Academic literature on the topic 'Islamic countries, historical geography'
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Journal articles on the topic "Islamic countries, historical geography"
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Khan, Muhammad Tariq. "Historical Role of Islamic Waqf in Poverty Reduction in Muslim Society." Pakistan Development Review 54, no. 4I-II (2015): 979–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v54i4i-iipp.979-996.
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Since the emergence of known civilisation poverty is a major challenge and in the present era, it is a wide spread world problem specifically afflicting the developing countries and also is a breeding ground for terrorism and conflicts between nations [Shirazi and Khan (2009)]. Poverty problem, with issues, of defining poverty, determining who is poor and where to draw the poverty line has been at the forefront of national and international policy-making forums, and a topic of heated debates among economists and policy makers [Khan (2007)]. Increasing per capita income along with equal distribution of wealth leading to better standard of life (with better facilities and opportunities of: food, health, clothing, housing, drinking water, income and employment, and social and cultural life) is pertinent way to reduce poverty. Islam encourages with stress on working hard and investment for earning the livelihood. For extremely poor who have no means to meet basic needs, no sources to invest, and no opportunity to earn, Islam suggested voluntary and compulsory endowments [Zakat, waqf, sadqa] for catering the needs of different degrees of poor from destitute to less poor, and also causing, circulation of wealth leading to it equal distribution, which is also another way to reduce poverty.
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Эскейф, Х. "Formation of the principles of education in Islamic countries." Management of Education, no. 6(46) (December 15, 2021): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.25726/h8240-0564-7801-o.
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Образовательные программы и учебные пособия каждой страны Арабского мира разработаны сучётом национальных, этнических, религиозных, исторических, географических, политических,социально-экономических и других особенностей. Однако вследствие внедрения инновационныхтехнологий в образование и развития сети интернет образовательные системы разных стран нуждаютсяв модернизации. Таким образом, в современном мире происходит становление глобальной системыобразования, в которую интегрируются национальные образовательные системы. Географическоеобразование в Сирии и других арабских странах, в частности в Арабской Республике Египет иКоролевстве Саудовская Аравия, которые были выбраны для сравнительного анализа, как одни изпередовых стран по уровню образования, имеет положительный опыт глубокого изучения географииродной страны, воспитания гражданственности и патриотизма, развития у школьников практическихумений, необходимых в жизненных ситуациях. Вместе с тем проблемы школьного географическогообразования в Сирии были объектом только одного исследования, которое проводилось большечетверти века назад. Отсутствие кандидатских и докторских диссертаций, посвящённых развитиюшкольного географического образования Египта и Саудовской Аравии, также свидетельствуют онедостаточной изученности проблемы. Educational programs and textbooks of each country of the Arab world are developed taking intoaccount national, ethnic, religious, historical, geographical, political, socio-economic and other features.However, due to the introduction of innovative technologies in education and the development of the Internet,educational systems in different countries need modernization. Thus, in the modern world, the formation of aglobal education system is taking place, into which national educational systems are integrated. Geographicaleducation in Syria and other Arab countries, in particular in the Arab Republic of Egypt and the Kingdom of SaudiArabia, which were selected for comparative analysis as one of the leading countries in terms of education, hasa positive experience of in-depth study of the geography of their native country, education of citizenship andpatriotism, development of practical skills necessary in life situations for schoolchildren. At the same time, theproblems of school geographical education in Syria were the subject of only one study, which was conductedmore than a quarter of a century ago. The absence of candidate and doctoral dissertations devoted to thedevelopment of school geographical education in Egypt and Saudi Arabia also indicates insufficient knowledgeof the problem.
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Zuberi, Habib A. "Interest Free Banking and Economic Stability." Pakistan Development Review 31, no. 4II (1992): 1077–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v31i4iipp.1077-1087.
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Since the end of World War II most colonial and semi-colonial countries have regained their political independence. These countries are now in the process of reorganising and restructuring their economic systems based on their religious, historical and cultural values. Today, there are approximately 50 countries with roughly one billion inhabitants that profess Islam as their religion. During the past two decades an attempt has been made, in varying degrees, in many of these countries to reconstruct the economic structure within the framework of an Islamic system. The economic system, in an Islamic society, is not significantly different than a welfare state in a capitalist system. Such an economic system is based on the principle of justice (AI Adl) in which the means of production are privately owned, freedom of domestic and international trade is emphasised and one is required to part with 2.5 percent of savings each year to support the needy. The Islamic system differs from the modern capitalist system in a significant way in that borrowing and lending money, based on a predetermined interest rate, is strictly prohibited in Islam, while interest rates have played a major role in the development of the modern banking system and the development of other financial intermediaries.
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Kovács, Gergő Máté, and Péter Rabb. "The Preservation of Ottoman Monuments in Hungary: Historical Overview and Present Endeavours." International Journal of Islamic Architecture 9, no. 1 (2020): 169–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/ijia_00008_1.
