Por outro lado, Newton argumentava, como físico, sobre a necessidade de fornecer uma explicação adequada das leis e conceitos relacionados à experiência. Assim, o programa de Newton deve conter uma explicação de como os princípios matemáticos, dos dois primeiros livros, poderiam ser aplicados ao mundo dos fenômenos, tarefa a qual ele se edicou no Livro III do Principia Mathematica. Por último, é necessário dizer que o conceito de força gravitacional na filosofia da natureza de Newton só pode nos oferecer um resultado significativo quando analisado de um duplo ponto de vista, a saber, o da mecânica racional, isto é, sua “ciência do movimento”, e o da filosofia da natureza, isto é, do “sistema de mundo”.
5
Bachta, Abdelkader. "L'espace et le temps chez Newton et chez Kant : essai d'explication de l'idéalisme kantien à partir de Newton /." Tunis : Université de Tunis I, 1991. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb355048003.
Full text
6
Higgitt, Rebekah Frances. "The apple of their eye? : biographies of Isaac Newton, 1820-1870." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.415116.
Full text
7
Moreira, Edson Adriano 1981. "O problema de Newton : a materia essencialmente inerte versus a evidente atividade na natureza." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/281938.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Fatima Regina Rodrigues EvoraDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T17:31:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moreira_EdsonAdriano_M.pdf: 385127 bytes, checksum: c6f2cbad6b427006d20e3899b4d8b120 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009
Resumo: Essa dissertação analisa o chamado "problema de Newton", isto é, o problema de conciliar conceitualmente a inatividade essencial da matéria com a evidente atividade na natureza representada pela força de gravitação universal. Num primeiro momento, temos por objetivo examinar a gênese desse problema e, num segundo momento, os argumentos que Newton desenvolve procurando rebatê-lo
Abstract: This thesis analyses the so-called "Newton's problem", that is, the problem of conceptually conciliating the essential inactivity of matter with the evident activity in nature represented by the universal gravitation force. In a first moment, we are intended to examine the origin of this problem and, in a second moment, the arguments Newton develop in order to solve it
Mestrado
Filosofia
Mestre em Filosofia
8
Lorenz, Andreas. "Gewissheit versus Hypothese postmetaphysische Untersuchungen zur Philosophieauffassung bei Kant, Newton und Schopenhauer /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2001. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=969460813.
Full text
9
Gandt, François de. "Force et géométrie : mouvement et mathématiques chez Newton." Paris 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA010583.
Full text
10
Iliffe, Robert Charles. "The idols of the temple : Isaac Newton and the private life of anti-idolatry." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.276743.
Full text
11
Steinle, Friedrich. "Newtons Entwurf " Über die Gravitation..." : ein Stück Entwicklungsgeschichte seiner Mechanik /." Stuttgart : Franz Steiner Verlag, 1991. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37148563j.
Full text
12
Waltham, Nicholas Richard. "The development of a detector system for faint object spectroscopy on the Isaac Newton Telescope." Thesis, Durham University, 1987. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/6656/.
Full textAbstract:
The work reported in this thesis describes the development of the CCD instrumentation for the Faint Object Spectrograph on the 2.5m Isaac Newton Telescope at the Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos, more commonly known as the La Palma Observatory. The Faint Object Spectrograph is a highly efficient, fixed-format CCD spectrograph aimed at low resolution spectrophotometry (15-20 A FWHM) over a wide spectral range (400-1050 nm). Its high throughput, compared with that of more conventional spectrographs, is due to the small number of optical surfaces, and the minimum vignetting which results from, locating the CCD inside the spectrograph camera. A CCD camera system is described which was developed primarily to test and commission the Faint Object Spectrograph, but also to assess the characteristics of the GEC P8603 CCD used In the spectrograph, and optimize its performance for this application. The use of CCDs in astronomy is now commonplace but there still remains some uncertainty as to which aspects of their performance need to be most critically assessed when choosing a device for a particular application. It is argued that it is important to consider not only the obvious characteristics such as quantum efficiency, spectral coverage, readout noise and geometrical format, but also, and particularly at astronomically relevant low-light levels, the consequences of the more subtle properties such as charge transfer efficiency, threshold effects and chip defects. The CCD detector in the Faint Object Spectrograph is located inside the spectrograph camera and needs to be positioned to high accuracy within the optical path. A microprocessor system is described which enables the CCD detector to be aligned remotely from the observer's control console. Finally, the commissioning of the Faint Object Spectrograph on the Isaac Newton Telescope is described, and some of the first results obtained during commissioning are presented in order to illustrate its potential in the field of faint object spectroscopy.
13
Joalland, Michael. "Isaac Newton et le désenchantement du cosmos : de l’iconoclasme en philosophie naturelle au XVIIe siècle." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUL025.
Full textAbstract:
Isaac Newton remarqua dans la conclusion de ses fameux Principes mathématiques de la philosophie naturelle (1687) : « Les idolâtres s’imaginaient que le soleil, la lune, les astres, les âmes des hommes et toutes les autres parties du monde étaient des parties du Dieu suprême et que, par conséquent, on devait leur rendre un culte, mais c’était une erreur. » Le mathématicien observait de façon similaire en concluant son Traité d’optique : « A la vérité, si les païens n’eussent pas été aveuglés par le culte des faux dieux, ils auraient poussé leur philosophie morale bien au-delà de ce qu’ils nommaient les quatre vertus cardinales ; et au lieu d’enseigner la transmigration des âmes, le culte du soleil et de la lune, et des héros décédés, ils auraient enseigné la raison suprême pour laquelle notre souverain Bienfaiteur et véritable Auteur doit être adoré. » Une question se pose au lecteur contemporain : comment rendre compte de l’insertion de ces considérations théologiques en conclusion de deux traités de nature essentiellement mathématique ?Des éléments de réponse se trouvent dans un manuscrit inachevé de Newton intitulé « Les origines philosophiques de la théologie païenne » (Theologiæ gentilis origines philosophicæ), un traité d’histoire des religions comportant plus de 130.000 mots répartis sur quelque 200 folios. Newton y soutient notamment que la cosmologie des Anciens était de nature théologique du fait qu’elle procédait en partie de la projection sur les éléments du cosmos des âmes des ancêtres de l’humanité déifiés. C’est ainsi que Newton voit dans la catastérisation des premiers hommes l’origine de l’animisme astral, de l’astrolâtrie et de l’astrologie. A ses yeux, la chute originelle de l’homme dans l’idolâtrie aurait corrompu aussi bien la vraie religion que la connaissance de la philosophie naturelle, l’animisme propre aux cosmologies des anciens peuples orientaux formant le pendant philosophique de l’astrolâtrie païenne. Il importait dès lors de désacraliser les éléments du cosmos afin de rétablir aussi bien le culte pur que la science véritable.Après avoir identifié les sources et décrit les principes exégétiques qui sous-tendent le traité des Origines, nous examinerons l’historiographie newtonienne des origines et de la diffusion de la physico-théologie païenne, depuis la naissance du culte des astres en Egypte ancienne jusqu’aux doctrines émanationnistes enseignées par les scolastiques. Nous montrerons ensuite en quoi le système du monde proposé par Newton se présentait comme une alternative désacralisée aux conceptions cosmologiques animistes des Anciens. Nous nous interrogerons finalement sur la provenance de l’animus iconoclaste qui caractérise les écrits théologiques et philosophiques de Newton. Il s’agira de discerner les sources d’influence qui marquèrent sa formation intellectuelle et religieuse au travers de l’examen des polémiques qui divisèrent le milieu réformé au sein duquel il grandit. Il en ressortira que l’auteur des Principes entendait bien désenchanter le cosmos afin de satisfaire les exigences d’un monothéisme austère et intransigeantIsaac Newton stated in his conclusion to the Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1687) : “Idolaters imagined that the sun, moon, and stars, the souls of men, and other parts of the world were parts of the supreme God, and so were to be worshipped, but they were mistaken.” The famed mathematician correspondingly observed in the conclusion of his treatise on Opticks : “And no doubt, if the worship of false gods had not blinded the heathen, their moral philosophy would have gone farther than to the four cardinal virtues; and instead of teaching the transmigration of souls, and to worship the sun, and moon, and dead heroes, they would have taught us to worship our true Author and Benefactor.” The modern reader may ask : Why conclude two treatises that are fundamentally mathematical in nature with these theological considerations?Part of the answer lays in an uncompleted manuscript by Newton titled “The Philosophical Origins of Pagan Theology” (Theologiæ gentilis origines philosophicæ), a treatise on the history of religions comprising more than 130.000 words on about 200 folios. Newton’s claim therein is that the cosmology of the Ancients was in essence theological since it partly proceeded from the belief that the souls of the deified ancestors of mankind had been projected into elements of the cosmos. This catasterisation of early men was, in Newton’s eyes, the actual origin of stellar animism, star worship, and astrology. Thus, the original fall of man into idolatry corrupted both true religion and the right understanding of natural philosophy, as the intrinsic animism of oriental cosmologies was the philosophical counterpart of pagan astrolatry. Restoring pure worship and true science required, therefore, that elements of the cosmos be first desacralized.In this work, I will first identify the sources and characterize the exegetical principles behind the treatise on Origins. I will then examine the Newtonian historiography of the origins and dissemination of pagan physicotheology, from the beginning of star worship in ancient Egypt to the emanationist doctrines taught by Medieval schoolmen. I will then show how Newton’s own system of the world presented itself as a disenchanted alternative to the animistic cosmological beliefs of the Ancients. I will eventually trace the roots of Newtons’s iconoclastic ethos which characterizes much of his theological and philosophical writings. To this end, I will consider the sources of influence that bore upon Newton’s upbringing in relation to the religious contentions which divided the Reformed milieu he grew up in. I will eventually argue that the author of the Principia meant indeed to desacralize the cosmos to meet the demands of an austere and uncompromising monotheism
14
Danylak, Barry. "A comparison of the portrayal of the role of God by Colin MacLaurin in "An account of Sir Isaac Newton's philosophical discoveries" with that of his contemporaries." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1998. http://www.tren.com.
Full text
15
Maglo, Koffi Nossédji G. "Science et imaginaire : la tension : une lecture non bachelardienne de Newton." Dijon, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998DIJOL013.
