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1

Cummings, Nicholas John. "Entomopathogenic fungi in New Zealand native forests : the genera Beauveria and Isaria." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Biological Sciences, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6193.

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Species of the entomopathogenic fungal genera Beauveria and Isaria were collected and isolated from diverse arthropod hosts in native forests. Morphological observations and analysis of DNA sequence data from three nuclear gene regions were used to identify taxa and examine phylogenetic relationships. Several new host associations were found for Beauveria species. The recently described species Beauveria malawiensis is reported infecting insects in New Zealand for the first time. The known host range of this species is extended to include Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Orthoptera and Phasmatodea. Beauveria caledonica, previously only recorded in New Zealand from introduced bark beetles in pine forests, is reported for the first time in native forests and on non-coleopteran hosts. Insect bioassays of Beauveria bassiana and B. malawiensis isolates were conducted to examine host specificity and identify strains with potential for controlling introduced Vespula wasps. Bioassay results generally suggested that strains did not have specific host requirements and isolates of both species were found to be pathogenic towards Vespula larvae. Morphological and molecular data indicated that two distinct groups of Isaria farinosa-like fungi occur in New Zealand and should be recognised as separate species. Similarly, two discrete groups resembling Isaria cicadae were identified. The results indicate that species diversity in Isaria has been previously underestimated in New Zealand.
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2

Mochi, Dinalva Alves [UNESP]. "Fungos entomopatogênicos para o controle da mosca-dos- chifres Haematobia irritans em laboratório e campo." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/103915.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
A mosca-dos-chifres Haematobia irritans é um dos principais ectoparasitos associados a bovinos em pastagens. O presente trabalho objetivou analisar a ação patogênica dos isolados E9, IBCB425 e IBCB159 do fungo Metarhizium anisopliae, JAB06, JAB07 e AM09 de Beauveria bassiana, IBCB133 e CB75 de Isaria fumosorosea (=Paecilomyces fumosoroseus) e CG189 e CG195 de Isaria farinosa (=Paecilomyces farinosus) para a mosca-dos-chifres H. irritans em laboratório e campo. Avaliou-se em laboratório, a ação de todos os isolados dos fungos sobre ovos, larvas, pupas e adultos. Grupos de 30 ovos foram inoculados com suspensões fúngicas, e colocados sobre papel de filtro esterilizado, em 5 g de fezes bovinas frescas, acondicionadas em tubos de plástico. No ensaio com larvas, pedaços de papel filtro esterilizado contendo na superfície grupos de 30 ovos foram colocados sobre 5 g de fezes bovinas frescas, contidas em tubos de plástico, às quais incorporaram-se diversas concentrações de conídios mg fezes-1. No ensaio com ovos e larvas, o término do experimento ocorreu com a emergência dos adultos. Grupos de 20 pupas foram imersas por 60 segundos em suspensão do fungo, e colocadas em placas de Petri. Após a emergência, os adultos foram transferidos para gaiolas de isopor pequenas. Para o ensaio com adultos, grupos de 30 adultos foram separados e pulverizados com 0,3 mL das suspensões de conídios. Doze horas após, as moscas foram transferidas para gaiolas de isopor e avaliadas diariamente até o 15o dia. Para todos os ensaios, foram utilizadas suspensões contendo 106, 107 e 108 conídios mL-1. O isolado que promoveu os melhores resultados nos ensaios anteriores, foi usado em um experimento de campo para avaliar a ação fúngica em larvas e adultos de H. irritans em bovinos naturalmente infestados. Para o controle de larvas, foi oferecido aos bovinos conídios de M. anisopliae isolado...
Horn fly Haematobia irritans is one of the main ectoparasites associated to cattle on pastures. The present work had the objective of analyzing the pathogenic action of the isolates E9, IBCB425 and IBCB159 of the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae, JAB06, JAB07 and AM09 of Beauveria bassiana, IBCB133 and CB75 of Isaria fumosorosea (=Paecilomyces fumosoroseus) and CG189 and CG195 of Isaria farinosa (=Paecilomyces farinosus) for horn fly H. irritans, in laboratory and field conditions. The action of all the fungi isolates over the eggs, larvae, pupae and adults were evaluated in laboratory. Groups of 30 eggs were inoculated with fungal suspensions and placed over sterilized filter paper on top of 5 g of fresh bovine feces, put in plastic tubes. In the larvae assay, peaces of sterilized filter paper, containing groups of 30 eggs on the surface, were placed over 5 g of fresh bovine feces, contained in plastic tubes, in which different concentrations of conidia mg feces-1 were incorporated. In the eggs and larvae assay, the end of the experiment matched the emergence of the adults. Groups of 20 pupae were immersed for 60 seconds in the fungus suspension and placed on Petri dishes. After the emergence, the adults were transferred to small Styrofoam cages. In the adults assay, groups of 30 adults were separated and pulverized with 0,3 ml of the conidia suspensions. After twelve hours, the adults were transferred to Styrofoam cages and the evaluations were done daily until the 15th day. Suspensions containing 106, 107 and 108 conidia ml-1 were used for all the assays. The isolate that promoted best results on the previous assays was used in a field experiment, where the fungal action on larvae and adults of H. irritans, on naturally infested bovines, was evaluated. For the larvae control conidia of the E9 isolate of M. anisopliae, microencapsulated... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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3

Figueiredo, Lara Leal. "Produção, persistência e eficiência da pulverização eletrostática de Isaria javanica no manejo de Bemisia tabaci." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2018. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/8641.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius, 1889), is an insect that has great importance in world agriculture. It adapts easily to diverse cultures and environments, thus, making it difficult to handle. The use of the entomopathogenic fungus Isaria javanica is considered a promising tactic for the management of whitefly. The objectives of this work were to select isolates of I. javanica with higher conidia production in solid medium; to evaluate the efficiency of different methods of entomopathogenic fungus application on whitefly nymphs; quantify the number of conidia deposited on the abaxial face of the bean leaves and evaluate the persistence of the conidia in the environment. To evaluate the production of conidia, three isolates of I. javanica were used and placed in Erlenmeyer containing 200 grams of parboiled rice. The isolate CNPAF 14 presented the highest yield of conidia (1.20 x 1010 conidia / gram of rice). In the evaluation of the efficiency of different spraying methods, the electrostatic sprayer, CO2 and Air brsuh were used. Bean plants were grown in pots in the greenhouse and infested with white-fly adults for nymphs. Bean plants with 2nd instar nymphs were sprayed with Tween 80® solution [0.05%], suspension of fungus I. javanica [1x107 conidia.mL -1 ] and spiromesifene 0.5 L / ha. The methods of electrostatic spraying and CO2 did not show differences in the mortality of whitefly nymphs. To evaluate the deposition and the persistence of conidia was used the isolate CNPAF 14 [5x106 conidia.mL -1 ]. Suspension was applied with the electrostatic sprayer and CO2 in the potted bean plants in the greenhouse. The spraying methods did not increase the amount of conidia deposited on the abaxial face of the bean leaves and did not interfere in the persistence. Future studies should be conducted to enable commercial production of the entomopathogenic fungus I. javanica to assist in the management of B. tabaci.
A mosca-branca, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius, 1889), é um inseto que tem uma grande importância na agricultura mundial. Adapta-se facilmente a diversas culturas e ambientes, assim, dificultando o seu manejo. O uso do fungo entomopatogênico Isaria javanica é considerado uma tática promissora para o manejo de mosca-branca. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram selecionar isolados de I. javanica com maior produção de conídios em meio sólido; avaliar a eficiência de diferentes métodos de aplicações do fungo entomopatogênico sobre ninfas de mosca-branca;quantificar o número de conídios depositados na face abaxial das folhas de feijoeiro e avaliar a persistência dos conídios no ambiente. Para avaliar a produção de conídios, foram utilizados três isolados de I. javanica e colocados em Erlenmeyer contendo 200 gramas de arroz parboilizado. O isolada CNPAF 14 apresentou o maior rendimento de conídios (1,20 x 10 10 conídios/grama de arroz). Na avaliação da eficiência de diferentes métodos de pulverização foi utilizado o pulverizador eletrostático, CO2 e Air brsuh. Plantas de feijão foram cultivadas em vasos na casa de vegetação e infestadas com adultos de mosca-branca para a obtenção de ninfas. As plantas de feijão com ninfas de 2o instar foram pulverizadas com solução de Tween 80® [0,05%], suspensão do fungo I. javanica [1x10 7 conídios.mL -1 ] e espiromesifeno 0,5 L/ ha. Os métodos de pulverização eletrostático e CO2 não apresentaram diferenças na mortalidade de ninfas de mosca-branca. Para avaliar a deposição e a persistência de conídios foi utilizado o isolado CNPAF 14 [5x10 6 conídios.mL -1 ]. A suspenção foi aplicada com o pulverizador eletrostático e CO2 nas plantas de feijão em vasos na casa de vegetação. Os métodos de pulverização não incrementar na quantidade de conídios depositados na face abaxial das folhas de feijoeiro e não interferiram na persistência. Estudos futuros deverão ser conduzidos para viabilizar a produção comercial do fungo entomopatogênico I. javanica para auxiliar no manejo de B. tabaci.
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4

Simi, Lucas Detogni [UNESP]. "Susceptibilidade das fases do ciclo de vida de Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) à ação de fungos entomopatogênicos." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94900.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
A broca da cana Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius, 1794) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) é responsável por grandes prejuízos na cultura da cana-deaçúcar. O controle tem como alvo principal somente a fase de lagarta. No entanto, a eficiência pode ser maior atingindo fases do ciclo da praga mais expostas aos agentes de controle. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a patogenicidade de Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorok. Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. e Isaria farinosa (Holmsk.) Fr. para ovos, lagartas, pupas e adultos de D. saccharalis e avaliar, através da análise de parâmetros biológicos, os efeitos no ciclo de vida da praga. Ovos postos no período de 24 horas, lagartas com 15 dias de desenvolvimento, pupas recém formadas e adultos com 24 horas de vida foram inoculados com os fungos nas concentrações de 108, 107 e 106 conídios mL-1. A viabilidade dos ovos foi afetada significativamente no tratamento com 108 con. mL-1 de M. anisopliae, mas as lagartas sobreviventes não foram afetadas em nenhum outro parâmetro avaliado. M. anisopliae e B. bassiana causaram mortalidade de lagartas principalmente nas concentrações de 108 e 107 con. mL-1, enquanto a viabilidade pupal e o peso de pupas fêmeas formadas a partir de lagartas tratadas foram reduzidos apenas pelos tratamentos com 108 e 107 con. mL-1 de M. anisopliae, respectivamente. I. farinosa não se mostrou patogênico para as fases de ovo e lagarta de D. saccharalis. O tratamento com 108 con. mL-1 de M. anisopliae e B. bassiana produziu 52,0 e 42,0% de mortalidade de pupas, respectivamente, afetando também a viabilidade de pupas e a longevidade de adultos emergidos. A fecundidade destes adultos foi severamente afetada por I. farinosa na concentração 108 con. mL-1 e pelos outros fungos em todas as concentrações avaliadas. Verificou-se grande mortalidade de adultos tratados com todas as concentrações de M. anisopliae...
The sugarcane borer Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius, 1794) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is responsible for high losses in sugarcane. The larval stage is the main target of control. However, the efficiency can be higher by reaching different and more exposed stages with more exposure to the control agents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pathogenicity of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorok. Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. and Isaria farinosa (Holmsk.) Fr. to eggs, larvae, pupae and adults of D. saccharalis and to evaluate the effects on pest lifecycle. Eggs with 24 hours, larvae with 15 days of development, newly formed pupae and adults with 24 hours of life were inoculated with fungi at concentrations of 108, 107 and 106 conidia mL-1. The eggs viability was significantly affected in the treatment with 108 con. mL-1 of M. anisopliae, but the survival larvae were not affected in any of the analyzed parameters. M. anisopliae and B. bassiana caused larval mortality mainly at concentrations of 108 and 107 con. mL-1, while pupae viability and female pupal weight formed from treated larvae were reduced only by treatments with 108 and 107 con. mL-1 of M. anisopliae, respectively. I. farinosa wasn´t pathogenic to eggs and larvae of D. saccharalis. The treatment with 108 con. mL-1 of M. anisopliae and B. bassiana produced 52.0 and 42.0% pupae mortality respectively, also affecting the pupal viability and the longevity of adults. The fecundity of these adults was severely affected by I. farinosa in the concentration of 108 con. mL-1 and by other fungi in all evaluated concentrations. High mortality of treated adults with all concentrations of M. anisopliae and with 107 con. mL-1 was observed. The longevity and fecundity were not affected by the fungi, and the eggs viability laid by treated females was significantly reduced by treatment with 106 and 108 con. mL-1 of B. bassiana... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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5

Mackay, Stephen. "Assisted flocculation of Chlorella Sorokiniana by co-culture with filamentous fungi." University of the Western Cape, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5314.

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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD
Biofuel production from microalgae is currently not economically competitive with fossil fuels due to high operational costs. A sustainable system needs to be developed which considers cultivation, harvesting and conversion to fuels as a single loop. The harvesting step has been identified as a major bottleneck within the biofuel production process, contributing to a significant proportion of the operational cost (20-30%). Chemical flocculation is a more affordable alternative to centrifugation and filtration. Chemical flocculants however negatively impact the quality of biomass and conversion efficiency to biofuel by increasing biomass ash content. Bioflocculation with biopolymers or microbes have a minimal impact on the quality of biomass. In this study, the interaction between the filamentous fungus Isaria fumosorosea and the microalgae C. sorokiniana is investigated. Under strict autotrophic conditions at pH 7-8, co-culture of microalgae (2-20 μm) with fungal blastospores resulted in theidevelopment of large pellets (1-2 mm) which may be easily harvested by sedimentation or filtration at 95% harvesting efficiency. Fungal assisted bioflocculation was compared to other harvesting methods with respect to cost and impact on the hydrothermal conversion process. Low cost carbon sources, including waste hydrothermal nutrients, minimal sugar concentrations and algal exudate may reduce fungal cultivation costs. Waste products, such as organic carbon, N, P, CO₂ and trace metals can be recycled and used for algae and fungal cultivation, closing the loop to make the system sustainable.
National Research Foundation; Swiss Government
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6

Ausique, John Jairo Saldarriaga. "Desenvolvimento de estratégias para incorporação de fungos entomopatogênicos no manejo de Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, 1908 (Hemiptera: Liviidae) na cultura dos citros." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-15092014-101020/.

