Journal articles: 'Island of'

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Valente, Luis M., Rampal S. Etienne, and Albert B. Phillimore. "The effects of island ontogeny on species diversity and phylogeny." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1784 (June 7, 2014): 20133227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.3227.

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A major goal of island biogeography is to understand how island communities are assembled over time. However, we know little about the influence of variable area and ecological opportunity on island biotas over geological timescales. Islands have limited life spans, and it has been posited that insular diversity patterns should rise and fall with an island's ontogeny. The potential of phylogenies to inform us of island ontogenetic stage remains unclear, as we lack a phylogenetic framework that focuses on islands rather than clades. Here, we present a parsimonious island-centric model that integrates phylogeny and ontogeny into island biogeography and can incorporate a negative feedback of diversity on species origination. This framework allows us to generate predictions about species richness and phylogenies on islands of different ages. We find that peak richness lags behind peak island area, and that endemic species age increases with island age on volcanic islands. When diversity negatively affects rates of immigration and cladogenesis, our model predicts speciation slowdowns on old islands. Importantly, we find that branching times of in situ radiations can be informative of an island's ontogenetic stage. This novel framework provides a quantitative means of uncovering processes responsible for island biogeography patterns using phylogenies.

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Taboroši, Danko, John W. Jenson, and John E. Mylroie. "Karren features in island karst: Guam, Mariana Islands." Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 48, no. 3 (September 29, 2004): 369–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfg/48/2004/369.

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Burdina, Dar'ya Pavlovna, and Pavel Anatolievitch Kazantsev. "Principles of sustainable development of the autonomous island territories of the Gulf of Peter the Great." Урбанистика, no. 2 (February 2020): 62–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2310-8673.2020.2.32847.

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This article explores the prerequisites for sustainable development of island territories of the Gulf of Peter the Great that retained their autonomy from continental Vladivostok – AskoldIsland, Popov Island, Reyneke Island, Rikord Island, Putyanin Island. A brief overview is provided on the development of islands in prerevolutionary and Soviet period, as well as at the turn of the XX – XXI centuries. It is noted, that the initial period of islands territorial development (late XIX – early XX centuries) is characterized with sustainable natural resource management based on consideration of the local landscape, natural and climatic conditions. Computer modeling of the annual course of wind and insolation regime of island territories is conducted for elaboration of the advanced models of sustainable natural resource management. This allowed determining comfort and discomfort landscape areas of the indicated islands for the three main seasons – winter, spring-summer, and summer. Typical terrain contributes to localization of the comfort and discomfort zones. At the same time, comfort and discomfort zone would be specific for each of the three seasons, which should be considered in arranging various types of recreation activities. Based on the results of studying the peculiarities of socioeconomic development of the islands and their landscape-climatic specificity, the author highlights three groups of islands and suggests models of sustainable development for each group: 1) Model of full-scale economic-recreational development with restoration of the collapsed ecological framework  (Popov Island and Putyanin Island); 2) Model of autonomous development with restoration of the collapsed ecological framework (Reyneke Islan); 3) Model of economical development (Askold Island, Rikord Island). The author develops the schemes of territorial development of the islands, and suggests projects on formation of sustainable environment of rural localities and tourist routs.

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Ulfah, Maria, Saiful Mahlil, Muhammad Nasir, Sayyid Afdhal El Rahimi, Syahrul Purnawan, and Muhammad Rizki Fazillah. "Condition of coral reef in Batee Island waters, Peukan Bada Sub-District, Aceh Besar." Depik 10, no. 2 (June 16, 2021): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.13170/depik.10.2.19995.

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Batee Island is one of the small islands in the Aceh Besar region and is uninhabited and directly faces the Indian Ocean. Batee Island's waters have the potential for marine biota, especially coral reef ecosystems, and other associated biotas. This study aims to determine the percentage and comparison of live coral cover in Batee Island waters and determine the genus' composition in Batee Island waters. This research was conducted in October-November 2016. Collecting coral reef data using the LIT (Line Intercept Transect) method. The results showed that the live coral cover in Batee Island's waters differed between the East and West Batee Islands. The coral reefs' average condition in Batee Island waters at shallow depths (0-5m) is 41.41%, and deep (6-10m) is 36.52%. Overall, the conditions and live coral cover in the waters of Batee Island are classified as moderate. In the waters of Batee Island, there are 31 coral genera. The highest percentage of corals was the genus Acropora (50.02%).Keywords:Batee IslandConditionCoral reefCoral cover

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Loueslati, Besma Yacoubi, Lotfi Cherni, Houssein Khodjet-Elkhil, Hajer Ennafaa, Luísa Pereira, António Amorim, Farhat Ben Ayed, and Amel Ben Ammar Elgaaied. "Islands Inside an Island: Reproductive Isolates on Jerba Island." American Journal of Human Biology 18, no. 1 (2005): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.20473.

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6

Cousin, Jarrad. "Island Colonization: The Origin and Development of Island Communities." Pacific Conservation Biology 15, no. 1 (2009): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc090075.

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The theory of island biogeography revolutionized the study of island colonization and extinction. Since its inception in the 1960?s, it has allowed scientists and historians alike to understand reasons for patterns of species distributions on islands, as well as assisting conservation managers to model extinction risk of species populations on isolated islands. Volcanic islands represent a ?tabula rasa?, or clean slate for the study of island biogeography, as invariably, resultant volcanic activity decimates almost all observable life. As such, they form the ideal study unit for examining colonization of islands. The Krakatua eruption of 1883 is such an example, with the resultant blasts scouring the Krakatua islands of almost all life, thus allowing scientists to track the colonisation and successional stages that followed. Another example is Surtsey Island, which emerged from the sea 40 km south of Iceland in 1963. It represented a unique opportunity to examine colonization of a previously non-existent and thus uninhabited island. Given that there are many influences and avenues governing the origin and colonization of life on islands, Island Colonization: The Origin and Development of Island Communities, edited by Tim New, represents an important book compiling information on this topic.

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Geyer, A., D. Pedrazzi, J. Almendros, M. Berrocoso, J. López-Martínez, A. Maestro, E. Carmona, A. M. Álvarez-Valero, and A. de Gil. "Chapter 7.1 Deception Island." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 55, no. 1 (2021): 667–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/m55-2018-56.