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Abstract In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the central territory of Hungary was occupied by the Ottoman Empire. This long occupation resulted in the creation of what are the northernmost examples of Ottoman architecture in a cultural environment framed by non-Muslim structures. Since 1699, when the Ottoman Empire lost its influence over its Hungarian territories, Islamic religious buildings became private property or came under the maintenance of the Church or monastic orders. In 2013, an extraordinary process began: with the official cooperation and the financial support of the Republics of Turkey and Hungary, experts from both countries initiated projects to preserve and restore the Ottoman monuments in Hungary. Although a similar approach had been adopted in many countries in the Balkan Peninsula ‐ for example in Macedonia, Albania, Serbia, and Kosovo, this was one of the first attempts at an institutionalised, global dialogue on the preservation and restoration works of Islamic sacral heritage within both Hungary and the European Union. This article presents the history of the preservation and restoration works of Ottoman heritage in Hungary. In addition, some of the unique structural features are outlined as these will be taken into consideration during present and future restoration efforts.
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Yilmaz, Hakan. "Islam, Sovereignty, and Democracy: A Turkish View." Middle East Journal 61, no. 3 (2007): 477–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3751/61.3.15.
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In this article, some conceptual and empirical relations between Islam, sovereignty, and democracy will be examined, with comparisons to Christianity. In the first part of the article, the historical conditions of the formation of the dualist (Christianity) and monist (Islam) political theories of the two religions will be examined. This will be followed by a conceptualization of the beginning and end of their respective “middle ages.” It will be argued that the end of the Islamic middle ages was marked, in some Islamic countries, by the following phenomena: the building of a secular state apparatus; the replacement of "religion" by “nation” as the basis of the sovereignty of the new state; the deportation of Islam from the state to society; and the re-birth of Islam in the hands of the social actors as a political ideology aiming at re-capturing the state it had lost. In the final sections, the problematic relationship between secularization and democratization in the Islamic world will be examined, and the experiments with secularization in the Islamic world will be compared with those of France. It will be observed that what made secularization and democracy compatible in France was a combination of historical factors (the existence of the Church that controlled the social manifestations of religion; the state's success in nation-building; the efficiency of the secular judicial system; and the state's satisfactory performance in the area of socioeconomic development), which were largely absent in the Islamic contexts, with the possible exception of Turkey.
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Sarwari, Ahmad Yama. "Internal Factors Affecting the Emergence of the Existence Cause and Survival of Afghanistan." International Journal of Asian and African Studies 3, no. 1 (2024): 01–08. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijaas.2024.3.1.1.
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Afghanistan is a historical country in that centuries have passed since its civilization and the formation of its government. The most obvious feature of this country is its various natural and human phenomena, and the history of this country, under the impact of geography, has passed wonderful events. The causes of forming this country are geography, race, ethnicity, the role of government, culture, history, threats, government power, the role of people, the impact of religion, language, and loving country. In the time of forming Afghanistan, Pashtons nations constantly ruled this country and the power was concentrated in the hands of (Dorani, Ghalzaei, Barekzai, etc.). The developments in the last four decades, especially after the defeat of the Soviet Union and the forming of the Islamic Mujahideen Government, caused other nations to contribute to the power structure of the government, such as “Tajik, Hazara, Ozbek” besides the Pashtoons. The Pashtoons, because of their 250 years of presence in power, were not satisfied with the presence of other nations. This is why political systems in Afghanistan are unstable, fragile and weak, especially since this country is one of the few countries which have experienced various political systems contributing monarchy system, royal-republic, communist regime, Mujahideen government, Islamic government, Islamic Emirate of Taliban and the secular-liberal regime. The current descriptive-analytic study used different sources such as books, scientific journals, theses, reports and internet sources. In total, these factors are the main reasons: homeland and geographical location, culture, history, religion, language, the role of people, government, loving hometown, loving country, national threats, race and nationality. Finally, the factors of the political thought of government, the space structure of Afghanistan, the military, the role of organizations, the national economy, equality of geographical and social, media and national symbols are the superstructure of Afghanistan's survival.
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عبدالحاج, المدرس جواد كاظم. "Armenia in Armenian in Arab Islamic Sources during the Sixth Century AH / Twelfth Century AD." ALUSTATH JOURNAL FOR HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 60, no. 1 (2021): 145–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.36473/ujhss.v60i1.1273.
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Although the political and economic decline that occurred to Arabic Islamic world and the division that hit these countries in the sixth century of Hijra /Eleventh A D and appearance of fighting states with spread of conflicts and battles s among them as well as the increasing crusade danger , bur this age and on the contrary witnessed great thinking production in various knowledge fields .Study the works of historians and thinkers expose the existence of insights , visions and rules that they dedicated from through their living with these events .Each historian has his works in his specialization which its reflections on his books .It seems that the scholars see that history is their first resource and their support which cannot get ride off .This is very i9mportant .Reading books in literature , geography and language helps the scholar to obtain very important information in his scientific study .study the history of Armenia impose on the historian to read these books specially that that the history of these nation that related with Arabs by important historical relations was not studied widely like histories of neighboring people .Thus this research ( Armenia in the Resources of Sixth century of Hijra /Eleventh A D ) as complementary for hat we begins to study the resources of Armenia history
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Khan, Shujaat A. "Fourth IIGS International Conference on the Muslim World." American Journal of Islam and Society 13, no. 3 (1996): 422–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v13i3.2307.