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O principal problema fitossanitário da citricultura atualmente é a doença conhecida como greening ou Huanglongbing (HLB), transmitida pelo inseto vetor Diaphorina citri. O presente trabalho objetivou desenvolver estratégias para incorporação dos fungos Beauveria bassiana ESALQ-PL63, registrado para o controle de outras pragas e/ou I. fumosorosea ESALQ-1296 em desenvolvimento como biopesticida especialmente para o manejo de D. citri, determinando a melhor concentração de adjuvantes e de conídios dos fungos a serem utilizados, sua eficácia em laboratório, semi-campo e campo; assim como sua compatibilidade com os agroquímicos utilizados na cultura. Na comparação dos dois fungos aplicados com seis adjuvantes no controle de D. citri revelaram que exceto Tween 80 a 0,001%, todos os outros adjuvantes contribuíram para aumentar a eficácia dos fungos. Os níveis de controle obtidos nos bioensaios em laboratório com B. bassiana e I. fumosorosea foram confirmados nos bioensaios em semi-campo e em campo. Realizaram-se 12 pulverizações com os dois fungos durante o período de dezembro de 2011 a janeiro de 2013 em campo nas concentrações de 2,5x106 conídios/mL em 2000 L/ha e 5x106 conídios/mL em 1000 L/ha ambos com 0,075% do adjuvante KBRAdj. Na comparação mês a mês, somente em janeiro de 2012 o controle químico foi superior a todos os outros tratamentos. No restante dos meses, as mortalidades causadas pelos tratamentos com fungos foram semelhantes entre si e semelhantes ao controle químico. As mortalidades de adultos de D. citri pelos fungos variaram de 96,4±3,8% (dezembro/2011) a 57,8±3,5% (outubro/2012). Os efeitos de 27 agroquímicos sobre o crescimento vegetativo e esporulação das colônias e a viabilidade dos conídios in vitro e a virulência dos fungos in vivo após mistura com cada um dos produtos foram determinados e revelaram que exceto os fungicidas a maioria dos produtos são compatíveis com os fungos e podem ser misturados na calda de aplicação. Estes resultados indicam que Beauveria bassiana ESALQ-PL63 e Isaria fumosorosea ESALQ-1296 são promissores para utilização no controle de D. citri em programas de manejo integrado de pragas de citros.
The main cause of the crop loss in citrus is currently the disease known as greening or Huanglongbing (HLB), transmitted by the insect vector Diaphorina citri. This study aimed to develop strategies for incorporating the fungi Beauveria bassiana ESALQ-PL63, registered for the control of other pests and Isaria fumosorosea ESALQ-1296 in development as biopesticide especially for the management of D. citri by determining the optimal concentration of adjuvants and of conidia to be used, their effectiveness in laboratory, semifield and field; as well as its compatibility with agrochemicals used in the crop. The comparison of the two fungi applied with six adjuvants for the control of D. citri revealed that except Tween 80 (0.001%), all other adjuvants contributed to increase the effectiveness of the fungi. Control levels obtained in the laboratory bioassays with B. bassiana and I. fumosorosea were confirmed in bioassays in semi-field and field. Both fungi were sprayed 12 times from December 2011 to January 2013 in the field at concentrations of 2.5x106 conidia/mL in 2000 L/ha and 5x106 conidia/mL in 1000 L/ha both with 0.075% of KBRAdj adjuvant. Only in January 2012 the chemical control was superior to all other treatments. In the remaining months, the mortalities caused by all the fungi treatments were similar to each other and similar to chemical control. The mortalities of adult D. citri by fungi ranged from 96.4 ± 3.8% (December/2011) to 57.8 ± 3.5% (October/2012). The effects of 27 agrochemicals on the vegetative growth and sporulation of colonies and conidia viability in vitro and in vivo virulence of the fungus after mixing it with each of the products were determined and showed that except the fungicides, the majority of products are compatible with the fungi and may be tank mixed. These results indicate that B. bassiana ESALQ-PL63 and I. fumosorosea ESALQ-1296 are promising for use in the control of D. citri in integrated pest management programs of citrus.
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Conceschi, Marcos Roberto. "Parâmetros a serem considerados nas pulverizações do fungo Isaria fumosorosea para o manejo de Diaphorina citri." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-29082017-091810/.

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O inseto vetor Diaphorina citri Kuwayama 1907 (Hemiptera: Liviidae) é considerado a principal praga da citricultura mundial. O controle desta praga é feito quase exclusivamente com inseticidas químicos, existindo a demanda por alternativas mais sustentáveis de controle. O desenvolvimento de um bioproduto a base de fungo entomopatogênico pode ser uma alternativa promissora para o manejo integrado de D. citri em pomares comerciais de citros. Assim, esse estudo teve como objetivo viabilizar a utilização do fungo entomopatogênico Isaria fumosorosea ESALQ-1296 para o controle de D. citri, avaliando: 1- a ação de adjuvantes na adesão e germinação de I. fumosorosea em ninfas e adultos de D. citri; 2- a relação entre a viabilidade dos conídios e a mortalidade de D. citri; 3- o efeito da umidade relativa do ar e da radiação ultravioleta na eficácia de I. fumosorosea em condições de laboratório; 4- o período entre a aplicação de fungicidas químicos e I. fumosorosea em campo; 5- a seletividade de I. fumosorosea aos inimigos naturais Tamarixia radiata e Ceraeochrysa cincta em condições de laboratório; 6- o volume de calda adequado para as aplicações de I. fumosorosea para o controle de D. citri em pomares comerciais; 7- a eficiência de I. fumosorosea no manejo de D. citri e seu efeito em outras espécies de artrópodes em dois sistemas de produção de citros. Análises por microscopia eletrônica de varredura revelaram que a adição dos adjuvantes KBRAdj e Silwet L-77 acelerou o desenvolvimento dos conídios de I. fumosorosea na cutícula de todos os estágios do inseto em comparação com o Tween 80. As formulações de I. fumosorosea com KBRAdj 0,075% apresentaram melhor desempenho no controle de D. citri em todos os níveis de umidade, mas especialmente em períodos de baixa umidade relativas (≤50%) e sob exposição à radiação UV-B (> 2 horas) em relação a aplicação com Tween. Os fungicidas Kumus® DF, Kocide® WDG, Nativo®, Flint 500® WG não influenciaram no desempenho do entomopatógeno quando esses foram pulverizados um dia antes ou após a aplicação do fungo sobre os adultos de D. citri. Nos estudos de seletividade foi demonstrado que a maioria das misturas de I. fumosorosea com os adjuvantes foi inócua para os adultos de T. radiata e as larvas neonatas de C. cincta. Em pomares comerciais, foi demostrado que as aplicações de I. fumosorosea foram mais eficientes no volume de 60 mL.m-3 de área de copa. Na área com produção orgânica de citros foi verificado que as aplicações de I. fumosorosea reduziram significativamente a população natural de D. citri e do ácaro da leprose (Brevipalpus spp.). Já na área com produção convencional de citros foi observado que as pulverizações de I. fumosorosea reduziram significativamente a população do ácaro da falsa ferrugem (Phyllocoptruta oleivora) e a população de D. citri foi extremamente baixa em todos os tratamentos. As aplicações de I. fumosorosea não apresentaram efeitos negativos nas populações dos predadores joaninhas, crisopídeos e hemerobídeos. Portanto, conclui-se que a utilização do fungo I. fumosorosea no manejo de D. citri pode ser uma tática sustentável para minimizar as aplicações sistemáticas de pesticidas, diminuindo seus impactos no agroecossistema.
The insect vector Diaphorina citri Kuwayama 1907 (Hemiptera: Liviidae) is the main citrus pest in the world. The control of this pest is done almost exclusively with chemical insecticides, and there is a demand for more sustainable control alternatives. The development of a bioproduct based on entomopathogenic fungi may be a promising alternative for the integrated management of D. citri in commercial citrus orchards. The objective of this study was to evaluate important parameters to increase efficiency of applications of the entomopathogenic fungus Isaria fumosorosea ESALQ-1296 for the control of D. citri. The following studies have been developed: 1- the action of adjuvants on adhesion and germination of I. fumosorosea on nymphs and adults of D. citri; 2- the relationship between the conidia viability and the mortality of D. citri; 3- the effect of relative air humidity and ultraviolet radiation on the efficacy of I. fumosorosea under laboratory conditions; 4 - the period between the application of chemical fungicides and I. fumosorosea in field; 5- the selectivity of I. fumosorosea to the natural enemies Tamarixia radiata and Ceraeochrysa cincta under laboratory conditions; 6 - the volume of syrup suitable for I. fumosorosea applications for the control of D. citri in commercial orchards; 7- the efficiency of I. fumosorosea to management of D. citri and its effect against other species of arthropods in two systems of citrus production. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed that the addition of the adjuvants KBRAdj and Silwet L-77 accelerated the development of I. fumosorosea conidia on the cuticle of all stages of the insect compared to Tween 80. The formulations of I. fumosorosea with KBRAdj 0.075% showed better performance in controling D. citri at all moisture levels, but especially in periods of low relative humidity (≤50%) and exposure to UV-B radiation (> 2 hours) compared to Tween application. The fungicides Kumus® DF, Kocide® WDG, Nativo®, Flint 500® WG did not influence the performance of the entomopathogen when they were sprayed the day before or after application of the fungus on D. citri adults. In the selectivity studies, it was shown that most of the mixtures of I. fumosorosea with the adjuvants were innocuous for the adults of T. radiata and the neonates of C. cincta. In commercial orchards, it was demonstrated that I. fumosorosea applications were more efficient in the volume of 60 mL.m-3 of leaves. In the area with organic citrus production it was verified that I. fumosorosea applications significantly reduced the natural population of D. citri and the false spider mite (Brevipalpus spp.). In the area with conventional citrus production it was observed that sprays of I. fumosorosea significantly reduced the population of the false rust mite (Phyllocoptruta oleivora) and D. citri population was extremely low in all treatments. The applications of I. fumosorosea did not present negative effects in the populations of the ladybirds, lacewings and hemerobide predators. Therefore, it is concluded that the use of I. fumosorosea fungus in the management of D. citri can be a sustainable tactic to minimize the systematic applications of pesticides, reducing their impacts on the agroecosystem.
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8

Conceschi, Marcos Roberto. "Potencialidade dos fungos entomopatogênicos Isaria fumosorosea e Beauveria bassiana para o controle de pragas dos citros." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-04022014-102408/.

