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Abd, Manaf Abdul Razak. "Quality of marriage among Malays." University of Western Australia. School of Social and Cultural Studies, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2010.0013.
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Existing literature and much of the research on marriage and family experiences have been largely and commonly problem-based and deficit-oriented. Even though some strength-focused approaches to the study of marriages and families have been undertaken and have gained momentum there is still much empirical work needed in order for us to understand the complexity and intricacies of what constitutes a quality marital relationship. In this qualitative research study, I analysed how quality of marriage is conceptualised and understood by Malays within a Malaysian context. I undertook the research in order to capture and understand how a cohort of Malay people understand and give meaning to the concept of 'good quality marital relationship'. Research studies on marital quality in Malay culture are very limited and numerically at least, they compare poorly to western scholarly output on this subject. Even though much contemporary marriage literature refers to the importance of gaining an appreciation of cultural issues related to marriage and family, there is a real need for more cross-cultural research. In examining Malay concepts of quality marriage I not only address a culturally-specific research need but attempt to use this to advance cultural sensitivity among relevant policy makers, practitioners, researchers and members of the public. In this research, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted in the Kubang Pasu district, in Kedah, one of the northern states of Malaysia with forty-five participants across different socioeconomic and demographic backgrounds. In what is an exploratory study I adopted a combination of maximum variation and purposive sampling and utilised a grounded theory framework to underpin the analysis. The data were analysed using both rigorous manual coding and NVivo qualitative software.
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Carda, Jeanelle. "Wiccan marriage and American marriage law Interactions /." unrestricted, 2008. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11192008-103902/.
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Thesis (M.A.)--Georgia State University, 2008.Title from file title page. Timothy Renick, committee chair ; Kathryn McClymond, Jonathan Herman, committee members. Electronic text (58 p.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed Oct. 19, 2009. Includes bibliographical references (p. 50-58).
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Lau, Wing-kai Anthony. "Banquets and Bouquets : social and legal marriage in colonial Hong Kong 1841-1994 /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18565360.
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Smirensky, Alvian N. "Matrimonial legislation in imperial Russia, 1700-1918." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1995. http://www.tren.com.
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Ho, Khanh. "Matrimonial consent in a Vietnamese marriage." Online full text .pdf document, available to Fuller patrons only, 2000. http://www.tren.com.
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Yee, Russell Mark. "The uniqueness of the creation of marriage in the Eden narrative in its ancient near eastern literary context." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1990. http://www.tren.com.
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Toraskar, Helen B. "An ethnographic study of a Marathi speech community participating in awedding ritual." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3194520X.
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Toraskar, Helen B. "An ethnographic study of a Marathi speech community participating in a wedding ritual." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk:8888/cgi-bin/hkuto%5Ftoc%5Fpdf?B23425192.
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Pham, Binh Van. "The Vietnamese concept of tình nghĩa in marriage and its contribution to the Roman Catholic rite of marriage." Chicago, IL : Catholic Theological Union at Chicago, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2986/tren.033-0825.
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Young, Sheila M. "The hen party : a study of the form, meaning and function of a prenuptial ritual for women." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2016. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=233941.
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Lewis, Michael George. "A canonical response to common law unions or "faithful concubinage"." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2005. http://www.tren.com.
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Mashego, Florence Tena. "Some ritual performances in the marital life among Mapulana in the Bushbuckridge Area." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/930.
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Molapo, Joseph Mohato. "A Christian analytic approach of marriage through abduction among the Basotho people of Lesotho a challenge for pastoral care ministry /." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2004. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-01172005-151033/.
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Nekhongoni, Mukondeleli Emily. "Tsenguluso ya mbingano ya Vhavenda." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1257.
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Thesis (MA. (African Languages)) --University of Limpopo, 2013Tsenguluso iyi yo bvisela khagala matshimbidzele a mbingano ya Vhavenḓa zwi tshi kwama zwine mbingano iyi ya vha zwone, u dzhenelela ha vhabebi, maambisele, u lugiselwa ha mbingano, lumalo u swika kha u vhinga kana u vhingwa. Yo dovha ya bvisela khagala khaedu dzo livhanaho na iyi mbingano ṋamusi dzine dza vha u sa dzhenelela ha vhabebi kha mbingano dza vhana vhavho. U ḓiṱoḓela vhafunwa ha vhaswa ano maḓuvha, zwiitisi zwa u sa malwa ha vhafumakadzi khathihi na u sengulusa uri ndi ngani vhanna ano maḓuvha vha si tsha mala vhafumakadzi vhanzhi.
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Madden, Benjamin. "Traditional marriage in Papua New Guinea and selected canons on consent." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1997. http://www.tren.com.
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Letsoalo, Ngoanamogale Maggie. "An investigation into some traditional rites among the Letsoalo clan." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/855.
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Nieżychowski, Maciej. "The institution of bridewealth and making of Tswana marriage." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1997. http://www.tren.com.
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Fopp, Simone. "Trauung - Spannungsfelder und Segensräume : empirisch-theologischer Entwurf eines Rituals im Übergang /." Stuttgart : Kohlhammer, 2007. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2967585&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.
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Mwambene, Lea. "Divorce in matrilineal customary law marriage in Malawi: a comparative analysis with the patrilineal customary law marriage in South Africa." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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This research aimed to undertake an investigation into the question of whether after divorce, in the matrilineal customary law marriage in Malawi, women's rights are severely violated. The study showed causes of divorce, how proceedings are done, how issues of property are handled, how the issue of custody of children and maintenance are also handled. All this was weighed against the constitutional provisions and international law.
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Liebenberg, Alida. "Authority, avoidances and marriage: an analysis of the position of Gcaleka women in Qwaninga, Willowvale District, Transkei." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002663.