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The Fourth International Conference on the Muslim World, organizedby the International Islamic Geographic Society, was hosted by Al al-BaytUniversity, Amman, Jordan. This four-day conference brought together adistinguished international gathering of geographers and social scientiststo discuss issues of concern to Muslim countries. The conference was heldin a very pleasant, cordial, and hospitable environment, and the excursiontrip at its end, which provided an opportunity to visit historical places andarchaeological sites, made it all the more enjoyable and memorable.The conference was comprised of five regular sessions and featuredsixteen presentations before a select audience of no more than fifty individuals.Mohammad Adnan Al-Bakhit, president of Al al-Bayt University,gave the welcoming address. He greeted the participants wannly andexpressed the hope that this conference would promote research and motivateyoung Muslim geographers to undertake scholarly pursuits. He saidthat the university is committed to promoting scientific research, with anIslamic outlook, in all fields of knowledge. Mushtaqur Rehman, IIGS secretaryand prominent Muslim geographer and anthropologist, pronouncedthe conference's theme, highlighted its multidisciplinary dimensions, andelaborated on its significance to the Muslim world, which has seriousdevelopmental problems.The first session, chaired by Rehman, started with Hussain A. Amery'sinsightful examination of water management in the geopolitical context ofthe Middle East. He emphasized the need for cooperation among theregion's Muslim states and the use of new technologies for harvesting waterand treating waste water for reuse. A. R. Hamideh focused on the issue ofpopulation growth in Muslim countries and refuted categorically the argumentof Western anthropologists that the Islamic value system is a majorobstacle in dealing with demographic issues.Session two was chaired by Hani D. Tabba and featured three presentations.A. Hussain examined the nation-state in a historical perspective aRdargued that unless Muslim countries abandon this structure, they will beunable to establish an Islamic Common Market and will not achieve economicdevelopment. Abdel Bagi investigated the socioeconomic problemsof rural-urban migration, largely due to desertification, in Sudan. He suggestedthe formulation of policies designed to revitalize the rural economy422and thereby reverse this migration. Salman Abu Settah examined thePalestinian Holocaust of 1984 and deplored the media’s efforts to keep theJewish Holocaust alive while largely ignoring Palestinian massacres, suffering,and humiliation which has been forgotten by the world. Rasheed Al-Feel discussed Muslim problems in a geographical context and concludedthat they could be molved by mobilizing resources and promoting inter-Muslim trade.Session three was chaired by Omar Shadaifat and included two presentations.Rue1 Hanks gave an objective assessment of Uzbekistan’s contemporarysociopolitical environment and concluded that the presentIslamist-secular confrontation will soon end, marking a clear victory forthose committed deeply to an Islamic way of life. Ahmad Agala examinedJordan’s political system and observed that popular participation in Jordanis far higher than in many Muslim republics. Yaser M. Najjar evaluatedJordan’s development planning and remarked that a capital-poor countrylike Jordan cannot achieve industrialization without borrowing high-costcapital and technology from abroad. He suggested that economic cooperationamong Muslim countries could help resolve the problem of capitalscarcity. S. Ali Khan investigated the process of development from the capitalistand Islamic perspectives. He pointed out that material well-being iscapitalism’s only goal, whereas the Islamic approach stresses the realizationof both material and spiritual well-being. He also stated that the realizationof both goals is possible only through restructuring the existing politicaland economic institutions within the context of an Islamic social order ...
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Najafi, Masoumeh, and V. Shobha. "Assimilation of Indo-Parthians in Indian Society: Effects and Results." YMER Digital 21, no. 06 (2022): 827–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37896/ymer21.06/82.
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Due to a dearth of relevant information, the Indo Parthian kingdoms are not well-known archaeologically or historically. They aren't mentioned in mythological history or historical records from the early Islamic period. They dominated the land ruled by Indo-Greeks and Indo-Scythians. Some researchers have failed to distinguish between Parthian and Scythian kings, and have made no obvious distinctions between the two countries' leaders. The goal of this research is to look into the history of the Indo-Parthian monarchy. By relying on numismatic sources and evaluating historical researches, the study's research technique is descriptive-analytical, and an attempt has been made to pay attention to the ambiguities and complexity of the Parthian control of India. The study found that the Parthians of India were politically independent of the Parthians of Iran, and that despite their seeming independence, the two governments had no antagonistic relations; rather, the Parthian rulers of Iran considered the Parthians of India as intruders in their domain. The following order of reign of kings can be considered in the sequence of Parthian kings of India according to numismatic documents: Gondophares (simultaneously with Orthagnes and Guda), Abdagases, Pacores, Sanabares I, II, and III, and other kings named Parhas and Semara who are known by their names on the coins. Keywords: Gondophares, Indo-Pathian, India, Parthians and Kindgom
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Longva, Anh Nga. "Kuwaiti Women at a Crossroads: Privileged Development and the Constraints of Ethnic Stratification." International Journal of Middle East Studies 25, no. 3 (1993): 443–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800058864.