Full textAbstract:
Peut-on épistémologiquement prétendre que concept et image se forment sur deux pôles opposés de l’activité psychique ? En guise de réfutation de cette idée bachelardienne, la Mécanique de Newton est ici soumise à une sorte d’analyse « multivariée » qui évalue le poids respectif des variables philosophique, alchimique, théologique et géométrique dans l’essor du premier modèle de la science moderne. Une rapide ouverture souligne le mode flexible de réception analytique de la théorie de la gravitation universelle et indique combien la démarche newtonienne, où concourent mathématiques et thêmata, est loin d’être singulière : par-delà la notion de champ en relativité, celle d’acausalité – un «concept-symbole » à l’image de l’attraction – rend possible la construction de variables philosophique, socio-esthétique, mathématique et expérimentale dans l’élaboration de la physique quantique. En point d’orgue vient la problématique de la « mort » de Newton – liée à l’étude de phénomènes stochastiques et irréversibles – qui met en regard les implications du « chaos alchimique » et du « chaos mathématiques » pour notre conception de la rationalité, de la créativité et de l’objectivité scientifiquesCan one argue from the standpoint of history and philosophy of science that scientific rationality and imagination are antagonistic ? To refute this conception of Bachelard, the study focuses on Newton’s Mechanics, especially on the contribution of philosophy, alchemy, theology and geometry to the development of modern physical science. Final considerations touch very briefly on the flexible analytic reception of the theory of universal gravitation and the possibility the mathematics as combined with themata does not concern Newton’s science only : beyond the concept to field in relativity, an other one, that is acausality, coined by us “concept-symbol” like that of attraction, makes it possible to account for the rise of quantum mechanics in terms of convergence of philosophical, social, aesthetic, mathematical and experimental elements. Also succinct discussion of question raised by stochasticity and irreversibility tries to compare the implications of “alcheminal chaos” and “mathematical chaos” for our conception of scientific rationality, creativity and objectivity
16
Simonsen, Kenneth. "Genèse conceptuelle et mathématisation dans la mécanique de Newton, suivi d'une comparaison avec Leibniz." Paris 7, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA070082.
Full textAbstract:
Une théorie mathématique de la physique puise ses fondements aussi bien dans les mathématiques que dans la nature. N'étant ni une discipline des mathématiques ni une théorie considérant les mathématiques comme un simple outil, elle s'appuie conjointement sur des notions physiques et sur des notions purement mathématiques. Au cœur de sa genèse se situe ainsi la question de la relation entre conceptualisation et mathématisation. En étudiant la genèse de la mécanique rationnelle de Newton entre le premier " De motu " de 1684 et les " Principia " de 1687, nous avons ainsi mis en évidence leur caractère inséparable. Nous avons montré comment les notions physiques déterminent les solutions mathématiques aux problèmes de la mécanique et comment ces solutions à leur tour influencent l'élaboration du cadre conceptuel sur lequel la mécanique newtonienne se fonde. Dans ce cadre, par une étude approfondie et détaillée des manuscrits, nous avons cherché à comprendre comment les notions fondamentales naissent et évoluent dans cette période de gestation. Tout particulièrement, la récente datation du "De gravitatione" (à 1684-85 plutôt qu'à 1662-70) nous a permis de mieux saisir la genèse conceptuelle et de mieux appréhender comment la question de la mathématisation a été traitée par Newton lui-même. Nous avons ainsi pu donner un nouvel éclairage sur la formation de la mécanique newtonienne. Nous avons également démontré que l'idée de la quantité évanouissante sur lequel les démonstrations mathématiques des " Principià " s'appuient, est directement issue d'un problème de fondement de la théorie des fluxions, résolu par Newton en 1671-72. Par là-même, nous pouvons aujourd'hui soutenir que la mathématisation de la mécanique dépend conceptuellement de la méthode des fluxions. Enfin, en étudiant ce problème conjoint de la mathématisation et de la conceptualisation chez Leibniz, nous avons pu montrer la spécificité de l'approche de NewtonA mathematical theory of physics is founded in mathematics as well as in nature. Being neither a discipline of mathematics nor a theory considering mathematics as a plain instrument, it builds jointly upon concepts of physics and of pure mathematics. Regarding its genesis, this implies a question of the relation between conceptualisation and mathematisation. In our study of the genesis of the rational mechanics of Newton between the first "De motu" (1684) and the "Principia" (1687), we show that this relation is of an inseparable kind. Thus, we look at how the concepts of physics determine mathematical solutions of mechanical problems and how these solutions again influence the elaboration of the conceptual framework on which the Newtonian mechanics is founded. In this respect and by a deepened and detailed analysis of the manuscripts, we have sought a better understanding of how the fundamental notions are born and developed during this gestation period. In particular, the recent dating attributed to “De gravitation” (1684-85 instead of 1662-70) has made it possible to better grasp the conceptual genesis and identify how the question of mathematisation was resolved by Newton himself. Thus, we provide new insight, in the development of the Newtonian mechanics. Further, we demonstrate that the idea of vanishing quantities, essential to the mathematical demonstrations in the “Principia”, is a direct consequence of a foundation problem related to the method of fluxions, resolved by Newton in 1671-72. From this, we may claim today that the mathematisation of the mechanics is conceptually depending upon this method of fluxions. Considering at last the joint problem of mathematisation and conceptualisation in Leibniz' thought, we get a better knowledge of the specificity of Newton's approach
17
Moura, Breno Arsioli. "A aceitação da óptica newtoniana no século XVIII: subsídios para discutir a Natureza da Ciência do Ensino." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/81/81131/tde-24042013-153421/.
Full textAbstract:
A compreensão da Ciência como um empreendimento dinâmico e em constante transformação tem se tornado uma das mais importantes metas da educação científica nos últimos anos. É quase senso comum que discussões sobre a Natureza da Ciência (NdC) sejam incorporadas nos currículos de ciências. De uma forma geral, a NdC pode ser definida como um arcabouço de saberes sobre as bases ou princípios epistemológicos envolvidos na construção do conhecimento científico. Uma das maneiras de se ensinar NdC é a discussão de episódios da História da Ciência. Nesse trabalho, analisamos em detalhes o desenvolvimento, a repercussão e a aceitação da óptica newtoniana; particularmente, estudamos sua popularização na Europa do início do século XVIII, principalmente na Grã-Bretanha. Neste período ocorreram mudanças sociais e culturais significativas, entre elas, a valorização da Filosofia Natural e seus produtos, o estabelecimento da mecânica e óptica newtonianas e da imagem de Isaac Newton como um representante da genuína filosofia natural. Assim, na época, foram selecionados e incorporados aos tratados de física apenas aspectos de sua óptica que evidenciavam o caráter indutivista e que ao mesmo tempo podiam ser conciliados com sua mecânica. A partir deste estudo histórico, aspectos da NdC podem ser explicitamente discutidos, por exemplo, a questão da inexistência de um método científico universal, a influência do contexto e do prestígio do pesquisador em questão na aceitação ou rejeição de suas idéias, o caráter provisório do conhecimento científico, a importância da maneira como as idéias são apresentadas, entre outras coisas. Este tipo de discussão é relevante para diversos âmbitos da formação de professores, favorecendo a construção de uma imagem adequada da Ciência de um modo geral.Currently, there is a general agreement that Nature of Science (NOS) aspects must be included in science curriculums. The present dissertation analyzes in details the development, the repercussion and the acceptance of Newtonian optics; with particular emphasis on its popularization in early 18th century in Europe, especially in Great Britain. In this period, significant social and cultural changes occurred, among them the valorization of Natural Philosophy and its products, the establishment of Newtonian mechanics, optics and Isaac Newton\'s image as genuine representative of Natural Philosophy. As consequence, only Newtonian optics aspects that evidenced the inductivism and could be conciliated with his mechanics were incorporated in 18th century natural philosophy books. From this historical study, NOS aspects can be explicitly discussed, for instance, the inexistence of an universal scientific method, the influence of social context and how the prestige of a scientist biases the acceptance of her/his ideas, the temporary character of scientific knowledge, the relevance of how ideas are communicated, among other topics. The present work is important for teacher training courses, since it provides adequate view of Science development.
18
Malveiro, António Manuel Bule. "A theorica verdadeira das marés conforme à philosophia do incomparavel cavalhero Isaac Newton, um estudo e comentário." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/18316.
Full textAbstract:
A obra intitulada Theorica Verdadeira das Marés conforme à Philosophia do incomparável cavalhero Isaac Newton de Jacob de Castro Sarmento (1691?-1762), constitui um comentário-adaptação em português do que Isaac Newton teria escrito a propósito da explicação do fenómeno das marés, enquanto consequência da força de atracção gravítica sobre a massa líquida dos oceanos terrestres, e foi através dela que os portugueses puderam, no seu próprio idioma e pela primeira vez, contactar com as ideias do filósofo inglês. O autor, Jacob de Castro Sarmento, estudou nas Universidades de Évora e Coimbra e, formado em medicina nesta última, abandonou o país para nunca mais cá voltar. Instalado em Londres, membro da Royal Society, é considerado o introdutor das ideias de Newton em Portugal. Esta obra, apresentada em 1737, é um dos primeiros textos de divulgação do newtonianismo fora de Inglaterra, a par dos escritos por Voltaire e Algarotti. O autor abre com uma extensa introdução em que expõe, no essencial, a vida e obra do grande Isaac Newton em linhas fortemente panegíricas. O trabalho a que nos propomos é um estudo crítico (comentado) desta obra de Jacob de Castro Sarmento, tendo em conta: inicialmente a exposição de aspectos gerais da vida de Jacob de Castro Sarmento; a que se seguem a exposição, numa perspectiva comparada, da difusão do newtonianismo, em termos de ideias divulgadoras, no continente europeu; no capítulo seguinte analisa-se a importância do fenómeno natural das marés na gestação de algumas ideias chave da revolução científica do século XVII; as propostas de Newton e seus contemporâneos para a explicação deste fenómeno natural; terminando este trabalho com um comentário desenvolvido à Theorica Verdadeira das Marés, com uma atenção especial à influência do artigo de Halley, «The true Theory of tides, extracted from that admired treatise of Mr. Isaac Newton, intitulated, Philosophia Naturalis Principia Mathematica», publicado nos Philosophical Transactions. /ABSTRACT; The work Theorica Verdadeira das Marés conforme à Philosophia do incomparável cavalhero Isaac Newton written by Jacob de Castro Sarmento (1691?-1762), is a detailed explanation in portuguese oflsaac Newton’s theory about tides and the differences among them in the various parts of the world, as a consequence of Newton's theory of gravitation on the influence of moon and sun over the seas. This was the first book which disseminated newtonianism in Portugal. Jacob de Castro Sarmento obtained a master degree in the University of Évora and he then transferred to the University of Coimbra where he obtained a bachelor’s degree in medicine. Sarmento arrived in London about 1720, later he was fellow of the Royal Society. The Theorica Verdadeira das marés conforme à Philosophia do incomparável cavalhero Isaac Newton written in 1737 is one of the first books which disseminated Newton's ideas out of England at the sarne time ofthe well known Voltaire and Algarotti's texts which had also the sarne objective: the newtonianism diffusion. The purpose of this dissertation is to study Theorica Verdadeira das Marés conforme à Philosophia do incomparável cavalhero Isaac Newton with a special emphasis of the contemporary sources which had more influence on Jacob de Castro Sarmento ideas. In the first part we develop some general aspects of Sarmento’ life and in a second chapter we expose, on a comparative perspective, the newtonianism dissemination in continental Europe. After it is explained the historical evolution of tidal theory since ancient times, paying a special attention on Galileo and Newton theories. The last chapter contains developed commenters on the Theorica Verdadeira das Marés with a special attention to the influence of Halley's paper «The true Theory oftides, extracted from that admired treatise of Mr. Isaac Newton,intitulated, Philosophia Naturalis Principia Mathematica», published on the Philosophical Transactions.
