To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Islamic architecture – Iraq.
Journal articles on the topic 'Islamic architecture – Iraq'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Islamic architecture – Iraq.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Al-Qahtany, Hani Mohammad. "Islamic architecture as a reflection of functionalism and interactionism: conceptual origins in culture and sociology." Contemporary Arab Affairs 2, no. 3 (July 1, 2009): 435–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17550910902875762.
Full textAbstract:
What kind of society does Islamic architecture reflect? What are the basic units and forms of Islamic society associated with Islamic architecture, and what kinds of relationships existed among its individuals? Is Islamic society a ‘uniform society’ or a ‘multi-layered society’? These fundamental questions are at the centre of this study. This paper explores the basic intellectual, social and environmental aspects that have shaped Islamic architecture. It explores these aspects as reflected in the building forms of Muslim societies. Functionalism and interactionism are two major schools of modern sociology. As a social phenomenon, Islamic architecture is examined in the light of these two schools. The urban fabric of the traditional Islamic city as an example of functionalism in architecture is examined with reference to the ruined city of Sāmarrāʾ, in Iraq; and examples of Ottoman architecture are considered as models of interactionism in city planning and architecture. The works of three major figures in contemporary Arab thought, Muḥammad Abed Al-Jabri and ʿAbdullah Al-ʿArawī from Morocco, and Mohammad Al-Anṣārī from Bahrain, are considered in this paper. Their thoughts and views are used as vehicles to test some innate features of Islamic architecture. The influence of language and the desert, two exceptionally important factors that have shaped the culture of Muslim societies and its manifestation in architecture, is also explored. The findings of this paper, although still at a preliminary stage, reiterate the major concepts of the medieval Arab scholar Ibn Khaldūn, in his Muqaddimah, in an architectural context.
2
Al-Haidary, Ali. "Vanishing point: the abatement of tradition and new architectural development in Baghdad's historic centers over the past century." Contemporary Arab Affairs 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 38–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17550910802622488.
Full textAbstract:
This article gives an extensive, detailed historic overview of Baghdad's unique architectural heritage from its ancient Sumerian roots in design through the Islamic and modern periods by an Iraqi professor of architecture. The functionally and aesthetically integrated residential architecture of the ancient Sumerians, its labyrinthine network of abutting houses with open inner-courtyards, ingenious ventilation systems, and enclosed balconies (shanāshīl) that formed the warp and weft1 of the fabric of the urban society which it supported for millennia is disappearing. The ancient patterns which still survive in Baghdad are not only emblematic of Middle Eastern architecture but are the essential imprint of Babel (Babylon) – the mother of all cities. The author demonstrates how modernization and rapid changes brought on by economic growth and population explosions led to unregulated building projects that were often conceived and implemented by foreign firms in abject disregard of the unique and irreplaceable cultural heritage of Iraq. Landmarks of culture have already been lost, and there is much still to lose, but it is not too late if proper funds, urban planning and action at the level of the individual can be marshalled to preserve the living museum of Baghdad's eternal architecture that is the most conspicuous physical expression of its social, cultural and historic identity.
3
Noth, Gregory. "Rethinking the Carter Doctrine and its Geopolitical Implications." Contemporary Arab Affairs 14, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/caa.2021.14.2.3.
Full textAbstract:
This article combines insights from constructivism with historical analysis to argue that the US military engagement in the Gulf, beginning in the 1980s, was primarily driven by the changed roles of two actors: Iran after the Islamic Revolution and the United States attempting to regain its role as a global superpower following the Vietnam War. It argues that the year 1979 constitutes what constructivists deem a “critical juncture,” in which America’s response to three events—the Iranian Revolution/hostage crisis; the siege of Mecca’s Grand Mosque; and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan—helped to redefine the Gulf’s security architecture and made the region more insecure. It ends with a close examination of US participation in the Iran–Iraq War and the long-term implications of the Carter Doctrine’s changing logic.
4
Ali Abdulrazaq, Hala, and Manuel Correia Guedes. "Post-war sustainable housing design strategies: the case of reconstruction in Iraq." Renewable Energy and Environmental Sustainability 6 (2021): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/rees/2021021.
Full textAbstract:
The damage of architecture in Iraq has been caused by a series of wars during the last four decades. The last conflict against the Islamic State from 2014 to 2017 caused severe destruction to the buildings in seven governorates, namely: Nineveh, Baghdad, Anbar, Babel, Kirkuk, Diyala, Salah Aldeen. three years after the Iraqi government has announced liberation, the cities are still covered by tons of rubble and thousands of people are still staying in camps. Several international humanitarian organizations are providing urgent assistance to help some local people to rebuild their homes. This paper presents initial results of an ongoing PhD research, which focuses on the role of architectural design in the postwar reconstruction in Iraq. It addresses an architectural damage assessment of the Post-War in the Old City of Mosul, after liberation from ISIS in 2017. The damage assessment focuses the residential buildings as it is the most affected sector and the most needed to start re-building. As rubble is the main obstacle for the residents besides that it's the first step for the recovery, this paper studies the scale of destruction to determine the quantity and quality of rubble in this historic city. Thus, it presents the current actions taken by locals and examines the government movements towards rubble management. Results show that, the unguided strategy of rebuilding is inefficient causing more damage to the environment and there is no comprehensive plan to protect historic buildings with a high heritage. The aim of this paper is to provide basic guidelines and recommendations for preventing further destruction to the heritage of the Old City.
5
Al-Thahab, Ali, Sabah Mushatat, and Mohamed Gamal Abdelmonem. "Between Tradition and Modernity: Determining Spatial Systems of Privacy in the Domestic Architecture of Contemporary Iraq." International Journal of Architectural Research: ArchNet-IJAR 8, no. 3 (November 30, 2014): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.26687/archnet-ijar.v8i3.396.
Full textAbstract:
The notion of privacy represents a central criterion for both indoor and outdoor social spaces in most traditional Arab settlements. This paper investigates privacy and everyday life as determinants of the physical properties of the built and urban fabric and will study their impact on traditional settlements and architecture of the home in the contemporary Iraqi city. It illustrates the relationship between socio-cultural aspects of public/private realms using the notion of the social sphere as an investigative tool of the concept of social space in Iraqi houses and local communities (Mahalla). This paper reports that in spite of the impact of other factors in articulating built forms, privacy embodies the primary role under the effects of Islamic rules, principles and culture. The crucial problem is the underestimation of traditional inherited values through opening social spaces to the outside that giving unlimited accesses to the indoor social environment creating many problems with regard to privacy and communal social integration.
6
Al-Thahab, Ali, Sabah Mushatat, and Mohammed Gamal Abdelmonem. "Between Tradition and Modernity: Determining Spatial Systems of Privacy in the Domestic Architecture of Contemporary Iraq." Open House International 41, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-01-2016-b0010.
Full textAbstract:
The notion of privacy represents a central criterion for both indoor and outdoor social spaces in most traditional Arab settlements. This paper investigates privacy and everyday life as determinants of the physical properties and patterns of the built and urban fabric and will study their impact on traditional settlements and architecture of the home in the contemporary Iraqi city. It illustrates the relationship between socio-cultural aspects of public and private realms using the notion of the social sphere as an investigative tool of the concept of social space in Iraqi houses and local communities (Mahalla). This paper reports that in spite of the impact of other factors in articulating built forms, privacy embodies the primary role under the effects of Islamic rules, principles and culture. The crucial problem is the underestimation of traditional inherited values through opening social spaces to the outside that giving unlimited accesses to the indoor social environment creating many problems with regard to privacy and communal social integration.