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As elsewhere in the developing world, the Arabian peninsula has undergone sweeping changes since World War II, with the important difference that the process here has been blessed with unprecedented prosperity and not marred by economic difficulties. To say that the effects of modernization upon the local societies differ as a result from what can be observed in other countries would be to state the obvious. Yet, when it comes to understanding the position and status of contemporary women in the Arabian oil producing countries, prosperity and the particular circumstances around it are rarely considered as crucial variables. The women's situation often is evaluated, mainly if not exclusively, in light of the religious injunctions and traditional norms that govern the female condition in a Middle East that, by the same token, appears curiously monolithic and timeless. There seems to be an assumption that Arabian women are not part of the societies in which they live, and that, by virtue of some unique cultural principle, their condition remains unaffected by the vectors of change that have turned upside down all the other areas of life around them. Hence the general tendency to assess women's opportunities and constraints in terms of what the Qurʾan and Islamic tradition dictate, not in terms of secular and more immediate concerns they may share with the rest of the society. Aside from assuming a spurious dichotomy between the women and their societies, such an approach disregards the historical and material specificity of particular areas in the Muslim world. It also arbitrarily and a priori defines the character of the meeting between “Islamic tradition” and “modernity,” instead of leaving it open to empirical investigation.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Islamic countries, historical geography"
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Aist, Rodney. "Willibald of Eichstätt (700-787 CE) and Christian topography of early Islamic Jerusalem." Thesis, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.683272.
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Hbaieb, Mohamed Ali. "Bizerte et sa région : étude de géographie historique." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO20010/document.
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Bizerte et sa région : étude de géographie historique est un essai de monographie régionale d’une entité de l’extrême nord-est de la Tunisie dans la longue durée (de la deuxième moitié du VIIe siècle jusqu’au XVIIIe siècle). Outre la réalisation d’un corpus des monuments islamiques des centres urbains et de quelques zones rurales de la région, cette étude a comme objectif l’étude de la ville dans son contexte général : le réseau villageois et campagnard qui l’entoure. Exploitant aussi bien les sources écrites et cartographiques que les résultats des travaux sur le terrain, cette étude décrit une dizaine de centres urbains et quelques sites ruraux.L’archéologie appliquée dans la deuxième partie de cette monographie est plurielle. En plus de l’inventaire systématique des monuments des centres urbains, nous avons adopté les outils de ce que les spécialistes appellent l’archéologie extensive. De même, les approches pratiquées pour la lecture des évolutions urbaines et des stratégies territoriales sont variées. La multiplication des méthodes et des approches nous a permis de dépasser les inconvénients du silence des sources écrites, de renouveler des hypothèses et de créer une nouvelle base d’informations pour les prochaines recherches<br>Bizerte and its region: study of historical geography is a try of regional monograph of an entity of the extreme northeast of Tunisia in the long period (from the second half from the VIIth century to XVIIIth century).Besides the achievement of a corpus of the Islamic monuments of the urban centers and of some rural zones of the region, this research has as an objective the study of the city in its general context: the villages and the countryside which encircles it. Exploiting as well the written and cartographic sources as a result of a field studies, this study describes a dozen of urban centers and some rural sites.The archaeology applied in the second party of this monograph is pluralistic. Besides, for the systematic inventory of the monuments of the urban centers, we adopted the methods of what the specialists call “extensive archaeology”. Also, the approaches practiced for the reading of the urban evolutions and territorial strategies are varied. The multiplication of methods and approaches allowed us to surpass the disadvantages of the silence of the written sources, to renew hypotheses and to create a new foundation of information for the next researches
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Kaluzny, Margaret Ann. "From Islamic Ishbiliya to Christian Sevilla: transformation and continuity in a multicultural city." Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/2032.
Full textBooks on the topic "Islamic countries, historical geography"
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Planhol, Xavier de. Les nations du Prophète: Manuel géographique de politique musulmane. Fayard, 1993.
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Creswicke, Rawlinson Henry. Studies on the geography of Islamic countries. Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Science at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, 1997.
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Endress, Gerhard. Islam: An historical introduction. 2nd ed. Edinburgh University Press, 2002.
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Mughrabi, Abdul Rahman M. Historical geography of Central Palestine in the Middle Islamic era (1099-1516 A.D.). Birzeit University, 2006.
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Shagini︠a︡n, A. K. Rannesrednevekovai︠a︡ geografii︠a︡ Armenii i stran I︠U︡zhnogo Kavkaza: Early medieval geography of Armenia and the Southern Caucasus countries. Dmitriĭ Bulanin, 2014.
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Richard, Netton Ian, ed. Islamic and Middle Eastern geographers and travellers. Routledge, 2007.
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Netton, Ian Richard. Islamic and Middle Eastern geographers and travellers. Routledge, 2008.
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Richard, Netton Ian, ed. Islamic and Middle Eastern geographers and travellers. Routledge, 2007.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Islamic countries, historical geography"
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García Portilla, Jason. "Conditions (Predictor Variables): Theories Explaining Prosperity Differences (B), (C), (D), (E)." In “Ye Shall Know Them by Their Fruits”. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78498-0_5.