19
Bloye, Nicole Victoria. "The geometrical thought of Isaac Newton : an examination of the meaning of geometry between the 16th and 18th centuries." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/3273.
Full textAbstract:
Our thesis explores aspects of the geometrical work and thought of Isaac Newton in order to better understand and re-evaluate his approach to geometry, and specifically his synthetic methods and the organic description of plane curves. In pursuing this research we study Newton's geometrical work in the context of the changing view of geometry between the late 16th and early 18th centuries, a period defined by the responses of the early modern geometers to a new Latin edition of Pappus' Collectio. By identifying some of the major challenges facing geometers of this period as they attempted to define and practice geometry we are able to contrast Newton's own approach to geometry. The themes emerging from the geometrical thought of early modern geometers provide the mathematical context from which to understand, interpret and re-evaluate the approach taken by Newton. In particular we focus on Newton's profound rejection of the new algebraic Cartesian methods and geometrical philosophies, and the opportunity to focus more clearly on some of his most astonishing geometrical contributions. Our research highlights Newton's geometrical work and examines specific examples of his synthetic methods. In particular we draw attention to the significance of Newton's organic construction and the limitations of Whiteside's observations on this subject. We propose that Newton's organic rulers were genuinely original. We disagree with Whiteside that they were inspired by van Schooten, except in the loosest sense. Further, we argue that Newton's study of singular points by their resolution was new, and that it has been misunderstood by Whiteside in his interpretation of the transformation effected by the rulers. We instead emphasise that it was the standard quadratic transformation. Overall we wish to make better known the importance of geometry in Newton's scientific thought, as well as highlighting the mathematical and historical importance of his organic description of curves as an example of his synthetic approach to geometry. This adds to contemporary discourse surrounding Newton's geometry, and specifically provides a foundation for further research into the implications of Newton's geometrical methods for his successors.
20
Fleuriot, Jacques. "A combination of geometry theorem proving and nonstandard analysis with application to Newton's principia /." London [u.a.] : Springer, 2001. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0813/2001031372-d.html.
Full text
21
Moreira, Edson Adriano 1981. "Leibniz versus Newton : sobre qualidades, milagres e leis da natureza." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/281138.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Fátima Regina Rodrigues ÉvoraTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T21:06:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moreira_EdsonAdriano_D.pdf: 961513 bytes, checksum: f0259749256481cc107a396e735849f9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014
Resumo: Essa Tese analisa a controvérsia entre Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz e Isaac Newton acerca do estatuto adequado à gravitação universal newtoniana. Mais precisamente, ela procura esclarecer porque Leibniz critica a teoria newtoniana, acusando-a de postular um princípio milagroso ou uma qualidade oculta escolástica no domínio da filosofia natural, enquanto Newton, por sua vez, tentará defendê-la dessas críticas, afirmando ser a gravidade uma qualidade manifesta da matéria e o princípio que a expressa uma verdadeira lei da natureza. Para tanto, serão analisadas as cartas desses autores onde essas questões são pontualmente discutidas, quais sejam a Correspondência Leibniz-Clarke [1715-1716], a Correspondência Leibniz-Newton [1692-1693], a Carta de Leibniz a Hartsoeker [1711], a Carta de Newton ao editor das "Memoirs of Literature" [1712]; ademais, serão analisadas passagens importantes das três edições dos Princípios Matemáticos de Filosofia Natural [1687, 1713 e 1726], das cinco edições da Óptica [1704, 1706, 1717, 1721 e 1730 (edição póstuma)] e de alguns outros textos talvez menos conhecidos de Newton se comparados a estes dois, mas igualmente fundamentais para um bom entendimento das suas réplicas a Leibniz, a saber, a Carta de Newton a Bentley [1692], a Carta de Newton a Cotes [1713], a resenha que Newton publica anonimamente nas Philosophical Transactions da Royal Society sob o título de "An Account of the Book Entituled Commercium Epistolicum" [1714-1715] e uma "Conclusio" projetada por Newton para fazer parte da primeira edição dos Princípios Matemáticos de Filosofia Natural, a qual ele acabou não incluindo na versão final deste texto de 1687, mas que deu origem às considerações do famoso Escólio Geral, inserido na obra partir da sua segunda edição em 1713. Todo esse trabalho deverá, ainda, levar em conta os métodos e as entidades explicativas admitidos no panorama geral da ciência nos séculos XVI e XVII
Abstract: This Thesis analyzes the controversy between Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Isaac Newton regarding the adequate statute to the Newtonian universal gravitation. More precisely, it tries to elucidate why Leibniz criticizes the Newtonian theory, accusing him of postulating a miraculous principle or a scholastic occult quality in the domain of Natural Philosophy, whereas Newton advocates his theory and protects it from such reviews claiming that gravity is a manifest quality of the matter and that the principle which expresses it is a true law of nature. To conduct this work, letters and texts written by these authors discussing such issues will be analyzed: The Leibniz-Clarke Correspondence [1715-1716]; The Leibniz-Newton Correspondence [1692-1693]; The Letter from Leibniz to Hartsoeker [1711]; and The Letter from Newton to the Editor of the "Memoirs of Literature" [1712]. Besides these letters, other important texts will be studied: passages from three editions of the Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy [1687, 1713 and 1726]; passages from five editions of the Optics [1704, 1706, 1717, 1721 and 1730 (a posthumous edition)]; and some other Newton¿s texts perhaps not as well-known as the other two, but equally fundamental for a good understanding of the author¿s replies addressed to Leibniz: The Letter from Newton to Bentley [1692], The Letter from Newton to Cotes [1713], the review Newton published anonymously in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society under the title of "An Account of the Book Entituled Commercium Epistolicum" [1714-1715] and a "Conclusio" projected by Newton to be part of the first edition of the Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, which he did not include in the final version of this text from 1687, but which was the origin to the considerations presented in the famous General Scholium, appended to his work since its second edition in 1713. It should also be mentioned that this Thesis will take into consideration the methods and the explanatory entities admitted in the general panorama of science of the XVI and XVII centuries
Doutorado
Filosofia
Doutor em Filosofia
22
Barreto, Márcio 1961. "Newton e a metafisica : uma proposta de ensino de fisica para o segundo grau a partir do resgate das origens do concreto de força a distancia." [s.n.], 1995. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/252405.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Laymert Garcia dos SantosDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação
Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-19T22:21:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Barreto_Marcio_M.pdf: 7934407 bytes, checksum: 6d6c3f1c0671dbb67b0310e07d4d964b (MD5) Previous issue date: 1995
Resumo: Nesta dissertação de mestrado o leitor encontrará os principais aspectos da obra de Newton,. vistos a partir das relações entre ciência e religião em seus escritos.o foco da análise é a lei da atração gravitacional, aqui utilizada como uma metáfora valiosa para o ensino de Segundo Grau, mais especificamente o ensino de Física. O resgate das origens do conceito de força à distância, baseado em autores como B. Dobbs, R. Westfall, A. Koyré e outros, mostra que no ceme do pensamento científico moderno é possível encontrar respostas para questões essenciais da Educação do nosso tempo
Mestrado
Mestre em Educação
23
Angelis, Simone de. "Von Newton zu Haller : Studien zum Naturbegriff zwischen Empirismus und deduktiver Methode in der Schweizer Frühaufklärung /." Tübingen : M. Niemeyer, 2003. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb38989366m.
Full text
24
Makhoukh, Abdennbi. "Essai sur l'espace et le temps chez Newton et Leibniz." Paris 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA010596.
Full textAbstract:
Prises indépendamment, les conceptions newtonienne et leibnizienne de l'espace et du temps ont beaucoup attire l'attention des historiens et philosophes des sciences. Par contre, prises ensemble, elles n'ont fait l'objet que de rares et d'incomplètes études. Cette situation tient à plusieurs facteurs dont le plus important est le suivant : dès le 18eme siècle, Newton fut opposé à Leibniz comme le savant s'oppose au théologien ou comme le pur empiriste s'oppose au plus grand rationaliste. D'où le refus de toute possibilité d'une confrontation globale. Grace à la découverte d'un certain nombre de manuscrits, on a commencé, dès la fin du siècle dernier, à abandonner ce schéma simpliste et unilatéral. Aujourd'hui, il est établi que : bien qu'il fut un savant de métier, Newton fut aussi un grand théologien et vice-versa; bien qu'il fut un théologien déclaré, Leibniz fut aussi un excellent savant. Notre contribution s'inscrit ouvertement dans cette orientation. Pour Newton comme pour Leibniz, la discussion du problème de l'espace et du temps fut l'occasion privilégiée pour manifester ce double intérêt. L'examen de la controverse entre Newton et Leibniz sur l'espace et le temps nous a conduit à conclure que la controverse en question traduit et se traduit par une opposition tranchée aussi bien sur le plan théologique que sur le plan physique. Sur le premier plan, le problème de l'espace et du temps est suspendu aux problématiques théologiques les plus cruciales (la nature et les propriétés de dieu et du monde ainsi que leur rapport); il engage, de droit et de fait, le système théologique tout entier. A l'ensemble de ces questions, Newton et Leibniz ont apporté des réponses radicalement opposées. Sur le second plan, l'espace et le temps sont indissociables des problèmes de la matière et du mouvement sur lesquels nos auteurs se faisaient des conceptions fort différentes. Outre ces deux aspects, la controverse Newton Leibniz sur l'espace et le temps engage aussi leur épistémologie. En effet, confrontes a des problèmes cruciaux poses par la substitution de la science nouvelle à celle des anciens et des médiévaux, newton et Leibniz ont adopté deux attitudes différentes conditionnant leur conception de l'espace et du temps.