7
Schwartz, Glenn M., Christopher D. Brinker, Andrew T. Creekmore, Marian H. Feldman, Alexia Smith, and Jill A. Weber. "EXCAVATIONS AT KURD QABURSTAN, A SECOND MILLENNIUMb.c. URBAN SITE ON THE ERBIL PLAIN." Iraq 79 (May 4, 2017): 213–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/irq.2017.2.
Full textAbstract:
Excavations at the 109 hectare site of Kurd Qaburstan on the Erbil plain in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq were conducted by the Johns Hopkins University in 2013 and 2014. The Middle Bronze Age (Old Babylonian period) is the main period of occupation evident on the site, and the project therefore aims to study the character of a north Mesopotamian urban centre of the early second millenniumb.c. On the high mound, excavations revealed three phases of Mittani (Late Bronze) period occupation, including evidence of elite residential architecture. On the low mound and the south slope of the high mound, Middle Bronze evidence included domestic remains with numerous ceramic vessels left in situ. Also dating to the Middle Bronze period is evidence of a city wall on the site edges. Later occupations include a cemetery, perhaps of Achaemenid date, on the south slope of the high mound and a Middle Islamic settlement on the southern lower town. Faunal and archaeobotanical analysis provide information on the plant and animal economy of the second millenniumb.c. occupations, and geophysical results have documented a thirty-one hectare expanse of dense Middle Bronze Age architecture in the northern lower town.
8
Oganisyan, L. D. "The European Union’s Policies Towards Iraq (2014–2020)." Moscow University Bulletin of World Politics 12, no. 1 (November 19, 2020): 87–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.48015/2076-7404-2020-12-1-87-120.
Full textAbstract:
Political instability in the Middle East and North Africa in the early 2010s, accompanied by an escalation of the terrorist threat and uncontrolled migration, caused serious concern in the European Union about the situation in the Arab world. As a consequence, the EU has noticeably increased assistance to Iraq, providing Baghdad with substantial support in the fight against the Islamic State, preventing the humanitarian crisis, stabilizing the situation and promoting post-conflict reconstruction. However, these efforts have not yet been explored in depth by the Russian experts, who traditionally focus on the EU relations with the Southern Mediterranean countries.The author aims to reveal the logic behind the evolution of the European Union’s policy towards Iraq since 2014, as well as its impact on the EU assistance programmes to this country. The paper consists of three sections: the first one outlines the evolution of the EU strategic priorities in Iraq during 2014–2019, the second covers the major assistance programmes implemented by the European Union, both bilaterally and multilaterally, in Iraq; the third examines the EU reaction to the rising tensions in Iraq at the turn of 2019–2020.The author concludes that the EU’s growing interest in Iraq in recent years stems not only from concerns about transformation of this country into a source of cross-border challenges and threats, but also from the conviction of the EU officials that Iraq might potentially become the cornerstone of a new regional security architecture. On the basis of these considerations, the EU provides a comprehensive support to Iraq, including both humanitarian aid and development assistance aimed primarily at eliminating the fundamental causes of instability and radicalization. At the same time while demonstrating its commitment to develop cooperation with both government agencies and non-governmental organizations, the EU clearly prefers to assist Iraq through international organizations, rather than directly. Although the EU’s ability to influence Baghdad remains limited, compared to that of the US and regional actors, the European Union is perceived in Iraq as a neutral player and this might facilitate the achievement of its policy objectives. However, taking into account such factors as a high level of corruption in Iraq, substantial resources for reconstruction already available for the country, as well as Brussels’ focus on Syria, the scope of the EU’s further involvement in Iraq remains unclear.
9
Ahmadian, Hassan, and Payam Mohseni. "From detente to containment: the emergence of Iran's new Saudi strategy." International Affairs 97, no. 3 (May 2021): 779–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiab014.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Iran's strategy with respect to Saudi Arabia is a key factor in the complex balance of power of the Middle East as the Iranian–Saudi rivalry impacts the dynamics of peace and conflict across the region from Yemen to Syria, Lebanon, Iraq and Bahrain. What is Iranian strategic thinking on Saudi Arabia? And what have been the key factors driving the evolution of Iranian strategy towards the Kingdom? In what marks a substantive shift from its previous detente policy, we argue that Tehran has developed a new containment strategy in response to the perceived threat posed by an increasingly pro-active Saudi Arabia in the post-Arab Spring period. Incorporating rich fieldwork and interviews in the Middle East, this article delineates the theoretical contours of Iranian containment and contextualizes it within the framework of the Persian Gulf security architecture, demonstrating how rational geopolitical decision-making factors based on a containment strategy, rather than the primacy of sectarianism or domestic political orientations, shape Iran's Saudi strategy. Accordingly, the article traces Iranian strategic decision-making towards the Kingdom since the Islamic Revolution of 1979 and examines three cases of Iran's current use of containment against Saudi Arabia in Syria, Yemen and Qatar.
10
Behnamian, Sara, Saman Behnamian, Fatemeh Fogh, Firooz Pashaei, and Malihe Mahin Saran. "NOVELTY ARCHITECTURE AND MATHEMATICS IN AN IRANIAN MOSQUE." Journal of Islamic Architecture 6, no. 1 (June 9, 2020): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/jia.v6i1.5508.
Full textAbstract:
Islamic architecture, particularly mosques architecture, has mainly been the focus of many architectural exhibitions in Muslim-majority countries. Recently, it has been influenced by novelty architecture and has been evolved into elaborate structures. Quds mosque in Tehran, Iran, is a picturesque architecture feat of a modern outlook that came under a lot of criticism for abandoning the traditional symbols of Islamic architecture. This study observes the Quds mosque from a mathematical standpoint using fractals as the method. Fractals are geometric constructions that exhibit similar or identical characteristics by order of magnitude. Rescaling a prominent architectural pattern is also a noticeable subject that considers Quds mosque from this point of view. This study shows that the Quds mosque used fractal principles; self-similarity and congruency. Those are applied in the roof form by using a triangle form on each side.
11
Ahmadzadeh Siyahrood, Sanaz, Arghavan Ebrahimi, Javad Ghiasvand, and Mohammadjavad Mahdavinejad. "THE FACTORS CONTRIBUTING IN SPIRITUALITY DEFINITION OF IRANIAN MOSQUES." Journal of Islamic Architecture 5, no. 4 (December 21, 2019): 198–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/jia.v5i4.5254.
Full textAbstract:
Islamic mosques in Iran, similar to other Islamic nations, are reflections of visual beauties and typical examples of symbolic integration and relationship with strong beliefs and geometry. Scrutiny of these relationships provides a broader and profound perception of the design paradigm of these sacred masterpieces, which not only have been responding to the functional aspect of holy places but also represent an aesthetic model of architectural geometric perfection. This paper aims to survey this paradigm with a focus on its basic concepts and geometric origins; in this regard, it seeks to address the ensuing questions: what are the fundamental ideas in the design of mosques? How and which methods were used have been reflected in the architecture of mosques? How has the geometry assisted the architecture of mosques? What is the geometry role in the accomplishment of those basic concepts? To this end, after stating the fundamental concepts and dominant ideology in the design of mosques and the progress factors of Islamic architecture, their architectural features, spatial organization, and relations with geometry had been examined. The research hypothesis is that monotheism and divine unity are the original concepts of the architecture of mosques and this type of architectural design tries with the help of a range of abstract arts, symbolic materials, various methods, and science of geometry symbolize these ideas to create a sacred atmosphere and place which could be an intermediate spot for the human to achieve that divinity and unity.