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AbstractDeception Island (South Shetland Islands) is one of the most active volcanoes in Antarctica, with more than 15 explosive eruptive events registered over the past two centuries. Recent eruptions (1967, 1969 and 1970) and volcanic unrest episodes in 1992, 1999 and 2014–15 demonstrate that the occurrence of future volcanic activity is a valid and pressing concern for scientists, logistic personnel and tourists that are visiting or are working on or near the island. Over the last few decades, intense research activity has been carried out on Deception Island to decipher the origin and evolution of this very complex volcano. To that end, a solid integration of related scientific disciplines, such as tectonics, petrology, geochemistry, geophysics, geomorphology, remote sensing, glaciology, is required. A proper understanding of the island's evolution in the past, and its present state, is essential for improving the efficiency in interpreting monitoring data recorded during volcanic unrest periods and, hence, for future eruption forecasting. In this chapter, we briefly present Deception Island's most relevant tectonic, geomorphological, volcanological and magmatic features, as well as the results obtained from decades of monitoring the island's seismic activity and ground deformation.

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Del-Arco, M., J. R. Acebes, and P. L. Perez-de-Paz. "Bioclimatology and climatophilous vegetation of the Island of Hierro (Canary Islands)." Phytocoenologia 26, no. 4 (December 1, 1996): 445–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/phyto/26/1996/445.

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9

Liu, Feng. "The Effect of Island-Island Interaction on Coarsening of Strained Islands." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 42, Part 1, No. 7B (July 30, 2003): 4621–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.42.4621.

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STEPHENSON, STEVEN L. "Assemblages of myxomycetes on subantarctic Macquarie Island and tropical Christmas Island." Phytotaxa 464, no. 1 (October 14, 2020): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.464.1.3.

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Christmas Island and Macquarie Island are two isolated islands of essentially the same size but providing very different environmental conditions for myxomycetes. The former is located in the tropics and the latter in the subantarctic. Surveys for myxomycetes carried out on Christmas Island in 2017 and Macquarie Island in 1995 yielded a total of 85 species. These data were published in two previous papers, but these papers did not consider the biogeographical distribution of all of the myxomycetes recorded from the two islands. Christmas Island and Macquarie Island share only nine species in common. Two of the 26 species recorded from Macquarie Island and one of the 68 species recorded Christmas Island were new to science.

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11

Grobler, G. C., A. D. S. Bastos, C. T. Chimimba, and S. L. Chown. "Inter-island dispersal of flightless Bothrometopus huntleyi (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from the sub-Antarctic Prince Edward Island archipelago." Antarctic Science 23, no. 3 (February 25, 2011): 225–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102011000113.

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AbstractBothrometopus huntleyi is a flightless weevil endemic to the volcanically-formed sub-Antarctic Prince Edward Islands archipelago that arose approximately 0.5 million years ago (m.y.a.). Since emergence, a series of volcanic and glaciation events have occurred on Marion Island, whilst Prince Edward Island, the second island constituting the archipelago, has remained largely unaffected by glaciation. Cytochrome oxidase I gene analyses indicate that major historical dispersal events in this species are linked to the geologically discrete histories of these islands and underlie the high haplotype diversity (0.995) recovered for the Prince Edward Islands archipelago. The estimated time to haplotype coalescence of ∼ 0.723 m.y.a. is in keeping with estimated dates of island emergence, and the majority of individuals appear to have descended from a relict, high-altitude population that is still present on Marion Island. The first major inter-island dispersal event occurred ∼ 0.507 m.y.a., coinciding with the oldest dated rocks on Marion Island. Apart from this early inter-island colonization, only one other between-island dispersal event was detected. The genetically discrete B. huntleyi complexes on each of the islands of the Prince Edward Islands archipelago together with the low levels of inter-island gene flow reaffirm the need to control alien invasive mice, which are restricted to Marion Island, and which prey on this weevil species.

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Chapuis, J. L., V. Le Roux, J. Asseline, L. Lefèvre, and F. Kerleau. "Eradication of rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) by poisoning on three islands of the subantarctic Kerguelen Archipelago." Wildlife Research 28, no. 3 (2001): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr00042.

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In order to rehabilitate islands of the Kerguelen Archipelago degraded by the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), a program of eradication by poisoning was implemented from 1992 onwards on three islands: Verte Island (148 ha), Guillou Island (145 ha) and Cochons Island (165 ha). The poison used was a first-generation anticoagulant, chlorophacinone (0.05 g kg –1 ) on wheat bait treated to prevent germination. Bait was applied during the winter (July) in 1992 on Verte Island, in 1994 on Guillou Island and in 1997 on Cochons Island. Before poisoning, there were about 1250–1300 rabbits on Verte and Guillou Islands (9 rabbits per hectare) and 2600 rabbits on Cochons Island (16 rabbits per hectare). In total, about 1200, 1300 and 1600 kg of bait were distributed respectively on each island. Fifteen days after poisoning commenced 90% of the rabbits had died on Verte and Guillou Islands and 80% on Cochons Island. Two months later, only a small number of individuals survived; these were eliminated by shooting or poisoning, except on Cochons Island where a second bait application was necessary in the winter of 1999. No rabbits or tracks have been observed since 1994 on Verte Island, and since 1996 on Guillou Island, and the elimination of the last individuals is under way on Cochons Island. Inadvertent poisoning of non-target species by primary poisoning mainly involved two species of native birds (Larus dominicanus, Anas eatoni) and the mouse (Mus musculus) on Guillou and Cochons Islands. The cat (Feliss catus) on Guillou Island was the only species killed by secondary poisoning. The results are compared with other rabbit-eradication operations using a second-generation anticoagulant.

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Rajasekaran, Rajasekaran, and Dr R. KANNAN Dr. R. KANNAN. "Problems and Prospects of Island Tourism Industry in Andaman and Nicobar Islands." International Journal of Scientific Research 3, no. 6 (June 1, 2012): 485–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/june2014/189.

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Kelletat, Dieter, Anja Scheffers, and Sander Scheffers. "Holocene tsunami deposits on the Bahaman Islands of Long Island and Eleuthera." Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 48, no. 4 (December 15, 2004): 519–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfg/48/2004/519.

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15

Grydehøj, Adam. "A future of island studies." Island Studies Journal 12, no. 1 (2017): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24043/isj.1.

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Island studies has developed into an established, interdisciplinary research field. It is important that island studies not only continue deepening its internal theoretical understandings but also reach out to other fields and regions that have received limited attention within island studies. It is also necessary for island studies to grapple with a number of problematic tendencies within the field and the wider scholarship, including by challenging the misuse of island spatiality to produce idealised visions of islands (for example in island sustainability research). Similarly, it is important to pursue a decolonial island studies that rethinks the ways in which island development research can end up marginalising Indigenous voices at the same time as it seeks to understand islands ‘on their own terms’.

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Potemkin, A. D. "Contribution to the liverwort flora of the Russian Arctic: Champ, Heiss, Vize, Troynoy and Vaygach islands." Novosti sistematiki nizshikh rastenii 48 (2014): 374–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/nsnr/2014.48.374.