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A cultura dos citros é considerada de muita importância para a economia brasileira. Atualmente, o inseto Diaphorina citri tem sido considerado como o principal problema dessa cultura, por ser vetor da bactéria Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (?-Proteobacteria) causadora da doença conhecida como Greening. Além de D. citri, a cultura dos citros apresenta inúmeras espécies de insetos e ácaros pragas que reduzem a qualidade e a produção dos frutos e requerem medidas de controle. O controle das espécies pragas tem sido realizado quase exclusivamente por aplicações frequentes de pesticidas químicos. Recentemente, isolados dos fungos entomopatogênicos Isaria fumosorosea e Beauveria bassiana foram selecionados para o controle de D. citri. Nesse estudo investigou-se a patogenicidade destes isolados associados a adjuvantes no controle de ninfas e adultos dos insetos Diaphorina citri, Toxoptera citricida, Aleurocanthus woglumi, Praelongorthezia praelonga e adultos dos ácaros Brevipalpus phoenicis e Panonychus citri em condições de laboratório. Notou-se que os fungos estudados foram patogênicos para quase todas as espécies de pragas, com a execção do fungo B. bassiana para ninfas e adultos de P. praelonga. As maiores mortalidade provocadas pelos fungos entomopatogênicos foram obtidas para ninfas e adultos de D. citri (>86% e 55,7%, respectivamente) e T. citricida (>90% e 90,8%, respectivamente), onde também foi encontrado o maior nível de esporulação por indivíduo. Essas duas espécies pragas foram selecionadas para os ensaios de transmissão horizontal, onde foi avaliada a transferência de conídios dos fungos entomopatogênicos entre indivíduos esporulados e não infectados. Nos experimentos de laboratório foi observado que I. fumosorosea e B. basssiana apresentaram transmissão horizontal entre cadáveres e adultos não infectados de D. citri (intra-específica) e adultos de T. citricida para D. citri (inter-específica). Os mesmos resultados foram obtidos nos experimentos em semi-campo com adultos de D. citri. Podemos concluir que os fungos entomopatogênicos I. fumosorosea e B. bassiana apresentam potencial como agentes de controle de D. citri, T. citricida, A. woglumi, B. phoenicis, P. citri. A transmissão horizontal dos fungos apartir de T. citricida e D. citri infectados para adultos sadios de D. citri pode contribuir para o controle desta praga em campo.
The citrus crops are considered of great importance to the Brazilian economy. Currently, the insect Diaphorina citri is considered as the major pest of this crop, as a vector of the bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (? - Proteobacteria) causing the disease known as Greening. Besides D. citri, the orange crop has numerous species of insect and mites pests that reduce the quality and yield of fruits and require control. The control of pest species is carried out almost exclusively by frequent applications of chemical pesticides. Recently, isolates of the entomopathogenic fungi Isaria fumosorosea and Beauveria bassiana were selected for the control of D. citri. This study investigated the pathogenicity of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Isaria fumosorosea associated adjuvants on nymphs and adults of the insects Diaphorina citri, Toxoptera citricida, Aleurocanthus woglumi, Praelongorthezia praelonga and adult mites and B. phoenicis, Panonychus citri in laboratory conditions. The fungi studied were pathogenic to almost all pests species, with exception of the fungus B. bassiana against nymphs and adults of P. praelonga. The highest mortality caused by the entomopathogenic fungi were obtained for nymphs and adults of D. citri (> 86% and 55.7%, respectively) and T. citricida (> 90% and 90.8%, respectively), where we also found the highest level of sporulation per individual. These two pest species were selected to test horizontal transmission, which evaluated the transmission of disease between sporulated and healthy individuals. In the laboratory experiments, we observed that I. fumosorosea and B. basssiana showed horizontal transmission between cadavers and healthy adults of D. citri (intraspecific) and adults of T. citricida to D. citri (interspecific). Similar results were obtained in experiments in semi-field conditions with adults of D. citri. The results show that the potential of the entomopathogenic fungi I. fumosorosea and B. bassiana to control D. citri, T. citricida, A. woglumi, B. phoenicis, P. citri. Horizontal transmission of the disease from infected T. citricida and D. citri to health adults of D. citri may improve the control of D. citri in fields.
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PASSOS, Eliana Maria dos. "Patogenicidade de fungos do gênero Isaria (Persoon) sobre Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann) (Isoptera : Rhinotermitidae) e aspectos imunológicos." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2009. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/5967.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The termite Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann) is an urban and agricultural pest that has been established in many areas of the world. The use of entomopathogenic fungi is an option to minimize the economic loss caused by this termite. It is known, however, that physiological disorders caused by a pathogen trigger defence reactions of the insects, such as humoral and cellular responses (hemocytes). Thus, this research had as objectives: 1. to verify the pathogenicity of Isaria farinosa and I. fumosorosea to the termite C. gestroi and 2. to qualify and quantify the hemocytes in workers of this insect challenged by the pathogenic and virulent isolates. All fungi isolates tested, in the concentration of 107 conidia mL-1, were pathogenic and virulent causing more than 60% mortality, with an average survival of 2.0 to 3.9 days. However, the isolate URM-4995 of I. farinosa was one of the most virulent, being selected for the LC50 determination, estimated at 6.7 x 105 conidia mL-1, and to study the cellular immune response.The total average of hemocytes found in the hemolymph of workers termites treated with that isolate, in the concentration of 107 conidia mL-1, was not different from the hemocytes average recorded for the control, within 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours intervals. Regarding the cell types, the analysis in light microscopy revealed that the most frequent cells were plasmatocytes. The differential counts in infected and uninfected insects, did not differ significantly within the timeintervals assessed, there was only a change in function of time for plasmatocytes and prohemocytes. Thus, the results of total and differential counts show that I. farinosa in the concentration 107 conidia mL-1, did not affect quantitatively and qualitatively in the number of hemocytes of C. gestroi and that this pathogen appears as a promising candidate for controllingthis insect.
O cupim Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann) é uma praga urbana e agrícola que vem se estabelecendo em muitas áreas do mundo. A utilização de fungos entomopatogênicos é uma opção para minimizar os prejuízos econômicos causados por este cupim. Sabe-se, contudo, que distúrbios fisiológicos ocasionados por um patógeno desencadeiam reações de defesa pelos insetos, como respostas humorais e celulares (hemócitos). Desta forma, a presente pesquisa teve como objetivos: 1. verificar a patogenicidade de isolados de Isaria farinosa e Isaria fumosorosea ao cupim C. gestroi e 2. avaliar qualitativamente e quantitativamente os hemócitos em operários deste inseto desafiado por isolado patogênico e virulento. Todos isolados se mostraram patogênicos, na concentração 107 conídios mL-1, ocasionando mortalidades acima de 60% e virulentos, apresentando uma sobrevivência média de 2,0 a 3,9 dias. Porém, o isolado URM-4995 de I. farinosa destacou-se como um dos mais virulentos, sendo selecionado para a determinaçãoda CL50, estimada em 6,7 x 105 conídios mL-1, e estudo da resposta imunológica celular. A média total de hemócitos encontrada na hemolinfa de operários tratados com este isolado, na concentração de 107 conídios mL-1, não foi diferente da média de hemócitos registradas para a testemunha, nos intervalos de 12h, 24h, 36h e 48h. Com relação aos tipos celulares, a análise em microscopia de luz revelou que as células mais frequentes foram plasmatócitos A contagem diferencial nos insetos infectados e não infectados, não diferiu significativamente nos intervalos de tempo avaliado, constatou-se somente uma variação em função do tempo para os plasmatócitos e prohemócitos. Assim, os resultados das contagens total e diferencial apresentados demonstram que I. farinosa, na concentração 107 conídios mL-1, não interferiu quantitativamente e qualitativamente no número de hemócitos de C. gestroi e que tal patógeno apresenta-se como promissor para o controle deste inseto.
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10

Santos, Tássia Tuane Moreira dos. "Eficiência de inseticidas químicos e associação com o fungo Isaria javanica sobre ninfas e adultos de mosca-branca." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2017. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/7003.

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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
The main damage of whitefly Bemisia tabaci biotype B on beans is virus transmission such as Bean golden mosaic virus (BGMV) and Cowpea mild mottle virus (CpMMV). Different insecticides mechanisms of action, use of selective molecules and alternative methods of control are important techniques for management of this insect. Therefore, this study was conducted to test the efficiency of chemical insecticides on mortality of whiteflies adults and CpMMV transmission on BGMV-resistant transgenic common bean; and to verify the combination of chemical insecticides in sublethal doses with the entomopathogeni fungus Isaria javanica on control of B. tabaci nymhps in commom bean. In first part of the study two experiments were conducted with seed treatments, one with foliar application and another with the combination with seed treatment and foliar application. Experiments were conducted in screenhouse. In first experiment with seeds treatment thiametoxam FS at 300, 500, 700 mL and imidacloprid+thiodicarb FS at 500, 600 e 800 mL were tested. In second experiment were used higher doses of thiametoxam FS (500, 700 e 900 mL) and imidacloprid+thiodicarb FS (600, 800 e 1.000 mL). In foliar application were evaluated the insecticides thiamethoxam+cyantraniliprole WG and flupyradifurone SL at 500 e 750 mL ha-1, thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin SC and thiamethoxam WG both at 300 mL ha-1. In combination of seed treatment and foliar application the treatments were plants treated only with seed treatment or with ST following 1, 2, 3 or 4 foliar applications with different insecticides at five-days intervals. On second stage, at laboratory the compatibility of spiromesifen and buprofezin with I. javanica was observed. Different insecticides concentrations (12.5; 25; 50 and 100 ppm) were added to conidia suspension. Germination of conidia, mycelial growth and conidial production were evaluated. On screenhouse were determined: 1) the sublethal (CL25) doses of insecticides spiromesifen and buprofezin to 2nd ínstar whitefly nymphs; 2) the bio-efficacy of different isolates of I. javanica to 2nd ínstar whitefly nymphs and 3) the effect of the combination between spiromesifen and buprofezin with I. javanica on control of 2nd ínstar whitefly nymphs. Nymphal mortality and sporulation on cadavers (2 and 3) were evaluated. As result was observed that thiametoxam + ciantraniliprole WG and flupiradifurone SL applied in foliar application resulted in higher mortality of whitefly adults. ST added 3 or 4 foliar application proportioned the highest mortality and reduction on CpMMV transmission. Insecticides are efficient on B. tabaci control; however, it does not avoid the virus transmission. The combinations of ST added 3 or 4 foliar application reduce the CpMMV on 50%. All I. javanica isolates caused nymphal mortalities. Spiromesifen and buprofezin were compatible with I. javanica. Additive and synergistic effects were observed. A management program of whitefly is important to reduction of CpMMV incidence on BGMV-resistant transgenic common bean. Besides, the combination of selective chemical insecticides and I. javanica on B. tabaci might increase the success of control.
O principal dano da mosca-branca Bemisia tabaci biótipo B na cultura do feijoeiro é a transmissão de vírus, como o Bean golden mosaic virus (BGMV) e o Cowpea mild mottle virus (CpMMV). A rotação de mecanismos de ação dos inseticidas, o uso de moléculas seletivas e de métodos de controle alternativos são técnicas importantes para o manejo deste inseto. Os objetivos do estudo foram testar a eficiência de inseticidas químicos na mortalidade de adultos de mosca-branca e na transmissão de CpMMV no feijoeiro geneticamente modificado resistente ao mosaico dourado (RMD) e a associação de inseticidas químicos em doses subletais com o fungo Isaria javanica no controle de ninfas de B. tabaci em feijoeiro-comum. Na primeira etapa do estudo em casa telada, dois experimentos foram realizados com tratamento de sementes, um com aplicação foliar e outro com a combinação de tratamento de sementes e aplicação foliar. No primeiro experimento com tratamento de sementes (TS) os inseticidas thiametoxam FS nas doses 300, 500, 700 mL e imidacloprid+thiodicarb FS nas doses 500, 600 e 800 mL foram testados. Já no segundo TS foram utilizados doses maiores de thiametoxam FS (500, 700 e 900 mL) e de imidacloprid+thiodicarb FS (600, 800 e 1000 mL). Em pulverização foram avaliados os inseticidas thiamethoxam+cyantraniliprole WG (500 e 750 mL ha-1), flupyradifurone SL (500 e 750 mL ha-1), thiamethoxam+lambda-cyhalothrin SC (300 mL ha-1) e thiamethoxam WG (300 mL ha-1). Na combinação de tratamento de sementes e aplicação foliar, as plantas foram tratadas apenas com TS ou com TS seguido de 1, 2, 3 ou 4 pulverizações com diferentes inseticidas a cada 5 dias. Na segunda etapa para verificar a compatibilidade dos inseticidas spiromesifen e buprofezin com o I. javanica, concentrações destes inseticidas (12,5; 25; 50 e 100 ppm) foram adicionadas à suspensão de conídios. Foram avaliados a germinação de conídios, crescimento micelial e produção de conídios. Em casa telada foram determinados: 1) a dose subletal (CL25) dos inseticidas spiromesifen e buprofezin a ninfas de mosca-branca; 2) a bio-eficácia de isolados de I. javanica à ninfas de mosca-branca; e 3) o efeito da combinação de spiromesifen e buprofezin e I. javanica no controle de ninfas de mosca-branca. A mortalidade das ninfas e a esporulação nos cadáveres (2 e 3) foram avaliadas. No primeiro estudo o tiametoxam+ciantraniliprole WG e flupiradifurona SL em pulverização foliar resultaram em maiores mortalidades de mosca-branca. Os inseticidas são eficientes no controle de mosca-branca. Apenas a combinação de TS mais 3 ou 4 pulverizações foliares reduzem a incidência de CpMMV. No segundo estudo, todos os isolados causaram morte de ninfas. Os inseticidas foram compatíveis com I. javanica. Efeitos aditivo e sinérgico foram observados entre I. javanica e spiromesifen e buprofezin no controle de ninfas de mosca-branca. Um programa de manejo de B. tabaci é importante para a redução de CpMMV no feijoeiro RMD. Além disso, a combinação de inseticidas sintéticos seletivos e o fungo I. javanica pode aumentar o sucesso do controle de ninfas de mosca-branca.
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11