12
Giumelli, Francesco, and Filippo Costa Buranelli. "When states and individuals meet: The UN Ombudsperson as a ‘contact point’ between international and world society." International Relations 34, no. 1 (July 11, 2019): 46–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047117819856402.
Full textAbstract:
Interaction between individuals and states is considered a distinctive character of domestic politics, while international politics is the ‘realm of states’. However, it is becoming more common to encounter loci where both states and individuals interact at the international level, such as in the cases of the Special Tribunals for Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Liberia and the Former Yugoslavia as well as the International Criminal Court (ICC). Within the International Relations (IR) theory panorama, one would expect the English School of International Relations (ES) to have the theoretical and analytical tools to conceptualize synergies between states and individuals, but this is not evident. This article asks, how does the interaction between individuals and states take place in the ES? We argue that this interaction takes place via ‘contact points’, defined as those international bodies that bring together states and non-state actors, be they individuals or groups, interacting on equal grounds in terms of rights and responsibilities towards each other. The notion of ‘contact point’ is developed inductively by focusing on the Office of the Ombudsperson to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL; Da’esh) and Al-Qaida Sanctions Committee. This research has theoretical implications. We aim to refine, sharpen and advance both the ES’s theoretical and analytical architecture. The contribution we seek to make is one that will better equip ES scholars to conceptualize and analyse those secondary institutions that allow states and individuals to enjoy rights and duties equally. By so doing, we will make possible for the ES to provide a more fine-grained account for these synergies than other IR theories. The notion of ‘contact point’ does set a new agenda for the ES, since interactions between individuals and states are likely to become a constitutive essence of world politics.
13
Vaziri, Alireza Haj, Parnaz Goodarzparvari, and Ismail Baniardalan. "COMPARATIVE BODY ANALYSIS OF SHEIKH LOTFOLLAH MOSQUE IN ISFA-HAN AND AHMED MOSQUE IN ISTANBUL." Journal of Islamic Architecture 6, no. 3 (June 28, 2021): 132–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/jia.v6i3.10112.
Full textAbstract:
A mosque is a manifestation in which religion meets with art, demonstrating the most distinctive features of this art. Among the structural analysis approaches in architectural science, body analysis is critical, especially while the conceptual characteristics are considered. The positioning of the mosque building bodies and their relation to each other is also essential. The study aims to realize the geometry of motifs in Islamic architecture contemplated in many scientific and artistic disciplines from the perspective of body approach and understand the pattern on which this creative adaptation is made. In the Safavid era and the Ottoman Empire, Iran, due to its religious approaches, political rivalries, and European influence, saw new relations, and their cultural and artistic influences became tight. To understand the structural features of the architecture of the Safavid and Ottoman era, Sheikh Lotfollah and Sultan Ahmad mosques were studied (as a case study), considering their body analysis as a route to investigate the application of concepts and elements of Islamic architecture, as well as considering the architectural practices of the region and geographical location. Obtained results provided the relationship of the bodies and spaces to each other. Despite many differences, there are some distinct similarities in the body of the studied mosques due to the mystery of the motifs that unite the whole building in Islamic buildings. There is a display of homogeneity and dominance of decoration over the form. The one behind the decoration is in line with Islamic concepts and values. It is a message of unity and solidarity.
14
Sahabuddin, Wasilah Sila. "Dome Form Typology Of Islamic Architecture In Persia." Journal of Islamic Architecture 4, no. 4 (December 24, 2017): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/jia.v4i4.4374.
Full textAbstract:
Aim of this research is to describe the dome form typology of Islamic Architecture in Persia area. This research applies descriptive qualitative method with physiognomy concept approach as a method in interpreting architecture object. This research methods also identify a particular physical object based on the style of Persian Area (Iran and Middle Asia) which correlated with the origin of dome form. The result explained that the dome typology in Islamic Architecture of Persia style has six types. Most of the types are the development gateway curvature (<em>iwan</em>) as the characteristic feature of Persian architecture.
15
Ahmadi, Jalal. "Design of Domes in Islamic-Iranian Architecture." Environment Conservation Journal 16, SE (December 5, 2015): 591–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.2015.se1669.
Full textAbstract:
The most important feature of architecture at Islamic age has been regarded as strengthening the human history from plurality and unity that such architecture from the artistic dimension and world structure goes beyond the time and place. Dome has been regarded as the major element in Islamic-Iranian architecture that there is no doubt on continuity and evolution of domical buildings since Sassanid age till current age. Mosques with Arabic or column design in Umayyad dynasty have been mentioned as the early styles in Islamic architecture. These mosques follow a square or rectangular map with walled garden and roofed nave. Since 7th century, domes have been the major element in Islamic architecture. By the passage of time, dimensions of domes at mosque developed, occupied a small part of the ceiling in proximity of Mihrab to the entire ceiling above nave. According to the existing texts, the oldest dome which is referred relates to Parthian and early Sassanid era. This dome has been built in Firuzabad to the dimension of 10.16 meter and evolved at Sassanid age, after which construction of domes is exploited as a general pattern. Domical buildings in west differ from domical buildings in Iran. Interesting difference lies on transfer of dome from cylindrical buildings to square buildings in Iranian architecture. Creation of dome and formation of hollow spaces have raised creation of spiritual spaces together with sense of comfort, under which the most important phenomenon of Islamic-Iranian architecture, holy shrines and sacred places have raised. In this research, firstly we will reach to a model of construction of main dome by overview of literature at architecture of domical buildings pre Islam in Iran and formation of them with an emphasis on domical buildings especially at Firuzabad, Fars and Bishapur, then we will review the domical buildings at Islamic age especially mosques and scared places, ultimately the evolution stages of dome design is examined in Islamic-Iranian architecture.
16
Karim, Somayeh, Parnaz Goodarzparvari, Mohammad Aref, and Pardis Bahmani. "A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE GEOMETRIC MOTIFS OF THE ATEEQ MOSQUE (SHIRAZ) AND THE CORDOBA MOSQUE (CORDOBA) WITH A CONTEXTUAL APPROACH." Journal of Islamic Architecture 6, no. 2 (December 9, 2020): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/jia.v6i2.10113.
Full textAbstract:
Islamic art is an introverted art derived from mystical thought and believes expressed in artistic activities and is pure, indigenous, and commensurate with the spirit and social status of its time; Islamic architecture also has an Islamic foundation, and it has a close relationship with the decorative arts. In this regard, mosques are considered the most significant Islamic architecture achievements; in most cases, geometrical shapes and motifs with religious and natural themes have been used. Therefore, the present study's primary purpose is to study the geometric patterns of the Ateeq Mosque (Shiraz) and the Cordoba Mosque (Cordoba) by a descriptive-analytical method. Analyzing the collected data revealed that the motifs and their role in both the Ateeq Mosque of Shiraz and Cordoba are similar. Among the essential motifs observed in these two mosques can be the circle (symbol of being and the symbol of heaven and God), Shams (symbol of the sun and celestial light), the triangle with the downward vertex, the symbol of the female principle and the upward symbol of the mountain symbol and the masculine principle and crucifix (symbol of rotation of the seasons and permanent reproduction) and spiral as the symbol of fertility. In the Islamic period, these motifs are decorated with architectural spaces. The geometric motifs represent natural elements. As appreciation and sanctification of natural elements have been noticed, geometric motifs symbolically evoke those sacred elements and were illustrated in Iran and Spain's arts.