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Identification of a small collection of liverworts made by Irina Yu. Kirtsideli in June — August 2011 in previously not accessible for botanists Champ Island (Franz Josef Land Archipelago), Troynoy Island (Islands of Izvestiy TsIK) and poorly bryologically explored Heiss (Franz Josef Land Archipelago), Vize and Vaygach islands and by Irina N. Safronova from Vize Island resulted in a list of 19 liverwort species and 4 infraspecific taxa. Most of them are new records for these islands. Remarkable records are Mesoptychia badensis var. apiculata, Leiocolea heterocolpos var. arctica from Troynoy Island, Gymnocolea inflata from Heiss Island, Scapania cuspiduligera from Vaygach Island and S. zemliae from Champ Island. A new combination is published for Mesoptychia badensis var. apiculata (R. M. Schust.) Potemkin.

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Natsir, Suhartati M. "THE DISTRIBUTION OF BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA IN DAMAR ISLAND AND JUKUNG ISLAND, SERIBU ISLANDS." Marine Research in Indonesia 35, no. 2 (December 31, 2010): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/mri.v35i1.10.

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Seribu Islands are archipelago within Jakarta Bay built upon the pleistocene coral formation of the Sunda Shelf. The islands are characterized by unique and high biodiversity such as coral reefs. Since coral reef degradation would lead to a decrease of human prosperity, the determination of the coral reef quality is of high importance. Foraminifera offers an early warning system for the coral reef condition, as exemplified by the FORAM Index, i.e. Foraminifera in Reef Assessment and Monitoring Index. This study compared the foraminiferal community structure and the FORAM Index of two islands between the Damar Besar and Jukung. Both islands were dominated by symbiont-bearing foraminifera of the genera Amphistegina, Calcarina, Heterostegina, Marginophora, and Operculina. However, the number of benthic foraminifers at Jukung Island was higher than that at Damar Besar Island, having 17 individuals per species on average. Jukung Island was a conducive site to reef growth, as indicated by a FORAM Index (between 6,48 and 6,57), and Damar Besar Island was liable to environmental change.

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Natsir, Suhartati M. "THE DISTRIBUTION OF BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA IN DAMAR ISLAND AND JUKUNG ISLAND, SERIBU ISLANDS." Marine Research in Indonesia 35, no. 2 (December 31, 2010): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/mri.v35i2.10.

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Seribu Islands are archipelago within Jakarta Bay built upon the pleistocene coral formation of the Sunda Shelf. The islands are characterized by unique and high biodiversity such as coral reefs. Since coral reef degradation would lead to a decrease of human prosperity, the determination of the coral reef quality is of high importance. Foraminifera offers an early warning system for the coral reef condition, as exemplified by the FORAM Index, i.e. Foraminifera in Reef Assessment and Monitoring Index. This study compared the foraminiferal community structure and the FORAM Index of two islands between the Damar Besar and Jukung. Both islands were dominated by symbiont-bearing foraminifera of the genera Amphistegina, Calcarina, Heterostegina, Marginophora, and Operculina. However, the number of benthic foraminifers at Jukung Island was higher than that at Damar Besar Island, having 17 individuals per species on average. Jukung Island was a conducive site to reef growth, as indicated by a FORAM Index (between 6,48 and 6,57), and Damar Besar Island was liable to environmental change.

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Romadhon, Agus, Suhartono Suhartono, and Dyah Ayu Sulistyo Rini. "Investment Feasibility of Ecotourism Development in Small Island." Omni-Akuatika 16, no. 3 (December 30, 2020): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.oa.2020.16.3.855.

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The small islands have unique natural conditions, although they are surrounded and isolated by the sea, their natural environment is well preserved and offers interest views. Ecotourism is one of the activities to utilize ecosystem services of small islands. The study aimed to evaluate the suitability of tourism and assess the feasibility of investing in ecotourism development using the Tourism Suitability Index (TSI) and the Small Island Investment Index (SII). The research location is on Saor Island, one of the small islands in Madura Island. The results showed that Saobi Island is suitable for diving and snorkelling tourism (2.0 ≤ TSI <2.5). Infrastructure conditions, governance, socio-culture make Saobi Island a suitability investment place for tourism investment (SII = 3.70). Saobi Island policies to support small island ecotourism investments are improving the quality of accessibility, land ownership, availability of infrastructure, reinventing local traditions and improved the quality of human resources Keywords: ecotourism, Saor island, small island investment

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Yu, Miao, and Jin Chao Wu. "Research on Species Selection for Vegetation Restoration on Uninhabited Islands - Take China’s Qiaoliangshan Island as Example." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 1791–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.1791.

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In recent years, China’s island ecology has been destroyed seriously, so ecological recovery of islands is an urgent task. Qiaoliangshan Island is a typical island in China that suffers from ecological problems after land ecology is destroyed by human beings. This paper introduces general situation of Qiaoliangshan Island, researches on species selection for vegetation ecological recovery on Qiaoliangshan Island and aims to provide a reference for ecological recovery of Chinese islands.

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Starc, N., and P. Stubbs. "No island is an island: participatory development planning on the croatian islands." International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning 9, no. 2 (April 30, 2014): 158–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/sdp-v9-n2-158-176.

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22

Bromham, Lindell, and Marcel Cardillo. "Primates follow the ‘island rule’: implications for interpreting Homo floresiensis." Biology Letters 3, no. 4 (April 17, 2007): 398–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2007.0113.

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When the diminutive skeleton of Homo floresiensis was found on the Indonesian island of Flores, it was interpreted as an island dwarf, conforming to the ‘island rule’ that large animals evolve smaller size on islands, but small animals tend to get larger. However, previous studies of the island rule have not included primates, so the extent to which insular primate populations undergo size change was unknown. We use a comparative database of 39 independently derived island endemic primate species and subspecies to demonstrate that primates do conform to the island rule: small-bodied primates tend to get larger on islands, and large-bodied primates get smaller. Furthermore, larger species undergo a proportionally greater reduction in size on islands.

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Stuart, Yoel E., Jonathan B. Losos, and Adam C. Algar. "The island–mainland species turnover relationship." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1744 (August 8, 2012): 4071–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.0816.

