Academic literature on the topic 'Ishii shiro'

Abstract Background Hemophilia A with or without inhibitors to factor VIII (FVIII) has a major impact on the quality of life of people with this condition. This may be exacerbated by the treatment burden associated with current factor treatments that require frequent IV administration to reduce the risk of bleeding. Previous studies have noted that patients favor treatments that have a goal of achieving a "normal life" and avoid negative effects (e.g. infusion-related pain, time-consuming, or high treatment burden) (Cimino et al. Patient Prefer Adherence 2014). Two Phase III studies recently demonstrated the efficacy and safety of subcutaneous emicizumab administered weekly (QW) or every 2 weeks (Q2W) in persons with hemophilia A (PwHA) without inhibitors (HAVEN 3; NCT02847637; Mahlangu et al. N Engl J Med 2018, in press), and every 4 weeks (Q4W) in PwHA with or without inhibitors (HAVEN 4; NCT03020160; Pipe et al. WFH 2018). The studies included questionnaires developed and validated to investigate patients' preference and satisfaction with emicizumab compared with prior treatment. Methods In HAVEN 3, PwHA without inhibitors aged ≥12 years on prior episodic FVIII were randomized 2:2:1 to receive emicizumab QW (Arm A), Q2W (Arm B), or to no prophylaxis control (Arm C). Patients on prior prophylactic FVIII received emicizumab QW (Arm D). In HAVEN 4, PwHA with or without inhibitors aged ≥12 years with prior episodic bypassing agents (BPAs) or prophylactic FVIII received emicizumab Q4W. Patient preference was assessed through the Emicizumab Preference Survey (EmiPref) at Week 17 in both studies when patients had gained sufficient experience with emicizumab, potential bias due to anticipation associated with being in a study subsided, and they could still reliably recall their experience with prior therapy. The survey included three questions: patients were initially asked which they preferred - previous hemophilia treatment, new study treatment, or no preference. Those expressing a preference were then asked to rank the top three reasons for their choice. Finally, patients could provide additional free text related to their experience with emicizumab. Treatment satisfaction was assessed in Arm D of HAVEN 3 using the Satisfaction Questionnaire - Intravenous Subcutaneous Hemophilia Injection (SQ-ISHI). This 16-item questionnaire was to be completed at baseline and then either Week 21 or 25 after initiation of emicizumab. Results EmiPref was completed by 95/134 patients (71%) from Arms A, B, or D in HAVEN 3. Eighty-nine patients (94%) preferred emicizumab to their previous treatment and only 2 (2%) favored their previous treatment. The most frequent reasons selected for preference included a more convenient mode of administration ("frequency of treatments was lower" and "route of administration was easier") and reduced concern of bleeds ("worries about having bleeds were less"), reflecting the superior efficacy demonstrated in this study. In HAVEN 4, all 41 (100%) participants completed the EmiPref survey and all (100%) reported preferring emicizumab to their prior treatment. The most frequent reasons selected for preference were "the frequency of treatments was lower", followed by "the route of administration was easier", and "quality of life, in general, was better". When patients in HAVEN 3 and 4 were examined together, 99% (75/76) of patients who received prior FVIII or BPA prophylaxis favored emicizumab. Of the patients receiving prior episodic treatment, 92% (55/60) preferred emicizumab. Notably, all participants in HAVEN 3 and 4 continue to receive emicizumab beyond the primary analysis, including those who did not report favoring emicizumab, confirming the preference for emicizumab. The results of the SQ-ISHI completed by 50 patients in Arm D of HAVEN 3 at Week 21 indicated that 90% of patients were "much more" or "a lot more satisfied" with their current emicizumab prophylaxis compared with their pre-study treatment. Conclusions Almost all patients in HAVEN 3 and all patients in HAVEN 4 preferred emicizumab to their prior treatment. These results likely reflect the high efficacy and lower treatment burden previously reported. Such strong preference will be important for individuals currently receiving either episodic or prophylactic treatment when considering emicizumab prophylaxis in the future and may be associated with improved adherence, a substantial clinical obstacle with FVIII or BPAs. Disclosures Jimenez-Yuste: Roche: Consultancy, Research Funding; Shire: Consultancy, Research Funding; Bayer: Consultancy, Research Funding; Sobi: Consultancy, Research Funding; Octapharma: Consultancy, Research Funding; CSL Behring: Consultancy; Grifols: Consultancy, Research Funding; Pfizer: Consultancy, Research Funding; NovoNordisk: Consultancy, Research Funding. Shima:F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Patents & Royalties: Anti-FIXa/X bispecific antibodies , Research Funding, Speakers Bureau. Paz-Priel:Genentech Inc: Employment. Parnes:Genentech Inc: Research Funding; Biogen Idec: Research Funding; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd: Research Funding; Shire: Research Funding; Bayer: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Shire: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Lehle:F. Hoffmann-La Roche: Employment. Giermasz:Bioverative, Biomarin, Genentech, Spark, Opko: Research Funding; Bioverativ, Biomarin, Genentech, Alexion, Bayer: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Campinha-Bacote:Genentech Inc: Employment. Niggli:F. Hoffmann-La Roche: Employment. Windyga:Alexion, Baxalta, Bayer, CSL Behring, Ferring Pharmaceuticals, Novo Nordisk, Octapharma, Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Roche, Sanofi, Shire, Siemens, SOBI, Werfen: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Alnylam, Baxalta, Bayer, Novo Nordisk, Octapharma, Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Roche, Sanofi, Shire, SOBI: Research Funding. Chebon:F. Hoffmann-La Roche: Employment. Trask:F. Hoffmann-La Roche: Employment; Genentech Inc: Employment. Mahlangu:Alnylam: Consultancy, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Amgen: Consultancy; Bayer: Research Funding; Biogen: Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Biomarin: Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Catalyst Biosciences: Consultancy, Research Funding; Chugai: Consultancy; CSL Behring: Consultancy, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; NovoNordisk: Consultancy, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; LFB: Consultancy; Roche: Consultancy, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Sanofi: Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Shire: Consultancy, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Sobi: Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Spark: Consultancy, Research Funding. Pipe:Apcintex: Consultancy; Catalyst Biosciences: Consultancy; Genentech: Consultancy; Spark Therapeutics: Consultancy; Pfizer: Consultancy; CSL Behring: Consultancy; Bioverativ: Consultancy; R2 Diagnostics: Research Funding; HEMA Biologics: Consultancy; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd: Consultancy; Ainylam: Consultancy; Freeline: Consultancy; Bayer: Consultancy; uniQure: Consultancy; Biomarin: Consultancy; Nove Nordisk: Consultancy; Shire: Consultancy, Research Funding; Siemens: Research Funding. Oldenburg:Grifols: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Pfizer: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Chugai: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Biogen Idec: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Shire: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Octapharma: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Novo Nordisk: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; CSL Behring: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Biotest: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Bayer: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Roche: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Swedish Orphan Biovitrum: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau.