25
Kitnichee, Rapeeparn. "Living with Them." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Textilhögskolan, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-17107.
Full textAbstract:
An investigation of transforming people' lives regarding their achievements into design processes of making textilesCase studies: Isaac Newton and Andy WarholProgram: Master Programme in Fashion and Textile Design
26
Baillon, Jean-François. "Newtonisme et idéologie dans l'Angleterre des Lumières." Paris 4, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA040140.
Full textAbstract:
A partir de l'étude des sources manuscrites (manuscrits théologiques d'Isaac Newton, correspondance de Samuel Clarke et de William Wjiston), ainsi que de sources imprimées rarement étudiées, on montre les failles de l'exploitation qui est faite de la science newtonienne à des fins idéologiques (politiques et religieuses pour l'essentiel). Afin de légitimer l'image que le nouvel ordre religieux et politique issu de 1688 cherche à donner de lui-même, la physique newtonienne est débarrassée par ses commentateurs des éléments qui permettraient une utilisation idéologique par les néo-républicains et les matérialistes. En outre, cette étude révèle les divergences proprement théologiques qui opposent les newtoniens les plus fidèles à l'Église d’Angleterre. Toute la deuxième partie est consacrée à l'étude du contenu des manuscrits théologiques de Newton, de manière à mettre en évidence ses concepts fondamentaux (idolâtrie, enthousiasme, fantaisie, métaphysique), qui décrivent essentiellement ce que la religion ne doit pas être. On insiste sur la dimension rationaliste et protestante de la pensée théologique de l'auteur des "principia", ce qui autorise un rapprochement frappant avec le courant déiste, lui-même étudié de manière à en faire saisir certaines dimensions habituellement négligées. La conclusion isole quelques schémas fondamentaux de la théorie newtonienne des religions et de leur histoire et montre que cette pensée constitue une transition entre Renaissance et LumièresThe study of both printed sources (rarely studied) and of manuscripts (Isaac Newton's theological writings, Samuel Clarke's and William Whiston's letters) shows the discrepancy between the ideological (i. E. Political and religious) exploitation of Newtonian science and the works of newton. In order to legitimate the settlement of 1688, the commentators of Newtonian physics divested it of any element allowing a radical interpretation in neo-republican or materialistic terms. Besides, this study reveals the properly theological discord between the inner circle of the Newtonians and the Church of England. The second part is about the contents of newton's theological manuscripts and reveals its fundamental notions (idolatry, enthusiasm, fantasy, metaphysics), which describe what religion is not about. The rationalist and protestant aspects of Newton's thought are emphasized, thus allowing a parallel with deist thought, here revisited in order to show its lesser-known aspects. The conclusion emphasizes some key concepts of Newton's theory of religion and of its history, thus relating it, ultimately, with the rise of enlightenment thought in England
27
Tironi, Cristiano Rodolfo 1982, Vera Lúcia de Souza e. 1964 Silva, and Universidade Regional de Blumenau Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ensino de Ciências Naturais e. Matemática. "As contribuições do Laboratório de educação matemática Isaac Newton para o ensino de matemática na educação básica na perspectiva da etnomatemática /." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações FURB, 2015. http://www.bc.furb.br/docs/DS/2015/360424_1_1.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Vera Lúcia de Souza e Silva.Com.: Produto educacional: As contribuições do Laboratório de educação matemática Isaac Newton para o ensino de matemática na educação básica na perspectiva da etnomatemática.
Dissertação (Mestrado em Matemática) - Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Centro de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ensino de Ciências Naturais e Matemática, Blumenau,
28
Lança, Tatiana. "Newton numa leitura de divulgação cientifica : produção de sentidos no ensino medio." [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/253078.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Maria Jose Pereira Monteiro de AlmeidaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T05:31:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lanca_Tatiana_M.pdf: 2621170 bytes, checksum: 29cd93401328fa4ef9ddaa75ab292574 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005
Resumo: Neste trabalho, a partir de um estudo realizado em uma escola pública da cidade de Jundiaí - SP, buscou-se aliar o ensino da Física à prática de leitura de um livro de divulgação científica, em alunos da primeira série do ensino médio, procurando-se verificar o funcionamento da leitura das leis de Newton, como apresentadas no livro: Isaac Newton e sua maçã, com a mediação da pesquisadora. Tendo em vista atingir esse objetivo, propusemo-nos a responder a seguinte questão: Como são produzidos os significados a partir da leitura do texto citado sobre Isaac Newton, considerando as condições de produção do estudo e as mediações ocorridas durante o desenvolvimento das aulas assumidas pela pesquisadora (autora deste trabalho)? O suporte se encontra na linha francesa da análise de discurso, principalmente em trabalhos de Michel Pêcheux e Eni Orlandi. Nesses autores encontra-se sustentação para admitir a relevância de se compreender o funcionamento dos discursos escolares. Verificamos que os processos de produção de sentidos, a partir de atividades de leitura em sala de aula, como as que foram realizadas, ocorreram de maneira específica para cada aluno, e, como esperávamos, confirmamos que os mesmos processos dependem das condições de produção e das histórias de vida dos estudantes
Abstract: In this present work carried out in a public high school placed at Jundiaí - SP, a Brazilian country city, we tried to put together the physics teaching methodology with the reading of a scientifc disclosure book, on high-school-students of the first school year, aiming to verify how works the reading of Newton's laws presented in the book: Isaac Newton and his apple. With the research mediation. Attempting to reach this goal, we propose ourselves to answer the follow question: How does the meaning are produced from the reading of Isaac Newton's texts, taking into account the condiction of the study' s output and the mediations happened through the developing of the classes assumed by myself? We have found out the support into the French line of the speech analysis, mainly on the authors Michel Pêcheux and Eni Orlandi. On these ones we got the sustentation in order to let in the relevance on the scholar speech understanding. We also have verified that the sense-prductions proceedings, from the reading activities applied into the classrooms, second those ones by us carried out, to come out in a specific way to each student, how we hoped, sustaining that the same process depend on the production's condictions and the private-history-life
Mestrado
Ensino, Avaliação e Formação de Professores
Mestre em Educação
29
Morales, Lanas Matías. "La contribución pragmática de las matemáticas a la formulación de leyes fundamentales en la física clásica." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2017. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/148158.
Full textAbstract:
Informe de Seminario para optar al grado de Licenciado en FilosofíaEl presente trabajo plantea como hipótesis que las matemáticas aplicadas a la formulación y desarrollo de los enunciados de ley en la física clásica realizan una contribución pragmática por medio de sus distintos roles metodológicos. Estos últimos son entendidos como aquellos roles que permiten establecer y determinar las relaciones inter- e intra-teóricas entre los distintos enunciados de ley. En este sentido, se plantea como objetivo general analizar críticamente la contribución de las matemáticas aplicadas para la construcción y desarrollo de las estructuras de las leyes fundamentales de la física clásica. Para abordar este objetivo, se plantean los siguientes tres objetivos específicos: (1) analizar la contribución de los roles metodológicos de las matemáticas aplicadas en la formulación de los enunciados de ley; (2) analizar la metodología aplicada en la práctica científica para la formulación de estos enunciados; y (3) analizar los puntos anteriores en un caso de estudio correspondiente a las leyes dinámicas de Newton presentadas en su Philosophiea naturalis principia mathematica (1687). Este trabajo se estructura en tres capítulos. En el primero se analiza la contribución del rol metodológico de las matemáticas aplicadas en la formulación y desarrollo de los enunciados de ley de la física clásica, en términos de su relación con otros roles, el carácter instrumental de las matemáticas, la versatilidad de aplicación de las mismas y la validez de estas por medio de la invariancia. En el segundo capítulo se analiza la metodología utilizada en las matemáticas y cómo se utiliza tal metodología en las ciencias, en particular cómo es utilizada en la práctica científica para la formulación de las leyes. En el tercer capítulo se analiza los resultados de los capítulos precedentes, teniendo a la vista la formulación de las leyes de Newton, en términos de la metodología utilizada, los fundamentos para establecer los conceptos físicos fundamentales y la formulación y desarrollo de las leyes dinámicas. Los resultados arrojan que, (i) dada las herramientas de razonamiento que ofrecen las matemáticas para formular estructuras, que permiten inferir las consecuencias de las leyes y descubrir las conexiones entre distintas estructuras matemáticas; y (ii) dada las herramientas formales de estas, las cuales proporcionan una amplia variedad de conceptos para representar y cuantificar entidades físicas, permiten inferir las conexiones entre leyes y otras estructuras matemáticas; permiten concluir que las matemáticas realizan una contribución de carácter pragmático, tanto en la formulación de los enunciados de ley en la física clásica como en la deducción de otras leyes. En efecto, la variedad de herramientas ofrecidas por las matemáticas se adecúa a diversos contextos de investigación en la práctica científica. Esta misma contribución, a su vez, permite realizar una jerarquización formal de las leyes en términos de la deducción de leyes (generando niveles), por medio de matemáticas complejas, y de la robustez de las mismas. Además, se muestra cómo el método axiomático de las matemáticas contribuye en la formulación de los enunciados de ley, puesto que la axiomatización semi-formal utilizado en la práctica científica permite formular de manera consistente los conceptos y axiomas físicos, establecer las relaciones pertinentes entre estos y deducir las consecuencias de estos axiomas. Esta contribución del método axiomático es pragmática debido a que la caracteriza como una axiomatización débil pragmática. La aplicación de estos resultados se puede apreciar en la formulación y desarrollo de las tres leyes dinámicas que formuló Newton en sus Principia. En efecto, Newton al formular estas leyes se guía por una metodología que le permite precisar sus dos conceptos físicos claves, a saber, la masa y la fuerza, y establecer correlaciones entre estos, y, en base a esto, generar distintas estructuras matemáticas. Además, se aprecia cómo el rol metodológico contribuye a demostrar cómo las tres leyes de Newton se relacionan con la ley de Galileo y las leyes de Kepler. En síntesis, los resultados de este trabajo permiten dar cuenta que las matemáticas aplicadas contribuyen de manera pragmática en la formulación y desarrollo de los enunciados de ley en la física clásica, puesto que el rol metodológico de estas es un rol de carácter pragmático.
30
Wirkus, Jessie Leatham. "Number, Newtonianism, and Sublimity in James Thomson's The Seasons." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2010. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2462.