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AbstractThis chapter defines the conditions elements of the research model in this study (Fig. 10.1007/978-3-030-78498-0_2#Fig1). Therefore, Sects. 5.1–5.7 refer to some influential theories that have sought to explain differences in prosperity between countries from diverse disciplinary perspectives. Potential prosperity factors/theories can be clustered into three groups: (1) cultural and religious values; (2) institutions and economic growth; (3) environment and geography. Each of these distinct theories may contain “a grain of truth” about understanding prosperity imbalances between countries. Ideally, prosperity theories should be complementary instead of competing explanations. For example, geography and environmental theories explain how seasonal lands can provide a society and its economy better conditions to prosper. Institutional theory helps explain how institutions model social prosperity by perpetuating equality loops or by concentrating wealth. Cultural theory contributes to the understanding of the influence of cultural variables, such as religious beliefs and values, on prosperity. Yet, the relations among environment/geography, culture, institutions, and prosperity are highly complex and involve massive historical dynamics which would normally far exceed the scope of empirical research.
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Kwiatkowska, Monika. "Comparative Analysis." In Undemocratic Systems of the Post Cold-War World: A Comparative Analysis of Selected States. Ksiegarnia Akademicka Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/9788381388733.06.
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The political and social effects of the Cold War include, among other things, the intensification of nationalist and isolationist tendencies, as well as autocratic and anti-imperial, which in turn has resulted in the emergence of undemocratic state governments in various regions of the world. The aim of the article is a comparative analysis of four countries located in four parts of the world, whose undemocratic political systems were strengthened in result of the Cold War transformations of the international order, and moreover, they became an integral part of the multipolar world after 1991. The cases include the Republic of Cuba, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, the Islamic Republic of Iran, and the Russian Federation. The choice was motivated by the diversity of states in terms of geography, culture and international importance, despite a common autocratic internal foundation. The research was conducted with the use of qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) technique, while the necessary data were gathered during case study investigations concerning each regime’s historical background, ideology, government characteristics, economic system, and society. The author believes that a comprehensive analysis of the regimes’ similarities and differences with regard to the Cold War political mechanisms impact on international arena would allow to understand the phenomenon of authoritarianism and totalitarianism in the post-Cold War era.
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"Geography and the World-Historical Context." In The Making of the Indo-Islamic World. Cambridge University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108278287.005.
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ÜRER, Harun. "ARKEOLOJİNİN VE TÜRK DÖNEMİ ARKEOLOJİSİNİN KISA ÖYKÜSÜ." In CUMHURIYETIN BIRINCI YÜZYILINDA ANADOLU’DA TÜRK DÖNEMI ARKEOLOJI ÇALISMALARI. Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53478/tuba.978-625-8352-61-0.ch01.
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The Renaissance in the 15th century led to increased trade between countries and continents, accelerating interaction between societies and leading to a new understanding and way of life. The augmented spending capacity of individuals during a particular epoch instigated a surge in the acquisition of relics and items of historical import. This burgeoning fascination with the past eventually gave rise to a novel field of study that is now recognized as Archaeology. The field of Turkish-Islamic Archaeology is a recent branch of archaeology that is chronologically divided into different fields of study. When considering only archaeological data, the history of the Turks spans approximately 2500 years, despite having a history that extends back thousands of years. The Turks’ first center was in Central Asia, where they emerged onto the stage of history, while their second center was in Anatolia. During the Ottoman period, the Turkish sphere of influence reached its widest borders in terms of the regions under its sovereignty in the world. It is evident that conservation approaches related to historical artifacts and cultural assets in Anatolia began to be implemented during the Ottoman period and in the second half of the 19th century. The most significant development for Turkish archaeology in the early years of the Republic was the dispatch of students abroad to receive training, as requested by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk himself. Upon returning home after completing their studies, the young archaeologists participated in excavations of ancient sites during the early years of their career. Other significant developments for Turkish archaeology include the establishment of the Turkish Historical Society in 1931, the Turkish Archaeological Institute affiliated with Istanbul University in 1934, and the Faculty of Language, History, and Geography in Ankara a year later. At present, Turkish Period Archaeology is represented by 32 excavation in 26 provincial centers, although not yet at the desired number. Institutionalized organizations such as the “International Symposium on Excavations, Research and Archaeometry” and the “Symposium on Excavations and Art History Research in the Middle Ages and Turkish Period” present new scientific discoveries and information to the scientific world every year. The multi-layered archaeological studies conducted in the geographies under the rule of the Ottoman Empire are significant in raising awareness of Turkish Period Archaeology. The addition of new Turkish Period Archaeology studies, which are still insufficient in number, is crucial for comprehending and promoting the historical process in Anatolia. For more detailed information, please refer to the Extended Abstract at the end of the text
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Cochrane, Steve. "Historical Overview of Interfaith Relations in the Islamic Countries:." In Interfaith Relations after One Hundred Years. Fortress Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1ddcr78.9.
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Mead, W. R. "The Changing Cultural Geography of Europe since 1500." In An Historical Geography of Europe. Oxford University PressOxford, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198741794.003.0009.