Angelo, Isabele da Costa. "Avalia??o in vitro dos efeitos de Isaria farinosa, I. fumosorosea, Paecilomyces lilacinus e Lecanicillium lecanii sobre Boophilus microplus." Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 2007. https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/tede/748.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
Boophilus microplus is an ectoparasite which causes great economic losses around the world. The exclusive use of acaricides and the inadequate management have conducted the development of resistance in ticks populations, environmental and food contamination by acaricides and their residues. The use of entomopathogenic fungi to arthropods control has shown interesting responses. Several studies have proved the pathogenicity of fungi toward various ticks species. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of Isaria farinosa, I. fumosorosea, Paecilomyces lilacinus and Lecanicillium lecanii toward engorged females, eggs and larvae of B. microplus tick. The isolates were cultured on malt extract medium at 25 ? 1?C and 80% of relative humidity for 15 days. Conidial suspensions were prepared in Tween 80 water solution (0.1% v/v). There were 4 treatment groups according to the following conidial concentrations: 105, 106, 107 and 108 conidia mL-1. The control group was made up of water and Tween 80 only (0.1% v/v). Treatment was based on immersion of the specimen in 1 mL of the conidial suspension. Each treatment group was made up of 10 repetitions. Changes in biology of engorged females, eggs viability and larvae mortality, were observed every 5 days up to the 20th day after treatment. The results have shown that L. lecanii changed biological parameters in engorged females through the reduction in posture period, nutritional rate, eggs production rate, and increase of incubation period. Isaria farinosa has shown reduction in posture period and in nutritional rate. Paecilomyces lilacinus was the unique isolate able to reduce the eclosion period of larvae from infected females. Isaria fumosorosea has reduced the nutritional rate and was the unique isolate that changed significantly in eclosion period when eggs were infected. Conidial concentrations reduced reproduction capacity of engorged females. The isolates of I. fumosorosea and L. lecanii have presented major potential to control B. microplus engorged females. All tested isolates have shown pathogenicity toward unfed larvae of B. microplus after in vitro infection.
Boophilus microplus ? um ectoparasito que causa grandes perdas na pecu?ria mundial. A utiliza??o exclusiva de produtos qu?micos no controle de carrapatos, associada ao manejo inadequado tem conduzido o desenvolvimento de popula??es de carrapatos resistentes, e a contamina??o dos produtos de origem animal e do ambiente pelos seus res?duos. O uso de fungos entomopatog?nicos no controle de artr?podes tem se tornado uma abordagem cada vez mais atrativa. In?meros trabalhos comprovam experimentalmente a patogenicidade dos fungos sobre diversas esp?cies de carrapatos. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito in vitro de Isaria farinosa, I. fumosorosea, Paecilomyces lilacinus e Lecanicillium lecanii sobre f?meas ingurgitadas, ovos e larvas de B. microplus. Os fungos foram repicados em meio de cultura extrato de malte, e mantidos em c?mara climatizada sob temperatura de 25?C ? 1 e umidade relativa de 80% por quinze dias. Suspens?es conidiais foram preparadas a partir do crescimento do fungo, cujos con?dios foram adicionados a solu??o de ?gua destilada e Tween 0,1%. As concentra??es 105, 106, 107 e 108 con?dios mL-1 formaram os grupos tratamento, juntamente com o grupo controle, constitu?do por ?gua destilada est?ril e Tween 0,1%. O tratamento constituiu-se de um mililitro da concentra??o conidial testada, e cada grupo foi formado por 10 repeti??es. Os par?metros de avalia??o observados para demonstrar o efeito dos fungos sobre o carrapato foram as altera??es biol?gicas de f?meas ingurgitadas, viabilidade de ovos tratados e percentual de mortalidade de larvas, acompanhado a cada cinco dias at? o 20? dia ap?s infec??o. Os resultados mostraram que L. lecanii causou altera??es nos par?metros biol?gicos de f?meas ingurgitadas, diminuindo o per?odo de postura, o ?ndice nutricional, o ?ndice de produ??o de ovos, e aumentando o per?odo de incuba??o. Isaria farinosa mostrou redu??o no per?odo da postura e no ?ndice nutricional de f?meas ingurgitadas. P. lilacinus foi o ?nico fungo capaz de reduzir o per?odo de eclos?o das larvas provenientes da infec??o de f?meas ingurgitadas. I. fumosorosea reduziu o ?ndice nutricional e foi o ?nico isolado que causou altera??o significativa no per?odo de eclos?o de larvas provenientes da infec??o de ovos. Diferentes concentra??es dos entomomopat?genos reduziram o potencial reprodutivo das f?meas ingurgitadas dos grupos tratados. Os isolados de I. fumosorosea e L. lecanii apresentaram maior potencial de controle para f?meas ingurgitadas de B. microplus. Todos os isolados testados mostraram patogenicidade para larvas n?o alimentadas de B. microplus ap?s infec??o in vitro.
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12

Zanardo, Ana Beatriz Riguetti. "Abundância de fungos entomopatogênicos da ordem Hypocreales e diversidade genética de Metarhizium spp. isolados de amostras de solo de áreas representativas de cinco biomas brasileiros." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-22092015-140424/.

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Os fungos entomopatogênicos dos gêneros Metarhizium, Beauveria e Isaria (Ordem Hypocreales), são comumente encontrados em solo onde sobrevivem de maneira saprofítica ou como endofíticos do sistema radicular das plantas. Informações sobre a composição destas espécies bem como sua diversidade, distribuição e associação com diferentes tipos de cultivos e vegetação nativa são escassas no Brasil. O presente estudo foi desenvolvido para comparar a abundância de fungos entomopatogênicos e a diversidade genética de isolados de Metarhizium spp. em amostras de solo de cultivos anuais, perenes e vegetação nativa, em cinco estados brasileiros que representam os biomas Amazônia, Cerrado, Caatinga, Mata Atlântica e Pampa, em duas estações (seca e úmida) nos anos de 2012 e 2013. O isolamento dos fungos foi realizado com meio seletivo e \"Insect bait\" utilizando Galleria mellonella e Tenebrio molitor. Nos estudos de diversidade genética de Metarhizium spp. foram utilizadas sequências de DNA da região MzIGS3. Representantes dos haplótipos revelados nesta análise tiveram a região 5\'-TEF sequenciada para identificação específica. Fungos entomopatogênicos foram isolados de 86% das 1.056 amostras de solo sendo Metarhizium o gênero predominante (66% das amostras de solo), seguido por Beauveria (41,9%) e Isaria (10,8%). Em geral, as maiores densidades de fungos entomopatogênicos foram obtidas nos biomas Amazônia e Cerrado e as menores densidades detectadas no bioma Caatinga. Metarhizium spp. foi detectado em maior número de amostras de solo em vegetação nativa e cultivos anual e perene do Cerrado. A frequência de Isaria spp. foi baixa nas amostras de solo, sendo detectado em maior número de amostras nos solos com cultivos anuais e vegetação nativa na Amazônia e Caatinga. Metarhizium spp. foi geralmente encontrado em um maior número de amostras coletadas na estação úmida em comparação com as coletas da estação seca, por outro lado Beauveria spp. foi superior na estação seca. A diversidade dos isolados de Metarhizium spp. provenientes de áreas de vegetação nativa foi maior do que dos isolados de cultivos anuais e perenes. Seis linhagens foram encontradas neste estudo; M. robertsii, M. anisopliae, M. pingshaense e três espécies indeterminadas. M. robertsii foi a linhagem predominante (65% dos isolados) sendo encontrado em áreas com vegetação nativa e cultivos anual e perene dos cinco biomas. Metarhizium sp. indet. 1 apresentou a maior diversidade haplotípica dentre as linhagens estudadas. Uma nova linhagem, não caracterizada taxonomicamente, Metarhizium sp. indet. 3, foi encontrada predominantemente na Caatinga. Somente na Amazônia foram encontradas todas as linhagens. O conhecimento da composição das populações de fungos entomopatogênicos nativos bem como sobre a filogenia, diversidade e distribuição dos haplótipos de Metarhizium spp. em solos brasileiros, gerado neste estudo, poderá servir como subsídio para o desenvolvimento de estratégias de conservação e maximização do controle biológico natural de pragas.
Entomopathogenic fungi of the genera Metarhizium, Beauveria and Isaria (order Hypocreales) are associated to the soil where they survive saprofitically or as endophytes of the plants root system. Information on the species composition and its diversity, distribution and association of these fungi with different types of crops and native vegetation are scarce in Brazil. The present study was carried out to compare the abundance of entomopathogenic fungi and the genetic diversity of Metarhizium spp. Isolated from soil samples from annual and perennial crops and native vegetation in five Brazilian states that represent the biomes Amazon, Cerrado, Caatinga, Atlantic Forest and Pampa, in two seasons (wet and dry) in the years 2012 and 2013. The isolation of fungi was performed with selective medium and \"Insect bait\" using Galleria mellonella and Tenebrio molitor. DNA sequences of the region MzIGS3 were used in genetic diversity studies of Metarhizium spp. Representatives haplotypes revealed in the diversity analysis had the 5\'-TEF region sequenced for species identification. Entomopathogenic fungi were isolated from 86% of 1,056 soil samples and Metarhizium was the predominant genus (66% of soil samples), followed by Beauveria (41.9%) and Isaria (10.8%). In general, the highest densities of entomopathogenic fungi were obtained in the Amazon and Cerrado biomes and the lowest densities were detected in the Caatinga biome. Metarhizium spp. was detected in a greater number of soil samples from native vegetation and annual and perennial crops of Cerrado. The frequency of Isaria spp. was low in soil samples being detected in a greater number of soils with annual crops and native vegetation in the Amazon and Caatinga. Metarhizium spp. was usually found in a greater number of samples collected during the wet season compared to the collections in the dry season. On the other hand, Beauveria spp. was higher in the dry season. The diversity of isolates of Metarhizium spp. from areas of native vegetation was greater than that obtained from annual and perennial crops. Six lineages were found in this study; M. robertsii, M. anisopliae, M. pingshaense and three indeterminate species. M. robertsii was the predominant (65% of isolates) found in areas with native vegetation and in the annual and perennial crops of the five biomes. Metarhizium sp. indet. 1 showed the greatest haplotype diversity among the strains studied. A new strain, not characterized taxonomically, Metarhizium sp. indet. 3, was found predominantly in the Caatinga. Only in the Amazon, all lineages were found. The knowledge on species composition of entomopathogenic fungi as well as about phylogeny, diversity and distribution of haplotypes of Metarhizium spp. in Brazilian soils, generated in this study, may be useful for the development of strategies for conservation and maximization of natural biological control of pests.
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13

Evangelista, Thatiane Aparecida. "Controle biol?gico de Thaumastocoris peregrinus (Hemiptera: Thaumastocoridae) com fungos entomopatog?nicos de Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae e Isaria sp." UFVJM, 2016. http://acervo.ufvjm.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1094.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES)
Thaumastocoris peregrinus foi detectado no Brasil em 2008 e se disseminou pelos plantios florestais brasileiros de tal forma que, rapidamente, atingiu o n?vel de dano econ?mico e causou muitos preju?zos aos produtores. Por n?o haver nenhum m?todo de controle definido, utilizaram-se de pulveriza??es com inseticidas qu?micos para o controle desse inseto. No entanto, devido ao processo de certifica??o florestal, esse m?todo de controle foi rapidamente proibido. Assim, o controle biol?gico tem sido apontado como o mais adequado ao controle at? que se consiga gen?tipos resistentes. O uso de fungos entomopatog?nicos ? apontado como uma das melhores maneiras de controle do percevejo bronzeado devido o seu baixo impacto ambiental, dentre outras vantagens. Logo, objetivou-se selecionar isolados de Metarhizium anisopliae, Isaria fumosorosea, Isaria farinosa e Beauveria bassiana com potencial para o controle dessa praga. Em condi??es controladas testaram-se diferentes concentra??es (controle, 104, 106 e 108 esporos por ml) em indiv?duos adultos de T. peregrinus, em cinco repeti??es. Os indiv?duos foram mantidos em placas de Petri sobre partes de folhas (4 cm de di?metro) previamente inoculadas com a suspens?o de esporos. Os tratamentos foram avaliados diariamente quanto a mortalidade e os dados submetidos ? an?lise estat?stica. Considerou-se patog?nico o isolado cujo percentual de mortalidade sobre T. peregrinus foi igual ou superior a 80%. Na maior concentra??o todos os isolados de B. bassiana registraram mortalidade superior a 85%. No entanto, pelos testes de m?dia, alguns isolados se destacaram, tais como IBCB63 de Beauveria bassiana, IBCB159 de Metarhizium anisopliae, IBCB130 de Isaria fumosorosea e CG195 de Isaria farinosa. Assim constatou-se que, em laborat?rio, ? poss?vel o controle eficaz dessa praga por meio do uso de fungos entomopatog?nicos e que existem diferentes isolados, dentre as esp?cies testadas, com potencial de uso. Essa diversidade de isolados aptos ao controle ? importante devido ao processo de sele??o natural que leva ao aparecimento de insetos resistentes. Em um futuro uso, esses isolados poder?o ser intercalados e inibir ou retardar a ocorr?ncia desses indiv?duos.
Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Ci?ncia Florestal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2016.
Thaumastocoris peregrinus was detected in Brazil in 2008 and spread by Brazilian forest plantations such a way that quickly reached the level of economic damage and caused many losses to producers. Because there is no defined control method, pulverizations with chemical insecticides were used to control this insect. However, due to the forest certification process, this method of control was quickly banned. Thus, biological control has been touted as the most suitable control method, until the identification of resistant genotypes. The use of entomopathogenic fungi is considered one of the best ways to control the bronze bug due to its low environmental impact, among other advantages. Therefore, this study aimed to select isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae, Isaria fumosorosea, Isaria farinosa and Beauveria bassiana with potential to control this pest. Under controlled conditions, different concentrations were tested (control, 104, 106 and 108 spores per ml) in adults of T. peregrinus in five replicates. The individuals were kept on Petri dishes over parts of leaves (diameter 4 cm) that were previously inoculated with the spore suspension. The treatments were evaluated daily for mortality and the data analyzed statistically. The isolate whose mortality percentage of T. peregrinus was equal or higher than 80% was considered pathogenic. At higher concentration, all the isolates of B. bassiana reported mortalities greater than 85%. However, the mean tests demonstrated that some isolates stood out, such as IBCB63 of Beauveria bassiana, IBCB159 of Metarhizium anisopliae, IBCB130 of Isaria fumosorosea and CG195 of Isaria farinosa. It was found that in laboratorial conditions, it is possible to control effectively this pest through the use of entomopathogenic fungi, and that there are different isolates with potential use among the species tested. This diversity of isolates able to the control it is important because of the natural selection process that leads to the onset of resistant insects. In a further use, these isolates can be interleaved and inhibit or delay the occurrence of these individuals.
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14

Mascarin, Gabriel Moura. "Production by solid-state and liquid fermentation and formulation of virulent strains of the fungal entomopathogens Beauveria bassiana and Isaria fumosorosea against whiteflies." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-28042015-111429/.