Full textAbstract:
Recently, literary critics have increasingly drawn on methods of quantitative analysis to understand the readers and literature of the eighteenth century. Ironically, however, the eighteenth century is home to debates concerning the nature and usefulness of number, counting, and therefore, on some level, quantitative analysis. Eighteenth-century questions of number form an important part of the intellectual history of this period; these questions of number, in turn, hold important implications for language and the period's literature. I argue that the far-reaching influence of eighteenth-century questions of number can be seen especially well in the nature poetry of James Thomson. To explore this influence, I first discuss the problems of number presented to eighteenth-century mathematicians and philosophers by George Berkeley's critique of the infinitesimal calculus popularized by Isaac Newton. I then further explain the problems of number for eighteenth-century thinkers by drawing on philosopher Alain Badiou's theorization of the collapse of number in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. This background brings to light connections between eighteenth-century questions of number and similar questions philosophers, such as John Locke, asked of language. These connections set the stage to discuss number in Thomson's The Seasons. Because of Thomson's rather unique exposure to the Newtonian tradition through his Edinburgh education, he was introduced not only to Newton's more popular discoveries, but also the mathematical and philosophical debates that swirled around Newton's methods. Coming out of this environment, Thomson's The Seasons display a particular kind of interest in number at its limits—infinity and zero. This paper will explore Thomson's tropological expressions of infinity and zero in the poem and note how these tropes replicate the logic of the sublime. Ultimately number at its limits in Thomson suggests the problems of expression, and, reading against traditional interpretations of Thomson, the limits of the Enlightenment project.
31
Toledo, Benavides Julia Victoria. "Um metodo Newton-GMRES globalmente convergente com uma nova escolha para o termo forçante e algumas estrategias para melhorar o desempenho de GMRES(m)." [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/305947.
Full textAbstract:
Orientadores: Marcia A. Gomes Ruggiero, Vera Lucia da Rocha LopesTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Instituto de Matematica, Estatistica e Computação Cientifica
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T14:53:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ToledoBenavides_JuliaVictoria_D.pdf: 2835915 bytes, checksum: 1b77270a65a21cc42d9aa81819e4acc4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005
Resumo: Neste trabalho, apresentamos um método de Newton inexato através da proposta de uma nova escolha para o termo forçante. O método obtido é globalizado através de uma busca linear robusta e suas propriedades de convergência são demonstradas. O passo de Newton inexato é obtido pela resolução do sistema linear através do método GMRES com recomeços, GMRES(m). Em testes computacionais observamos a ocorrência da estagnação em GMRES(m) e um acréscimo inaceitável na norma da função nas primeiras Iterações do método. Para contornar estas dificuldades são propostas estratégias de implementação computacional simples e que não exigem alterações internas no algoritmo do GMRES, possibilitando a interação com softwares já disponíveis. Exaustivos testes numéricos foram realizados, os quais nos permitiram concluir que a proposta para o termo for¸cante e as estratégias introduzidas foram bem sucedidas, resultando em um algoritmo robusto, com propriedade de convergência global e taxa superlinear de convergência
Abstract: In this work it is presented an inexact Newton method by a new choice for the forcing term. A globalization of the new method is done by introducing a robust line search strategy. Convergence properties are proved. The inexact Newton step is obtained through the restarted GMRES, GMRES (m), applied for solving the linear systems. Numerical experiments showed a stagnation of the GMRES (m) and also an occurrence of a great increase in the norm of the function at the initial iterations. Some strategies were proposed to avoid these drawbacks. These strategies are characterized by their simplicity of implementation and also by the fact that they do not need internal modifications of the GMRES algorithm. So, the interaction with available softwares are trivial. A bunch of numerical experiments were performed. With them it can be concluded that the new choice for the forcing term and the strategies incorporated in the algorithm were successfull. The resulting algorithm is then robust and has global convergence property with supelinear convergence rate
Doutorado
Doutor em Matemática Aplicada
32
Omarjee, Ismaël. "Aspects de la relation entre science de l'univers et spiritualité dans l'histoire de la pensée : Isaac Newton et Georges Lemaître. La quête de la vérité." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00991210.
Full textAbstract:
La question de la réalité, de la nature et du rôle de la relation entre science de l'univers et spiritualité dans l'oeuvre de connaissance scientifique, plus généralement dans l'histoire de la pensée, motive le présent travail. Afin de traiter cette question, l'auteur a choisi d'étudier la pensée de deux savants spiritualistes : Isaac Newton et Georges Lemaître, qui façonnent deux moments majeurs de l'histoire des sciences, celui de la fondation de la mécanique céleste, creuset de la science moderne, et celui de la fondation de la cosmologie moderne, lieu d'une définition radicalement nouvelle de l'univers et de la place de l'homme en son sein. Ces deux moments, newtonien et lemaîtrien, s'apparient l'un à l'autre, d'une part en raison de l'objet d'étude commun : le tout, et d'autre part en termes de succession et d'avancées dans l'histoire des sciences, puisqu'ils nous entraînent de la science du ciel en l'absolu newtonien, à la science du commencement et de l'évolution cosmologique en la relativité générale. La relation entre science de l'univers et spiritualité se révèle, sur la base de l'étude détaillée des deux pensées, comme une relation dynamique à double sens : de la science à la spiritualité et inversement, et une dimension cruciale de l'histoire conceptuelle, plus généralement de l'histoire de la pensée. Chez Newton et Lemaître, la recherche et les résultats scientifiques entraînent réflexion et conclusion spirituelles. Inversement, la recherche spirituelle représente une motivation de l'étude scientifique, conçue comme étude de l'ordre, de l'arrangement divin du monde. La présente thèse procure par conséquent des éléments de synthèse et de comparaison des deux pensées et permet d'asseoir plus largement, aux plans historique et philosophique, le choix du sujet. Celui-ci en ressort étayé. Mais au-delà des termes mêmes de l'histoire de la pensée, la démarche première de l'auteur a consisté à comprendre des acteurs éminents de celle-ci, comprendre, à travers leur démarche de pensée, l'être, l'esprit, par la lettre de l'histoire. Ce travail, le premier en son genre, en traitant de certains ressorts essentiels de la dynamique de l'esprit et de l'histoire de la pensée, traite des fondements de la connaissance.
33
Omarjee, Ismael. "Aspects de la relation entre science de l'univers et spiritualité dans l'histoire de la pensée: Isaac Newton et Georges Lemaître : la quête de la vérité." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA070073.
Full textAbstract:
La question de la réalité, de la nature et du rôle de la relation science de l'univers - spiritualité dans l'œuvre de connaissance scientifique, plus généralement dans l'histoire de la pensée, motive le présent travail. Afin de traiter ce sujet, nous avons choisi d'étudier la pensée de deux savants spiritualistes : Isaac Newton et Georges Lemaître, qui façonnent deux moments majeurs de l'histoire des sciences, celui de la fondation de la mécanique céleste, creuset de la science moderne, et celui de la fondation de la cosmologie moderne, lieu d'une définition radicalement nouvelle de l'univers et de la place de l'homme en son sein. Ces deux moments, newtonien et lemaîtrîen, s'apparient l'un à l'autre, d'une part en raison de l'objet d'étude commun : le tout, et d'autre part en termes de succession et d'avancées dans l'histoire des sciences, puisqu'ils nous entraînent de la science du ciel en l'absolu newtonien, à la science du commencement et de l'évolution cosmologique en la relativité générale. La relation science de l'univers - spiritualité se révèle, sur la base de notre étude des deux pensées, comme une relation dynamique à double sens, une dimension cruciale de l'histoire conceptuelle et, au-delà, de l'histoire de la pensée. Elle permet de surcroît de procurer des éléments de synthèse et de comparaison de ces pensées, et d'asseoir plus largement, aux plans historique et philosophique, le choix du sujet. Notre idée première en ressort étayée et renforcée. Mais au-delà des termes mêmes de l'histoire de la pensée, notre démarche première, fondatrice, a consisté à comprendre des acteurs éminents de celle-ci, comprendre, à travers leur démarche de pensée, l'être, l'esprit, par la lettre de l'histoireThis research questions the existence, nature and role of the relationship between science and spirituality in the construction of scientific knowledge and, more generally, in the history of thought. To address this topic, we have chosen to examine the work of two spiritualist scholars: Isaac Newton and Georges Lemaître. These two figures set major landmarks in the history of science: the founding of celestial mechanics, the basis of modem science, and the founding of modem cosmology, which provided a radically new definition of the universe and of mankind's place within it. These two landmarks - one Newtonian and the other Lernaîtrian - go hand in hand, for one due to their shared subject: the whole, and also due to the subsequent succession and advancement in the history of science since they take us from the science of the sky, conceived as an absolute, to the science of the beginning and of cosmological evolution frorn general relativity. Our research into the two thinkers' philosophies shows that the relationship between science and spirituality is a dynamic, two-way relationship, a vital aspect of conceptual history, and more broadly of the history of thought. Moreover, it provides elements of synthesis and comparison between both scientists-philosophers and gives historical and philosophical rooting to the choice of subject. Our initial idea is thus supported and reinforced. Beyond the terms of the history of thought, our first approach consisted of understanding eminent actors in this history, understanding, through their ways of thinking, their being, their spirit, by their legacy in history
34
Rousset, Alexandre. "La maturation des concepts de base en mécanique, à travers la pensée humaine de Galilée à Lagrange." Paris 12, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA120035.
Full text
35
BIDART, FRANCOIS. "Le role de la pensee newtonienne dans la constitution de la philosophie kantienne." Amiens, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990AMIE0003.
Full textAbstract:
L'objet de cette etude n'est pas de dresser un constat des similitudes entre deux systemes de pensee, ni de definir le degre variable de la fidelite de la philosophie critique a l'egard de l'auteur des principes mathematiques de la philosophie naturelle. La lecture kantienne de l'oeuvre fondamentale de newton ne releve pas d'un procede purement dogmatique; elle decouvre une nouvelle pratique de la philosophie, orientee vers l'etude systematique des principes purs dont la science a besoin. Les deux premiers chapitres montrent combien la science newtonienne se developpe au milieu de difficultes theoriques considerables, et dont la plus importante est son incapacite a elaborer une theorie systematique de la matiere. Ce sont ces difficultes, en tant qu'elles sont saisies dans une structure theorique rigoureuse, qui ont joue un role fecond. Les chapitres suivants montrent comment de l'histoire generale de la nature et theorie du ciel jusqu'a l'opus postumum, la philosophie critique se constitue dans une lutte contre les forces de l'extravagance. Mais si la philosophie transcendantale, en fondant la possibilite de l'experience, apparait comme la synthese du systeme de la philosophie pure, elle est aussi le point de depart d'une interrogation philosophique nouvelle sur les conditions reelles de l'homme en tant qu'habitant du mondeThe subject matter of this study is not to draw up a report of the similarities between two ways of thinking or to define the variable degree of the accuracy of the critical philosophy towards the author of the mathematical principles of natural philosophy. The kantian reading of the fundamental work of newton does not come within a purely dogmatic process; it reveals a new pratice of philosophy, turned towards the systematic study of the pure principles that sciences needs. The two first chapters show how strongly the newtonian sciences is growing among considerable thoreticla difficulties, and of which the most important is its incapacity to elaborate a systematic theory of the matter. These difficulties, as thy are bounded by a rigorous theoretical structure, which have played a creative role. The following chapters show how the universal natural history and theory of the heavens until the opus postumum, the critical philosophy forms itself into a fight against the forces of extravagance. But if the transcendental philosophy, in founding the possibility of experience, appears like the synthesis of the system, of the pure philosophy, it is also the starting point of a new philosophical questioning about the real conditions of man as world-inhabiter
36
Storni, Marco. "Maupertuis et ses critiques : textes et controverses." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEE045/document.