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Abstract The outward and visible signs of European civilization are in its cultural features—its arts, learning, architecture, institutions. The inner and spiritual signs are in their values and meanings. Major changes in the character of these features throughout most of Europe date from about 1500—the time of the High Renaissance. New concepts of the natural world, new technologies, and new means of expression modified the intellectual climate. Changes took place against the background of a Europe which consisted of an old-established mosaic of relatively small political units—city-states, principalities, and countries (or provinces) which were in general identified by the names of their inhabitants and by the languages which they spoke rather than by the precise territories which they occupied. It was a Europe with few formal political boundaries and in which the concept of the nation had yet to develop.
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Prestholdt, Jeremy. "Kenyan Muslims and the Political Imagination of Space on the Indian Ocean Rim." In Islamic Ecumene. Cornell University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501772382.003.0006.
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This chapter covers Kenyan Muslims and the political imagination of space on the Indian Ocean Rim. It focuses on the political imagination of space as a response to questions of citizenship and belonging. In coastal Kenya, alienation and historical injustices have engendered multiple political responses shaped by national and international interpretive frames. The chapter discusses the politics of territoriality across several periods of political tension to demonstrate its recurrence and its flexibility, while also considering the articulations of autochthony. It explains that concepts of the coast as a discrete geography have served as a catalyst for political imagination and collective action.
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Farquhar, Mike. "The Islamic University of Medina since 1961: The Politics of Religious Mission and the Making of a Modern Salafi Pedagogy1." In Shaping Global Islamic Discourses. Edinburgh University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9780748696857.003.0002.
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This chapter offers an analysis of how the Islamic University of Medina (IUM) was from its very inception meant to function as a Saudi state-backed Salafi missionary project with global reach. The goal was for students to return to their home countries or to travel on elsewhere after graduation for du'a, or as missionaries, to promote spiritual commitment and “correct” religious knowledge and practice. As the university president and future Grand Mufti Abd al Aziz bin Baz wrote in a prospectus published in 1971, emphasising the sacred geography of Medina and suggesting a parallel between this Saudi-backed project and the Prophet's own mission, the university was to operate as a source of modern Islamic propagation from the source of the first Islamic propagation.
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Haq, Farooq, and Anita Medhekar. "Islamic Tourism in India and Pakistan." In Emerging Research on Islamic Marketing and Tourism in the Global Economy. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6272-8.ch009.
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This chapter is based on a study of tourism in India and Pakistan and is associated with Islamic faith and practices in both countries. Islam-oriented destinations in both countries have been marketed as products of heritage, cultural, historical, or archaeological tourism. The aim of this chapter is to present the argument that all tourism destinations linked with Islam in India and Pakistan need to be marketed as Islamic tourism products. This chapter makes a contribution to the theory and practice of tourism, marketing, and Islamic marketing. The discussion in this chapter covers the historical perspective of Islamic tourism in literature review and provides an understanding of halal branding of Islamic tourism in the context of India and Pakistan. Recommendations are provided to governments at local, regional, and national levels, private sector, and the local population to reap benefits from opportunities arising from Islamic tourism. The findings and conclusion of this chapter also attempt to make a social and political contribution by promoting peace, mutual social harmony, and universal spiritual understanding between the people of India and Pakistan for economic prosperity.
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ROBINSON, CHASE F. "Early Islamic History: Parallels and Problems." In Understanding the History of Ancient Israel. British Academy, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197264010.003.0007.
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In early 2004, a book called ‘Crossroads to Islam’ was written by Yehuda Nevo, an amateur archaeologist, and J. Koren, his research assistant. Early Islamic history shares not only some geography with ancient Israel but also a comparable historical and historiographical trajectory, and at least some of Nevo's (and others') views seem to have been informed by the study of ancient Israel itself. In his book, Nevo reaches four principal conclusions: that the Arabs took over the eastern provinces of the Byzantine empire without a struggle; that the Arabs were pagan at the time of the takeover; that Muhammad is not a historical figure, and enters the official religion only c. 71/690; and that the Qur'an is a late compilation. These radical views subvert the narrative of Islamic origins that prevails not only amongst most Muslims, but also amongst most scholars.
Conference papers on the topic "Islamic countries, historical geography"
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KARIM SHARIF, BAQI. "Genocide And strategies to confront it from an Islamic perspective." In Peacebuilding and Genocide Prevention. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicpgp/46.
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"Genocide And strategies to confront it from an Islamic perspective Genocide is the nightmare and black point in human history, which unfortunately is committed by human beings as individuals or groups, or even governments and countries against the brotherhood of human being. The mass extermination was the extermination of a family and a group, or a nationality and a sect, in a place because of the justification for their national, sectarian and religious affiliations. Or was their extermination because of their race and color, or because of the location of the geography rich in economic materials, or because of their opposition to the type of government that governs them. Whatever the justifications and causes of genocide, it is a heinous act of every human being with a common sense and a balanced mind; Because committing it is not worthy of a human being as a human being, and is in no way consistent with his position as the smartest living being in the universe, and as the master of it, and as it is a condemned, criminal and forbidden act, then a warrior in international laws and heavenly religions. The researcher in this research puts his hand on legislative, economic and social strategies, with the aim of essentially eliminating this ugly and malicious cancerous behavior, and the work that everyone with a healthy nature disgusts with does not strip away the qualities and characteristics that are unique to humans and distinguish them from other living creatures. Beginning with the definition of genocide, then a brief presentation of its genesis and its most important causes, and then focus on strategies to confront, combat, and eliminate it. "
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Akyol, Mustafa. "WHAT MADE THE GÜLEN MOVEMENT POSSIBLE?" In Muslim World in Transition: Contributions of the Gülen Movement. Leeds Metropolitan University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.55207/nagx1827.