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Authority as it operates in the daily lives of married women in Gcaleka society is reinforced and maintained by a body of avoidances which women need to observe during their married lives. Avoidances constitute part of the control system in the society whereby wives are being 'kept in their place'. Avoidances do not only restrict her, but also safeguard her position and her interests. Lines of authority emerge through the process of interaction; the structure reveals itself as avoidances are acted out in time and space. This study was conducted in Qwaninga, an administrative area in the coastal area of the Willowvale district, Transkei. The research started out as a study of ritual impurity and the status of women in a traditional, 'red' Gcaleka society. It soon became clear that pollution practices and beliefs associated with women form part of a greater body of avoidances which women need to observe during their married lives. Avoidances entail economic, dietary, sexual, linguistic and spatial prohibitions; as well as restrictions concerning what a woman is supposed to wear, and her withdrawal from social life. These restrictions are enforced through certain ritual and other sanctions. Three forms of avoidances are identified in this study, and are discussed and analysed. Avoidances are found in the everyday male/female division in society; in the ways through which the wife shows respect towards her husband and her in-laws (especially her husband's ancestors); and in the reproductive situations a woman finds herself in from time to time. In many anthropological studies in the past women have often been hidden in the background. This study is an attempt to give women the prominence they should be given, to show that nonwestern women are not as subordinated as people in Western society like to assume. In Gcaleka society the authority structure affecting the position of women is not only based on a distinction being made between males and females. It will be shown that a finer authority structure operates in this society whereby gender as well as age and kinship distinctions are being made. These distinctions constitute a system of classification which is safeguarded and protected by the avoidances and other restrictions imposed on women.
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Jo, Howard Vicki. "American weddings : gender, consumption, and the business of brides /." Digital version accessible at:, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Beaini, Nancy Scarlette. "Something old, something new : marriage customs among the Druze in the Shouf Mountains of Lebanon." PDXScholar, 1989. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3873.
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The focus of this research was to obtain, specifically, data on the marriage customs of the Druze in the Shouf Mountains of southeastern Lebanon. Ten Druze informants were selected and classified according to sex, age, marital status and religious status (sheik/sheika). A detailed questionnaire was designed to use during the interviews with these informants. However, after two interviews, it became apparent that a variable questionnaire was necessary to take advantage of the new, richly-detailed, cultural information that emerged with each informant. New questions were developed, in the field, to reflect and gather this new ethnographic data on Druze marriage customs.
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Bila, T. J. "Nkanelo wa matekanelo ya ndhavuko wa vaTsonga." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1445.
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Blažek, Pavel. "Die mittelalterliche Rezeption der aristotelischen Philosophie der Ehe : von Robert Grosseteste bis Bartholomäus von Brügge (1246/1247 - 1309)." Leiden [u.a.] Brill, 2007. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&docl̲ibrary=BVB01&docn̲umber=015517270&linen̲umber=0001&funcc̲ode=DBR̲ECORDS&servicet̲ype=MEDIA.
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Lau, Wing-kai Anthony, and 劉永佳. "Banquets and Bouquets: social and legal marriage in colonial Hong Kong 1841-1994." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31214307.
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金方廷. "青銅禮器與周代婚姻研究= A study of the bronzes and Zhou marriages." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2018. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/502.
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這篇論文以出土青銅禮器為主要研究對象，結合傳世文獻，嘗試對西周到 春秋時期周人貴族階層的婚姻加以討論。鑒於婚姻在周代禮儀制度當中具有相 當突出的地位，考察婚姻在一個以宗族為主體、以禮儀為規範的社會當中如何 運作和演變，就成了本文最為關切的問題。依據「西周」和「春秋」的分期，論文被分為「上編」和「下編」兩部分 進行撰寫。在整理和考察出土文獻中所記載的婚姻關係之後，文章著重討論了西周貴族婚姻所奠基的社會和政治基礎，由此揭示了西周時期兩大貴族群體在 婚姻方面的不同習慣與特點。儘管在西周時期，一系列植根於獨特政治和社會 土壤的婚姻原則已經開始形成，但隨著宗周覆滅，春秋時期已無法在原有的政 治、社會機制上維持周人貴族固有的婚姻習慣。即便在諸侯國地區延續和維持 了一部分西周的婚姻原則及婚姻禮儀，但這種維持實際為了應對新的時代局勢， 其中依然包含了許多對舊有婚姻制度和禮儀的改造。最後，通過討論在「禮儀」 框架下兩個時代在安置婚姻事務方面所呈現出來的不同特點，本論文進而試圖 對「禮儀」在這一階段婚姻活動中所起到的作用進行回顧。
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Viẽ̂n, Thê ́Nguyẽ̂n. "The traditional role of parents or guardians in Vietnamese marriages and canonical freedom of consent." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN) Access this title online, 1994. http://www.tren.com/search.cfm?p029-0301.
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Lomo, Myazhiom Aggée Célestin. "Religions, rivalités religieuses, autorités politiques et mariages au Cameroun sous mandat et tutelle entre 1914 et 1958." Villeneuve d'Ascq : Presses universitaires du Septentrion, 1999. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/41508831.html.
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Osom, John. "Moral implication of high bride-price in Nigeria : Annang case survey /." Rome : J. Osom, 1989. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb356162082.
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Stanko, Olivia Corine. "An ethnographic study of communication and gender performance in a modern day Latino wedding." Scholarly Commons, 2012. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/805.
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This study examines how culture, gender roles, and economics intersect at a contemporary Mexican-American wedding. Prior studies have focused on one factor but did not examine how all three can affect a wedding. The bride in this study tries to negotiate challenges between her Mexican-American culture and her American culture. This research is an example of how culture is en grained in everything and how it plays out through a wedding. This ethnography was done through first hand observations and interviews. The purpose of this study was to examine communication in a contemporary Mexican-American wedding and communication issues found at the intersection of gender, ethnicity, and culture. The research also examined how participants supported or broke traditional gender roles along with consequences.
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Viljoen, Coralie. "Huweliksverryking vir plaaswerkers." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20867.