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Many oceanic islands are notable for their high endemism, suggesting that islands may promote unique assembly processes. However, mainland assemblages sometimes harbour comparable levels of endemism, suggesting that island biotas may not be as unique as is often assumed. Here, we test the uniqueness of island biotic assembly by comparing the rate of species turnover among islands and the mainland, after accounting for distance decay and environmental gradients. We modelled species turnover as a function of geographical and environmental distance for mainland (M–M) communities of Anolis lizards and Terrarana frogs, two clades that have diversified extensively on Caribbean islands and the mainland Neotropics. We compared mainland–island (M–I) and island–island (I–I) species turnover with predictions of the M–M model. If island assembly is not unique, then the M–M model should successfully predict M–I and I–I turnover, given geographical and environmental distance. We found that M–I turnover and, to a lesser extent, I–I turnover were significantly higher than predicted for both clades. Thus, in the first quantitative comparison of mainland–island species turnover, we confirm the long-held but untested assumption that island assemblages accumulate biodiversity differently than their mainland counterparts.

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Slip, David J., and Harry R. Burton. "Accumulation of Fishing Debris, Plastic Litter, and Other Artefacts, on Heard and Macquarie Islands in the Southern Ocean." Environmental Conservation 18, no. 3 (1991): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900022177.

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Sections of coastline of Heard and Macquarie Islands were surveyed for marine debris in the summer of 1987–88 and 1989, respectively. These surveys were carried out at the same sites as previous surveys in 1986–87 at Heard Island, and in 1988 at Macquarie Island. The minimum rate of artefact accumulation was 13 objects per km of shoreline per year for Heard Island, and 90 objects per km of shoreline per year for Macquarie Island. Drift-cards, released from known locations and collected on the two islands, show a similar artefact catchment area.Plastic litter was a major component of the debris at both islands. Fisheries-related debris accounted for 40% of all artefacts on Heard Island, compared with 29% on Macquarie Island. Entanglement of Fur Seals appears to be more common at Heard Island, while plastic ingestion by seabirds appears to be more common at Macquarie Island.

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Sharpley, Richard. "Island Tourism or Tourism on Islands?" Tourism Recreation Research 37, no. 2 (January 2012): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2012.11081701.

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Read, John L., and Katherine Moseby. "Vertebrates of Tetepare Island, Solomon Islands." Pacific Science 60, no. 1 (2006): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/psc.2005.0060.

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Amoamo, Maria. "Island Encounters: Experiential Modes of Insideness and Outsideness on Pitcairn Island." Space and Culture 20, no. 4 (July 17, 2017): 500–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1206331217718495.

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In a case study of Pitcairn Island, this article uses Relph’s experiential notion insideness/outsideness to deliver perspectives on islands as places of local and multiple meanings that are constructed spatially and experienced diversely. Results reveal how place, for different individuals and groups, induces a spectrum of situations, meanings, and identities, and whereby extremes of insideness (existential) and outsideness (alienation) become critical points of juncture that can work to maintain, restore, or threaten permanence of place. More specifically, as a subnational island jurisdiction, Pitcairn reveals the complex and often contested nature of place reflected in relationships of center/periphery (geographical) and island/metropole (sociopolitical). In isolation, specific subnational island jurisdictions like Pitcairn Island offer particular rather than general assumptions on the nature of place experience. Nonetheless, they better equip us to maintain perspectives on islands as currently ongoing and commonly contested processes of creation and becoming, with largely indeterminate futures.

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Arimoto, Kôichi, and Reo Itô. "Elateridae (Insecta, Coleoptera) from Tanegashima Island (Ryukyu Islands, Japan)." Check List 14, no. 4 (August 31, 2018): 681–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/14.4.681.

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There are few records of beetles of the family Elateridae from Tanegashima Island, in the Ôsumi Islands, in the Ryukyu Islands, Japan, and the elaterid fauna of this island has not been reviewed. We examined newly collected specimens and reviewed the previous records from the island. In field work and from a colleague’s collection, we found 27 species, of which 13 were recorded for the first time on the island. As result 43 species are confirmed from this island and a checklist of all elaterid species from Tanegashima Island is provided.

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Bonesso, Joshua Louis, Michael V. W. Cuttler, Nicola Browne, Jorg Hacker, and Michael O’Leary. "Assessing Reef Island Sensitivity Based on LiDAR-Derived Morphometric Indicators." Remote Sensing 12, no. 18 (September 17, 2020): 3033. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12183033.

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Reef islands are some of the most highly sensitive landforms to the impacts of future environmental change. Previous assessments of island morphodynamics primarily relied on historical aerial and satellite imagery. These approaches limit analysis to two-dimensional parameters, with no ability to assess long-term changes to island volume or elevation. Here, we use high-resolution airborne LiDAR data to assess three-dimensional reef island features for 22 islands along the north-western coast of Australia. Our primary objective was to utilize two regional LiDAR datasets to identify characteristics indicative of island sensitivity and future vulnerability. Results show reef platform area to be an accurate predictor of island area and volume suggesting larger island volumes may reflect (1) increased carbonate production and supply from the reef platform and/or (2) enhanced shoreline protection by larger reef platforms. Locations of foredune scarping (an erosional signature) and island orientations were aligned to the regional wind and wave climate. Reef island characteristics (island area, volume, elevation, scarping, and platform area) were used to rank islands according to sensitivity, using a new Island Sensitivity Characteristics Index (ISCi) where low ISCi indicates stable islands (large areas and volumes, high elevations, and fewer scarped areas) and high ISCi indicates unstable islands (small areas and volumes, low elevations, and more scarped areas). Comparison of two LiDAR surveys from 2016 and 2018 validates the use of 3D morphometrics as important (direct) measurements of island landform change, and can complement the use of 2D parameters (e.g., area) moving forward. Results demonstrate that ongoing use of airborne LiDAR and other 3D technology for monitoring coral reef islands at regional scales will enable more accurate quantification of their sensitivity to future impacts of global environmental change.

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Bednarek-Ochyra, Halina, Rodney D. Seppelt, and Ryszard Ochyra. "Niphotrichum muticum (Musci, Grimmiaceae), an addition to the moss flora of the Aleutian Islands." Botany 88, no. 4 (April 2010): 389–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b10-001.

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Niphotrichum muticum (Kindb.) Frisvoll is recorded for the first time from the Aleutian Islands where it was collected on three islands, namely Kiska Island in the Rat Islands group, Adak Island in the Andreanof Islands group, and Unalaska Island in the Fox Islands group. The Aleutian plants are briefly described and illustrated and ecological requirements of the species are discussed. The North American and global ranges of N. muticum are reviewed and mapped.

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Tuck, Megan E., Paul S. Kench, Murray R. Ford, and Gerd Masselink. "Physical modelling of the response of reef islands to sea-level rise." Geology 47, no. 9 (July 5, 2019): 803–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g46362.1.