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Turkey’s most powerful and popular Islamic community, the Fethullah Gülen movement, is also a very moderate one, which embraces liberal democracy and promotes inter-faith toler- ance and dialogue. This paper asks what socio-political conditions enabled this movement to emerge, get established and grow as successfully as it has. The legacy of late Ottoman modernisation, which sought a synthesis of Islamic and modern Western values, assisted the Muslims of Republican Turkey to embrace democracy and es- tablish good relations with the West. Post-war Turkey’s peaceful interaction with the West — via free markets and international institutions — must have been a factor. So too it must be relevant that Turkey was never colonised by Western powers or even occupied for a long time (military interventions by the West in other Muslim countries have provoked quite radi- cal, not moderate, Islamic responses). The paper discusses the historical roots and social dynamics in Turkey that enabled the kind of ‘moderate Islam’ represented by the Gülen movement. That effort could provide lessons for other Muslim countries. It is all but taken for granted that the Islamic world needs some kind of ‘reform’. Élitist and autocratic calls for ‘top–down’ efforts to reshape Islam notwith- standing, what is really needed is to build the social environment (security, freedom, democ- racy, economic opportunity) that will enable a new kind of Muslim, who will, eventually, search for new meanings in traditional texts.
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Jahawi, Sana. "Physical Evolution of Different Types of Shopping Environments in Arab and Middle East Countries." In 4th International Conference on Architectural & Civil Engineering Sciences. Cihan University-Erbil, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24086/icace2022/paper.890.
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Shopping is currently one of the most pervasive leisure activities, with significant economic, psychological, and social benefits. Shopping places can trace their roots back millennia, since human beings settled down and started their civic life. Shopping places emerged when humanity began to establish fixed settlements and passed through different periods, which transformed from traditional markets to huge shopping malls today. Shopping places were not only places where people went and made their purchases but also places where people met friends to enjoy their time and discuss their social life. In many pre-industrial Muslim towns and cities, the souks (Arabic for market) were found next to the palaces and mosques and were the most crowded places. Most Arabic Islamic cities retain their old souks. Souks are permanent marketplaces or streets of shops devoted to the sale of products and services. This research aims to trace the historical development of shopping environments in the Arab, Gulf, and Middle East countries including the traditional souks and the recent shopping malls.
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Trematerra, Adriana, and Enrico Mirra. "Bazaars between documentation and conservation. Case studies in Albania and Macedonia." In HERITAGE2022 International Conference on Vernacular Heritage: Culture, People and Sustainability. Universitat Politècnica de València, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/heritage2022.2022.15604.
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The subject of vernacular architecture, as is well known, is a vast concept embracing different fields of investigation. It is a type of art created to suit specific lifestyles of single communities, such as the Islamic community. Bazaars, characteristic markets in Eastern countries, are a significant example in this context. The proposed contribution intends to analyse these architectural and urban environments in Albania and Macedonia, through the discipline of restoration aimed at knowledge, documentation and conservation. The proposed case studies represent a significant example of how the restoration of these areas is of fundamental importance for the urban regeneration of historic cities. The Bazaar in Skopjie has always been regarded as the cultural, spiritual, economic and historical centre of the capital. This site, from an architectural point of view, has managed to create an image of the old city in the new city, preserving its original identity features over the centuries. In Tirana, on the other hand, the new Bazaar is a genuine urban regeneration project that aims to preserve the Albanian cultural tradition. If the Bazaar in Skopjie is in a precarious state of conservation, while maintaining its original character, the recently rebuilt Albanian market is an important example of not only architectural but also urban regeneration. The proposed research has foreseen different operational phases: an initial analysis of the historical transformations of the areas under investigation; an identification on a territorial scale and a subsequent analysis on an architectural scale using the restoration discipline. The aim of the investigation is to identify the level of use and conservation of both Bazaars, in order to elaborate digital documents on a cognitive basis for the identification of guidelines for the conservation and enhancement project of the case studies taken as a model for the proposed research.
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Kelly, M., and D. Holton. "Impact Assessment of Uranium Exploration Liabilities in Albania." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4875.