17
Blair, Sheila. "A Medieval Persian Builder." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 45, no. 4 (December 1, 1986): 389–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/990209.
Full textAbstract:
Lacking many of the documentary and archival sources available to scholars of the medieval Western world, historians of Islamic architecture are forced to turn to another feature of architectural decoration to reconstruct the building tradition: the written word. A builder's signature on a set of luster tiles in the Metropolitan Museum of Art allows us to connect the set to an early-14th-century shrine complex in central Iran. Reading of another inscription on the tiles, hitherto unnoticed and containing a signature and date, allows us to reconstruct the building campaign at the site and to evaluate the position of builders and potters in Mongol society.
18
Saremi Naeeni, Davoud, and Kobra Hasangholinejad Yasoori. "Studying the Effect of Continent on Three Important Mosque of Timurid Period (Blue Mosque of Tabriz, Goharshadjame Mosque, Jame Mosque of Yazd)." Modern Applied Science 10, no. 2 (January 15, 2016): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v10n2p205.
Full textAbstract:
<p class="zhengwen"><span lang="EN-GB">Mosques’ architecture is one of the monuments in the history of Iranian architecture that has alwaysbeen of interest andimportance and in the Timurid period was also welcomed by many architects and artists and e</span><span lang="EN-GB">xamples were built that were used as a perfect model for the architects of the next periods. The architecture of this period is known as a good example of harmony with the environment, which is a result of various climatic, historical, economic, cultural and political factors and have had the greatest impact and benefit fromthe continental and social and politicalconditions of Ilkhani and Seljuk periods. Timurid mosques of Iran are from the important elements of Islamic architecture in terms of architectural form and decorations that need to be reviewed in these two factors. Building mosques in Iran, as a public place and a political state for the spiritual guidance was started at the beginning of Islam and was completed in the Timurid era in the various buildings. Mosques were firstly build as Shabestani and then as one Iwan and two Iwans and four Iwans, as one of the important elements in the cities.</span></p><p class="zhengwen"><span lang="EN-GB">Given that the architectural design, construction and decorations of some of theTimurid mosques are from the architectural masterpieces of Iran, this article has considered three important mosques of the Timurid period in Iran, GoharshadJameMosque,Jame Mosque of Yazd, Blue Mosque of Tabriz, and has analyzed and compared the structural elements of the architecture of these mosques (dome, Iwan, courtyard,and use of geometry in buildings, etc.) as well as considering the climatic factors that impact on those building. The method of research is comparative study and case study and then with an analytical approach, we will compare three important mosquesin terms of political, social situations and also physics and structure and geometry and decorations of them. In addition to reviewing the related papers and books, we will have a comparative table for the physical elements and their decorations. Finally, in addition to achieving the objectives of constructing the mosques and their formal changes in this period and comparingthem, the status of each of them is reviewed in the main section of the paper and the analytical model for future studies for mosque’s architecture according to the continent, is recommended.</span></p><span lang="EN-US">In this research with the aim of considering the methodologies of building mosques’ architecture according to the continent, first we consider the physical features of architecture in Timurid period. Then we consider the architectural physical features of The Blue Mosque of Tabriz, GoharshadJame Mosque, and Jame Mosque of Yazd as some examples. After that, the general characteristics and structural form of mosques according to the continent and the domestic architecture of the regions was analyzed. At the end, comparing the features and similarities of mosques and the differences in mosques’ architecture in this period, we have found some strategies about building mosques according to the domestic and continental architectural features.</span>
19
Kateb, Fatemeh. "Window in Iran Islamic Architecture with Emphasis on Role of Light." Journal of History Culture and Art Research 7, no. 1 (March 31, 2018): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.7596/taksad.v7i1.1454.
Full text
20
Moradi, Amin. "TRANSITION ZONE IN SELJUQ DOME CHAMBERS." Journal of Islamic Architecture 6, no. 1 (June 9, 2020): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/jia.v6i1.7488.
Full textAbstract:
Architecturally, the Seljuqs' dominion makes a significant shift from the Pre-Islamic Sassanid squinches into a sophisticated transition mechanism employed to change the walls of a square chamber to an octagonal base to set a dome. It initiated a new construction methodology to hybridize the previous experiences of Sassanid domes with new architectural tendencies since the prior understanding of the transition zone was a makeshift in quality. It is not consistent enough for future architectural adventures in creating larger structures. Although a cursory investigation of transition zones of Seljuq dome chambers in some respects reveals a relatively homogeneous framework, it has never meant the stagnation of architectural creativity in different parts of the Seljuk territory. On the other hand, the typology and local schools of Seljuq transition zones of dome chambers have not been thoroughly considered by geographical centralism in Iran. For a better understanding of the standardization of various techniques considered in Seljuq architecture between the 11th and 12th centuries to span the cubic structure to a circular plan, this project is aimed to clarify three different schools of architectural articulation concerning transition zone in the Seljuq dome chambers. A structural analysis was conducted assuming several scenarios over Seljuq domes to clarify its geographical characteristics as well as static behaviors in different parts of Iran. This study shows that no dome has a regular mechanism of a transition zone, no two regions share the same approach, and three different empirical attitudes towards the transition zone would be enough to consider three architectural schools encompassing Northwest Iran, Alborz, and Central Iran, in which the difference lies in the basic elements of the construction of the transition zone rather than proportions.
21
Mierzejewska, Marta. "Remarks on stone vessels from Islamic layers on Bijan Island." Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 25 (May 15, 2017): 799–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.3016.
Full textAbstract:
Excavations on Bijan Island in western Iraq were conducted by the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology, University of Warsaw, in 1979–1983, as part of the international Haditha Dam rescue project. A multi-layered site was uncovered, featuring complex architectural structures and a rich archaeological assemblage. Four main settlement phases were distinguished: Neo-Assyrian, Parthian, Roman and early Islamic. The present paper focuses on stone vessels attesting to extensive use of stone for utility purposes. The assemblage complements knowledge about the inhabitants of early Islamic Bijan and their economic activities
22
Akbari, Amir, Mahmoodseyyed, Ali Farrokhi, and Ahmad Heidari. "Emanations and Islamic architectural interactions between Iran and Indian subcontinent." International Journal of Social and Economic Research 4, no. 4 (2014): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2249-6270.2014.01116.7.
Full text
23
Boudiafe, M. SAOUANE Mohamed, and Mme ZEGHICHI Sarra. "The Impact of the Religious Dimension as Building, Urban Fabric and the Social Behavior of the Population." Resourceedings 2, no. 3 (January 6, 2020): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.21625/resourceedings.v2i3.685.