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Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) biotype B is a cosmopolitan, devastating insect pest due to their direct damages and transmission of plant viruses. Entomopathogenic fungi comprise the most diverse group of pathogens regulating arthropod pest populations in agroecosystems. Anamorphic fungal entomopathogens, including Beauveria bassiana, Isaria fumosorosea, and Lecanicillium spp., are among the main biocontrol agents of whitefly populations. Advances in research focusing on virulence, mass production, formulation, and storage stability of fungal propagules are imperative for the development of efficient mycopesticides toward whiteflies and other soft-bodied insects. Therefore, this study placed emphasis on screening for virulent fungal strains, enhancement of efficacy using nonionic surfactants in spray tank-mix, development of liquid culture conditions for rapid production and stabilization processes of single-yeast like cells known as blastospores. Firstly, we selected virulent strains of B. bassiana and I. fumosorosea displaying fastest speed of kill and inciting highest mortality levels of whitefly nymphs and adults along with their ability to produce high numbers of conidia on moistened parboiled rice. Secondly, insecticidal performance was enhanced by combining nonionic surfactants with spore suspensions rendering additive or synergistic effects. These surfactants also allowed reducing the volume application rate without altering fungal bioefficacy. Results from liquid fermentation studies using B. bassiana and I. fumosorosea revealed that appropriate amounts of inexpensive ingredients, such as cottonseed flour and glucose, are suitable for the rapid production of high yields of blastospores (3 days pre-culture and 2-3 days culture). The resultant blastospores of various strains survived well to desiccation and remained viable for more than one year under refrigeration. Moreover, these air-dried blastospores of both fungal species showed higher virulence against whitefly nymphs when compared with solid-substrate produced conidia. Optimized liquid culture production for B. bassiana blastospores was also achieved through the manipulation of oxygen rates and osmotic pressure in the liquid media. Furthermore, these blastospores produced in highly aerated and hyperosmotic liquid medium containing 140 g glucose L-1 were also more virulent to whitefly nymphs than those cells derived from low-osmotic medium amended with 40 g glucose L-1. These optimal conditions were also scaled up in 5-L bioreactor that yielded 1-2 × 1012 viable blastospores L-1 in 6 days at a cost of US$ 0.19 L-1. These blastospores were formulated with diatomaceous earth for air drying or for spray drying. Formulated blastospores of B. bassiana survived dehydration using both drying methods and showed improved shelf life when stored under vacuumpackaged at 4 °C rather than 28 °C. However, when these blastospores were actively packaged with dual action oxygen-moisture scavenging system, blastospores showed prolonged stability for up to 7 months at 28 °C and still remained virulent to whiteflies. Therefore, this low-cost production and stabilization method for the rapid production of shelf stable, virulent blastospores of B. bassiana and I. fumosorosea may expand the commercial use of mycopesticides for insect control in mainstream agriculture.
A mosca-branca, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) biótipo B, é uma praga cosmopolita e devastadora devido aos prejuízos oriundos dos seus danos diretos e transmissão de vírus. Fungos entomopatogênicos compreendem um grupo diversificado, que desempenha ação importante na regulação de populações de praga em agroecossistemas. Fungos ascomicetos anamórficos, como Beauveria bassiana, Isaria fumosorosea e Lecanicillium spp., constituem relevantes agentes de biocontrole de moscas-brancas. Avanços na pesquisa focando virulência, produção massal, formulação e estabilização de propágulos fúngicos são fundamentais para o desenvolvimento de micopesticidas eficientes contra moscas-brancas e outros insetos. Desta forma, este trabalho objetivou selecionar isolados fúngicos virulentos à mosca-branca; aumentar a eficácia mediante uso de surfactants não-iônicos em suspensões conidiais; desenvolver meios de cultura para produção rápida e estável por fermentação líquida submersa de células leveduriformes conhecidas por blastosporos. Na primeira etapa, isolados virulentos de B. bassiana e I. fumosorosea foram selecionados pela rápida e elevada atividade inseticida a ninfas e adultos de mosca-branca, bem como alto rendimento de conídios em arroz parboilizado. A adição de surfactantes organosiliconados permitiu a redução do volume de calda aplicado com resultados aditivos ou sinérgicos de controle. Foi ainda verificado que altos rendimentos de blastosporos tanto de B. bassiana como I. fumosorosea foram obtidos em curto tempo de fermentação líquida (3 dias de précultivo e 2-3 dias de cultivo) usando nutrientes de baixo custo, como glucose e farelo de algodão. Esses blastosporos foram tolerantes à dessecação e mantiveram viabilidade por mais de um ano sob refrigeração (4 °C). Os blastosporos foram mais virulentos que conídios aéreos, o que coloca esta estrutura como a mais indicada como ingrediente ativo em bioinseticidas para moscas-brancas. Mediante manipulação nutricional e física do ambiente de fermentação, a produção de blastosporos de B. bassiana foi optimizada mediante aumento da aeração e pressão osmótica do meio líquido. Blastosporos produzidos em meio líquido altamente aerado e hiperosmótico (140 g glucose L-1) mostraram-se mais virulentos à mosca-branca em relação àqueles produzidos em meio hipo-osmótico (40 g glucose L-1). Esse processo foi reproduzido em escala piloto usando biorreator de 5 L resultando numa produção de 1-2 × 1012 blastosporos viáveis L-1 em apenas 3 dias a um custo de US$ 0,19 L-1. Blastosporos de B. bassiana formulados com terra de diatomáceas e secados em fluxo de ar contínuo, ou secados em spray dryer tiveram estabilidade extendida por até 8 meses a 4 °C e superior em relação a 28 °C. Durante empacotamento, o uso de sachês absorventes de oxigênio e umidade prolongou consideravelmente a viabilidade de blastosporos armazenados a 28 °C por até 7 meses sem afetar sua eficiência contra mosca-branca. Em suma, esses resultados demonstram a viabilidade técnica e econômica de produção de blastosporos virulentos de B. bassiana e I. fumosorosea, tolerantes à dessecação e estáveis durante armazenamento. Esta tecnologia é uma nova opção que pode contribuir para expansão comercial de bioinseticidas à base de fungos entomopatogênicos.
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Azevedo, Ana Gorete Campos de. "Ocorrência, distribuição e caracterização de fungos entomopatogênicos em solo natural e cultivado." Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2013. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/3304.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence and diversity of entomopathogenic fungi at Sergipe state, considering the factors that affect their distribution. The analysis was done using soil samples collected in the three mesoregions of the state in two periods of collection, comprising a wet and a dry season, and in two different habitats (agricultural and natural). Parameters such as pH, organic matter and argil soil were considered in the analyzes. For the soil fungi isolation, two methods were used, the soil solution in culture medium and selective insect bait. In a total of 48 soil samples, 41.7% were positive for the presence of entomopathogenic fungi. The isolates were belonging to the genera Beauveria, Metarhizium and Isaria, from order Hypocreales. It was found that the factors related to soil sampling location (region, period, and habitat) showed no significant difference in their variables for the presence of entomopathogenic fungi, however other soil factors (pH, amount of organic matter and argil) showed significance. The isolates were submitted to genetic variability analysis by RAPD markers, where 15 primers were selected, producing a total of 179 bands (Beauveria) and 131 bands (Metarhizium) and the similarity matrices were made using the Jaccard coefficient, which generated dendrogram by the UPGMA method, for each fungus. There was low genetic similarity among isolates of both genders. In this work, the entomopathogenic fungi isolated can be useful for biological control in agriculture once these isolates show certain persistence in adverse conditions of temperature, humidity and UV radiation.
Esse estudo objetivou avaliar a ocorrência e diversidade de fungos entomopatogênicos em Sergipe, considerando os fatores que afetam a sua distribuição. A análise foi realizada através de amostras de solos obtidas nas três mesorregiões que dividem o estado, em dois períodos de coleta, compreendendo uma estação seca e uma úmida, e em dois diferentes habitats (agrícola e natural). Parâmetros como pH, matéria orgânica e argila do solo foram considerados nas análises. Para o isolamento do fungo do solo foram utilizados dois métodos, solução de solo em meio de cultura seletivo e inseto-isca. Em um total de 48 amostras de solo, 41,7% foram consideradas positivas quanto a presença de fungos entomopatogênicos. Os fungos isolados foram pertencentes aos gêneros Beauveria, Metarhizium e Isaria, da ordem Hypocreales. Verificou-se que os fatores referentes ao local de amostragem do solo (região, período e habitat) não mostraram diferenças significantes quanto as suas variáveis em relação à presença de fungos entomopatogênicos, diferente dos fatores do solo (pH, quantidade de matéria orgânica e argila) que mostraram significância. Os isolados foram submetidos a uma análise da variabilidade genética através da técnica molecular RAPD, foram selecionados 15 primers que produziram um total de 179 bandas (Beauveria) e 131 bandas (Metarhizium) e foram construídas matrizes de similaridade utilizando o coeficiente de Jaccard, que geraram dendrogramas através do método de agrupamento UPGMA, para cada fungo. Observou-se baixa similaridade genética entre os isolados de ambos os gêneros. Nesse trabalho, isolou-se fungos entomopatogênicos que podem ser úteis para o controle biológico na agricultura por tratar-se de isolados que apresentam certa persistência em condições adversas de temperatura, umidade e radiação UV.
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Kivett, Jessica Marie. "Efficacy of entomopathogenic organisms Beauveria bassiana, Isaria fumosoroseus, Metarhizium anisopliae and Chromobacterium subtsugae against the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, under both laboratory and greenhouse conditions." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/18855.

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Master of Science
Department of Entomology
Raymond A. Cloyd
Western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis, is one of the most destructive insect pests of greenhouse production systems because of the direct and indirect damage they cause and their ability to develop resistance to a wide variety of insecticides. A common method of avoiding resistance development is by rotating insecticides that have different modes of action. Entomopathogenic organisms (EPO), such as fungi and bacteria, have modes of action that are very different from standard insecticides. Thus, by incorporating EPO into rotation programs, greenhouse producers may preserve the efficacy of insecticides used for suppression of WFT populations. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to 1) determine the efficacy of entomopathogenic fungi on WFT adults and nymphs, and to assess product effectiveness when used beyond the expiration date; 2) evaluate the efficacy of entomopathogenic fungi against WFT nymphs when combined with the insect growth regulator, azadirachtin; and 3) evaluate different rotation programs that include EPO and standard insecticides commonly used to suppress WFT populations. To satisfy objective one and two, a series of laboratory bioassays were conducted in which WFT nymphs and adults were exposed to three entomopathogenic fungi (Beauveria bassiana, Isaria fumosoroseus, and Metarhizium anisopliae) at two label rates (maximum and minimum), and two product conditions (fresh and expired). Furthermore, a bioassay in which each entomopathogenic fungi was tested with and without azadirachtin was conducted to determine if there was any synergistic effect on WFT nymphal mortality. Results indicated that adults are generally more susceptible to infection by entomopathogenic fungi than nymphs, fresh products resulted in higher mortality than expired products, and azadirachtin, when mixed with the entomopathogenic fungi, did not increase mortality of WFT nymphs except when combined with M. ansiopliae. Insecticide rotation programs that included EPO were evaluated by conducting a series of greenhouse experiments in which chrysanthemum, Dendranthema x morifolium plants were artificially infested with WFT adults. Eight-week rotation programs were applied to each plant and weekly counts of adults captured on yellow sticky cards were recorded. A final quality assessment of damage due to WFT feeding on foliage and flowers (1 to 5 in which 1 = no damage, and 5 = greater than 75% damage) was also recorded. In addition, a cost comparison of each rotation program was determined. Generally, insecticide rotations programs which incorporated EPO resulted in no significant difference in WFT populations compared to standard insecticide rotation programs without EPO. Furthermore, there were no significant differences between any of the rotation programs in regards to foliage and flower quality. Based on the results of the cost comparison, there may be a cost savings associated with using EPO. Therefore, by incorporating EPO into insecticide rotation programs, greenhouse producers may reduce costs as well as reduce selection pressure on WFT populations, which may avoid or delay resistance development.
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17

Rojas, Víctor Manuel Arévalo. "Caracterização do fungo entomopatogênico Isaria fumosorosea quanto à produção de conídios, efeitos da radiação ultravioleta-B, temperatura alta e persistência em formulações do tipo dispersão oleosa." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-19102015-091656/.