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Former uranium mining and milling activities in Central and Eastern Europe have resulted in a number of environmental and radiological hazards to the local populations of these countries. Depending on the nature of the activities undertaken, the results can range from a small number of large liabilities (e.g. tailings heaps, ponds, etc) through to a large number of much smaller liabilities (e.g. exploration adits, contaminated rubble, etc). Where a small number of liabilities exist (e.g. Slovakia [1]), a detailed dose assessment is appropriate, from which decisions about the need (or otherwise) to remediate can be made. Where a large number of smaller liabilities exist (over six districts in Albania), time and cost constraints preclude this approach. Nevertheless, the radiological hazard from the smaller liabilities needs to be evaluated at some level of detail, to determine if remedial action is required. The focus of this paper is to assess the impact of six former Uranium exploration sites in Albania. Albania has a mountainous geography. About three-quarters of its territory consists of mountains and hills with elevations of more than 650 feet (200 metres) above sea level; the remainder consists of coastal and alluvial lowlands. The North Albanian Alps, an extension of the Dinaric mountain system, cover the northern part of the country. With elevations approaching 8,900 feet, this is the most rugged part of the country. It is heavily forested and sparsely populated, and most people there make a living at forestry or raising livestock. The six former mining sites are generally in relatively remote locations, however some are in proximity to towns and villages. In total Uranium exploration activities have led to the creation of around 1500 small liabilities. The cost and time required to undertake site-specific assessments for all 1500 liabilities would be considerable, and only limited data were available on these liabilities. Much of the historical data were gathered many years ago and it was considered that they were not to assess current liabilities. The proposed solution for the assessment of liabilities in Albania consisted of three principal subtasks: 1. Development of a screening assessment methodology that could be applied easily and quickly by local Albanian workers; 2. Development of a simple proforma outlining data requirements for the screening assessment, followed by data collection by local Albanian workers; 3. Analysis of the screening assessment results and subsequent decisions regarding which of the liabilities require intervention measures to reduce doses. The focus of this paper is the methodology of subtasks 1 and 2. The objective of the screening assessment is to distinguish those liabilities of only limited environmental impact from other liabilities of potentially significant environmental impact. It was expected that a large number of liabilities would be eliminated from further consideration, and this was found to be the case. This enabled the limited project resources to be deployed to determine the degree to which the remaining liabilities do, in practice, impact upon the environment and human health.
Reports on the topic "Islamic countries, historical geography"
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Stjernberg, Mats, Anna Vasilevskaya, and Oskar Penje. Towards a grid-based Nordic territorial typology - A new tool for analysis across the urban-rural continuum. Nordregio, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/r2024:91403-2503.
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This report presents the grid-based Nordic urban–rural typology, which was developed as a new analytical tool for studying different types of spatial phenomena across Nordic territories. In this study this meant developing a typology that classifies all Nordic territories into seven different typology classes based on different degrees of urbanity and rurality. A key starting point for this work was the need for a territorial typology that would help enrich and provide new understanding of different types of urban and rural areas across the Nordic countries and shed light on how they are developing. This report first presents how the typology was created, including the rationale behind the typology, key considerations at different stages of the work, and the main operational steps taken. The main purpose was to create a new territorial typology, to which different types of data could be combined, thus helping to provide a more nuanced and fine-grained understanding of territorial differences across the Nordic countries. Several key principles were specified early in the work. These include that the typology should be created at grid-level (1 x 1 km) as this allows identifying the characteristics of different types of areas at a very detailed territorial level. Another key decision was to create the typology mainly using open-source data and following a replicable method, to make any possible future updates to the typology easier and less costly. For the development of the Nordic typology, the Finnish grid-based urban–rural classification (Kaupunki-maaseutuluokitus) was the main source of inspiration. This Nordic typology and population data at grid level (linked to the typology) is then used as an analytical lens for studying territorial differences, settlement pattens and demographic change dynamics in the five Nordic countries. According to the typology, the Nordic countries are predominantly rural when considering how their land areas are classified. However, an examination of settlement patterns according to the Nordic typology shows that the settlements are rather unevenly distributed in all the Nordic countries, and the majority of the population live relatively concentrated in areas that are classified as urban. In general, the population is largely concentrated in coastal areas and along waterways, where the major urban regions are found, reflecting historical patterns and features of physical geography. The Nordic typology is also used to examine what types of population change dynamics occurred in the Nordic countries during the period 2008–2022. The analysis shows that urbanisation has been a general trend during the past couple of decades, with the largest population growth occurring in the typology classes inner urban and outer urban. A relatively noticeable increase in population is also evident in peri-urban areas, suggesting suburbanisation and that intermediate areas located on the urban fringes have increasingly attracted new residents. In rural areas, the general trend shows that depopulation has occurred in many rural localities, but different types of rural areas have developed quite differently. Based on the analysis, rural areas that are in the vicinity of cities and towns appear to have become more attractive places for people to settle, while sparsely populated rural areas seem to be less favourably placed and have generally witnessed population decrease. This report shows how this typology and more fine-grained data can help reveal territorial differences that cannot be observed with more general statistics and data. The grid-based Nordic typology shows that many municipalities are at the same time both urban, intermediate, and rural, and in many cases these different categories seem to be undergoing quite different types of development. While the Nordic urban–rural typology is used in this study to examine settlement patterns and population change dynamics, it should be stressed that the typology is also well-suited to be used in combination with other types of data and as an analytical framework for studying also other types of spatial phenomena across the urban–rural continuum.