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Thesis (M Social Work)--Stellenbosch University, 2008.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Marriage enrichment was developed to equip couples with the necessary skills and knowledge to help them achieve a happy marriage. It is successful with respect to the improvement of the marriage relationship and the encouragement of marital satisfaction. The marriage enrichment programmes that were developed up till now, were developed for the use of residents of First World countries. The goal of this study was to identify farm workers’ experience of marriage and their needs with respect to marriage, in order to make recommendations with regard to elements that could be included in a marriage enrichment programme for farm workers. A qualitative research design was used, as semi-structured interviews with the help of an interview schedule were conducted with thirteen farm workers who live and work on two farms in different geographical areas around Stellenbosch. Information was gathered by separately interviewing marriage partners, in order to ensure that conversations were not influenced by the presence of the marriage partner. Participants not only consisted of legally married couples, but also couples who were involved in a long-term relationship. The literature study focused on the circumstances of farm workers in the Western Cape. It also focused on theories underpinning current marriage enrichment programmes, and discussed and described the content of selected current marriage enrichment programmes. General challenges facing couples and which are typically included in marriage enrichment programmes were also discussed. Three themes emerged during findings and conclusions of the study. These include various sub-themes arising from the alcohol abuse of farm workers, and distinctive qualities of happy and unhappy couples. Recommendations were made with regard to these themes, while the theories on which current marriage enrichment programmes were based, as well as its exercises and elements were kept in mind.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Huweliksverryking is ontwikkel om egpare met die nodige kennis en vaardighede toe te rus ter bereiking van ‘n gelukkige huwelik. Dit is doeltreffend ten opsigte van die verbetering van die huweliksverhouding en die bevordering van huwelikstevredenheid. Die huweliksverrykings-programme wat egter wel ontwikkel is, is vir die gebruik van inwoners van Eerste Wêreld-lande ontwikkel. Die doel van hierdie studie was om plaaswerkers se ervaring van die huwelik en hul behoeftes ten opsigte van die huwelik te identifiseer, sodat aanbevelings gemaak kan word ten opsigte van elemente wat ingesluit kan word in ‘n huweliksverrykingsprogram vir plaaswerkers. ‘n Kwalitatiewe navorsingsontwerp is benut, aangesien semi-geskeduleerde onderhoude aan die hand van ‘n onderhoudskedule gevoer is met dertien plaaswerkers wat woon en werk op twee plase in verskillende geografiese areas buite Stellenbosch. Onderhoude met huweliksmaats het apart van mekaar plaasgevind, om te verseker dat gesprekke nie deur die teenwoordigheid van die huweliksmaat beïnvloed kon word nie. Deelnemers het nie net bestaan uit wettiglik getroude egpare nie, maar ook paartjies wat in ‘n langtermynverhouding betrokke is. Die literatuurstudie het gefokus op die omstandighede van Wes-Kaapse plaaswerkers. Dit het ook gefokus op teorieë waarop bestaande huweliksverrykingsprogramme gebaseer is, en het verskeie geselekteerde bestaande huweliksverrykingsprogramme se inhoud bepaal en omskryf. Algemene uitdagings waarmee egpare te doen kry, en wat tipies in huweliksverrykingsprogramme bespreek word, is ook bespreek. Tydens bevindinge en gevolgtrekkings van die studie het drie temas na vore gekom. Dit sluit in verskeie sub-temas ten opsigte van alkoholmisbruik tussen plaaswerkers en die onderskeie eienskappe van gelukkige en ongelukkige egpare. Die aanbevelings is ten opsigte van hierdie temas gemaak, met inagneming van bestaande huweliksverrykingsprogramme se elemente, oefeninge en die teorieë waarop dit gebaseer is.
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Girard, Denise. "Différenciation sociale et rituels du mariage : les Montréalais francophones, 1925-1940." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq26066.pdf.
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Freysen, Rouxle. "Die rol van gender in die huwelik as sosiale instelling : persepsies van blanke Afrikanerstudente." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4348.
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Thesis (MPhil (Political Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die vraag wat in hierdie tesis aangespreek word, is hoe genderrolle in die samelewing geskep word. Die rol van die huwelik as sosiale instelling word in diepte bespreek en die funksionaliteit van die instelling word bevraagteken. Genderrolle in die samelewing word deur sosialiseringsagente gekonstrueer. Die sosialiseringsagente sal in hierdie tesis onder die loep geneem word en van nader beskou word. Die studie wou die tendens navors dat die samelewing tans as meer liberaal en nie-tradisioneel gesien word. Dit wil egter voorkom of hierdie skuif nie werklik in alle instellings plaasgevind het nie. Tradisionele waardes blyk steeds onderliggend aan sommige instellings in die samelewing te wees en ten grondslag te lê aan talle instellings. Die data vir hierdie studie is deur middel van kwantitatiewe asook kwalitatiewe navorsingsmetodes verkry. Fokusgroepe is gebruik aangesien dit as die basis vir die vraelys en navorsing sou dien. Die vraelys sou dien om óf navorsing wat reeds bestaan te bevraagteken, óf om navorsing te bevestig. Vraelyste is of deur middel van ʼn ontmoeting aan respondente oorhandig of aan respondente wat deur middel van die ‘sneeubal’ effek verkry is, ge-e-pos. Die kriteria wat gebruik is vir die proefgroep was blanke Afrikaanssprekende Christelike studente aan die Universiteit van Stellenbosch. Hierdie spesifieke groep is gekies aangesien hulle steeds as tradisioneel gesien kan word in teenstelling met studente wat in die algemeen as liberaal en vrydenkend gestereotipeer word. Die botsing van waardes is veral met die fokus op godsdiens ondersoek, en die impak van godsdiens op die huwelik is bestudeer. Die voltooide vraelyste is statisties verwerk deur gebruik te maak van STASTISTICA, ʼn elektroniese data-verwerkingsprogram. In hierdie tesis het sewe breë temas uit die vraelyste na vore gekom. Eerstens word die huwelik en die nukleêre gesin as belangrike asook noodsaaklike instellings in die samelewing gesien. Tweedens, word genderrolle in die samelewing gekonstrueer. Derdens, is geloof fundamenteel in die huwelik. Vierdens is die rol van die vrou in die huwelik om haar man te ondersteun. Die volgende tema wat beskou word, is dat Afrikaners as kultuurgroep steeds konserwatief is ten opsigte van hul keuse van ’n huweliksmaat, en dat hulle verkies om slegs vanuit hul kultuurgroep ’n huweliksmaat te kies. Sesdens beïnvloed die massamedia as sosialiseringsagent nie werklik persepsies van die huwelik nie, maar eerder seksualiteit. Laastens is ouers as sosialiseringsagente veral belangrik in terme van die rol van die vrou in ii die huwelik. Daar is slegs ten opsigte van persepsies oor seksualiteit, die huwelik asook die Afrikaner as kultuurgroep, ʼn beduidende statistiese verskil tussen manlike en vroulike respondente gevind. Uit die studie blyk dit dus dat genderrolle sosiaal deur die samelewing gekonstrueer word en dat sekere sosialiseringsagente die raamwerk bied waarin persepsies oor gender gevorm word. Die huwelik blyk steeds ʼn instelling te wees wat ʼn belangrike rol in die samelewing vervul. Die verdeling van arbeid in die huwelik blyk problematies te wees aangesien die toetrede van vroue tot die arbeidsmark, die nukleêre gesin beïnvloed en verander het. Uit die data wil dit voorkom asof ’n kontras bestaan tussen die nie-tradisonele waardes van die moderne samelewing en tradisionele idees wat steeds deur godsdiens ondersteun word.