This paper covers the development of the chemical weapons division founded by Ishii Shiro, and discusses the horrible experimentation that was done by the Japanese. These experiments have been a source of controversy. The Chinese feel the Japanese should acknowledge these as war crimes. When the Japanese left Manchuria, they left the world’s largest chemical waste dump behind, and even to this day the government refuses to admit the actions of Unit 731. The information on biological warfare that the Japanese discovered during the experimentation in China later was used as a negotiation tool with the United States to secure their freedom and gain immunity from prosecution for General Ishii Shiro and his men. This paper will show the evolution of Japanese biological warfare during WWII using research obtained from a wide range of documents, books, newspapers, and journal articles, as well as documents found at the National Archives.

After Japan occupied Manchuria in 1931, Ishii Shiro created Unit 731 and began testing biological weapons on unwilling human test subjects. The history of Imperial Japan's human experiments was one in which Ishii and Unit 731 was the principal actor, but Unit 731 operated in a much larger context. The network in which 731 operated consisted of Unit 731 and all its sub-units, nearly every major Japanese university, as well as many people in Japan's scientific and medical community, military hospitals, military and civilian laboratories, and the Japanese military as a whole. Japan's racist ultra-nationalist movement heavily influenced these institutions and people; previous historians have failed to view Japan's human experiments in this context. This thesis makes use of a combination of declassified United States government and military documents, including court documents and the interviews conducted during the Unit 731 Exhibition that traveled Japan in 1993 and 1994, and then recorded by Hal Gold in his book, Unit 731 Testimony, along with a number of secondary sources as supporting material. Each of these sources has informed this work and helped clarify that Unit 731 acted within a broader network of human experimentation and exploitation in a racist system, which normalized human atrocities. Attitudes of racism and superiority do not necessarily explain every action taken by Japanese military personnel and scientists, nor did every individual view their actions or the actions of their countrymen as morally correct, but it does help explain why these acts occurred. What enabled many Japanese scientists was the racist ideology of the ultra-nationalist movement in Japan.<br>M.A.<br>Masters<br>History<br>Arts and Humanities<br>History

Rusch returned to Japan to find destruction, despair, and starvation everywhere. Rusch began his work for the Civil Intelligence Section in Tokyo, uncovering evidence for the International Military Tribunal of the Far East (IMTFE). Rusch hoped that the Allies would bring justice to postwar Japan, but the Americans had an agenda. As part of the effort to facilitate a peaceful occupation, Rusch secured evidence supportive of American policy, absolving Emperor Hirohito of blame for the Pacific War. Rusch was instrumental in acquiring the Saionji-Harada Memoirs, volumes of notes cataloguing the imperial family’s resistance to militarism. Rusch also recovered evidence of an international Communist conspiracy in Japan, a development that greatly enhanced his standing among his anti-Communist superiors. Rusch soon discovered the level of compromise and corruption in the Occupation government as he saw innocent Japanese being purged while some war criminals, such as the biological warfare mastermind Shiro Ishii, received immunity. During this time, Rusch met a former kamikaze pilot, Ryo Natori, a teenager he hired as a houseboy. Natori became a surrogate son and was a key figure in the rest of Rusch’s life. Rusch also used his considerable power to punish those who sold Seisen-Ryo and stripped Rikkyo University of its Christian identity.