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Abstract Sea-level rise and increased storminess are expected to destabilize low-lying reef islands formed on coral reef platforms, and increased flooding is expected to render them uninhabitable within the coming decades. Such projections are founded on the assumption that islands are geologically static landforms that will simply drown as sea-level rises. Here, we present evidence from physical model experiments of a reef island that demonstrates islands have the capability to morphodynamically respond to rising sea level through island accretion. Challenging outputs from existing models based on the assumption that islands are geomorphologically inert, results demonstrate that islands not only move laterally on reef platforms, but overwash processes provide a mechanism to build and maintain the freeboard of islands above sea level. Implications of island building are profound, as it will offset existing scenarios of dramatic increases in island flooding. Future predictive models must include the morphodynamic behavior of islands to better resolve flood impacts and future island vulnerability.

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Chisholm, Ryan A., Tak Fung, Deepthi Chimalakonda, and James P. O'Dwyer. "Maintenance of biodiversity on islands." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1829 (April 27, 2016): 20160102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0102.

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MacArthur and Wilson's theory of island biogeography predicts that island species richness should increase with island area. This prediction generally holds among large islands, but among small islands species richness often varies independently of island area, producing the so-called ‘small-island effect’ and an overall biphasic species–area relationship (SAR). Here, we develop a unified theory that explains the biphasic island SAR. Our theory's key postulate is that as island area increases, the total number of immigrants increases faster than niche diversity. A parsimonious mechanistic model approximating these processes reproduces a biphasic SAR and provides excellent fits to 100 archipelago datasets. In the light of our theory, the biphasic island SAR can be interpreted as arising from a transition from a niche-structured regime on small islands to a colonization–extinction balance regime on large islands. The first regime is characteristic of classic deterministic niche theories; the second regime is characteristic of stochastic theories including the theory of island biogeography and neutral theory. The data furthermore confirm our theory's key prediction that the transition between the two SAR regimes should occur at smaller areas, where immigration is stronger (i.e. for taxa that are better dispersers and for archipelagos that are less isolated).

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Goodwin, Claire, Jennifer Jones, Karen Neely, and Paul Brickle. "Sponge biodiversity of Beauchêne and the Sea Lion Islands and south-east East Falkland, Falkland Islands, with a description of nine new species." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 96, no. 2 (December 8, 2014): 263–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315414001775.

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Sponge samples were taken by scuba diving from six sites around Sea Lion Island (Sea Lion, Sea Lion Easterly and Brandy Islands), three sites south-east of East Falkland (Motley Island, Green Island and Triste Island) and six sites around Beauchêne Island. Nine new species are described:Iophon roseumsp. nov.,Clathria(Microciona)tenebrosasp. nov.,Clathria(Microciona)cheekisp. nov.,Hymedesmia(Hymedesmia)laptikhovskyisp. nov.,Hymedesmia(Hymedesmia)croftsaesp. nov.,Myxilla(Ectyomyxilla)beauchênensissp. nov.,Tedania(Tedania)lividasp. nov.,Amphilectus fimbriatussp. nov. andIsodictya cutisanserinasp nov. Additional information is provided on several species recently described from the Falkland Islands andAmphimedon marseiis newly reported. The biogeography of the sponge fauna of the southern Falkland Islands is discussed.

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Haggart, James W., Peter D. Ward, and William Orr. "Turonian (Upper Cretaceous) lithostratigraphy and biochronology, southern Gulf Islands, British Columbia, and northern San Juan Islands, Washington State." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 42, no. 11 (November 1, 2005): 2001–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e05-066.

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Clastic strata preserved on Sidney Island, Barnes Island, and adjacent islands of the southernmost Gulf Islands of British Columbia and the northern San Juan Islands of Washington State are assigned to new stratigraphic units: the Sidney Island Formation and the Barnes Island Formation. The Sidney Island Formation consists of basal conglomerate and sandstone that grades upward through planar-stratified sandstone into hummocky cross-stratified sandstone and siltstone, all of which are deposited in relatively shallow-marine environments. The Barnes Island Formation, in contrast, consists of deep-marine conglomerate, sandstone, and mudstone that was deposited in a submarine-fan setting. Mollusk fossils from the Sidney Island Formation are of Early to Middle Turonian age, whereas ammonites and foraminifers from the Barnes Island Formation indicate a Late Turonian age. The Sidney Island Formation thus records initial marine transgression and inundation of basement rocks, followed by basin deepening that is transitional to the deep-marine submarine-fan deposits of the Barnes Island Formation. Sidney Island Formation strata have been considered previously as derived from uplift along the nearby San Juan thrust system in mid-Cretaceous time. However, the shallow-marine strata are internally well organized, and the facies succession is persistent across the formation's outcrop area. In addition, the formation lacks the distinctive detrital metamorphic mineral assemblages that are characteristic of older rocks of the San Juan Islands. These observations suggest that strata of the Sidney Island Formation did not accumulate immediately adjacent to active thrusting but rather in a more distal setting relative to the thrust system.

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Burbrink, Frank T., Alexander D. McKelvy, R. Alexander Pyron, and Edward A. Myers. "Predicting community structure in snakes on Eastern Nearctic islands using ecological neutral theory and phylogenetic methods." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1819 (November 22, 2015): 20151700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.1700.

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Predicting species presence and richness on islands is important for understanding the origins of communities and how likely it is that species will disperse and resist extinction. The equilibrium theory of island biogeography (ETIB) and, as a simple model of sampling abundances, the unified neutral theory of biodiversity (UNTB), predict that in situations where mainland to island migration is high, species-abundance relationships explain the presence of taxa on islands. Thus, more abundant mainland species should have a higher probability of occurring on adjacent islands. In contrast to UNTB, if certain groups have traits that permit them to disperse to islands better than other taxa, then phylogeny may be more predictive of which taxa will occur on islands. Taking surveys of 54 island snake communities in the Eastern Nearctic along with mainland communities that have abundance data for each species, we use phylogenetic assembly methods and UNTB estimates to predict island communities. Species richness is predicted by island area, whereas turnover from the mainland to island communities is random with respect to phylogeny. Community structure appears to be ecologically neutral and abundance on the mainland is the best predictor of presence on islands. With regard to young and proximate islands, where allopatric or cladogenetic speciation is not a factor, we find that simple neutral models following UNTB and ETIB predict the structure of island communities.

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Wu, Siduo, Ruishan Chen, and Michael E. Meadows. "Evolution of an Estuarine Island in the Anthropocene: Complex Dynamics of Chongming Island, Shanghai, P.R. China." Sustainability 11, no. 24 (December 5, 2019): 6921. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11246921.