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The question addressed in this thesis is how gender roles in society are created and established. The role and function of marriage as a social institution is also discussed. Gender roles in society are socially constructed, and the socialisation agents responsible for this construction of values and norms are evaluated. The question, however, was derived from values in society that seem to adjust to more liberal and non-traditional ideas, especially regarding marriage and gender roles. However, even if perceptions are favourable toward a less traditional society, traditional ideas seem to form the basis of many social institutions. The research was conducted in both a quantitative and a qualitative manner. The reason for this is that each method fills a specific gap within research. Focus groups acted as the basis for the questionnaire and further research. The questionnaire acted as a method to either find support for or contradict existing research. Questionnaires were distributed in meetings with respondents, and respondents that emerged from the snowball method, were contacted via email. The sample consisted of white Afrikaans-speaking Christian students on Stellenbosch University campus who were chosen because of perceptions that students in general are liberal but Afrikaners as a cultural group are fairly traditional. The conflict between this group’s norms and perceptions about students in general was researched. The completed questionnaires were statistically analysed by using an electronic data analysis programme, STATISTICA. Seven broad themes emerged as the main findings in this thesis. First, marriage and the role of the nuclear family in society is a much needed social institution. Second, it became clear that gender in society is a socially constructed concept. Third, it became apparent that religion plays a major role as socialisation agent and fulfils a fundamental role within society. Fourth, the role of women in marriage was clearly seen as that of the supportive wife. Another theme indicated that that was investigated was that Afrikaners as a cultural group are still very traditional and conservative, especially with regards to whom they marry. It seems like Afrikaners still choose marriage partners from within their own cultural group. Sixth, the mass media also seem to be socialisation agents especially with regards to sexuality. Finally, parents as socialisation agents play a big role in forming perceptions, especially with regards to the role of women in society. The study also indicated that there were statistical differences between male and female respondents, but only with regards to sexuality, marriage and the Afrikaner as a cultural group. From the study one could thus argue that gender roles are socially constructed and that socialising agents provides the framework for perceptions with regards to gender. The role of marriage in society still seems very important. The division of labour in marriage seems problematic due to women’s increasing participation in the labour market. It influences the nuclear family on many levels. There appears to be a contradiction between modern society’s non-traditional values and the more traditional values regarding marriage and gender roles still supported by religion.
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Teverbaugh, Aeron. "Tribal constructs and kinship realities : individual and family organization on the Grand Ronde Reservation from 1856." PDXScholar, 2000. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3237.
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This project examines marriage and residence patterns on the Grand Ronde Reservation between 1856 and the early 1900s. It demonstrates that indigenous cultural patterns continued despite a colonial imagination that refused to see them. Members of the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde continued to live in family groups much as they had in the pre-reservation era. They continued to exhibit patterns of marriage and kinship that were described in the ethnographies and by the earliest explorers in the Oregon area.
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Andiseni, All Yusuf. "Muslim principles of marrying Al-kitabiyyah and its practice in Malawi." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/5954.
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M.A.Mankind today lives in a predominantly heterogeneous and metropolitan society. At all stages of life, social, political, spiritual, there is constantly a diffusion of cultures, ideas and beliefs. South Africa until 1994 was the only example of a country where the broader ethnic groups were separated from each other. Besides this country, all other countries are exposed to this amalgamation and inter-action with each other on a daily basis. Although a mixed society augers well for the propagation and easy penetration of Islam within the populace, it also has its drawbacks. Allah says: 0 mankind! We created you from a single (pair)of a male and a female, and made you into nations and tribes, that you may know each other (not that you may despise each other). Verily, the most honoured of you in the sight of Allah is (he who is) the most righteous of you. 1 1 Qur'an 49:13. Upon pondering the deeper meaning of the above verse, Allah has prescribed Taqw& (piety and righteousness) as a means of solving any problem resulting from the interaction of different tribes, races, and nations which could be at times a terribly irreconcilable one. The significant number of Muslims in any given society and especially Malawian Muslim society are ignorant of the Muslim Principles of marrying Al-Kitabiyyah (Woman of the Book). That is why we notice an irretrievable breakdown of many families whose husband happen to be a Muslim and the wife is a Kitabiyyah. This type of marriage has caused, and is still causing many problems to the social life of the Malawian Muslims. Children of these families do not enjoy that status of being under the loving care of both their mothers and fathers because their marriages does not last long. It is from this perspective that "Muslim Principles of marrying Al-Kitabiyyah" was chosen to give right direction for those who wants to marry women of the People of the Book. It deals with one small but significant aspect of interaction-the aspect of inter-marriage of Muslim men with Al-Kitabiyyah.
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Wardatun, Atun. "Marriage payment, social change and women's agency among Bimanese Muslims of Eastern Indonesia." Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.7/uws:41023.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis draws on ethnographic research that focuses on the cultural practice of female initiated marriage payment, ampa co’i ndai, among semi-urban Bimanese Muslims of Eastern Indonesia. The practice takes place when the bride, with the help of her parents and female relatives, pays her own marriage payment (co’i). It is normally used only when the prospective groom is a government employee. However, during the declaration of marriage, the payment is announced to have come from the groom. This thesis uses the practice as a site to examine women’s agency and a lens to understand social change in a modernizing Muslim society that has a heritage of bilateral kinship.
The interplay of the kinship system, modernization, women’s agency and marriage payment demonstrates the value of “structuration theory” developed by Anthony Giddens (1984), showing that social structure and agency continuously shape and are shaped by each other. This thesis argues that ampa co’i ndai serves as a means of taking advantage of new opportunities opened up by modernization; this local variant of Islamic marriage payments allows women to appropriate what was traditionally considered a male prerogative and use it to equalize gender imbalance. The practice also sheds light on what I identify as the ‘collective solidarity’ that maybe involved in exercising agency, demonstrating agency of power and agency of projects amalgamated, as conceptualised by Sherry B. Ortner (2006).