Full textAbstract:
I knew architecture grew since the ages of prehistoric and was the goal of the appearance of architecture at first in order to meet the need and protection from surrounding risks, but with the evolution of architecture through the ages, and the concept of civilization that appeared with the development of architecture gave a special identity to architecture. like Mesopotamia in Iraqi architecture, Egyptian architecture shows African, Romanian Greek, and Islamic architecture. The Byzantine Empire which covered most regions of the world saw the emergence of a very Christian architecture in Italy and the Vatican Gothic factor was the development of this architecture. Prothera next to the religious and ideological thought and philosophy closer to the god of, this architecture was thought the mainstream has actually contributed to the development of architecture during the ages.In this study, we will study the Islamic building in the North Africa region, which spread in the 10th century and was founded by The Abadites who were Kharijites and spread in the north of the Algerian desert, specifically in the city of Ghardaia in Wadi M'zab. 550 km from Algiers. This city is designed for social life, and this city is an inspiration for urban planners today. This city has been described in the Book of Lights Mazab of the French Orientalist where he said that her charm attracts visitors to it in one of the pages of this book.This architecture was characterized by: an inherent system of architecture, a mixture of practical creativity, which was characterized by steadfastness so as to stay adapted and adapted to the difficult climate and nature of the region, and the maintenance of the neighborhood rights supported by a arsenal of ethical systems and customs expressed in the harem. Both inside the palace or at specific distances outside their walls ... Which is covered by a beautiful aesthetic touch and an almost unique architectural feature.Through this study we will explain how They were affected of the building and the urban fabric of the area and the inhabitants of Wadi M'zab affected the religious dimension, how did urban fabric Wade M'zab preserve his building authenticity in terms of the form and mix of art and creativity that appears in urban and Wadi M'zab.
24
Ghasemi, Kimia, Mostafa Behzadfar, and Mahdi Hamzenejad. "From Traditional Schools to Modern Schools: The Quest for to Improve the Quality of Schools Environment in Iran." Modern Applied Science 15, no. 2 (March 3, 2021): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v15n2p24.
Full textAbstract:
This article, through comparison, analyzes evolutions in architecture and school concepts and the relation between them in classic and modern periods in Iran, and by relying on persistent traditional Islamic schools architectural design patterns, provides an atmosphere, conforming to physical and spiritual needs in schools. The research method used in this article is descriptive-analytical and is conducted through library study in order to get familiarized with persistent social components in these schools, to use in new schools. In this research, after evaluating traditional schools, some factors, such as flexibility, central courtyard and the presence of natural elements in there, annular formation of classrooms and appropriate atmosphere for discussions and the transformation process of the interior and exterior relations are introduced which we can use in designing new schools, in order to fully improve the quality of the atmosphere in modern schools.
25
Taghizadeh, Katayoun. "Islamic Architecture in Iran, A Case Study on Evolutionary of Minarets of Isfahan." Architecture Research 2, no. 2 (August 31, 2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5923/j.arch.20120202.01.
Full text
26
Sokhanpardaz, Kamran. "Stucco Inscriptions and Ornaments of The Great Seljuk Mihrab of Rey." Journal of The Near East University Faculty of Theology 7, no. 1 (June 22, 2021): 87–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.32955/neu.ilaf.2021.7.1.03.
Full textAbstract:
The art and architecture of the Great Seljuk period, known as the Renaissance of Persian Art in Persian studies, left an undeniable effect on the following periods. The art of the Great Seljuk period, influenced by the art of the previous periods, became a source of inspiration for the artworks of later periods. The aim of this article is to introduce the stucco ornaments and inscriptions of the mihrab of Ray, to reveal the important values of the mihrab and thus to provide the opportunity to evaluate the influence area and its power of influence. As a result of our research, it is found that the ornamental composition of the mihrab includes inscriptions, vegetal and geometric decorations. Also, these decorations were made in embossing and hollowly technique. There is no information about the artist of the stucco decorations of the altar. Although there is no date inscription on the mihrab, it is similar to the examples of the Great Seljuk period in terms of general shape and decoration features. Also according to the results of this research, the stucco decorations in this mihrab, It is very similar to the decoration of the first Islamic era of Iran, obtained from Neyshabur excavations, stucco decorations discovered from Samarra Exploration, architectural ornaments of the Qarakhanid period, stucco decorations from the Ghaznavid Period, Anatolian Seljuk Architectural decorations and stucco decorations of the Ilkhanid Period of Iran.
27
Sheijani, Zeinab Soleimani, Seddighe Soleimani Sheijani, and Mojgan Khakpour. "A Review on the Concepts of Traditional Architecture by Mulla Sadra’s Al-Hikmat Al-Mota'alie." Journal of Islamic Architecture 4, no. 4 (December 24, 2017): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/jia.v4i4.4225.
Full textAbstract:
Paying little attention to the roots of today's architecture has departed the contemporary architecture from its conceptual origins. However, the single application of traditional architecture principles does not fulfill the demands of today's life. Although by peering into the traditional Iranian architecture, principles and specific ideas implicit in the Islamic wisdom of Iran are revealed. In addition to maintaining the values of traditional architecture, a new approach to architectural design can also be achieved by recognizing and integrating these principles with the necessities of today's life. The article aims to answer whether it is possible to create a link between the traditional Iranian architecture concepts and the principles of contemporary rational architecture, similar to what Mulla Sadra, the great Persian philosopher, created between the Iranian ancient wisdom and al-Hikmat al-Masha which was solely a rational philosophy. To achieve the mentioned aim, first Mulla Sadra's intellectual structure has been studied, after modeling <em>al-</em><em>Hikmat al-Mota'alie</em>. Then the traditional architecture has been analyzed in order to recognize its being (<em>al-</em><em>Wojud</em>) and essence (<em>al-</em><em>Mahiyat</em>). The priority of being has been introduced in the next step, followed by levels of being. The next pace was to discuss the structure of Mulla Sadra's thinking method in architecture. The results of study indicate that the process of communication between ancient wisdom and <em>al-</em><em>Hikmat al-Masha</em>explained by Sadra can be classified in two phases, cognizing and integrating. In the stage of integration Sadra used rational reasoning to prove the issues that have been obtained through intuition and the same trend can be applied in architecture. The intuitive aspects of traditional architecture can also be presented within the framework of today's rationalist architecture in two steps, including cognizing and integrating.<p> </p>
28
Zohrehvand, Hamed. "Effects of Mystical Literature on Islamic Architecture of Iran in Ilkhanid and Timurid Era." International Journal of Science, Technology and Society 3, no. 2 (2015): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsts.s.2015030201.31.
Full text
29
Mafakheri, H. R., A. H. Hejazi, and M. Dashti. "Design of the Administrative Building of Kuhsar City under a Sustainable Architecture Concept Approach." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 6, no. 4 (August 26, 2016): 1080–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.723.
Full textAbstract:
This study investigates a sustainable approach in the design of the administrative building of the municipality and Islamic council of Kuhsar city, Iran. The initial design is inspired by a flower bud and the various stages of the design are described using actual images, 2-D plans and 3-D models. An extra focus is given to sustainable elements. Overall the design aims to deliver an energy sufficient yet aesthetically pleasing building.
30
Leube, Georg. "Aqquyunlu Turkmen Rulers Facing the Ruins of Takht-i Jamshīd." Der Islam 95, no. 2 (November 8, 2018): 479–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/islam-2018-0031.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This article investigates the ways in which Aqquyunlu rulers drew on the material remains of bygone dynasties by including ruins in their court ceremonial. Central for the investigation are two inscriptions left by the majlis or artistic assemblee of an Aqquyunlu prince on the ruins of one of the Achaemenid palaces at Persepolis or Takht-i Jamshīd in Iran. These important epigraphic sources are presented here in an improved critical edition and discussed in their social, architectural, and literary context. In musing over past glories, the prince and his retinue appropriated the heritage of bygone prophets and kings, framing their courtly representation as part of a continuous tradition of just rulers over southern Iran.