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O fungo entomopatogênico Isaria fumosorosea (Ascomycota: Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) é encontrado comumente nos solos e infectando diversas espécies de artrópodes. Bioprodutos à base de I. fumosorosea são utilizados principalmente na América do Norte e Europa para o controle de mosca-branca, pulgões e trips. Entretanto, no Brasil ainda não existe nenhum produto registrado à base deste patógeno. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estabelecer parâmetros para a seleção de isolados promissores para o desenvolvimento de um biopesticida à base de I. fumosorosea. Os isolados foram avaliados em três etapas sequênciais: esporulação em meio de cultura artificial, fermentação em grão de arroz e tolerância à radiação ultravioleta B e temperatura alta. A partir de uma coleção de 172 isolados de I. fumosorosea provenientes do solo e insetos de diferentes biomas do Brasil, foram escolhidos 72 isolados por apresentar visualmente maior esporulação das colônias em SDYA (Sabouraud-dextrose-extrato de levedura-ágar). Posteriomente, esses isolados foram utilizados para a fermentação sólida em garrafas de vidro contendo 50 gramas de arroz parboilizado. Destes, 14 isolados foram avaliados quanto à produção de conídios em sacos de polipropileno contendo arroz parboilizado e quanto aos efeitos da exposição à radiação ultravioleta B (UV-B) por 0, 2, 4, 6 e 8 horas e temperatura de 45°C por 0, 30, 60 e 90 minutos. Os isolados ESALQ-4556 e ESALQ-4778 apresentaram os maiores rendimentos de conídios em garrafas de vidro (4,65 e 4,40 ×109 conídios/g arroz seco) e em sacos de polipropileno (3,96 e 3,25 ×109 conídios/g arroz seco). Os isolados ESALQ-1296 e ESALQ- 3415 apresentaram maior tolerância aos efeitos da radiação ultravioleta-B e aquecimento. Para a elaboração de uma formulação do tipo dispersão oleosa foi ajustado o ponto de secagem dos conídios para incrementar o tempo de prateleira e avaliadas diferentes misturas do adjuvante KBRAdj e óleos vegetais. Foram utilizados conídios do isolado ESALQ-1296 produzidos em arroz com atividade de água (aw) de 0,527 e conídios secos com aw= 0,410; 0,248 e 0,182 adicionados ao adjuvante KBRAdj puro. A sobrevivência dos conídios mais secos foi maior do que de conídios úmidos. O adjuvante promoveu proteção aos conídios umidos, apresentando viabilidades significativamente maiores do que conídios umidos sem adjuvante em todos os períodos de armazenamento. Conídios com aw= 0,182 sem adjuvante apresentaram as maiores viabilidades (70,3%) após 60 dias de armazenamento. Para desenvolver uma formulação do tipo dispersão oleosa foram testadas misturas de 25% de óleo de soja ou canola + 75% do adjuvante KBRAdj com ou sem sílica gel, em conídios úmidos (aw=0,546 e UR= 13,18%) ou secos (aw=0,175 e UR= 4,42%). A adição de 25% de óleo vegetal ou sílica gel na formulação não contribuiu para o incremento do período de prateleira da formulação. A viabilidade dos conídios nas diferentes formulações após 90 dias de armazenamento variou de 42,3 ± 0,03% a 56,9 ± 0,01%. Estudos futuros deverão ser conduzidos para incrementar o período de prateleira e avaliar a virulência destas formulações para o controle de pragas, especialmente mosca-branca e psilídeo-dos-citros.
The entomopathogenic fungus Isaria fumosorosea (Ascomycota: Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) is commonly found in soil and infecting several species of arthropods. I. fumosorosea based bioproducts are mainly used in North America and Europe for the control of whitefly, aphids and thrips. However, in Brazil there is still no registered product based on this pathogen. The objective of this study was to establish parameters for the selection of promising isolates for developing I. fumosorosea based biopesticides. The isolates were evaluated in three sequential steps: sporulation on artificial medium, sporulation on rice grains, tolerance to ultraviolet-B radiation and high temperature. From a collection of 172 I. fumosorosea isolates from soil and insects of different Brazilian biomes, 72 isolates were chosen based on visual observations of higher sporulation of colonies in SDYA (Sabouraud-dextrose- yeast extract-agar). Later, these isolates were used for the solid fermentation in glass bottles containing 50 g of parboiled rice. Of these, 14 strains were evaluated for conidia production in polypropylene bags containing parboiled rice and the effects of exposure to ultraviolet-B (UV-B) for 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours and 45°C for 0, 30, 60 and 90 minutes. The ESALQ-4556 and ESALQ-4778 isolates showed the highest spore yields in glass bottles (4.65 and 4.40 × 109 spores/g dry rice) and in polypropylene bags (3.96 and 3.25 × 109 spores/g dry rice). The ESALQ-1296 and ESALQ-3415 isolates showed a higher tolerance to the UV-B radiation and heating. For the development of oil dispersion formulations, the drying point of the conidia was adjusted to increase the shelf-life in different mixtures of the KBRAdj adjuvant and vegetable oils. Conidia produced on rice from the isolate ESALQ-1296 without drying with water activity (aw) = 0.527 and dried conidia with aw of 0.410; 0.248 and 0.182 added to the pure adjuvant. Survival of the dryer conidia was greater than humid conidia. The adjuvant provided protection to humid conidia, with significantly higher viability than conidia without drying and without adjuvant at all storage periods. Conidia with aw = 0.182 without adjuvant showed the highest viability (70.3%) after 60 days of storage. To develop an oil dispersion type formulation it were tested mixtures with 25% of soy or canola oil + 75% of KBRAdj adjuvant with or without silica gel using humid (aw = 0.546 and RH = 13.18%) or dried conidia (aw = 0.175 and RH = 4.42%). Addition of 25% of vegetable oil or silica gel in the formulation did not contribute to the increase of the shelf-life. The conidia viability in the different formulations after 90 days of storage ranged from 42.3% ± 0.03% to 56.9 ± 0.01. Future studies must be conducted to increase the shelf- life and to assess the virulence of these formulations for pest control, particularly whitefly and the citrus psyllid.
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Oliveira, Ginarajadaça Ferreira dos Santos. "Controle biológico de Nasutitermes corniger (Motschulsky) (Isoptera:Termitidade) por fungos entomopatogenicos: Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) (Sorokin), Beauveria bassiana (Balssamo) (Vuillemim), Isaria javanica (Frieder e Bally) e Penicillium sp. (Fleming) no Amazonas." Universidade Federal do Amazonas, 2011. http://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/4368.

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FAPEAM - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas
Termites are eusocial insects of the Isoptera order. They are best known for its economic importance as pests, causing damage in urban areas, countryside, especially in sugarcane fields, pastureland and forests. Biological control with entomopathogenic fungi have been shown to be a viable option not compromising the handler and does not have any harmful effects on animals, as may occur when chemicals is used. This work aimed to analyze four species of fungi biologically active against termite Nasutitermes corniger and seek new sources of inoculums production, seeking the development of a product for biological control of termites in the Amazonas State. The bioassay in vitro, conidia were produced, quantified and inoculated. Several substrates were tested for fungal growth (coconut shell, clear and dark sawdust and residue of passion fruit seed) with the control treatment using rice. The in vitro test results showed fungi high efficiency against Nasutitermes corniger, especially Isaria javanica with the highest potential for biological control with 100% mortality at a concentration of 108 conidia / mL from second day. The highest average production of conidia obtained from cadavers of N. corniger was found in Penicillium sp. and I. javanica at a concentration 107 and 108 conidia / mL. For the production of fungal inoculate on the tested substrates. The best results were found in substrates of rice and seed residue for Metarhizium anisopliae, Penicillium sp. and I. javanica in five, and eight days for Beauveria bassiana culture in humidity at 28 ° C. For field tests, the best result was observed over the Penicillium sp. at a concentration 108 conidia / mL.
Os cupins são insetos eusociais da ordem Isoptera, mais conhecidos por sua importância econômica como pragas, causando prejuízos em áreas urbanas, campo, sobretudo em canaviais, áreas de pastagens e florestas. O controle biológico com fungos entomopatogênicos tem demonstrado ser uma opção viável, pois não compromete o manejo e nem apresenta efeitos deletérios sobre os animais, como pode ocorrer no uso de produtos químicos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar quatro espécies de fungos biologicamente ativos contra o cupim Nasutitermes corniger e buscar novas fontes de produção dos inóculos, visando o desenvolvimento futuro de um produto para controle biológico de cupim no Amazonas. O bioensaio in vitro: conídios foram produzidos, quantificados e inoculados. Vários substratos foram testados para crescimento dos fungos (casca de coco, serragem clara, serragem escuro e resíduo de semente de maracujá) tendo como controle o arroz. Os resultados dos testes in vitro mostraram que os fungos apresentaram alta eficiência contra Nasutitermes corniger, destacando-se I. javanica que apresentou maior potencial para o controle biológico com 100% de mortalidade na concentração de 108 conídios/mL a partir do segundo dia. O maior índice médio de produção de conídios obtidos de cadáveres de N. corniger foram encontrados em Penicillium sp. e I. javanica na concentração 107 e 108 conídios/mL. Para a produção dos inóculos fúngicos nos substratos testados, os melhores resultados foram encontrados nos substratos de arroz e de resíduo de semente de maracujá para Metarhizium anisopliae, Penicillium sp. e Isaria javanica em cinco dias e em oito para Beauveria bassiana de cultivo em umidade relativa a 28 °C. Para testes em campo, o melhor resultado foi observado com o Penicillium sp., na concentração 108 conídios/mL .
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19

LOPES, Rosineide da Silva. "Avaliação do efeito bioinseticida de linhagens de Isaria farinosa e dos extratos naturais de Caesalpinia ferrea sobre Dactylopius opuntiae (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae) praga da forrageira (Opuntia ficus-indica) em Pernambuco." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2013. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/13858.

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FACEPE
A utilização de inseticidas químicos no controle de insetos-praga causa danos ao meio ambiente devido à contaminação do solo, água (lençois freáticos, rios e lagoas), fauna, flora e o próprio homem. Assim, o uso de fungos entomopatogênicos e extratos vegetais são considerados métodos eficientes e seguros, com baixo impacto ambiental. A cochonilha-do-carmim (Dactylopius opuntiae) parasita os cladódios da palma forrageira (Opuntia ficus-indica) causando perdas na produção do vegetal. Nasutitermes corniger é uma espécie de cupim arborícola considerada praga nas áreas urbanas, causando muitos prejuízos econômicos. Em função disso, o trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a ação de três espécies de Isaria, dos extratos de folhas e vagens de Libidibia ferrea var. ferrea (= Caesalpinia ferrea var. ferrea) e da folha de Agave sisalana sobre D. opuntiae e N. corniger; o efeito dos inseticidas Clorpirifós, Acetamiprid, Thiamethoxan e Lambacyhalothrin sobre a D. opuntiae,. bem como a ação sinergética dos extratos e dos inseticidas sobre o crescimento micelial, esporulação e germinação dos conídios dos fungos. Neste estudo foram realizados bioensaios usando suspensões de 1x108 conídios/mL de linhagens de Isaria farinosa, I. javanica e I. fumosorosea. Foram testados extratos aquoso e metanólico de folhas (EAFLf e EMFLf) e vagens (EAVLf, e EMVLf) de L. ferrea var. ferrea e extratos aquoso e hidroetílico de A. sisalana (EAAs e EHEAs), nas concentrações de 10 mg/mL, 25 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL, 100 mg/mL e 200 mg/mL, bem como os inseticidas nas concentrações mínima, média e máxima recomendadas pelos fabricantes dos produtos. Os resultados demonstraram que os fungos não foram patogênicos sobre ninfas e fêmeas adultas de D. opuntiae, mas afetaram significativamente N. corniger tendo sido observado que a linhagem I. farinosa ESALQ1355 foi a mais eficiente, causando a morte de 95% dos operários (CL50 6,66x104conídios/mL) e 85% dos soldados (CL50 6,81x104conídios/mL) após o 4º dia da aplicação dos tratamentos. Atividade inseticida sobre ambas as espécies de insetos foi obtida com extratos vegetais. Para D. opuntiae o EAFLf foi mais eficiente sobre as fêmeas adultas causando a morte de 97% (CL50 4,60 mg/mL), enquanto o EMVLf promoveu a mortalidade de 82% das ninfas. Adicionalmente, para N. corniger o EAFLf foi o que apresentou maior atividade termicita, causando a morte de 100% dos operários (CL50 6,10 mg/mL) e dos soldados (CL50 14,10mg/mL) após três dias do tratamento. Todos os inseticidas comerciais testados foram eficientes sobre a cochonilha-do-carmim. Os resultados com o Clorpirifós demonstraram ser esse inseticida o mais efetivo, por induzir a morte de 90% dos insetos na concentração mínima. Além do mais, foi observado que os extratos e os inseticidas Acetamiprid e Thiamethoxan foram compatíveis com os fungos, por não haver inibido o crescimento, esporulação e germinação das linhagens fúngicas. A associação entre os extratos e as três linhagens mais eficientes demonstrou que I. farinosa ESALQ1355 foi a mais efetiva no controle dos operários. Por outro lado, a associação dos extratos com todos os inseticidas demonstrou eficiência sobre ninfas e fêmeas adultas da cochonilha, sendo o maior percentual de mortalidade (90%) obtido pela associação de extratos com o inseticida Clorpirifós. Os resultados demonstram o potencial dos extratos de L. ferrea var. ferrea e de A. sisalana no controle de D. opuntiae e N. corniger, bem como das três espécies de Isaria, em especial de I. farinosa ESALQ1355, no controle do cupim. Portanto, esses agentes entomopatogênicos representam uma alternativa viável para o controle e o manejo integrado de D. opuntiae e N. corniger em plantações de palma e em áreas urbanas, respectivamente, no Nordeste brasileiro.
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20

Simi, Lucas Detogni. "Susceptibilidade das fases do ciclo de vida de Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) à ação de fungos entomopatogênicos /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94900.

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Orientador: Antonio Carlos Monteiro
Banca: Odair Aparecido Fernandes
Banca: Luis Garrigós Leite
Resumo: A broca da cana Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius, 1794) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) é responsável por grandes prejuízos na cultura da cana-deaçúcar. O controle tem como alvo principal somente a fase de lagarta. No entanto, a eficiência pode ser maior atingindo fases do ciclo da praga mais expostas aos agentes de controle. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a patogenicidade de Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorok. Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. e Isaria farinosa (Holmsk.) Fr. para ovos, lagartas, pupas e adultos de D. saccharalis e avaliar, através da análise de parâmetros biológicos, os efeitos no ciclo de vida da praga. Ovos postos no período de 24 horas, lagartas com 15 dias de desenvolvimento, pupas recém formadas e adultos com 24 horas de vida foram inoculados com os fungos nas concentrações de 108, 107 e 106 conídios mL-1. A viabilidade dos ovos foi afetada significativamente no tratamento com 108 con. mL-1 de M. anisopliae, mas as lagartas sobreviventes não foram afetadas em nenhum outro parâmetro avaliado. M. anisopliae e B. bassiana causaram mortalidade de lagartas principalmente nas concentrações de 108 e 107 con. mL-1, enquanto a viabilidade pupal e o peso de pupas fêmeas formadas a partir de lagartas tratadas foram reduzidos apenas pelos tratamentos com 108 e 107 con. mL-1 de M. anisopliae, respectivamente. I. farinosa não se mostrou patogênico para as fases de ovo e lagarta de D. saccharalis. O tratamento com 108 con. mL-1 de M. anisopliae e B. bassiana produziu 52,0 e 42,0% de mortalidade de pupas, respectivamente, afetando também a viabilidade de pupas e a longevidade de adultos emergidos. A fecundidade destes adultos foi severamente afetada por I. farinosa na concentração 108 con. mL-1 e pelos outros fungos em todas as concentrações avaliadas. Verificou-se grande mortalidade de adultos tratados com todas as concentrações de M. anisopliae... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The sugarcane borer Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius, 1794) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is responsible for high losses in sugarcane. The larval stage is the main target of control. However, the efficiency can be higher by reaching different and more exposed stages with more exposure to the control agents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pathogenicity of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorok. Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. and Isaria farinosa (Holmsk.) Fr. to eggs, larvae, pupae and adults of D. saccharalis and to evaluate the effects on pest lifecycle. Eggs with 24 hours, larvae with 15 days of development, newly formed pupae and adults with 24 hours of life were inoculated with fungi at concentrations of 108, 107 and 106 conidia mL-1. The eggs viability was significantly affected in the treatment with 108 con. mL-1 of M. anisopliae, but the survival larvae were not affected in any of the analyzed parameters. M. anisopliae and B. bassiana caused larval mortality mainly at concentrations of 108 and 107 con. mL-1, while pupae viability and female pupal weight formed from treated larvae were reduced only by treatments with 108 and 107 con. mL-1 of M. anisopliae, respectively. I. farinosa wasn't pathogenic to eggs and larvae of D. saccharalis. The treatment with 108 con. mL-1 of M. anisopliae and B. bassiana produced 52.0 and 42.0% pupae mortality respectively, also affecting the pupal viability and the longevity of adults. The fecundity of these adults was severely affected by I. farinosa in the concentration of 108 con. mL-1 and by other fungi in all evaluated concentrations. High mortality of treated adults with all concentrations of M. anisopliae and with 107 con. mL-1 was observed. The longevity and fecundity were not affected by the fungi, and the eggs viability laid by treated females was significantly reduced by treatment with 106 and 108 con. mL-1 of B. bassiana... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
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21

Miguel, Rodrigo Bernardi. "Alvos intracelulares e mecanismos de ação de complexos de cobre(II) ou zinco(II) oxindolimínicos com atividade antitumoral." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46136/tde-20072018-091019/.