The bilateral kinship system of the Bimanese, which involves both reciprocity and complementarity (angi) between husbands and wives, was challenged with the arrival of modernization in the late 1960s. Subsistence agriculture, previously practiced by most Bimanese, in which women played a major role, started to be displaced under the Indonesian New Order (1966–1998) economic development programs. These developments program involved, among other things, increasing number of prestigious government bureaucratic positions, which went to men rather than women. The previously parallel and complementary positions of women and men, in marriage, both of whom were farmers, came to be less common, including in semi-urban areas, as the conception of men as sole economic providers and women as housewives came to be more prevalent.
The introduction of this distinction between workplace and home, distanced the two domains, with the status of the former raised in social and economic terms, and the latter correspondingly devalued. However, the normative centrality of women in the household (matrifocality) and sense of solidarity of local communities (communality) has still provided a cultural place for ampa co’i ndai. Matrifocality continues to lend strength to the bond between mothers and daughters and promote solidarity among female relatives, enabling women to initiate and execute this unusual practice, and enjoy its benefits. Communality continues to provide a basis for public funding (pamaco) for female-initiated marriage payments, and so serves as an alternative economic resource for a wedding. This has made it possible for women of lower economic status to also participate in the practice. Ampa co’i ndai thus demonstrates that agency can be collectively constructed, and involves the shared responsibility of relatives and the community-what I have called ‘collective solidarity.’
The narratives of nineteen Muslim women who have been involved in ampa co’i ndai reveal how deep-seated collective solidarity underpins the ways women pursue their goals when using this practice. They use it not just for themselves as individuals, but also for the status of women as wives, mothers, and daughters. Ampa co’i ndai is a testament to the complexities of gender power relations, which too often are understood in terms of essentialized women’s roles concerned wholly with the welfare of their families. However, ampa co’i ndai also shows women’s interdependence and the considerable lengths to which they will go using that mutual dependence to gain power and prestige for themselves and their relatives.
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Rashid, Kazi S. "Perceptions of transnational arranged marriages among the children of Bangladeshi skilled migrants in Sydney." Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.7/uws:55318.
Full textAbstract:
Transnational arranged marriages among Muslim temporary labour migrants’ children have been problematised in policy, media and public discourses in European migrant-receiving societies. Such problematisation has been driven by concerns regarding forced marriages, sham marriages and continuous migration that arguably hinder integration into host societies. As such, transnational arranged marriages have been essentialised as a marker of ‘Monolithic Muslim Otherness’. While Australia is a classic migration-receiving country (Castles, Vasta & Ozkul 2014, p. 128) and Islamophobic sentiment is on the rise (Blair, Dunn, Kamp & Alam 2017), marriage practices among children of Muslim background in Australia are underrepresented in the literature. This thesis aims to address this gap by exploring the perceptions and attitudes of young adult children of Bangladeshi skilled migrants towards transnational arranged marriages. More specifically, it examines the ways in which young adult Bangladeshi-Australians challenge Western discourses of Muslim practices, particularly in regard to gender roles, agency and homogeneity. Employing semi-structured interviews with seven young adult Bangladeshi-Australians, this thesis provides a rich understanding of the complexity, diversity and dynamism of the spousal selection process. Through a postcolonial and post-structuralist analysis of interview data, I illustrate that not only are young adult Muslim Bangladeshi-Australians heterogeneous in terms of their gender, education, age and religiosity, but their perceptions and attitudes towards transnational arranged marriages are similarly diverse. I argue that spousal selection preferences are intertwined with interactions and negotiations between individual preferences, agency and meso-level structures such as family networks, the Bangladeshi migrant community and peer groups, as well as contextual factors, such as the Australian marriage market and immigration and integration policies. This study is an important contribution to the body of research regarding transnational arranged marriages among Muslim migrants, as it moves beyond the marriage behaviour of descendants of temporary labour migrants in Europe. It also makes important contributions to broader research on migration, settlement, national identity and belonging in its driving argument that the questioning of migrant children’s integration based on their marriage behaviour is narrow and exclusionary.
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Emanuel, David Michael. "Marriage enrichment for Jewish couples." Thesis, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/22718.
Full textAbstract:
A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Humanities in fulfilment of the
requirements for the degree of
Master of Arts in the subject Social Wok at the University of the Witwatersrand
May 1991.The declining seate of marriage in modern society is a phenomenon acknowledged by professionals and laymen alike. One of the major efforts to counter this state of events was made by the marriage enrichment movement. It focuses on helping healthy marriages consolidate their positive qualities and strengthen their weaknesses, thus achieving greater marital satisfaction for the participants in courses. [Abbreviated Abstract. Open document to view full version]
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Carpenter, Carol. "Brides and bride-dressers in contemporary Java." 1987. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/23629244.html.
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Phoumirath, Thongrith. "Kindong : tradition, memory and identity in Lao weddings." Phd thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/146401.
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Hamer, Deborah. "Creating an Orderly Society: The Regulation of Marriage and Sex in the Dutch Atlantic World, 1621-1674." Thesis, 2014. https://doi.org/10.7916/D82F7M1P.
Full textAbstract:
Historians have long connected the emergence of the early modern state with increased efforts to discipline populations. Allying with religious authorities to monitor private lives, states sought to limit sexual activity to marriage and to support patriarchal authority in order to create orderly societies and obedient subjects. Governments legitimated their increased intrusions into people's lives by arguing that it was their responsibility to bring about moral reformation in their subjects, but their new interest was also rooted in achieving more direct control over individuals for the purposes of preventing crime and disorder, rationalizing tax collection, eliminating legal pluralities, and inculcating military discipline.
This dissertation argues that the same motives that informed the policies of emerging states in this period lay at the heart of the Dutch West India Company's marriage regulation during its brief existence from 1621 to 1674. Company representatives sought to institute and enforce strict marriage discipline upon their colonists, soldiers, sailors, conquered subjects, and indigenous allies in order to transform them into proper subjects and to extend Company governance over vast, new territories. Like the centralizing states of the early modern period that justified their increased power by arguing that they were reforming their subjects, the West India Company responded to potential critics of their state-like power and their sovereign authority with the same rationale.