Full textAbstract:
Si la pensée des lumières a parfois été célébrée par l’historiographie pour sa contribution significative au développement culturel et scientifique de la modernité, elle a le plus souvent été critiquée pour sa superficialité spéculative, ainsi que pour sa confiance aveugle dans les résultats des enquêtes scientifiques. La figure de Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis (1698-1759), à laquelle notre travail est consacré, rentre de plein droit dans ce cadre interprétatif : mentionné dans quelques récits historiques comme scientifique de premier plan, notamment pour sa contribution décisive à la diffusion des théories newtoniennes en France, il est relégué au second plan dans les travaux d’histoire de la philosophie et de l’épistémologie. L’un des objectifs principaux de notre travail est précisément de proposer une relecture de l’œuvre de Maupertuis qui emphatise l’intérêt spéculatif de ses doctrines, afin de montrer la place éminente qu’il occupe dans l’histoire de la pensée moderne. Nous nous pencherons ainsi sur quelques textes importants de Maupertuis, en soulignant le rôle capital qu’y jouent les questions épistémologiques et métaphysiques. L’analyse critique de la pensée scientifique et philosophique de Maupertuis n’est pourtant pas le seul aspect significatif de notre recherche : notre ambition est de proposer un récit plus vaste que la simple étude des travaux de Maupertuis, qui puisse contextualiser son œuvre dans les dynamiques de la République des Lettres au début du XVIIIe siècle. En ce sens, nous attribuons une importance toute particulière à l’étude des controverses de Maupertuis avec d’autres savants et philosophes. Il sera notamment question de deux controverses. La première, qui concerne la forme de la Terre, éclate au sein de l’Académie des Sciences de Paris entre 1733 et 1740. La deuxième, qui porte sur les monades et la philosophie wolffienne, a pour cadre l’Académie de Berlin entre 1746 et 1750. L’intérêt du travail sur les controverses de Maupertuis est double. Tout d’abord, il s’agit d’un aspect de la vie et de l’œuvre du savant que les commentateurs ont peu étudié : certes, il existe quelques études particulières sur les controverses maupertuisiennes, notamment de celle qui porte sur la figure de la Terre, mais la question n’est jamais thématisée de manière systématique dans les monographies publiées jusqu’ici. Ensuite, les controverses de Maupertuis nous paraissent intéressantes comme étude de cas pour comprendre le fonctionnement concret des controverses scientifiques et philosophiques. Nous ne prétendons évidemment pas présenter les conclusions que nous allons tirer de l’examen de ces controverses en tant que normes universelles pour l’étude de toute controverse scientifique ou philosophique du passé. Toutefois, comme les historiens travaillant sur les controverses privilégient souvent les scientifiques et les philosophes du XVIIe siècle, il nous semble intéressant de présenter une étude de cas provenant du XVIIIe siècle, qui appartient à un contexte intellectuel et social profondément différent de celui du siècle précédent. Nous pourrons ainsi apporter de nouveaux éléments de réflexion sur la nature du désaccord scientifique et philosophique, qui puissent intégrer et compléter les travaux existants. Ce que nous présentons ici, en définitive, n’est pas seulement une étude sur Maupertuis, mais un travail qui, à travers l’analyse de sa pensée et des controverses qu'elle a suscitées, vise à la reconstruction des rapports et des échanges qui constituent le réseau de la République des Lettres au début du XVIIIe siècle. L’œuvre de Maupertuis est ainsi envisagée comme un prisme, à travers lequel nous observons les lignes principales de développement de la science et de la philosophie de son époqueWhereas historians have sometimes acknowledged the momentous contribution the Enlightenment provided to the cultural and scientific development of the modern world, more often they have criticized its speculative shallowness, and its overconfidence in the results of the scientific inquiry. The figure of Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis (1698-1759), holding a central place in our study, suffered the same fate as many other Enlightenment thinkers: mentioned in some historical narratives as a leading scientist and experimenter, most notably for the decisive contribution he gave to the circulation of Newtonian theories in France, he is relegated to the background in histories of modern philosophy and epistemology. One of the main objectives of the present research is to advance an interpretation of Maupertuis’ works which insists on the speculative depth of his doctrines, in order to display the preeminent place epistemological and metaphysical stakes occupy therein. The critical analysis of Maupertuis’ texts, however, is not the only important aspect of our study: we aim indeed at creating a wider narrative, which might contribute to clarify Maupertuis’ place within the intellectual network of the early 18th-century Republic of Letters. In this sense, we attribute a special importance to the study of Maupertuis’ controversies with other scientists and philosophers. The two controversies on which we concentrate are the controversy over the shape of the Earth, which took place at the Paris Academy of Sciences between 1733 and 1740, and the controversy over monads and Christian Wolff’s philosophy, taking place at the Berlin Academy of Sciences between 1746 and 1750. The interest of studying Maupertuis’ controversies is twofold. Firstly, it is an aspect of Maupertuis’ life and work commentators have overlooked: although there are a few essays dealing with Maupertuis’ controversies, which are for the most part focused on the question of shape of the Earth, monographs hitherto published do not discuss this aspect in detail. Secondly, Maupertuis’ controversies are an interesting case study to understand how scientific and philosophical controversies concretely work. We do not intend to claim that our study of Maupertuis’ controversies might function as a universally valid model for the study of each and every controversy in the history of science and philosophy. However, since historians studying controversies privilege case studies drawn from the 17th century, it seems useful to discuss an episode from another century, which belongs therefore to a different intellectual and social context. In this way, we will provide new elements of reflection on the nature of philosophical and scientific disagreement, which might integrate the existing literature on the subject. Ultimately, our study is not only a work on Maupertuis’ thought, but a survey that, through the analysis of Maupertuis’ texts and controversies, reconstructs the network of relations and exchanges which constitute the early 18th-century Republic of Letters. The work of Maupertuis functions therefore as a prism through which we observe the main lines of development of science and philosophy of his time
37
Oliveira, Marcos Alberto de. "Razão problematizante e investigação cientifica na metafisica kantiana da natureza." [s.n.], 2000. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/279546.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Zeljko LoparicDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-24T13:50:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_MarcosAlbertode_M.pdf: 15887863 bytes, checksum: 0df3c23fdbf8132884ac36dcdc3d0ee6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2000
Resumo: Não informado
Abstract: Not informed.
Mestrado
Mestre em Filosofia
38
Say, Constant. "Construction des concepts et principes fondateurs de la physique classique : cas de la dynamique newtonienne." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA070105.
Full textAbstract:
En opposition à une opinion assez, répandue, selon laquelle. Newton a fondé la mécanique rationnelle en s'appuyant sur les travaux de Kepler, Galilée et Huygens, puis en rejetant la « physique cartésienne », cette thèse apporte un nouvel éclairage sur la construction de la mécanique classique. En effet, nous nous intéressons dans ce travail, aux obstacles épistémologiques que tes savants des XVIème et XVIIème siècles rencontrèrent lors de l'élaboration des concepts et principes fondateurs de ia physique. Ceux-ci, serviront à la fin du XVIIème, à bâtir l’axiomatique de la mécanique newtonienne. Ainsi, nous démontrons, à partir d'une lecture historique et critique, que les fondements théoriques de la mécanique moderne s'élaborent, en définitive, au cours de la controverse conceptuelle opposant Descartes à Newton à propos du mouvement circulaire. À la suite de cela, le savant anglais introduit son concept d'espace « absolu ». Comme garant du « principe de l'inertie ». A partir de cet axiome l'ensemble des concepts essentiels de sa théorie s'organisent. II s'agit essentiellement du concept de « force » et de la notion de « masse », cette dernière étant indispensable dans ia quantification des « forces ». Qui sont au cœur de la théorie newtonienne. Au-delà des difficultés d'ordre mathématique et physique, propre à la théorisation newtonienne, notre travail a permis de mettre en évidence le caractère non nécessaire de l'espace « absolu >>, de la « force d'inertie », et de la « force centrifuge », démontrant ainsi le paradoxe qui existe entre la dimension opérationnelle d'une théorie et le statut ontologique des concepts qu'elle utiliseIn opposition to a. Widespread opinion that considere Newton to have founded rational mechanics by leaning on the works of Galileo. Kepler and Huygens, and then rejecting "Cartesian physics", this thesis sheds new light on the construction, of classic mechanics. Indeed. In this work we are interested in the epistemological obstacles that scholars of the XVIth and XVIIth centuries met during the elaboration of the concepts and the key principles of physics. These will serve at the end of the XVIIth century to build the axioms of Newtonian mechanics. We demonstrate, from a historical and critical reading, that the theoretical foundations of modem mechanics are elaborated during the conceptual controversy pitting Descartes against Newton on the issue of circular movement, From this content, the great English scientist introduces his notion of '"absolute" space as that which guarantees the "|aw of inertia". From this axiom, Newton can organize all the essential concepts of his theory. This concerns essentially the concept of "force" and the notion of "mass". The latter being essential to the quantification of "forces", which are the heart of Newtonian theory. Beyond the difficulties of a mathematical and physical order that are proper to Newtonian theory, our work allows us to bring to light the inessential character of "absolute" space, ''inertia" and "centrifugal force", thus demonstrating the paradox between the operational dimension of a theory and the ontological status of concepts it uses
39
Slowik, Claude. "Le livre II des Principia, les principes à l’épreuve de leur passage sur terre." Thesis, Lille 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL30006/document.