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No presente trabalho foram realizados estudos da atividade biológica de complexos imínicos de Cu(II) e Zn(II) derivados da isatina, principalmente frente a células tumorais HeLa. Sabe-se que estes complexos se ligam ao DNA, podendo causar clivagens simples e duplas na sua estrutura, em presença de peróxido de hidrogênio, através de um mecanismo predominantemente oxidativo. Os complexos de Cu(II) geram espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs) e, além disto, atuam sobre a mitocôndria como agentes desacopladores. Sabe-se ainda que esses compostos interagem com proteínas específicas, como por exemplo a topoisomerase humana IB e as quinases dependentes de ciclinas (CDKs), inibindo significativamente sua atividade, ou a proteassoma, frente à qual apenas uma inibição moderada foi observada. Os ensaios in vitro desenvolvidos nesta tese, permitiram evidenciar a capacidade de os complexos de intercalar no DNA e RNA, além de clivar o primeiro biopolímero. Os resultados obtidos in celullo, evidenciaram a dependência do cobre para a citotoxicidade dos complexos sendo estes compostos capazes de estimular a necrose das células HeLa. Além disso, os resultados demonstraram que estes compostos são capazes de interferir no ciclo celular, interrompendo-o em fase G2/M e de desencadear um desequilíbrio oxidativo. Os principais alvos intracelulares dos complexos, em células HeLa, são a Mitocôndria, pois interferem em seu funcionamento diminuindo o seu potencial de membrana, e o DNA clivando-o. Ademais, pretendeu-se, através de um estudo sistemático por microscopia Raman confocal, identificar danos celulares provocados pelos complexos, especialmente uma grande alteração no núcleo celular de células HeLa após o tratamento com o complexo [Cu(isaepy)]+. Através de ensaios de viabilidade, também foi possível demonstrar que a superexpressão de glicoproteína-P para linhagem MES-AS/Dx5 não resulta na resistência dessas células frente aos compostos testados, e que os complexos não interferem no funcionamento desta glicoproteína. Também foi observado, através dos experimentos com células HaCaT, que o complexo [Zn(isaepy)]2+ é capaz de interferir no ciclo autofágico celular.
In the present work, the synthesis and characterization of oxindolimine complexes of Cu(II) and Zn(II) were carried out. R is known that these complexes bind to DNA and can cause single and double cleavages in their structure, in the presence or absence of hydrogen peroxide, through a predominantly oxidative mechanism. Cu(II) complexes generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and, in addition, act on mitochondria as decoupling agents. These compounds are also known to interact with specific proteins, such as human topoisomerase IB and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), inhibiting significantly their activity, or the proteasome, against which only moderate inhibition has been observed. The in vitro assays developed in this thesis have demonstrated the ability of these complexes in intercalating at DNA and RNA, in addition to cleaving the first biopolymer. The results in cellulo evidenced the dependence on the copper for the cytotoxicity of the complexes, that can stimulate the necrosis in HeLa cells. In addition, the results demonstrated that these compounds are capable of interfering in the cell cycle, stopping it at G2/M phase and triggering an oxidative imbalance. The main intracellular targets of the complexes, in HeLa cells, are the Mitochondria, where they interfere in its function, diminishing its membrane potential, and the DNA, causing its cleavage. Further, it was intended, through a systematic study by confocal Raman microscopy, to identify cellular damage triggered by the complexes. Particularly, a large change in the cell nucleus of HeLa cells was demonstrated after treatment with the \'[Cu(isaepy)] POT.+\' complex. Through viability assays, it was also demonstrated that overexpression of P-glycoprotein in MES-SA/Dx5 lineage does not result in the resistance of these cells to the tested compounds, and that the complexes do not interfere in the functioning of this glycoprotein. Finally, it was observed, in experiments with HaCaT cells, that \'[Zn(isaepy)] POT.2+\' complex can interfere in the autophagic cell cycle.
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22

Palma, Vargas Victoria. "Rosa Isaura." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2016. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/139385.

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Orfebre
La presente memoria nace como una síntesis de las inquietudes que fueron surgiendo a medida que formulaba mis proyectos como estudiante de pregrado, los que se gestaron como manifestaciones espontáneas de un eje común: el retrato como “inmortalización” del individuo, y cómo en este instante se captura nuestra eterna soledad. Estando consciente de la importancia de mantener la claridad ante el lector-espectador para facilitar la comprensión del presente proyecto de creación visual, es que he formulado el desarrollo de esta memoria en dos ejes centrales: uno teórico y otro visual; para ello he intentado ser lo más rigurosa posible y sintetizar de forma clara el proceso de aprendizaje personal que ha conllevado al descubrimiento de mi quehacer como artista visual, específicamente ligado al campo de la orfebrería y el dibujo.
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23

Fanwar, Wann. "Creation in Isaiah /." Sarbrücken : Müller, 2008. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=017068499&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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24

Galipeau, Claude J. "Isaiah Berlin's liberalism /." Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1994. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0606/93001312-d.html.

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25

Wieringen, Archibald L. H. M. van. "Analogies in Isaiah /." Amsterdam : VU University Press, 1993. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35647733h.

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26

Chappel, James. "Dignity is everything Isaiah Berlin and his Jewish identity /." Diss., Connect to the thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10066/672.

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27

Jeon, G. S. "The role of Isaiah 1 as an introduction to the Book of Isaiah." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.401556.

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28

Anderson, Joel Edmund. "Isaiah 7:14 : identity and function within the bookend structure of Proto-Isaiah." Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-01152009-090940.

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Zampirolli, Leticia Silotti. "Dialquilfosforilidrazonas derivadas de isatinas N - substitu?das com potencial atividade biol?gica." Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 2009. https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/2077.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior, CAPES, Brasil.
A series of new dialkylphosphorylhydrazones (phosphorohydrazidic acid, N?-[1,2-dihydro-2- oxo-(R1)-3H-indole-3-iliden]- dialkyl esters was synthesized and characterized by IR, 1H, 13C and 31P NMR and mass spectroscopy. These dialkylphosphorylhydrazones were synthesized in three steps. The first step involved the synthesis of different dialkylphosphites which are obtained by the reaction of PCl3 with three mols of the corresponding alcohols. The second step consisted of the reaction between the dialkylphosphites and hydrazine in a two phase system, leading to the formation of the dialkylphosphorylhydrazines. Finally, the last step was the condensation of these dialkylphosphorylhydrazines with different N-substituted isatins. The analysis of the 1H, 13C and 31P NMR spectra showed the existence of the two possible diastereoisomers E and Z for compounds 1, 2, 6, 10 and 12, while for the remaining compounds only the Z isomer is present. Ten of these compounds were preliminarily tested for their inhibition potential against two protozoa (Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania amazonensis). All compounds tested showed cell proliferation inhibition of 98% at 50 ?M for Leishmania amazonensis, whereas for T. cruzi, inhibition of epimastigote cell proliferation was found to be higher than 75% for all compounds tested except 6, which showed a 59% inhibition. These ten compounds were also evaluated against Plasmodium falciparum, affording inhibitions higher than 90% for a 1mM concentration. These compounds were also investigated for their fungicidal activity against phytopatogenic Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium oxysporum. Compounds 9 and 11 showed a miscelial growth inhibition of 58% for Rhizoctonia solani while compound 12 afforde a 72% inhibition. Compounds 1, 2, 11 and 12 gave Fusarium oxysporum inhibition higher than 52%. Finally, the compounds synthesized were also evaluated for their inhibitory potential against lettuce seed germination and it was observed that the same compounds which showed fungicidal activity were not able to inhibit seed germination.
Uma s?rie de 16 dialquilfosforilidrazonas (?cido fosforoidraz?dico, N? -[1,2-diidro-2-oxo-(R1)- 3H- indol-3-ilideno] -, ?ster de dialquila), sendo todas in?ditas, foram sintetizadas e caracterizadas pelas t?cnicas de espectrometria de IV, RMN de 1H, RMN de 13C, RMN de 31P e massas. As novas dialquilfosforilidrazonas foram sintetizadas em tr?s etapas de rea??o. A primeira etapa consistiu na s?ntese de diferentes fosfitos de dialquila que foram obtidos atrav?s da rea??o do tricloreto de f?sforo (PCl3) com tr?s mols do ?lcool correspondente. Na segunda etapa, a rea??o dos fosfitos de dialquila com a hidrazina, em um sistema bif?sico, levou ? forma??o das dialquilfosforilidrazinas. A ?ltima etapa foi a condensa??o destas dialquilfosforilidrazinas com diferentes isatinas substitu?das. A an?lise dos espectros de RMN de 1H, RMN de 13C, RMN de 31P das dialquilfosforilidrazonas mostraram a coexist?ncia dos dois poss?veis diastereois?meros E e Z, para os compostos 1, 2, 6, 10 e 12, enquanto que para os compostos restantes observou-se apenas o diastereois?mero Z. Dos compostos sintetizados, dez foram avaliados preliminarmente quanto ao potencial inibit?rio de prolifera??o de dois protozo?rios (Trypanosoma cruzi e Leishmania amazonensis). Para Leishmania amazonensis todos os compostos testados apresentaram inibi??o da prolifera??o celular de 98 % a 50 ?M. Enquanto que para T.cruzi verificou-se inibi??o da prolifera??o celular de epimastigotas superior a 75% para todos compostos testados, a exce??o do composto (6) cuja inibi??o foi de 59 %. Esses dez compostos tamb?m foram avaliados frente ao protozo?rio Plasmodium falciparum apresentando inibi??o superior a 90 % para todos os compostos testados, a uma concentra??o de 1mM. Essas dialquilfosforilidrazonas tamb?m tiveram a a??o fungicida avaliada frente aos fungos fitopatog?nicos (Rhizoctonia solani e Fusarium oxysporum). Em Rhizoctonia solani os compostos (9) e (11) apresentaram inibi??o do crescimento miscelial de 58 %, j? o composto (12) apresentou inibi??o de 72%. Para o Fusarium oxysporum destacaram-se os compostos (1, 2, 11 e 12) com inibi??o superior a 52 %. Esses compostos tamb?m foram avaliados quanto ao potencial inibit?rio de germina??o em sementes de alface e verificouse que os mesmos compostos que apresentaram efeitos fungist?ticos, n?o inibiram a germina??o de sementes de alface.
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30

Hung, Si Wai Hedy. "Eschatological concepts in Trito-Isaiah." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2014. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=210084.

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Recent doctoral theses on Trito-Isaiah have interpreted the post-exilic restoration and eschatology as universalistic. I contend such an interpretation for these reasons: post-exilic Israel's desire to become a strong people of God is an indication of particularism, and the incorporation of foreigners and the nations under her wings nurtures nascent universalism. Thus, a tension is formed. The present thesis studies the eschatological concepts of Trito-Isaiah. These are the product of post-exilic Yehud, its reflection on its own tradition and declaration of its ideologies under Persian rule. This thesis concentrates on four key texts, namely Isa 61:1-7; 56:1-8; 65:13-25; and 66:18- 24. It is exegetical and theological, drawing connections and inferences within Isaiah and with other books of the Hebrew Bible. In doing so, I seek to probe the authors' intention in the choice of words and the use of tradition in the proposed changes to religious and social practices. This exercise seeks to trace the development of the eschatological concepts in connection to the community's history. Since Trito-Isaiah exhibits, in various parts, terseness and sudden changes in theme or content, scholarship has often ascribed this to redaction. This thesis debates with scholars' fragmentation of the textual units, in the hope of connecting the themes/content from nearby texts. Chapter 1 introduces Trito-Isaiah, the use of redaction in the composition of the book of Isaiah, and the nature and the role of eschatology (its relationship with apocalypse) in this segment of Isaiah. Afterwards, a definition of universalism and particularism is provided. The history of research in Trito-Isaiah includes the works of O. Plöger, K. Pauritsch, P. Hanson, K. Koenen, and E. Dim. The distinctive position of this thesis is presented. An explanation of the diachronic approach and inner-biblical interpretation is also provided, as these are helpful in providing an account of how the writing communities of Trito-Isaiah might have interacted with the Jewish traditions and contemporary writings to produce a unique theology. There will be a section on the selection of texts, the writing communities behind Trito-Isaiah, and the intended readers for these texts. Chapter 2 deals with the dating of the selected texts and related texts, so as to construct a working hypothesis for the writing communities' intentions behind their theology. Chapter 3 studies 61:1-7, one of the earliest eschatological passages in the post-exilic period. I shall argue that the concepts of the King-Redeemer and the Servant figure are inherited from the Isaianic tradition and reinterpreted to build a righteous community. Later Trito-Isaianic material elaborates these concepts. Chapters 4 and 6 discuss 56:1-8 and 66:18-24 as the framework of Trito-Isaiah. Within the framework is found an encouragement to a community to govern themselves well in preparation for the establishment of a righteous Zion and a strategy to expand the eschatological kingdom. Since the treatment of foreigners has become controversial during the time of Ezra and Nehemiah, many scholars tend to take the framework as democratization of the priesthood, hence, marks of universalism. I shall argue that the framework has a particularistic agendum, alongside the proclamation of the universality of God's rule. Chapter 5 argues that the creation of the new Jerusalem in 65:13-25 will demand the righteous behaviour of its inhabitants. Many modern scholars treat the new Jerusalem as a perfect new world but miss the determination of the writing communities to purge evil. By comparing the traditions within and external to Isaiah, I shall demonstrate that the writing communities foster the righteous rule in Jerusalem for the purging of evil. Chapter 7 presents a summary of my major arguments and the conclusion of my research.
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31

Gray, M. C. A. "Rhetoric and social justice in Isaiah." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.396611.