Company efforts to regulate marriage and sex were, however, challenged by the existence of overlapping jurisdictions emerging both from the Dutch Republic's own tradition of legal plurality and from the existing institutions of conquered European populations and indigenous allies. Whereas emerging absolutist states were able to either gain the cooperation of or eliminate institutions with competing claims to authority, examining the conflicts over marriage regulation in the Dutch colonies shows that the West India Company failed in its efforts to tame competing institutions and bring them under its authority. Looking at the Company's governance through the lens of its marriage and sex regulation, therefore, upends traditional understandings of the Company as a trading enterprise and suggests that its directors were engaged in the process of state formation. It also suggests a novel way to understand the Company's repeated setbacks and ultimate failure in 1674. Despite its claims to absolute authority and its efforts to negotiate and secure this authority, competing institutions never acquiesced to Company jurisdiction.
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Lally, Elaine. "Yolngu marriage : an empirical analysis." Master's thesis, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/112479.
Full textAbstract:
The background to this thesis was in work undertaken by the author in
1982/83 in collaboration with Dr. Paul Jorion, then of the Department of
Social Anthropology at Cambridge University. This work entailed the
development of techniques for the computer analysis of genealogies,
looking specifically for genealogical relationships between spouses, and so
a detailed analysis of an extensive body of genealogical data provided a
logical topic for thesis research.
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Creason, Joshua Allen. "An empirical exploration of the use of narrative, symbol, and ritual in creating Christian marital memorials." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10392/404.
Full textAbstract:
Among other images, Scripture uses marriage as a picture of God's relationship to his people. Scripture also prescribes numerous ways for that people to build their relationship with him. In order to give Christian marriages as many tools as possible for bolstering of the relationship, this dissertation examines narrative, symbol, ritual, and memorials as a selection of Scripture's methods for "heart writing" or relationship building. These methods correspond to various uses of the Hebrew root zakhar, for "remember."
Following the examination of Scripture's methods of "heart writing" through the use of narrative, symbol, and ritual, contemporary understandings of the physiological and neurological underpinnings for the deep internalization of relationship.
The ideas presented in the first two chapters were explored in an empirical study which found that couples who utilize more narrative, symbols, rituals, and memorials in their marriages tend to also see their marriages as more sacred and experience the manifestation of God within the marriage. Groups were also compared on levels of physiological responsiveness (skin conductance, skin temperature, and interbeat interval) as a measure of emotional engagement during an interview that lead couples in discussion of narratives, symbols, and rituals in their marriages. Husbands in marriages that utilized few narratives, symbols, and rituals were the least emotionally responsive during the interview while wives in the same type of marriage were the most emotionally responsive.
This dissertation concludes by translating some of the principles discovered into various methods of writing the marital relationship on the hearts of the individuals to build Christian marriages.This item is only available to students and faculty of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary. If you are not associated with SBTS, this dissertation may be purchased from http://disexpress.umi.com/dxweb or downloaded through ProQuest's Dissertation and Theses database if your institution subscribes to that service.
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Curry, Melissa M. "It is like standing up again : the Stó:lō wedding ceremony, identity, revival, and choice." 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/451.
Full textAbstract:
The modern Stó:lō wedding ceremony is the vehicle used to discuss the complex issues of identity, cultural revival, and self-determinism of the Stó:lō. I began my research in the Fraser River Valley, B.C. with the intent to document Stó:lō wedding ceremonies through time. Through the interview process I realized that what was most important to the Stó:lō with whom I spoke were the three themes of Stó:lō-ness (identity), cultural revival, and choice (self-determinism). In this thesis I examine these three themes as they were discussed with me throughout the interviews and as demonstrated in a wedding ceremony I attended. The Stó:lō are striving to achieve self-deteminism and the following work describes and documents some of the thoughts and actions the Stó:lō have and use to control their own lives. By highlighting the words of those Stó:lō with whom I spoke priority is given to their ideas as expressed in the interviews. Through the framing of those ideas, or themes, a picture is constructed of the Stó:lō voice for Stó:lō selfdeterminism.
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Khan, Sultan. "The nature and causes of marital breakdown amongst a selected group of South African Indian Muslims in the Durban Metropolitan Area and its consequences for family life." Thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/7744.
Full textAbstract:
The institutions of marriage and family have existed throughout human kind and
continue to do so as we enter the twenty first century. These are important institutions
that prepare individuals as social actors. The progress of society from its traditional
form to present levels of modernity, has come with many consequences for the
institutions of marriage and the family. This has been witnessed by high rates of
marital breakdown and single parenthood in almost all societies. The causes of
marriage and family breakdown are many, and complex. It is a multi-factored
problem which social scientists and policy makers are battling to come to grips with
since its escalation has enonnous social, economic and political consequences. The
biggest victims of marital breakdown are children. Unless society comes to grips with
this social problem, the institutions of marriage and the family are at risk of
collapsing. For society to continue to prepare future social actors, it is paramount that
these two institutions are preserved.Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Durban-Westville, 2001.
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Singh, Mohan. "Changes in marriage practices in a rural north Indian area : a micro-demographic study in Himachal Pradesh." Phd thesis, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/123269.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis employs a micro-demographic approach to explore changes in
marriage practices, identify the mechanisms, processes and underlying causes
for those changes and examine their social and demographic implications in a
rural north Indian area.
Himachal Pradesh has progressed remarkably in terms of economic
prosperity, education of women, transportation and communications, health
facilities, electrification, drinking water supply, and the family planning program.
The role of women has been changing from a position of subordination to men to
one of being active companions. Social justice has also been improving, with the
active participation of women and lower caste people in societal decision making.
The study finds that female age at marriage rose from less than 12 years
during the period before 1930 to about 19 years during the period 1981-1988.
This has been largely brought about by socio-economic development, particularly
by advances in education of women.
Marriages in the study area have always been overwhelmingly parentally
arranged. The criteria for selecting marriage partners has been based upon the
requirements of the family and the network of relatives. However, consideration is
now being given to individual characteristics in selecting a marriage partner, and
to the desirability of strong conjugal bonds. The field of marriage selection was
circumscribed by strict rules of caste endogamy and kinship and village exogamy.
While caste endogamy and kinship exogamy have remained intact over the
years, sub-caste exogamy has been disappearing. This change has largely
resulted from the shifts in status measurement from sub-caste hierarchy to the
economic prosperity of the parties involved.
The nature of marriage has changed from primarily bride-price type to daan,
more often known as dowry marriage, in which the groom's parents take control
over the dowry received by the bride but do not demand specific payment from the bride's parents. This shift from bride-price to daan or dowry has been largely
because the marriage arrangements of children are one of the status symbols for
families and an agent for the extension of the network of relatives. Giving dowry
is still considered optional; however, the parents of brides usually give dowry to
maintain their prestige and to show their status in the society and to build up good
relations with the new kin rather than bowing before the demands of the groom's
family.