31
Hasti, Safavi. "The Study of the Principles of Philosophy of Islamic Art." RUDN Journal of Philosophy 24, no. 1 (December 15, 2020): 23–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2302-2020-24-1-23-38.
Full textAbstract:
The main discourse on Islamic art in the western academia primarily views Islamic art through the lens of art history and sociology of art. Islamic art is considered as sacred in Islamic civilisation and culture, and derives its sanctity from the Quran as the fountain from which it has emanated, which Muslims consider to be the Word of God, much like Christ is the Word of God in Christianity. The Quran has played a formative role in shaping the trinity of sacred Islamic art which is Quranic recitation, calligraphy and architecture. However, another approach which not only is viable but can be considered of great importance to the study of Islamic art, is the employment and utilisation of principles of Islamic philosophy and Sufism which were the pillars of the intellectual milieu in which a given work of art is produced. The application of such principles allows a more comprehensive and detailed interpretation of a work of art. In this paper, the primary Islamic philosophy and sufi doctrines that will be discussed are the concepts of imagination, colour, and calligraphy and examples of their application in the khānqāh and shrine ensemble of Shaykh Ṣafi al-Din Ardabīlī in Ardabil, Iran.
32
Khaleghimoghaddam, Navid, and Havva Alkan Bala. "The Impact of Environmental and Archıtectural Design on Users’ Affective Experience." YBL Journal of Built Environment 6, no. 1 (February 22, 2018): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jbe-2018-0001.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This study examines the impact of environmental design on user experiences in the educational spaces of Tabriz Islamic Art University in Iran. In the research area, the affective assessment of four different spaces, which have been changed their function, was made. The research hypothesis is that users’ affective experience is influenced by environmental and architectural design. The method applied is the interpretation of the data obtained by the scores of the pleasure-arousal diagram of the affective and perceptional experience of 100 students in 16 educational spaces belonging to Tabriz Islamic Art University in Iran. As a result of the research, it has been verified that space design style has an active role in the affective experience of students, and there is a meaningful relationship between user’s spatial experience and the design style. In this context, it has been revealed that the spatial experiences of students in traditional spaces are positive and satisfactory in terms of interest, pleasuret and security, and that for the other three groups, many changes are required in the architectural design and spatial organization to provide positive motivation and emotional suitability.
33
Mahdavinejad, Mohammadjavad, Sanaz Ahmadzadeh Siyahrood, Mohammadhossein Ghasempourabadi, and Mona Poulad. "Development of Intelligent Pattern for Modeling a Parametric Program for Public Space (Case Study: Isfahan, Mosalla, Iran)." Applied Mechanics and Materials 220-223 (November 2012): 2930–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.220-223.2930.
Full textAbstract:
Islamic arts consist of several parts and could be noticed in works such as tiling, plaster works, stalactite work and etc. As well as in windows templates, wooden doors. The geometrical patterns as a part of Islamic arts have a ground for parametric program. This paper studies about the patterns that have emerged from Iranian traditional geometry and possess the ability to be changed into an intelligent pattern; followed by assessing characteristics that would make them parametric. The results were compared with Isfahan Mosalla, as the largest complex of metal shell with the dome-shape special structure that includes single welded mesh layer with nodes works and net pattern of classic wooden window, as a case sample. In conclusion, the reason of using the pattern worked in ceiling structure of the building has been discussed. This building is one of the valuable works that fairly reveal joining local architecture patterns with space-work structures system. Keywords: Intelligent pattern, Modelling, Parametric program, Islamic pattern.
34
Blair, Sheila S. "The Madrasa at Zuzan: Islamic Architecture in Eastern Iran on the Eve of the Mongol Invasions." Muqarnas 3 (1985): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1523085.
Full text
35
Blair, Sheila S. "THE MADRASA AT ZUZAN: ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE IN EASTERN IRAN ON THE EVE OF THE MONGOL INVASIONS." Muqarnas Online 3, no. 1 (1985): 75–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22118993-90000197.
Full text
36
Gaber, Tammy. "The Transnational Mosque." American Journal of Islam and Society 33, no. 4 (October 1, 2016): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v33i4.942.
Full textAbstract:
This catchy title, The Transnational Mosque, is timely and implies an analysisof global Islam and the multiplicities of mosque construction today. The premisepromises to contribute to the scholarship on Islamic architecture, and yetthere are some issues with the argument’s structure and even greater ones withthe analytical depth with respect to architecture.
The book’s structure highlights the attempt to separate itself and “buildsupon” (p. 7) established texts on the subject of contemporary Islamic architecture.However, its relatively small format, dense with text, is populatedsparely with uneven visual representation. The photographs vary in qualityand vantage, and not all of the mosques discussed have images and architecturaldrawings – serious omissions in a field that is so visual, systematic comparativeanalysis requires analogous efforts with visual representation for theargument to sustain itself. The book contains an introduction; one chaptereach on Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Iran, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE);and an epilogue that serves as a conclusion. But this four-fold argument,which focuses on the patron countries, is flawed because it inherently setsup a hierarchy of influence that situates equally the relatively minimal worksof the UAE with the far-reaching impact of Turkey, Iran, and Saudi Arabia.It also ignores the “transnational” quality of those mosques not patronizedby any of them.The introduction, “Agency of History: The Symbolic Potential for theTransnational Mosque,” begins with an italicized brief first-person narrativethat describes Beirut’s Muhammad al-Amin Mosque followed by a long accountof patronage and political climate. Rizvi promises an interdisciplinaryapproach with field work, architecture and photo documentation, interviewswith architects and patrons in a “study [that] interrogates multiple agents anddiverse agendas behind the construction of transnational mosques” (p. 5). Shedefines “trans” as “beyond and across time of history and spaces of nations,”but nevertheless frames the book in terms of nations ...
37
Rozmus, Dariusz. "CONTEMPORARY ISLAMIC ICONOCLASM – A THREAT TO WORLD CULTURAL HERITAGE." Roczniki Administracji i Prawa 2, no. XVIII (December 30, 2018): 145–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.1775.
Full textAbstract:
The vast destruction of the heritage sites in Syria and Iraq caused by the activities of ISIS may not only be attributed to fanatical iconoclasm with a religious background. The ideologists of the jihad movements in the so-called Islamic State intend to introduce one, unified version of Islam. In their world, there is no place for democracy, secularity, nationalism (even for patriotism) and other “abominations” of the West. Monuments which constituted elements of local traditions were destroyed with the application of huge resources. In the face of the tragedy of people, considerations in the field of broadly conceived culture may only supplement a description of unspeakable tragedies which were caused by the wars in the Near East. However, we may examine this question in such a way as not to separate the people from their heritage, for a human being is an integral part of his or her culture. “This isn’t a choice between people or stone,” said Deborah Lehr, chair of Antiquities Coalition. “Culture is part of who these people are, and this, ironically, is the cradle of civilization.”. Due to the situation which occurred, the stock-taking and digitalisation of artefacts and architectural monuments assumes huge significance. These proceedings should be also conducted with the use of the most recent methods of satellite teledetection.