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Islands are known to be vulnerable to many natural and anthropogenic hazards, especially estuarine islands, which are affected at rates and intensities above those found elsewhere around the globe. The sustainable development of estuarine islands has been a part of their evolution, which has been a continuous integration of human impact and response to natural processes. This study reviews the complex dynamics of Chongming Island, an estuarine island in Shanghai, with an emphasis on the nature of human intervention. We conclude that the island is an example of a coupled human-environment system, as it has been throughout its formation and evolution, which is integrated at the local (intracoupled), regional (pericoupled), and global (telecoupled) scale. This conceptual framework reveals Chongming Island to be an exemplar of—and indeed a test-case for—China’s vision of eco-civilization development, in which it is reimagined as an ‘eco-island’. Accordingly, we argue that islands are benchmarks for building sustainability in the Anthropocene, and a more complete understanding of their dynamics, and the factors that influence them in a metacoupled world, is critical for future development.

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Phillips, John G., T. Mason Linscott, Andrew M. Rankin, Andrew C. Kraemer, Nathaniel F. Shoobs, and Christine E. Parent. "Archipelago-Wide Patterns of Colonization and Speciation Among an Endemic Radiation of Galápagos Land Snails." Journal of Heredity 111, no. 1 (December 16, 2019): 92–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esz068.

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Abstract Newly arrived species on young or remote islands are likely to encounter less predation and competition than source populations on continental landmasses. The associated ecological release might facilitate divergence and speciation as colonizing lineages fill previously unoccupied niche space. Characterizing the sequence and timing of colonization on islands represents the first step in determining the relative contributions of geographical isolation and ecological factors in lineage diversification. Herein, we use genome-scale data to estimate timing of colonization in Naesiotus snails to the Galápagos islands from mainland South America. We test inter-island patterns of colonization and within-island radiations to understand their contribution to community assembly. Partly contradicting previously published topologies, phylogenetic reconstructions suggest that most Naesiotus species form island-specific clades, with within-island speciation dominating cladogenesis. Galápagos Naesiotus also adhere to the island progression rule, with colonization proceeding from old to young islands and within-island diversification occurring earlier on older islands. Our work provides a framework for evaluating the contribution of colonization and in situ speciation to the diversity of other Galápagos lineages.

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Brunjes, John H., and W. David Webster. "Marsh Rice Rat, Oryzomys palustris, Predation on Forster's Tern, Sterna forsteri, Eggs in Coastal North Carolina." Canadian Field-Naturalist 117, no. 4 (October 1, 2003): 654. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v117i4.820.

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Nesting success of Forster’s Terns (Sterna forsteri) was examined on two small islands in the Cedar Island area of North Carolina. Forster’s Terns laid an average of 2.1 eggs per nest (n = 50) on Chainshot Island and 2.1 eggs per nest (n = 43) on Harbor Island in clutches that consisted of 1 to 3 eggs. On Chainshot Island every egg (n = 107) was lost to predation. On Harbor Island, 72 of 92 eggs were preyed upon. A trapping program, initiated on both islands, yielded 32 Marsh Rice Rats (Oryzomys palustris). Stomach contents of 23 rats were inspected, with 92.3% from Chainshot Island and 70% of the stomachs from Harbor Island containing yolk and feathers of Forster’s Terns.

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KASIM, FAIZAL, MIFTAHUL KHAIR KADIM, SITTI NURSINAR, ZULKIFLI KARIM, and ALDIN LAMALANGO. "Comparison of true mangrove stands in Dudepo and Ponelo Islands, North Gorontalo District, Indonesia." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 20, no. 1 (December 4, 2018): 259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d200142.

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Kasim F, Kadim MK, Nursinar S, Karim Z, Lamalango A. 2019. Comparison of true mangrove stands in Dudepo and Ponelo Islands, North Gorontalo District, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 259-266. This study aimed to investigate and compare the current status of mangrove areas, as well as the composition and species diversity of mangrove stands in both regions of Dudepo and Ponelo Islands. The results showed that the mangrove areas calculated using the segmentation method in classifying image of Landsat-8 OLI (acquisition on September 2017) were 279.46 ha (Dudepo Island) and 113.35 ha (Ponelo Island) respectively. A total of 13 species of true mangrove were recorded from both islands, using survey method from 9 transect lines (TL), with a distance ranging from 40 to 210 meters (1-6 quadrats) per transect. The mean densities of trees were 2133 ± 329.78 ha-1 (Dudepo Island) and 2111 ± 234.28 ha-1 (Ponelo Island), while those of saplings and seedlings were 58 ± 13.48 ha-1 and 1425 ± 113.96 ha-1 (Dudepo Island), and 79 ± 14.51 ha-1 and 2963 ± 443.22 ha-1 (Ponelo Island). The mean diameter and basal area were 19.73 ± 10.65 cm and 84.22 ± 67.67 m2ha-1 (Dudepo Island), 17.04 ± 1.46 cm and 60.07 ± 15.12 m2ha-1 (Ponelo Island), respectively. The Importance Value Index (IVI) ranged between 3.97-114.87 (Dudepo Island) and 6.04-82.18 (Ponelo Island). The dominant and codominant species based on IVI in both islands were Rhizophora apiculata Blume and R. stylosa Griff. The indexes of diversity, richness, and evenness of mangrove species in both islands were 0.34-1.70, 0.48-1.18, 0.47-0.94 (trees), 0.00-1.10, 0.00-1.82, 0.00-1.00 (saplings), and 0.00.-1.48, 0.00-1.44, 0.72-1.00 (seedlings), respectively. The Bray-Curtis similarity index between Dudepo and Ponelo Islands, based on the overall values of community attributes, was 0.75.

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POLHEMUS, DAN A., and VINCENT J. KALKMAN. "Four new species of Wahnesia Förster, 1900 from the D’Entrecasteaux, Louisiade and Woodlark island groups, Papua New Guinea (Odonata: Argiolestidae)." Zootaxa 5004, no. 3 (July 21, 2021): 447–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5004.3.3.

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The species of the damselfly genus Wahnesia Förster, 1900 occurring in the D’Entrecasteaux Islands, Louisiade Archipelago, and on Woodlark Island are reviewed, and four new species are described: W. muyuw from Woodlark Island, W. misima from Misima Island, W. tagula from Tagula (Sudest) Island, and W. rossel from Rossel Island, these latter three islands all lying in the Louisiade Archipelago. In addition, new information is presented on the identification and distribution of the two previously described species from the D’Entrecasteaux islands: W. annulipes (Lieftinck, 1956) from Goodenough, Fergusson, and Normanby islands, and W. armeniaca (Lieftinck, 1956) from Goodenough and Fergusson islands. Illustrations are provided for the male abdominal terminalia and genital ligula of the four new species, as well as the wings and a color photograph of a live male of W. muyuw, and the ligula of W. armeniaca, accompanied by updated distribution maps for all species treated.