Divorce and remarriage have decreased over the years. Previously, early
marriages and no time lag between the date of ceremonial marriage and the
bride's taking up residence in the husband's house, in association with high
difference in ages of spouses caused sexual maladjustment among spouses and
a high prevalence of divorce and subsequent remarriage. Once the age at
marriage of women rose above 15 years of age, the divorce rate declined and
remarriages became scarcer. The decline in the divorce rate is also partly
explained by increases in the considerations of individual criteria in selecting a
marriage.
Various changes outlined in the study suggest that, demographically,
Himachal Pradesh has become the Kerala of north India, with a relatively high
age at marriage, higher educational levels of women, low mortality, and high
expectancy of life at birth. The implications of changes in marriage practices in
Himachali villages seem promising for fertility and mortality decline as well as for
the autonomy of women. The study reveals that despite the history of
backwardness, Himachali society is moving towards egalitarianism.
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MacDorman, Marian. "Contemporary marriage practices in North India : evidence from three Uttar Pradesh villages." Phd thesis, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/123772.
Full textAbstract:
This study employed a micro-approach methodology to examine the social and
demographic implications of marriage practices and marriage change in a rural north Indian
area. Female age at marriage rose from 13.2 in 1930-39 to 14.6 in 1980-83. This
change was entirely due to a reduction in the time lag between the marriage and consummation
(gauna) ceremonies, and there had been no increase in age at effective marriage
in the study area from 1930 to 1983. This Finding calls into question previous
analyses of the relationship between age at marriage and fertility in the region based on
census data documenting the age at ceremonial rather than effective marriage. Factors
influencing age at marriage and cohabitation are discussed.
Marriages in the study area were overwhelmingly parentally arranged. The criteria
for selecting a marriage partner were primarily based upon considerations important to
the extended family, rather than upon individual characteristics which would lead to the
formation of a strong conjugal bond. The field of marriage selection was circumscribed
by strict rules of caste, kinship, and village exogamy, which greatly narrowed the
universe of potential partners, thus creating a highly hierarchical and regulated system
of marital alliances.
Although a minority of marriages of the intermediate and scheduled castes involved
the payment of a brideprice, the vast majority of weddings were of a groomprice
type. In groomprice weddings, although the families of both bride and groom spent large
amounts of money on wedding expenses, in fact, the majority of clothing and ornaments
given by the groom’s family returned with the bride to the husband’s house upon consummation
of the marriage, while the cash and goods given by the bride's family were
permanently lost to them. Once resident in the husband’s family, the young bride relinquished
control over the items of her dowry to the family patriarch and his wife - thus
the payment was effectively a “groomprice,” rather than a dowry payment.
These and other practices were evaluated in terms of the prevailing systems of social
stratification, by age, sex, and caste, found in the society. Some policy suggestions
were offered.
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Steyn, G. M. "Huweliksverwagtings van die formeel opgeleide swart laat-adolessent en die implikasies daarvan vir 'n huweliksvoorbereidingsprogram." Thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/16115.
Full textAbstract:
Afrikaans textSuid-Afrika se samelewingstrukture beleef tans 'n grootskaalse morele aanslag wat manifesteer in verskeie patologiese verskynsels waarvan gebrekkige huweliksverhoudings een van die belangrikste vorm. Verwestersing word deur die literatuurbevindinge van die onderhawige studie uitgesonder as die enkele grootste oorsaak van disfunksionele huweliksverhoudings in swart geledere. Die Westerse kultuur het 'n uiteenlopende impak op swart mans en vrouens. Die vrou bevind haar as gevolg van verwestersing in In baie gunstiger posisiel terwyl die man vanwee verwestersing baie in terme van status en gesag prysgee. Dit is gevolglik verstaanbaar dat hy in In groot mate waarde bly heg aan die tradisionele kultuur wat hom bevoordeel het. Hierdie spanning tussen tradisionele en Westerse gebruike het tot gevolg dat man en vrou die huwelik met verskillende verwagtings betree. In terme van die fokus van die onderhawige studie het die vraag ontstaan of die swart persoon wat formele opleiding ondergaan in dieselfde mate die dilemma van kulturele verskeurdheid ondervind soos wat in tersaaklike literatuur voorgehou word. Hierdie studie handel spesifiek oor die invloed van Westerse en tradisionele inhoude op die huweliksverwagtings van die formeel opgeleide swart laat adolessent. By wyse van In empiriese ondersoek, aangevul deur literatuurgegewens, is bepaal in watter mate voorgenoemde diskrepansie by die formeel opgeleide swart laat-adolessent voorkom. Die volgende geld as die belangrikste bevindinge aangaande hierdie groep: • Hulle beskou hulself deurgaans as verwesters. • Die voltallige nukleere gesin word as die ideale gesinsvorm beskou. • Hulle is deurgaans begerig dat die ilobolotransaksie deel van die huweliksluiting vorm. • Die meerderheid verwerp die opsie om kinderloos in die huwelik te bly. • In hul verwagtings word 'n hoe prioriteit geplaas op kenmerke van die Westerse huwelik, naamlik + kommunikasie, + probleme wat onderling deur huweliksmaats bespreek word, + emosionele ondersteuning, + gelykheid en vennootskap in die huwelik, en + getrouheid in die huwelik. • Albei geslagte is genee om 'n huweliksvoorbereidingprogram byte woon. • Spesifieke potensiele huweliksprobleemareas het te make met + fisiese aanranding, + alkoholmisbruik, en + buite-egtelike verhoudings. Die stand van sake impliseer dat die formeel opgeleide swart laat-adolessent 'n eiesoortige huweliksvoorbereidingsprogram benodig wat hom/haar vir Westerse huwelikseise toerus, maar wat ook voorsiening maak vir tradisionele insprake wat steeds 'n appel tot hom/haar rig.