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32

Roos, Deomar. "Babylon in the book of Isaiah." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.624671.

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33

Guimarães, Caminha Neto José. "A escrava Isaura : uma visão multidimensional." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2003. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/7933.

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Este trabalho busca revelar os muitos segredos que se escondem por trás das representações de uma escrava mestiça, nascida sob o signo do Romantismo, chamada Isaura. A personagem criada por Bernardo Guimarães na segunda metade do século XIX revela-se cheia de contradições que, nesta pesquisa, se explicam nas teorias pós-modernas. Assim como o Folhetim, gênero híbrido criado da união do Jornalismo Impresso com a Literatura, Isaura sofre o preconceito de não ser aceita pela sociedade por causa de sua origem. Esta dissertação acompanha os passos trilhados pela escrava desde o romance popular (1875) até o folhetim eletrônico (1976) para mostrar as muitas faces da nossa cultura e suas transformações. Na Literatura, as influências dos mitos fundamentais; de obras grego-romanas; do romance inglês do século XVIII, e norte-americano do século seguinte. Nas adaptações do romance para a mídia, teremos a comprovação de que Isaura mantém-se sujeita às regras mercadológicas da Indústria Cultural. Para manter-se viva, ela se transforma: idealizada e perfeita no Romantismo; relegada e maldita no Modernismo; resgatada e aceita pelo público com a ajuda da Televisão no final do século XX. Nos desdobramentos do mito de Isaura, constata-se a construção da auto-imagem do brasileiro: ideologicamente branco. Um mestiço que não se reconhece como tal
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34

Stromberg, Jake. "Isaiah after the exile: The author of Isaiah 56-66 as reader and redactor of the book." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.491059.

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Since Duhm's commentary, scholars have treated Isaiah as three distinct books, thereby raising the question of how they came to be the one book now before us. Through an analysis of relevant portions of Isaiah, I define the editorial contribution lade to this process by the anonymous author associated with chapters 56-66, an author who lived after the exile and who inherited much that is now in 1-55.
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35

Maner, Terry Michael. "A literary analysis of Isaiah 6:1-8:18 reading the Isaiah memoirs as texts for pastoral spirituality /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2000. http://www.tren.com.

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36

Lee, Stephen S. K. "Creation and redemption in Isaiah 40-55." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/28416.

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Isaiah 40-55 offer a fertile ground for the study of the interaction between the two biblical motifs of creation and redemption. Whereas von Rad's thesis of creation being subordinated to salvation is no longer acceptable, the two are still taken to be one and the same act of YHWH (Rendtorff/Hermisson), with salvation understood as a new creation overcoming YHWH's judgement (Harner/Haag), and proclaimed as a transforming wonder in a universal context (Stuhlmueller). Our re-examination of 27 pericopae from four basic genres in Isaiah 40-55 shows that the predominant theme is YHWH's sovereignty. The disputations depict YHWH as both creator of the cosmos and lord of history in contrast to the idols dependent on human workmanship. A second group of disputations, which includes the so-called trial speeches against Israel, stresses YHWH's faithfulness despite Israel's sinfulness. The exile does not signify YHWH's defeat; it is the judgement of the same sovereign God. The trial speeches argue for YHWH's incomparability on the ground of his control over past and present events as witnessed by Israel. By contrast the idols are impotent and unable to help. The salvation oracles portray YHWH as the creator of both his own people and the enemies. The connotation of power instead of novelty or intimacy in the creation language is substantiated by our survey of the use of hskip 0.8cm (br') in the Nebrew Bible. Similarly, the description of YHWH as redeemer not only points to divine forgiveness, but also involves the demonstration of YHWH's power in Babylon's downfall and Zion's restoration. Theophanic imagery of the transformation of nature is used in the salvation promises to illustrate YHWH's supreme sovereignty, and his 'hidden' act through Cyrus' victory is finally acknowledged by the nations. The macro-palistrophic structure of these 16 chapters confirms that the crisis of faith during the exile lies in the challenge of the pagan imperial powers to YHWH's sovereignty.
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37

Jelinek, John Anthony. "The identity of the messenger of Isaiah." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1986. http://www.tren.com.

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38

Dyck, William R. "The remnant in Isaiah 7:1-17." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1988. http://www.tren.com.

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39

Ferrell, Jason. "Isaiah Berlin and the politics of pluralism." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=38484.

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In this dissertation I examine Isaiah Berlin's view of pluralism. Where some have claimed that Berlin cannot justify his commitment to liberalism given his ideas about moral pluralism---that his views are subjective---I argue that he can justify his commitment to liberalism, and avoid the problems of relativism. The departing point of my study is that unlike many, I do not think it is necessary to explicate Berlin's opinions about history, nationalism, or similar ideas---that what he says about pluralism is logically distinct from his other views. My argument has two basic parts. In the first I argue that Berlin's conception of pluralism is best understood as a response to monism, and not necessarily as a position which stands alone. As I argue, Berlin's commitment to liberalism depends less upon direct links between liberalism and pluralism, than a critique of monism which shows how vis-a-vis the corruption of positive liberty, monism leads to authoritarianism. The second part of my argument revolves around the idea that pluralism and relativism are distinct ideas, as seen in their treatment of the idea of incommensurability. Pluralism, I argue, unlike relativism, allows for comparative judgments to be made between values and cultures, because of certain assumptions it holds regarding human nature. Thus the charge that Berlin is a relativist is incorrect, in so far as it fails to consider the theoretical differences between pluralism and relativism.
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40

Cook, Paul M. "The Radical Developement of Isaiah 18-20." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.517022.

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41

Thomas, Immanuel. "The messianic prophecy in Isaiah 7:14." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2008. http://www.tren.com/search.cfm?p001-1201.

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42

Kim, Hyun Chul Paul. "Ambiguity, tension, and multiplicity in Deutero-Isaiah /." New York : P. Lang, 2003. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39089099b.

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43

Oh, Abraham Sung-Ho. ""Oh that You would rend the Heavens and come down" : the eschatological theology of Third Isaiah (Isaiah 56-66)." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/9c6e59af-719d-40cc-b793-1eaf0217acb2.

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44

Nganga, John Mungai. "A study of Isaiah 35:8-10 what is the highway according to Isaiah and to the church today? /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1994. http://www.tren.com.

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45

Lalani, A. E. "The role of Imam Muhammad Al-Baqir in early Islam." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.384204.

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46

Tan, Chee-Beng. "Yahweh's self-characterization in familial dissolution : Yahweh's narcissistic self." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.251255.

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47

Gorugantula, Sobha Priyadarshini. "Syntheses of fused pyrroloheterocycles, isatins, approach towards the indole fragment of nosiheptide and a base-mediated formation of 3-hydroxycarbazoles." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10450/10483.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2009.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xx, 242 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 137-145).
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48

Kwok, Hon Lee. "Use of Isaiah in the Pauline letters : with special reference to his self-conception of being an Apostle to the Gentiles." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4154.

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Many may have noticed that Paul employs large number of passages from the book of Isaiah in his various Epistles. Some of those Isaianic texts are used as explicit citations whilst others are used in a more nuanced manner such as allusions and intertextual echoes. Yet, in spite of the importance of Isaiah in Paul’s letters and the centrality of Paul’s vocation as an apostle to the Gentiles in Paul’s life, no specialized study of the relationship between these two significant aspects has appeared to date. More specifically, amongst those who notice the significance of Isaiah in Paul’s Epistles, it has been widely held that Paul identifies himself with the Isaianic Servant in the way that he sees himself as the fulfilment of the Isaianic Servant. The present study seeks to explore how Paul reads Isaiah as reflected in Galatians, Romans, and 1 and 2 Corinthians, four of his undisputed authentic letters, where explicit citations and clear allusions are detected. It is not so much a study of the mechanics of citation or allusion per se as of seeing Paul as a reader and interpreter of the scriptural text. Special attention is paid to the interplay of Paul’s reading of the Isaianic texts, the role of the servant figure portrayed in Isaiah 40-66, and his understanding of Jesus as well as his own Gentile mission in the light of Isaiah. Based on a slightly modified model set out by Richard Hays, the study proceeds by looking at some of the major instances of Paul’s using of Isaianic texts within the larger literary contexts, both in Isaiah and in the flow of Paul’s argument. The goal of the study is fourfold: First, to see whether Paul’s use of these ancient texts is ‘atomistic’, taken the text out of context and applied it to his argument to serve his own purpose or given consideration of the wider context of the original text. Second, to explore how Paul reads Isaiah in the light of his special called ministry as an apostle to the Gentiles, and how the reading of the scriptural text provides him insights to God’s ongoing salvific work in the history of Israel and the person of Jesus. Third, to clarify Paul’s sense of identification with the Isaianic servant figure in relation to the ministry of Jesus and his own mission; and finally, how Paul views the Gentile mission in which he is involved in relation to the final salvation of Israel and humanity. Particular attention has been paid to Paul’s identification of the Isaianic Servant. It has been argued that he sees Jesus as the eschatological fulfilment of the Isaianic Servant. Jesus’ death and resurrection established the foundation of hope and provided a paradigm for his apostolic existence. He sees himself as the Isaianic servant in the sense that he lives a life in total identification with that of Christ, who, though experiences suffering and death, will be vindicated eventually by God.
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Hornsteiner, Matthias. "Der "Miniföhn" und andere lokale Windsysteme im Isartal." Diss., lmu, 2005. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-31393.

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50

Barker, William Dale. "Isaiah 24-27 : studies in a cosmic polemic." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2007. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/252036.

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Abstract:
This study primarily aims to demonstrate that: 1.) the background material for Isa. 24-27 is Canaanite, as represented in the north Canaanite Ba’al tradition of Ugarit, 2.) Isa. 24-27 is not a series of isolated allusions to various segments of the Bal’al Myth, but a coherent framework and narrative progression that has been intentionally adopted from the Ba’al-Mot Myth, and 3.) the function of Isa. 24-27 is to describe the eternal and cosmic kingship of YHWH, while condemning Canaanite deities (i.e. E1, Ba’al and his rpum, Mot, Litan, Shapash, and perhaps Asherah) and cult institutions (i.e. Ba’al worship, the asherim and the marzēah). This indicates that the message of Isa. 24-27 is in keeping with the kingship and anti-idolatry themes present elsewhere in Isaiah. With this interpretation, there is a polemic continuity between Isa. 7-13, Isa. 14-23, and Isa. 24-27. It better connects Isa. 24-27 and Isa. 28. This study begins by reviewing the recent history of interpretation of Isa. 24-27. In Chapter Two various interpretations of the Ba’al Myth are reviewed, and an alternative interpretation is proposed. Chapter Three investigates the nature and functions of chthonic deities throughout the ancient Near East, and compares them to מָוֶת in the Hebrew Bible, with particular reference to Isa. 25:6-8. Chapter Four begins with an exegetical analysis of Isa. 25:6-8, which is followed by an inquiry into banqueting practices and banqueting in the mythic literature of the ancient Near East. Chapter Five seeks to define the marzēah in Ugarit, and also distinguishes between the funerary marzēah and other types of marzēah gatherings. Chapter Six argues that Mesopotamian and Egyptian myths influenced the Ugaritic conceptualisation of Litan, but that only these Ugaritic Litan traditions had a direct influence on the Hebrew Bible’s conceptualisation of Leviathan. The chapter concludes that Leviathan in Isa. 27:1 is part of the polemic against Mot and the establishing of YHWH’s cosmic kingship over every enemy, including Death and its allies. Chapter Seven is an analysis of the Ugaritic-Hebrew parallel word pairs in Isa. 24-27. Chapter Eight looks into additional evidence of the Ugaritic background in Isa. 24-27. Chapter Nine details the evidence of a Ugaritic background to Isa. 28, and defines the connections between Isa. 24-27 and 28, all of which contribute to the proclamation of YHWH’s kingship and the condemnation of Canaanite deities and cult practices that is evident throughout Isa. 24-28. Chapter Ten concludes not simply that there is an Ugaritic background to Isa. 24-27, but that most of the Ugaritic background material exists in a single myth, narrated in less than three cuneiform tablets (KTU 1.4-1.6). The only Ugaritic material that forms background to Isa. 24-27 and comes from outside the Ba’al-Mot Myth is related to kingship, death or the marzēah cult.
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