Full textAbstract:
Le livre : Principia Mathematica Philosophiae Naturalis (1687) de Isaac Newton constitue pour la science moderne un texte fondateur. Le corps de cet ouvrage est constitué de trois parties principales appelées livres. Parmi ces trois livres, les livres I et III consacrés principalement à l'étude du cosmos ont fait l'objet de nombreuses études. Le livre II consacré à l'étude de la résistance au mouvement des milieux fluides a été quelque peu délaissé et même dévalorisé par l'historiographie. Dans le livre II Newton détourne son regard du ciel et le porte sur terre. L'étude de cette partie des Principia nous permet de : revisiter et d'approfondir le concept newtonien de force, de découvrir l'usage de la notion de pression, de préciser le rôle de la géométrie euclidienne. Pour la géométrie nous avons été particulièrement attentif aux différentes fonctions des figures. Nous avons travaillé à partir de plusieurs traductions, principalement celle de la marquise du Châtelet de 1759 et de celle plus récente de Cohen et Whitman. Nos référents essentiels sont : Blay, Cohen, De Gand, Janiak, Koyré, McMullin, Smith et WestfallBook : Isaac Newton's Principia Mathematica Philosophiae Naturalis (1687) represents a fundamental text for modern science. The body of that work is in three major parts called books. Among these three books, I and III are primarily dedicated to the study of the cosmos and have been the objects of numerous studies. Book II is dedicated to the study of resistance to movement of fluid environments and has been somewhat ignored and even devalued by historiography. In book II Newton turns away from the sky and looks down at earth. The study of that part of Principia allows us to revisit and deepen our knowledge of the newtonian concept of force, to discover and learn how to use the concept of pressure, and to clarify the role of euclidean geometry. As for geometry, we have paid special attention to the different functions of figures. We have worked with several translations, primarily Marquise du Chatelet 1759's translation, and the more recent one by Cohen and Whitman. Our essential references are Blay, Cohen, De Gand, Janiak, Koyre, McMullin, Smith and Westfall
40
Sauquet, Francesc 1970. "Gènesi i conseqüències teològiques de la revolució newtoniana." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/394043.
Full textAbstract:
Trobarà el lector en aquestes planes una anàlisi, que desitgem prou sòlida, al voltant de la gènesi dels Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica de Newton i de les conseqüències teològiques que van derivar-ne. L’objectiu d’aquesta anàlisi no és merament un estudi descriptiu, sinó un intent de resoldre què fou Newton des d’una perspectiva teològica i com hem d’entendre, en última instància, la seva relació amb la lògica interna del discurs científic. Dues tesis aquestes que l’autor ha procurat respondre aportant noves visions tot recolzant-se amb la documentació escaient i l’esforç de les investigacions que n’han brollat.
En vista a la resolució d’aquestes tesis, és convenient entendre abans que res, en una primera part de l’obra, l’evolució genètica de les idees que van dur a la formulació gravitatòria. La revisió de les concepcions sobre l’estructura de l’univers anteriors a l’obra de Newton es fa imprescindible per a entendre el context en què va donar-se la seva revolució. A partir d’aquí, la deducció de la llei de l’invers del quadrat de la distància representa el bateig del trajecte excepcional que durà a l’aparició de la física newtoniana. Partint de la famosa trobada de Halley, Hooke i Wren al gener de 1684, la tesi aporta un seguiment de la gènesi de les idees de Newton, cosa que seria impensable sense entretenir-se en una anàlisi acurada del seu opuscle De motu corporum in gyrum de 1684. En aquesta obra apareix el fil conductor de gran part dels continguts posteriors que seran presents als Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica.
La segona part de l’obra haurà de considerar quins efectes va tenir sobre la teologia el descobriment de la llei de gravitació universal per part de Newton. Calen, d’entrada, una anàlisi de les coordenades teològiques del segle XVII i, sobretot, del corpus religiós que dominava la mentalitat de Newton. Quina visió tenia Newton de la divinitat, quina era la seva actitud en relació a l’oficialitat, i com hi relacionava l’exercici científic, són assumptes de cabdal rellevància. El veritable inici de la suma de les distintes conseqüències teològiques a què va dur la publicació dels Principia rau en les possibles respostes a la pregunta de quina hauria de ser la naturalesa de la gravetat mateixa. Haurem de veure, doncs, si rere el Déu que sentia Newton s’hi amagava realment una emmascarada visió deista de la realitat. Una anàlisi d’aquesta qüestió ha de fer veure la vertadera complexitat del Newton religiós: un teista heterodox i fragmentari que fins i tot va acabar flirtejant amb algunes imatges d’un panteisme prou inesperat i inconfessable. Es demostra, a més, que tant les exigències de la nova física de Newton com la presentació tan polièdrica de Déu i del fet religiós que s’enceta amb les seves críptiques concepcions van tenir unes conseqüències metafísiques i teològiques absolutament rellevants dins de certs cercles intel·lectuals propers al newtonianisme. Aquesta herència va constituir el fonament d’un grup de
pensadors que es van erigir en «apòstols» del pensament newtonià i que van acabar esdevenint els teòrics de la nova «astroteologia».
El lector té doncs a les mans una obra on s’entrecreuen gran part dels distints sabers humans essencials: la matemàtica, la física, la metafísica, la teologia i fins i tot, una reflexió antropològica implícita que no pot menysprear-se. Una cruïlla de sabers que ha de dur, després de realitzat un pregon estudi –o almenys aquesta ha estat la intenció-, a unes conclusions que, si bé estem molt lluny de titllar de sorprenents, aspirem que puguin ser útils tant al teòleg com a l’hermeneuta de la història i de la filosofia de la ciència.In these pages, the reader will find an analysis, which we conceive sound enough, of the genesis of Newton’s Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy and the theological consequences that arose from it. The main purpose of such an analysis is not a mere descriptive study, but an attempt to solve what Newton was from a theological perspective and how we must understand ultimately his relation to the internal structure of the scientific discourse. The author has tried to enlighten both theses by making new crucial contributions based on the available documentation and many other studies. This work is divided in two parts. The first one tackles the scientific path towards the discovery of the universal law of gravity. After careful consideration to the great part of the prenewtonian physical visions –and from the relevant events that took place in January 1684- the author delves deep and thoroughly into the intricate facts which led Newton first to the publication of his De motu and then to the classic physical comprehension of nature in his Principia. An accurate explanation of some mathematical principles is not only developed therein, but also and most especially the winding way Newton was able to walk in order to overcome the challenges and adversities. The second part of the work focuses on the main theological consequences of such a discovery. The author aims to understand better Newton’s religious soul and how he tried to clarify the deepest intangible nature of gravity with regard to his religious concepts. The scientific requirements emerging from the Principia had an important influence in determining the new religious visions which sought to harmonize the «God’s work» and the »God’s Book». In this context, the author demonstrates that Newton was not a deist nor even strictly an orthodox theist, but he should be rather considered as a «formal panentheist» who laid the foundations of what will be known in the future as «astrotheology».
41
Enström, Anna. "Färgen och den fysiologiska estetiken : Goethe, Novalis och Caspar David Friedrich." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för kultur och kommunikation, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-5636.
Full text
42
Morillas, Esteban Jordi. "Religión, ciencia y política en la filosofía de John Toland." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/2042.
Full textAbstract:
La presente tesis pretende exponer de forma clara y sistemática la doctrina filosófica del pensador irlandés John Toland (1680-1722) en sus vertientes más importantes, a saber, la teología, la política y la ciencia, así como también su concepción de la filosofía y del filósofo. Con tal fin, este estudio, pionero en lengua española, se estructura a través de una introducción que expone la problemática de los estudios tolandianos en la actualidad, pasando a posteriormente a ofrecer una extensa y detallada biografía de Toland, así como un listado cronológico de sus principales obras. Para la comprensión de su persona y de su pensamiento filosófico, se lleva a cabo, asimismo, una breve exposición de su momento histórico y filosófico. A continuación, se analiza el pensamiento teológico - dominante en su filosofía - con el examen de su primera obra, Christianity not Mysterious (1696), destacando tanto sus fuentes como su posterior recepción polémica y su influencia en el pensamiento anglosajón deísta. Para la comprensión de esta obra y del pensamiento tolandiano posterior en torno a la religión cristiana, se añade un breve estudio sobre el movimiento sociniano. El papel de la política en Toland se analiza detalladamente, destacando tanto un análisis de sus obras más importantes, como por ejemplo, Anglia libera (1701), como su acción política y sus consecuencias no sólo para la historia de Inglaterra, sino también para la europea. La cuestión científica ocupa un lugar importante en el pensamiento del filósofo irlandés, en tanto que en ella se unen de manera clara el Leitmotiv religioso y político que guiaba su filosofía en su lucha contra una interpretación errónea del cristianismo (anglicanismo oficial) y del universo, ejemplarizada en el newtonianismo y su difusión pública en las famosos Boyle Lectures (Letters to Serena, 1704). Posteriormente se analiza la última obra de Toland, Pantheisticon (1720), en el cual se encuentran reunidos, en breves páginas, lo que sería toda su concepción filósofica tanto del hombre, como del universo, de la religión, de la política y de la filosofía. Es justamente esta exposición sobre su concepción de la filosofía lo que nos lleva a dedicarle todo un capítulo al análisis de la evolución de la filosofía en el pensamiento de Toland, indagando tanto en sus fuentes histórico-filosóficas como biográficas, destacando el importante papel que tenía en su pensamiento la distinción entre filosofía esotérica y filosofía exotérica, así como la lucha encarnizada del filósofo contra la superstición y la tiranía a favor de la libertad y la tolerancia. La conclusión de este estudio resalta justamente los motivos rectores del pensamiento tolandiano, así como su influencia en los movimientos filósoficos posteriores, destacando el papel tan importante que en su doctrina y en su actuar jugaron siempre los valores de la tolerancia y de la libertad en este filósofo injustamente olvidado hoy día.PALABRAS CLAVE: John Toland, Cristianismo, Guillermo III, Baruch de Spinoza, Isaac Newton, Giordano Bruno, Socinianismo.