Societal structures in South Africa are currently experiencing a large-scale moral onslaught that is manifested in a variety of pathological phenomena - deficient marital relationships constitute one of the most important of these. Westernisation is singled out by the literature findings in this study as being the single most important cause of dysfunctional marital relationships among blacks. The Western culture has a quite dissimilar impact on black men and black women. Westernisation leads to the woman finding herself in a much more favourable position, while it demands from the black man an enormous sacrifice in terms of status and authority. He, understandably, remains to a large degree attached to the traditional culture that used to favour him. This tension between traditional and Western custom leads to men and women approaching marriage with divergent expectations. In terms of the focus of this study, the question arises as to whether the black person who has been formally trained experiences the dilemma of being culturally torn apart to the same extent as has emerged from the relevant literature on the subject. The present study deals specifically with the effect of Western and traditional contents on the marriage expectations of the formally trained black late adolescent. An empirical investigation, supplemented by data from the literature, has been used to determine the extent to which the already mentioned discrepancy occurs among formally trained black late adolescents. The following are the most important findings with regard to this group: • They generally consider themselves as being westernised. • The complete nuclear family is regarded as the ideal type of family. • They are generally keen to have the ilobolo transaction form part of the marriage contract. • The majority rejects the option of remaining childless in marriage. • In their expectations a high priority is given to the characteristics of the Western-type marriage, i.e. + communication, + problems being mutually discussed by marriage partners, + emotional support, + equality and partnership in marriage, and + faithfulness to the marriage partner. • Specific potential matrimonial problem areas concern + physical assault, + alcohol abuse, and + extramarital relationships. This state of affairs implies that the formally trained black late adolescent needs a unique marriage preparation programme that would equip him/her for the demands of a Western-type marriage, but that would also make provision for traditional demands that are still appealing to him/her.
Psychology of Education
D. Ed. (Sielkundige Opvoedkunde)
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Mabetha, Khuthala. "The influence of demographic and socioeconomic characteristics on age at first marriage among females in Mozambique." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/21809.
Full textAbstract:
Research Paper Submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial completion of the requirements for a Masters Degree (MA) in the field of Demography and Population Studies
2016Context: Various reforms that are approved by the law and are intended to foster gender equality have been established by eleven nations in the Southern African Development Community Region (SADC). However, irrespective of the efforts exercised to eliminate practices that inhibit females from being able to attain their human rights, early marriage remains to be one of the discriminatory traditional practices which occur under harmful customary laws and societal norms in a number of SADC nations. The practice of early marriage violates international human rights laws that are aimed at fostering gender equality, in particular, those of females. In addition, early marriage poses a serious threat to the health and social standing of females which often results in females being politically and financially subordinated in relation to their male counterparts as well as being subjected to sexual abuse and control by males. Despite several strategies that have been established by the Mozambican government that intend to improve education and employment as well as decrease the levels of impoverishment, gender inequality is still a predominant phenomenon that leaves females being the most marginalised in relation to males, in all sociocultural, political and financial domains. This research study sought to explore whether demographic and socioeconomic characteristics including region of residence, current age of the respondent, educational level, religious affiliation, type of place of residence, and wealth status are influential on age at first marriage. Methods: This study utilised secondary statistics acquired from the 2011 Mozambique Demographic and Health Survey. The 2011 Mozambique Demographic and Health Survey is a survey that includes a sample of 13 745 females who are between the ages 15-49 years old. The sample of respondents consisted of females who have been or are in a marital union of childbearing ages 15-49. Due to the event of interest being marriage, only 10893 females were or had been in a marital union while the remaining 2852 had never been in a union. Thus the analytic sample size utilised in this study was 10893 and the remaining 2852 cases were simply right censored. The outcome variable was age at first marriage and the predictors were the respondent’s current age, region of residence, educational level, religious affiliation, type of place of residence and wealth status. A Cox Proportional Hazard Regression model was employed in order to analyse the time of first entry into a marital union, systematically. The data analysis was done in three phases. The first phase included descriptive analyses of the variables utilised in the study through a series of frequency tables and discussions. The second stage included Kaplan-Meier graphs which were used to estimate levels of age at first marriage. The third stage included an unadjusted (bivariate) and adjusted (multivariate) Cox Regression model which was employed to determine characteristics that had an influence on age of first marriage. Results: Hazard ratios shown in the multivariate Cox Proportional Hazard Regression model showed that the respondent’s age, level of education and region of residence are significant predictors of age at first marriage among females in Mozambique. These associations indicated that early marriage is highest in Mozambique’s northern regions with females residing in Manica exhibiting a 19% increased hazard ratio of exposure to early marriage, followed by females residing in Cabo Delgado who exhibit an 11% increased hazard ratio of exposure to early marriage. The lowest rates of early marriage were found in Mozambique’s southern regions with females residing in Maputo exhibiting a 20% lower risk of exposure to early marriage, followed by females residing in Gaza who exhibit a 14% lower risk of exposure to early marriage and this can be attributed to cultural and societal differences. Early age of marriage is highest among females in the 15-19 year age groups and early age of marriage starts to decrease with an in increase in the female’s age. This is evident from the presented hazard ratios which indicated that females aged 45-49 exhibited a 73% lower risk of exposure to early marriage, followed by females aged 40-44 who exhibited a 71% lower risk of exposure to early marriage and females aged 35-39 who exhibited a 70% lower risk, in relation to the younger-aged females. Furthermore, the more education a female attains, the more her age of marriage increases. This is evident from the results as they show that females with a primary education have a 5% higher hazard ratio of exposure to early marriage while females with a secondary education have a 21% reduced hazard ratio of exposure, followed by females with a tertiary education who have a 46% reduced hazard ratio of exposure to early marriage. Conclusion: The overall inference drawn from this study was that early marriage is a pervasive phenomenon that is still carried out in the northern regions of Mozambique and is particularly prevalent among young females aged 15-19 who have a primary or no education. Results demonstrated that a number of inequalities exist in the country and these inequalities are not only exclusive between males and females but also exist among young females themselves, particularly those who reside in the rural regions of Mozambique and this is due to the different lifestyles led in the rural and urban areas. Furthermore, the results showed that customary laws of marriage that have been imposed by traditional authorities specifically among citizens living in the rural areas of Mozambique are not aligned with the main civil laws that have been implemented by the Mozambican government and made rigid in order to foster gender equality and improve the situation of women. This thus suggests that there are inconsistencies in the laws and thus they do not sufficiently protect young females from entry into early marriages. Thus, the Mozambican government needs to scale up strategies that will be beneficial in eradicating the practice of early marriage.
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Tobin, Mary Ann. "Ignorance and maritial bliss women's education in the English novel, 1796-1895 /." 2006. http://etd1.library.duq.edu/theses/available/etd-11212006-205801/.
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