38
Mamani, Hamid, Saeid Haghir, and Naser Barati. "The Early Islamic Centuries: a Criterion for the Impact of Religious Beliefs on Architecture and Decoration of Iran." Journal of History Culture and Art Research 5, no. 4 (January 5, 2017): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.7596/taksad.v5i4.607.
Full text
39
Rogers, J. M. "Klaus Herdeg: Formal structure in Islamic architecture of Iran and Turkistan. 71 pp. New York: Rizzoli, 1990. £25." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 55, no. 1 (February 1992): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00003499.
Full text
40
Nováček, Karel, Narmin Ali Muhammad Amin, and Miroslav Melčák. "A Medieval City Within Assyrian Walls: The Continuity of the Town of Arbīl in Northern Mesopotamia." Iraq 75 (2013): 1–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021088900000401.
Full textAbstract:
This study presents a first attempt at an archaeological topography of the city of Arbīl (Arbela, Urbilum, Arbail). Arbīl's large tell and citadel are among the most famous sites in northern Iraq, although research on the site has begun only recently. The study of the immediate hinterlands of the tell, complementary use of written sources, remote sensing and surveys offer a perspective on the extremely long-term evolution of the lower town, whose architectural remains have entirely disappeared under modern building development. Despite many lacunae in the data and a predominance of indirect hypotheses, the urban structure of Assyrian Arbail becomes comprehensible in the context of other Assyrian royal capitals. During the Islamic period, the city underwent a transformation, which merged the once prosperous Sasanian provincial capital with the expanding Muslim community.
41
Ebrahimi, Ahad, and Bagher Asl. "Factors Affecting the Formation and Change of Urban-Spatial Organization in Ahar City of Iran." Current World Environment 12, no. 2 (August 25, 2017): 258–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.12.2.09.
Full textAbstract:
Ahar is name of a historical city located in northwest of Iran. The existing documents and historical writings along with some inscriptions, architectural and archeological monuments within the city and its suburbs all indicate the historic antiquity of this city. From the pre-Islamic period, little information is available about Ahar. Some sites such as the Jame mosque of Seljuk period and Sheik Shahab Aldin Ahary’s complex indicate that it was a developed city in the Islamic period. The aim of this investigation is the identification of the factors affecting on the urban evolution process in different historical periods. The spatial organization of Ahar has been developed within the Islamic period, but the hypothesis of research is the indications of pre-Islamic period are in the present-day location of it. The question of research is: what were the components affecting the formation and development of the spatial-urban organization of Ahar? This investigation is a basic research which utilizes the descriptive-analytic method based on the analysis of historical documents’ contents. The necessary information has been obtained through library and field studies. The research results show the following: the formation of Ahar dates back to the pre-Islamic period. Based on some historical documents and narratives, the location of the initial core of the city is considered to have been in the vicinity of the historical graveyard of the city; and since the reign of Islam, the city has developed around the core, yet at some periods of time in the course of history, the city has undergone locational changes and has developed toward the northern and western grounds.
42
Piri, Ali, and Mohammad Piri. "The Quintessential Features of Iranian Art in Saljuq Period." Modern Applied Science 10, no. 6 (May 27, 2016): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v10n6p219.
Full textAbstract:
The reign of Saljuqian in Iran is considered as a flourishing era of Islamic-Iranian culture. In the Saljuq period, Iran art has experienced and underwent some changes as long as the presence of these evolutions as keystone in Iranian traditional arts have played a significant role in arts such as architecture, painting, pottery and etc. Since the effect of the Saljuq art has been so impressive, even it is not considered as a renaissance period, it can be accounted as one of the significant period in Iranian art. The purpose of this study is to point out some features of the Saljuq art through using descriptive-analytical approach, and to examine some aspects of arts including architecture, pottery, and textile in this period. What is more, the outcomes of the present paper reveal that with regard to the Saljuq architecture, mosques have been formed by nave, dome, and four-porch courtyard derived from Khorasan architecture art. The eminent buildings of this period are Jameh Mosque of Isfahan, Jam Minareh, Sanjar monument in Marv city. Successes have been also achieved in pottery art such as making pottery dishes with over glaze, and under glaze painting and red dishes with white cover. In the field of discovered metal works, there is a variety of bowls, vases and golden, silver and bronze cups which have been carved, embossed and inlayed by picture of animals and plants as well as Kufic script. Moreover, the silk textile known as Ordaki has been one of the brilliant samples of textiles art in this period, decorated with blue Kufic script. In overall, Saljuq arts have paved the way for more development of arts in the subsequent years.
43
Ajideh, Parviz, Mohammad Zohrabi, and Kazem Pouralvar. "The Effect of Explicit Instruction of Metacognitive Reading Strategies on ESP Reading Comprehension in Academic Settings." International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature 7, no. 4 (July 1, 2018): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.7n.4p.77.
Full textAbstract:
This study investigated the effect of explicit instruction of metacognitive reading strategies on ESP reading comprehension among university students in Iran. Strategy instruction has recently been integrated into language teaching methodologies, stressing that successful language learners take advantage of appropriate strategy selection and application in order to develop better language skills. Poor learners, on the other hand, fail to know how to use strategies and for what purposes. There has been ample research on the impact of explicit strategy instruction on the EFL learners’ language skills. These studies indicate the effectiveness of strategy instruction on the various aspects of language learning such as skill development among EFL learners but the notion of the effectiveness of strategy instruction on ESP reading comprehension in university level has not been much scrutinized in Iranian context. The participants in this study included undergraduate first and second year students studying Islamic Art and Architecture Engineering at Tabriz Islamic Art University. A randomized subjects and posttest-only control group design was employed in this study. The number of students in Art control and experimental groups was 28 and the one for Architecture control and experimental group was 26 students. The participants in the experimental groups received explicit instruction of metacognitive reading strategies through the Cognitive Academic Language Learning Approach (CALLA) for strategy instruction. The results of independent t-test revealed that the students in the experimental groups outperformed those in the control groups and showed greater achievement in their ESP reading comprehension ability.
44
Simpson, St John. "Note on Qasr Serij." Iraq 56 (1994): 149–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021088900002898.
Full textAbstract:
Qasr Serij lies near an old route running along the southern foot of the Jabal al-Qusayr between Mosul and Nisibis (cf. Wilkinson, 1990: 50–51, Route B; Wilkinson, 1993: 552). As the name suggests, the site comprises the partly standing remains of a church originally dedicated to St Sergius, a popular eastern saint (Fiey, 1961). It has been identified as the stone church said to have been founded between 559–75 by one Mar Ahudemmeh at a spot known as Ain Qenoye or Ain Qena (‘Spring of Reeds’) in the vicinity of Balad (Eski Mosul) (Fiey, 1958). Preliminary descriptions, accompanied by the first known photographs of the ruins, were made by Gerald Reitlinger (1938: 148–49) and Aurel Stein (finally published in 1985: i, 105–107, Pl. 31c) following their respective surveys of medieval and Roman sites in the Jazira during the wet spring of 1938 (see also Lloyd, 1938: 136, No. 15; Ibrahim, 1986: 74, Site 211). In his subsequent study of the still-unexcavated ruins, David Oates (1962; 1968: 106–17, Pl. XIII) drew architectural parallels with fifth century and later churches in North Syria. Recently, in a series of important articles on early church architecture, Okada (1990; 1991; 1992) has drawn attention to the contrast in plan and fittings of these basilica-type churches with Sasanian and Early Islamic churches in southern Mesopotamia, the Iraqi Western Desert and the Gulf.