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Cole, Theresa L., Daniel T. Ksepka, Kieren J. Mitchell, Alan J. D. Tennyson, Daniel B. Thomas, Hailin Pan, Guojie Zhang, et al. "Mitogenomes Uncover Extinct Penguin Taxa and Reveal Island Formation as a Key Driver of Speciation." Molecular Biology and Evolution 36, no. 4 (February 5, 2019): 784–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msz017.

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Abstract The emergence of islands has been linked to spectacular radiations of diverse organisms. Although penguins spend much of their lives at sea, they rely on land for nesting, and a high proportion of extant species are endemic to geologically young islands. Islands may thus have been crucial to the evolutionary diversification of penguins. We test this hypothesis using a fossil-calibrated phylogeny of mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) from all extant and recently extinct penguin taxa. Our temporal analysis demonstrates that numerous recent island-endemic penguin taxa diverged following the formation of their islands during the Plio-Pleistocene, including the Galápagos (Galápagos Islands), northern rockhopper (Gough Island), erect-crested (Antipodes Islands), Snares crested (Snares) and royal (Macquarie Island) penguins. Our analysis also reveals two new recently extinct island-endemic penguin taxa from New Zealand’s Chatham Islands: Eudyptes warhami sp. nov. and a dwarf subspecies of the yellow-eyed penguin, Megadyptes antipodes richdalei ssp. nov. Eudyptes warhami diverged from the Antipodes Islands erect-crested penguin between 1.1 and 2.5 Ma, shortly after the emergence of the Chatham Islands (∼3 Ma). This new finding of recently evolved taxa on this young archipelago provides further evidence that the radiation of penguins over the last 5 Ma has been linked to island emergence. Mitogenomic analyses of all penguin species, and the discovery of two new extinct penguin taxa, highlight the importance of island formation in the diversification of penguins, as well as the extent to which anthropogenic extinctions have affected island-endemic taxa across the Southern Hemisphere’s isolated archipelagos.

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Muhidin, Rahmat, and Lia Aprilina. "PENAMAAN PULAU-PULAU DI KABUPATEN LINGGA BERDASARKAN KAJIAN TOPONIMI DAN STUDI ETNOLINGUISTIK." GENTA BAHTERA: Jurnal Ilmiah Kebahasaan dan Kesastraan 3, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.47269/gb.v3i1.5.

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AbstrakPenelitian ini membahas nama-nama pulau di Kabupaten Lingga yang berhubungan dengan sejarah penamaan pulau oleh warga sekitar pulau di Kabupaten Lingga. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan nama-nama pulau di Kabupaten Lingga Provinsi Kepulauan Riau berdasarkan kajian toponimi dan etnolinguistik. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif dan studi literatur, data sekunder, data survei toponimi pulau, dan pengolahan data sebagai ancangan penelitian penamaan pulau-pulau di Kabupaten Lingga. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penamaan pulau di Kabupaten Lingga mengacu pada beberapa indikator: (1) karakter dan potensi pulau; (2) dimensi pulau, bentuk pulau, dan posisi realif pulau; (3) jabatan dan nama orang yang bermukim di pulau tersebut; (4) legenda atas pulau yang bersangkutan; (5) penamaan pulau yang mempunyai maksud untuk memperingatkan, kehati-hatian terhadap sesuatu; (6) pulau pucong; (7) penamaan kumpulan atau jajaran pulau dalam satu nama atau pulau bersangkutan; dan (8) pulau serak artinya tersebar. Kata kunci: penamaan, pulau, toponimi AbstractThe research discusses names of islands in Lingga District relates to the history naming the island by people around the Lingga District. This research aims to describe names of the islands in Lingga District, Riau Island Province based on toponimy and ethnolinguistics study. The method used in this research was descriptive method and literature study. The data in this research was data secundery, islands toponimy survey data, and data processing as the research design. The result shows that the naming of islands at Lingga District refers to some indicators: (1) character and potention of the island, (2) dimension of the island, (3) title and name of people stay in the island, (4) legend of the island (5) naming of the island aims aim warning, awarness of something, (6) pucong island, (7) naming collection form of the islands into one name, and (8) serak islands or spread islands. Key words: naming, island, toponimy

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Miles, Jessica. "Island to Island." Cuizine 3, no. 1 (June 28, 2011): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1004735ar.

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ROBSON, BRAD, TREVOR GLASS, NORMAN GLASS, JAMES GLASS, JERRY GREEN, CLIFTON REPETTO, GRAHAM RODGERS, et al. "Revised population estimate and trends for the Endangered Northern Rockhopper Penguin Eudyptes moseleyi at Tristan da Cunha." Bird Conservation International 21, no. 4 (May 6, 2011): 454–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270911000013.

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AbstractAround 80% of the world population of Northern Rockhopper Penguin Eudyptes moseleyi is found at Tristan da Cunha and Gough Island in the South Atlantic Ocean, where populations appear to be declining. However, numbers of birds at Middle Island, a small satellite island of Nightingale Island at Tristan Cunha, have not been counted since 1973 when an estimated 100,000 pairs were recorded. Updated population counts were obtained for all four islands at Tristan da Cunha (Tristan, Inaccessible, Nightingale and Middle islands) in 2009 providing a census of the whole island group and the first repeat count of Middle Island. Estimated breeding numbers at these four islands were Tristan 6,700 pairs, Inaccessible 54,000 pairs, Nightingale 25,000 pairs and 83,000 pairs at Middle Island. These counts confirm that Tristan da Cunha is a vitally important site for this ?Endangered? species holding over 65% of the global population and that breeding number have been relatively stable over the last 30 years.

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Gertsch, Willis J., and Stewart B. Peck. "The pholcid spiders of the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador (Araneae: Pholcidae)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 70, no. 6 (June 1, 1992): 1185–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z92-166.