This investigation seeks to discuss, clearly and systematically, the philosophical doctrine of the Irish thinker John Toland (1680-1722), focusing on its most important points: Theology, Politics and Science, besides his own conception of philosophy and the philosopher. This study, which is the first discussing John Toland in Spain, begins with an introduction to the status quaestionis of the recent studies regarding John Toland, and tries to offer a wide and detailed account of Toland's life, with a chronology of his works. In order to understand both Toland and the Toland's thought, we offer a brief expositio of its historical and philosophical background. "Christianity not Mysterious" (1696), which is his first work, allows us to examine his theological thought and to give an account of the sources, polemic reception and influence on Deist Anglo-Saxon thought. As a means of understanding this work and the later Toland's conception on Christian religion, we offer a brief account on Socinianism. Regarding Politics and its importance for Toland's Philosophy, we examine his most important works, such as "Anglia libera"(1701), and also his political action and consequences over England and Europe. The Science takes an important place in the work of our Irish philosopher, since in Toland's presumptive fight against Newton's Physics and their public diffusion in Boyle Lectures ("Letters to Serena", 1704), we find actually together both the religious and political Leitmotiv in the struggle against Christianity and its false interpretation of the Universe. Finally, we examine his last work "Pantheisticon" (1720), where we can find altogether his philosophical conception of Man, Universe, Religion, Politics and Philosophy. This exposition leads us to discuss his Philosophy's conception, searching for his historical, philosophical and biographical sources and, at last, pointing out the difference between esoteric and exoteric Philosophy, and the battle of the philosopher for freedom and tolerance in a superstitious and tyrannical society. The conclusion regards these points as the main features of Toland's thought and remarks the difference between it and the later philosophical movements.
43
Daudon, Vincent. "Construction d'un concept de temps mathématiquement manipulable en philosophie naturelle." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC241/document.
Full textAbstract:
En recherchant la loi de force centripète inscrite dans les Principes Mathématiques de la Philosophie Naturelle, Newton donna au temps un statut de grandeur privilégiée de la philosophie naturelle. Cependant, celui-ci apparaît de façon ambiguë, tantôt grandeur discrète, tantôt grandeur continue. Sa manipulation mathématique, qui repose essentiellement sur la Méthode des premières et dernières raison et sur la loi des aires, laisse, en outre, apparaître un temps de nature géométrique. Confronté, dans la proposition X du livre II, à la résolution du mouvement d'un mobile qui éprouve une résistance en raison du carré de sa vitesse, Newton ne parvient pas à résoudre cette proposition au moyen de la géométrie. Il est contraint de reprendre son raisonnement et de recourir à une méthode algébrique pour énoncer de manière juste, dans l'édition de 1713, la solution de cette proposition, dans laquelle le temps apparaît alors sous une forme algébrisée, représenté par une lettre. Ainsi, d'un temps géométrisé, figuré par un élément d'espace dans l'édition de 1687, Newton en fit un être per se représenté par une lettre dans la proposition X de l'édition de 1713. Cependant, c'est à Varignon, qui aborda les propositions des Principia de Newton à l'aide du calcul différentiel, que l'on doit la fin de la mathématisation et la finalisation du concept de temps mathématiqueBy looking for the law of centripetal force registered in the Mathematical Principles of the Natural Philosophy, Newton gave to time a status of privileged magnitude of natural philosophy. However, this one appears in a ambiguous way, sometimes discrete magnitude, sometimes continuous magnitude. Its mathematical manipulation, which rests essentially on the Method of first and last ratios and on the law of areas, lets appear a time of geometrical nature. Confronted, in the proposal x of the book II, with the resolution of the movement of a mobile which tests a resistance which is proportional in the square of its speed, Newton does not succeed in solving this proposal by means of the geometry. It is forced to resume its reasoning and to resort to an algebraic method in order to express in a just way the solution of this proposal, in which the time appears then under an algébraic shape, represented by a letter. So, from a geometrical time, represented by an element of space in the edition of 1687, Newton made an entity per se represented by a letter in proposal x of the 1713 edition. But it is to Varignon, who approached the proposals of the Principia by means of the differential calculus, that we owe the end of the "mathematization" and the finalization of the concept of mathematical time
44
Curran, Timothy Michael. "Arguably the scheme that conquered the infinite." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1994. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/877.
Full text
45
Burgio, Benedetta <1996>. "Sir Isaac Newton's "Principia Mathematica" and British Physico-Theological Poetry at the Turn of the Eighteenth Century." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/20507.
Full textAbstract:
The turn of the eighteenth century was a time in which science and literature were not as diametrically distinct as they are today. What has been labelled the 'heroic age of science' witnessed extraordinary advancements and transformations in natural philosophy which represented both a productive source of inspiration for poets and a powerful instrument for theologians. These fields conflated into physico-theology, the branch of natural philosophy that employed the new science to demonstrate the existence and attributes of God, and that was often given expression in poetry. The purpose of the dissertation will be to study this unique crossway between science, literature, and religion as embodied in the Newtonian physico-theological poetry of the early eighteenth century. In the first chapter a presentation of the scientific background of the revolutionary work of Sir Isaac Newton (1642–1727) will be followed by an introduction to the "Principia Mathematica Philosophiae Naturalis" (1687, 1713, 1726) and its theological implications. The second chapter will then explore the phenomenon known as Newtonianism to understand how Newton’s ideas became an integral part of western culture, while also showing their impact on the thriving tradition of British physico-theology. On these premises, the last chapter will be entirely devoted to the contextualisation and analysis of Sir Richard Blackmore’s (1654–1729) didactic poem "Creation" (1712) with the aim of assessing how it was influenced by Newtonian theories.
46
Muchenski, Julio Cesar. "Gênero de raciocínio de laboratório no ensino de física: especulação complexa de tipos da física no manuseio de atividades experimentais artesanais e tecnológicas." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2015. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1269.
Full textAbstract:
Acompanha: Raciocinal e empírico: caderno pedagógicoEste trabalho trata de uma pesquisa qualitativa sobre a mediação de roteiros no ensino-aprendizagem do experimento da segunda lei de Newton. Iniciamos a pesquisa com uma análise documental sobre a demanda histórica, procurando diagnosticar a produção de roteiros da segunda lei nos últimos 50 anos, baseados nos arquivos históricos do Colégio Estadual do Paraná, os resultados da investigação bibliográfica mostraram que não existiu evolução didático-metodológica em relação as orientações para a execução das práticas experimentais em torno da segunda lei de Newton. Mesmo com a evolução tecnológica e instrumental dos laboratórios já interfaceados com fotogates e computadores, os roteiros ainda privilegiam uma concepção de ensino tradicional de ciência altamente reprodutivista. Concluímos que desde os projetos como o PSSC (MIT), o de Harvard e outros que tinham uma base tecnicista e que propunham o aprendizado de Física tornando os estudantes pequenos cientistas, e que proporcionou aos estudantes muita habilidade motora e uma aprendizagem automatizada e, acabou negligenciando a parte cognitiva presente no processo entre observações e fatos, ao nosso ver isso corrobora com uma concepção de ensino de divulgação de ciência no estilo panfleto. Para nos auxiliar neste problema buscamos principalmente os estudos de Gaston Bachelard, Paulo Freire, Thomas S. Kuhn, Ian Hacking, Neill Postman e Kim Vicente. Problema delimitado propomos uma possível modificação do roteiro da segunda lei de Newton com uma sequência de atividades experimentais com plano de fundo de uma lei ou teoria associado à ciência normal no sentido de Kuhn, no qual os estudantes são provocados em resolver quebra-cabeças, propostos na problematização do roteiro promovendo uma possibilidade de entrelaçamento entre teoria e a prática, valorizando aspectos racionais e empíricos, de forma de aproximação, de tensão conciliadora e de retroalimentação. No método experimental artesanal e tecnológico associado a contextos e problematizações, apostamos na especulação complexa do aparelho experimental e das entidades da física relacionadas com a lei fundamental dos movimentos, com a intencionalidade da especialização na utilização dos aparelhos e do aumento do realismo científico das entidades manipuladas pelos estudantes. Como principais resultados que verificamos pela comparação de representações dos estudantes em questionários aplicados antes e depois da sequência de atividades, apontamos aspectos de uma evolução em maior ou menor grau do gênero de raciocínio associado à cultura do laboratório, com indícios de uma possível evolução do perfil epistemológico dos estudantes em relação as entidades da física manipuladas, através do aparelho experimental e dos elementos articuladores, entre eles o cálculo, no manuseio da linguagem físico matemática.
This assignment is a qualitative research on mediation scripts in the teaching- learning experiment of Newton's second law. We started the research with documentary analysis of the historical demand, looking diagnose the production of script about second law on last fifty years, based on the historical archives of the Colégio Estadual do Paraná. The results of the literature search showed that there was not didactic-methodological, development in relation the guidelines for execution of experimental practices around Newton's second law. Even with the technological and instrumental development of laboratories already interfaced with photogates and computers, the scripts still prefer a traditional school design highly reproductivist science. We conclude from since the projects as the PSSC (MIT), of the Harvard and others, who had a technical basis and that the proposed Physical learning becoming the students in little scientists. And which provided students with a lot of motor skills and an automated learning and, finishes up neglecting the cognitive part of this process between observations and facts, in our view this confirms a science of dissemination of teaching design in the pamphlet style. To help us in this problem we sought studies of Gaston Bachelard, Paulo Freire, Thomas S. Kuhn, Ian Hacking, Neill Postman and Kim Vicente. With the delimited problem, we propose a possible modification of the script of Newton's second law, with a series of experimental activities with the background plan of a law or theory associated with normal science in Kuhn's sense, in which students are challenged to solve puzzles. Problematized in script with a chance of entanglement between theory and practice, valuing rational and empirical aspects, promoting his approach, tension and feedback. In experimental method associated with contexts and problematizations, handmade and with technology, we bet on complex speculation, of the experimental apparatus and of the physical entities related to the fundamental law of motion, with the intentionality of the specialization in the use of equipment and the increase of the realism scientific of the manipulated entities by students. The main results that we see by comparing representations of students in questionnaires before and after the sequence of activities. We point out aspects of an evolution to a greater or lesser degree, gender of reasoning associated with the laboratory culture, with indications of a possible evolution of the profile epistemological of students regarding the physical entities manipulated by the experimental apparatus and the joint by calculation with the handling of physical mathematical language.
47
"The theology of Sir Isaac Newton." THE UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA, 2008. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3304232.
Full text
48
Cellamare, Francesca. "Costruzione di una versione interattiva dei "problemi" dell'arithmetica universalis di Isaac Newton: alcuni esempi." Tesi di dottorato, 2006. http://www.fedoa.unina.it/1055/1/Tesi_Cellamare_Francesca.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
La tesi tratta della realizzazione, con il software di geometria dinamica CABRI, di disegni interattivi che illustrano alcuni dei “Problemi” presentati da I. Newton nell’Arithmetica Universalis. Inoltre, è corredata da un CD – Rom in cui sono raccolte tutte le immagini interattive.
49
Wilson, Andrew S., Michael P. Richards, and M. T. P. Gilbert. "Authenticity of long curated historical hair samples - the case of Newton's hair." 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/10952.
Full text
50
Schliesser, Eric. "Indispensible Hume : from Isaac Newton's natural philosophy to Adam Smith's "Science of man" /." 2002. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3070205.
Full text