45
Mottahedeh, Roy P. "Medieval Lexicography on Arabic and Persian Terms for City and Countryside." Eurasian Studies 16, no. 1-2 (December 7, 2018): 465–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24685623-12340060.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractMedieval Arabic to Persian dictionaries are a relatively untapped source for the conceptual world in the time of their authors. This essay closely examines four such dictionaries from the late fifth/eleventh century to the seventh/thirteenth century written in eastern Iran. These dictionaries are quite rich in terminology for cities, towns, farmland, pasture and desert. They also describe architectural features of buildings. They offer scant but valuable information on markets and social structure. The information from these dictionaries combined with the rich detail available in the Islamic geographers of the third/ninth and fourth/tenth century allows us to form a more perfect picture of medieval Iranian society.
46
Haştemoğlu, Hasan Şehmuz, and Engin Kepenek. "The Architecture of Mevlevi Buildings, One of the Dervish Houses in the Ottoman Geography." Academic Research Community publication 2, no. 4 (January 1, 2019): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.21625/archive.v2i4.368.
Full textAbstract:
The Mevlevism order was established in the Seljuk period in Anatolia in the thirteenth century. After the death of Mevlana Celaleddin-i Rumi, his son Sultan Veled systemized his father's thoughts and created his own rules and brought the rituals to a ceremony in the form of sema ceremonies. Sultan Veled gave the name “Mevlevism” to his sect and was called “Mevlevihan” to his Dervish Houses.
Nearly 140 Mevlevihane building was established in a wide geography which its east is in Tabriz (Iran), west is in Pecu (Hungary), north is in Gözleve (Ukraine), South is in Cairo (Egypt) and Mecca in Saudi Arabia. Nearly 80 of these Dervish Houses remained in the Republic of Turkey. After the declaration of Turkish Republic, these Dervish Houses were closed in 1925 by the law of “closure Tekkes and Zaviyes”, no. 677.
There are two kinds of Mevlevihan, which are “Asitane” and “Zaviye”. Mevlevihan called Asitane are the main Dergahs which are full-fledged and has removing “ordeal” possibilities. The number of Asitane constructions is around 15 in all Mevlevihan buildings. Another Mevlevihan building is Zaviye. Zaviye were ruled by Mevlevi, who has the title of “şeyh” and “dede”. Many of the Mevlevihan become a historical monument because of their architectural style and construction date. However, most of these structures have been ruined over the years. Apart from a small number of Mevlevihan, which was established as "Külliye", "Semahane" parts of these Mevlevihan were used as mosques and remained up to date. When the architectural programs of the Mevlevihans are examined, it is seen that the Mevlevihans, which were settled down in 13th century have an architectural program after the 16th century and they take Konya Mevlana Dergah as an example. However, it is not possible to mention about same sized and specified spaces in all the Mevlevihans. There are similar sections only in the large-
scale Mevlevihans which are “Asitane” status. In this study, an evaluation and classification study was carried out on the architectural formation of the Mevlevihans one of the Dervish constructions in Islamic architecture which attracted attention with its wide geography.
47
Maheri, Mahmoud R. "Seismic Vulnerability of Post-Islamic Monumental Structures in Iran: Review of Historical Sources." Journal of Architectural Engineering 10, no. 4 (December 2004): 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1076-0431(2004)10:4(160).
Full text
48
Blessing, Patricia. "The Blue-and-White Tiles of the Muradiye in Edirne: Architectural Decoration between Tabriz, Damascus, and Cairo." Muqarnas Online 36, no. 1 (October 2, 2019): 101–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22118993-00361p06.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract In the second quarter of the fifteenth century, a new phenomenon appears in Ottoman architecture: tiles with blue-and-white decoration, associated with tile-makers from Tabriz. These tiles appear most prominently in the Muradiye in Edirne, completed in 839/1435-36. They mark the beginning of an aesthetic shift, away from black-line (or cuerda seca) tiles inspired by Timurid and Aqquyunlu models, toward the blue-and-white tiles and vessels of the so-called Baba Naqqaş style of the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. The mihrāb of the Muradiye features both kinds of tiles, thus illustrating this shift at its early stages. Within the parameters of an international Timurid style, the artistic production of this period (tile-work in particular) has been considered an offshoot of Timurid court patronage in eastern Iran and Central Asia. In the larger context of the fifteenth-century Islamic world, however, related tiles and vessels were also produced in Damascus and Cairo. This article examines the tiles of the Muradiye Mosque within the framework of artistic centers, the movements of motifs, objects, and makers, and their impact on architecture in the fifteenth-century Ottoman empire.
49
Maina, Newton Kahumbi. "The Shirazi Civilisation and its Impact on the East African Coast." Utafiti 14, no. 2 (March 4, 2020): 242–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26836408-14010014.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The relations between Iran and East Africa are captured well by depicting the impact of the Shirazi (Persian) civilisation on the East African coast. But some influential scholars claim that historians tend to dismiss or trivialise the role played by the Shirazis in East Africa. The demonstrable impact of Shirazi civilisation in East Africa is evident in the expansion of trade between the East African coast and the Persian Gulf region with the expansion of Islam. The Persian language has bequeathed to the Kiswahili language many lexicons that are presently still accessible in the region. Persian poets influenced Kiswahili literature through their classic works. The influence of Persian architecture is seen in Shirazi building styles throughout cities including Zanzibar, Kilwa and Manda. Thus Shirazis brought Persian traditions and customs to East Africa, and some Shirazis intermarried with the Arabs and local communities. As compiled here from other sources, there is enough enduring historical evidence to demonstrate incontrovertibly the impact of the Shirazis in social, economic and political aspects of East African life. This legacy arguably justifies greater contemporary cooperation between East African nation states and the Islamic Republic of Iran.
50
Rezazadeh, Hamidreza, Maria Kordjamshidi, Ferial Ahmadi, and Alireza Eskandarinejad. "Use of double-glazed window as a photobioreactor for CO2 removal from air." Environmental Engineering Research 26, no. 2 (April 22, 2020): 200122–0. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/eer.2020.122.
Full textAbstract:
The important issue of increasing CO2 emissions to the atmosphere requires developing the environmentally sustainable strategies. One of the most innovative approaches in building design is using the microalgae photobioreactor (PBR) façades. In the current research, performance of a new green window was examined as an environmentally friendly method for the noted purpose. This window is a double-glazed window wherein the space enclosed by its two glasses was used as a PBR system. This window was investigated in two different conditions, namely as a window installed in a wall opening as a building façade element and also in laboratory condition. The experiments of the former condition were performed in Tehran city, where is known for the greatest air-polluted city in Iran, while tests of the later were carried out in Bablosar city located in northern Iran. Experiments include measuring absorption amounts of CO2, temperature, optical density of cultivation medium, and evaporation. The obtained results validate performance of the proposed green window in decreasing CO2 amounts. It was also observed that microalgae growth decreased the window transparency so that, in observing the general rules of Islamic and Iranian architecture, can enhance the visual privacy from non-mahram adjacent neighbors for Muslim women.