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The 12 known species of the family Pholcidae in the Galápagos Islands are diagnosed, illustrated, and assigned to six genera as follows: Coryssocnemis conica Banks (for which a lectotype is designated), known from many islands; Coryssocnemis insularis Banks (for which a lectotype is designated), known from five islands; Coryssocnemis jarmila new species, a troglobite from Santa Cruz Island; Coryssocnemis floreana new species, a troglobite from Floreana Island; Hedypsilus culicinus Simon (for which a lectotype is designated), from Santa Cruz and San Cristóbal islands; Hedypsilus modicus new species, from San Cristóbal and Santiago islands (Modisimops Mello-Leitão is a NEW SYNONYM of Hedypsilus); Modisimus solus new species, from Santa Cruz Island; Pholcophora bella new species, from Santa Cruz Island; Pholcophora baerti new species, from Santa Fe and Pinta; Anopsicus banksi (Gertsch) from Floreana Island; Metagonia bellavista new species, a troglobite from Santa Cruz Island; and Metagonia reederi new species, a troglobite from Isabela Island. All are endemic to the islands, except H. culicinus, which is probably introduced. A stridulatory apparatus is reported on females of the genus Coryssocnemis for the first time. The troglobitic species of Coryssocnemis may have originated by parapatric speciation processes; the troglobitic species of Metagonia are relicts. In the troglobites the female epigynal characters are more differentiated than male palpal characters. A minimum of eight ancestral colonizations founded the Galápagos pholcid fauna.

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Sancho, Leopoldo G., Florian Schulz, Burkhard Schroeter, and Ludger Kappen. "Bryophyte and lichen flora of South Bay (Livingston Island: South Shetland Islands, Antarctica)." Nova Hedwigia 68, no. 3-4 (June 2, 1999): 301–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/nova.hedwigia/68/1999/301.

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Kueffer, Christoph, Donald R. Drake, and José María Fernández-Palacios. "Island biology: looking towards the future." Biology Letters 10, no. 10 (October 2014): 20140719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0719.

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Oceanic islands are renowned for the profound scientific insights that their fascinating biotas have provided to biologists during the past two centuries. Research presented at Island Biology 2014—an international conference, held in Honolulu, Hawaii (7–11 July 2014), which attracted 253 presenters and 430 participants from at least 35 countries 1 —demonstrated that islands are reclaiming a leading role in ecology and evolution, especially for synthetic studies at the intersections of macroecology, evolution, community ecology and applied ecology. New dynamics in island biology are stimulated by four major developments. We are experiencing the emergence of a truly global and comprehensive island research community incorporating previously neglected islands and taxa. Macroecology and big-data analyses yield a wealth of global-scale synthetic studies and detailed multi-island comparisons, while other modern research approaches such as genomics, phylogenetic and functional ecology, and palaeoecology, are also dispersing to islands. And, increasingly tight collaborations between basic research and conservation management make islands places where new conservation solutions for the twenty-first century are being tested. Islands are home to a disproportionate share of the world's rare (and extinct) species, and there is an urgent need to develop increasingly collaborative and innovative research to address their conservation requirements.

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Cicchi, Paulo José Pyles, Marco Aurélio de Sena, Denise Maria Peccinini-Seale, and Marcelo Ribeiro Duarte. "Snakes from coastal islands of State of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil." Biota Neotropica 7, no. 2 (2007): 227–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1676-06032007000200026.

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There are relatively few studies on snake fauna from coastal islands of the State of São Paulo (SSP), Southeastern Brazil and the number of species housed in Brazilian institutional zoological collections is relatively limited. In Brazil, for the first time, a snake inventory for eighteen islands of coastal SSP is presented. Here we record data from sampling on eleven islands as well information on vouchered species in the main herpetological collections. Thirty-six species from four families: one Boidae, thirty Colubridae, one Elapidae and four Viperidae from eighteen islands are listed as well as the thirteen new island records for snakes. Relative abundance categories were used for species rarity: common, infrequent and rare; 44.4% of the snakes with voucher specimens were considered rare. The most common species in twelve of the eighteen islands was Micrurus corallinus; in eleven of the eighteen islands were Bothrops jararaca and Liophis miliaris; in ten of the eighteen islands were B. jararacussu and Chironius bicarinatus. The most common snake species on coastal islands were Micrurus corallinus which was found in twelve of the eighteen islands, followed by Bothrops jararaca and Liophis miliaris found on eleven of the eighteen islands and B. jararacussu and Chironius bicarinatus which were found in ten of the eighteen islands studied. There are seven new records of snake species for Cardoso Island (25° 05’ S and 047° 59’ W): C. bicarinatus, C. multiventris, Dipsas petersi, Echinanthera bilineata, E. cephalostriata, Helicops carinicaudus and Xenodon neuwiedii; three new records for Comprida Island (24° 54’ S and 47° 48’ W): B. jararacussu, C. bicarinatus and H. carinicaudus; one for Anchieta Island (23° 32’ S and 045° 03’ W): Spilotes pullatus; one for Couves Island (23° 25’ S and 44° 52’ W): L. miliaris; one for Porcos Island (23° 23’ S and 44° 54’ W), B. jararaca. The endemic species B. alcatraz from Alcatrazes Island and B. insularis from Queimada Grande Island are considered endangered species by IUCN. Snake fauna on Monte de Trigo Island are extinct. The fragility of insular snake fauna needs more attention for environmental conservation, since 52.0% of snake species preys on amphibians, highlighting the importance of forest conservation.

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Solnit, Rebecca. "Notes on California as an Island." Boom 4, no. 1 (2014): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/boom.2014.4.1.36.

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This article considers California as an island, as a place apart. In five fragments, it looks at the state as a place where ideas are exchanged, imported and exported; as a place whose economy, geography and politics keep it apart from the rest of the country; as islands within islands; as a place that early cartographers and explorers believed to literally be an island; and as a place of ecological richness rivaling mythical islands.

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Roux, J. P., P. G. Ryan, S. J. Milton, and C. L. Moloney. "Vegetation and checklist of Inaccessible Island, central South Atlantic Ocean, with notes on Nightingale Island." Bothalia 22, no. 1 (October 14, 1992): 93–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v22i1.828.

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The physiography and climate of Inaccessible and Nightingale Islands are briefly discussed. The vegetation and the major plant associations are described. Notes are given on the ecology and distribution of each taxon. Taxa newly recorded for Inaccessible Island include Agrostis goughensis, A.holgateana, A. wacei, Calamagrostis deschampsiiformis, Carex thouarsii var. recurvata, Conyza albida, Elaphoglossum campylolepium and Uncinia meridensis. One species, C. albida, is alien to the Tristan group. Two native ferns Asplenium platybasis var. subnudum and Blechnum australe were found on Nightingale Island for the first time, and the presence of introduced Malus domestica orchards was recorded. Two unidentified taxa were found that may represent new species: Elaphoglossum sp. at Inaccessible Island and Apium sp. at both Inaccessible and Nightingale Islands. The total number of vascular plant species recorded at Inaccessible and Nightingale Islands now stands at 98 and 43, respectively, of which 26 (28%) and seven (16%) are introduced species. Only Airiplex plebeja and two species of Cotula occur at Nightingale Island but are absent from Inaccessible Island.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Island of'

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