Journal articles: 'Islands of the Atlantic'

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Usher, Michael B. "Spiders from Beauchêne Island, Falkland Islands, South Atlantic." Journal of Zoology 200, no. 4 (August 20, 2009): 571–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1983.tb02817.x.

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Davies, Gareth. "Atlantic Islands search for oil." Marine Pollution Bulletin 32, no. 8-9 (August 1996): 585–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(96)85110-1.

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Pierce, Elizabeth. "View from the Norse: applying island theory to the Northern and Western Isles of Scotland." Scottish Archaeological Journal 33, no. 1-2 (October 2011): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/saj.2011.0024.

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The study of islands in archaeology was originally biased toward the view that island societies were isolated, a stereotype that continues to be perpetuated in books and television. However, recent research has acknowledged that island societies are generally part of a network and exposed to outside influences. This paper applies island theory to the Northern and Western Isles of Scotland, specifically during the Norse settlement from the 9th century AD onward. Although today these areas are considered on the periphery of Britain, these islands were once at the heart of the Norse settlement of the North Atlantic. The settlement remains of the period in the Northern and Western Isles indicate the inhabitants kept their focus towards the sea, and their success as a central stop-over point within the North Atlantic zone is due partly to the fact that they are islands. This paper will examine to what extent the Northern and Western Isles fit into modern island theory and whether the Norse considered them islands. The paper finishes with a discussion of whether the British Isles and Ireland are, from a theoretical point of view, islands.

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Wanless, Ross M., Andrea Angel, Richard J. Cuthbert, Geoff M. Hilton, and Peter G. Ryan. "Can predation by invasive mice drive seabird extinctions?" Biology Letters 3, no. 3 (April 3, 2007): 241–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2007.0120.

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The house mouse, Mus musculus , is one of the most widespread and well-studied invasive mammals on islands. It was thought to pose little risk to seabirds, but video evidence from Gough Island, South Atlantic Ocean shows house mice killing chicks of two IUCN-listed seabird species. Mouse-induced mortality in 2004 was a significant cause of extremely poor breeding success for Tristan albatrosses, Diomedea dabbenena (0.27 fledglings/pair), and Atlantic petrels, Pterodroma incerta (0.33). Population models show that these levels of predation are sufficient to cause population decreases. Unlike many other islands, mice are the only introduced mammals on Gough Island. However, restoration programmes to eradicate rats and other introduced mammals from islands are increasing the number of islands where mice are the sole alien mammals. If these mouse populations are released from the ecological effects of predators and competitors, they too may become predatory on seabird chicks.

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Baillie, Shauna M., and Ian L. Jones. "Atlantic Puffin (Fratercula arctica) chick diet and reproductive performance at colonies with high and low capelin (Mallotus villosus) abundance." Canadian Journal of Zoology 81, no. 9 (September 1, 2003): 1598–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z03-145.

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We compared nestling diet and growth, breeding phenology, breeding success, and adult mass of Atlantic Puffins (Fratercula arctica) between two seabird colonies adjacent to ocean habitat with presumed high and low capelin (Mallotus villosus) abundance in 19961998. We hypothesized that puffins at their colony at Gannet Islands, Labrador, where capelin were scarce, would exhibit lower reproductive performance than at Gull Island, Witless Bay, where capelin were abundant. Historically, capelin comprised approximately 60%95% of the chick diet biomass at both colonies. In the late 1990s, puffin chicks at the Gannet Islands received 3%24% capelin (by mass), which was 39%97% less than was received at Gull Island. Postlarval sandlance (Ammodytes sp.) comprised up to 49% (by mass) of the chick diet at the Gannet Islands. Hatching success and fledge success estimates at the Gannet Islands in 19971998 were statistically similar to those at Gull Island in 1998. Fledge mass (expressed as percentage of adult mass) was similar between Gannet Islands (69%) and Gull Island (68%). The high interyear variability in chick diet at both colonies and the low variation in breeding performance during our study suggest that Atlantic Puffins in Labrador are resilient to large-scale prey-base changes.

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ROUX, JACOBUS† P. "The fern genus Dryopteris (Dryopteridaceae) in Ascension and Saint Helena islands, Atlantic Ocean." Phytotaxa 118, no. 2 (July 29, 2013): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.118.2.3.

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The fern genus Dryopteris (Dryopteridaceae) in the isolated Atlantic Ocean islands, Ascension and St Helena isreviewed. Three species are known from these islands. Dryopteris ascensionis is endemic to and the only Dryopterisspecies known from Ascension Island. This species now appears to be extinct since has not been recorded since 1975,and was not found during repeated searches in the 1990s. Two Dryopteris species, D. cognata and D. napoleonis, areendemic to St. Helena and are rare on that island. Dryopteris napoleonis is lectotypified.

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Southern., By H. N. "MELANIC BLACKCAPS IN THE ATLANTIC ISLANDS." Ibis 93, no. 1 (April 3, 2008): 100–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1951.tb05401.x.

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Hanson, B. "GEOLOGY: Canary Islands and Atlantic Tsunamis." Science 292, no. 5514 (April 6, 2001): 15e—17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.292.5514.15e.

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Roux, J. P., P. G. Ryan, S. J. Milton, and C. L. Moloney. "Vegetation and checklist of Inaccessible Island, central South Atlantic Ocean, with notes on Nightingale Island." Bothalia 22, no. 1 (October 14, 1992): 93–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v22i1.828.

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The physiography and climate of Inaccessible and Nightingale Islands are briefly discussed. The vegetation and the major plant associations are described. Notes are given on the ecology and distribution of each taxon. Taxa newly recorded for Inaccessible Island include Agrostis goughensis, A.holgateana, A. wacei, Calamagrostis deschampsiiformis, Carex thouarsii var. recurvata, Conyza albida, Elaphoglossum campylolepium and Uncinia meridensis. One species, C. albida, is alien to the Tristan group. Two native ferns Asplenium platybasis var. subnudum and Blechnum australe were found on Nightingale Island for the first time, and the presence of introduced Malus domestica orchards was recorded. Two unidentified taxa were found that may represent new species: Elaphoglossum sp. at Inaccessible Island and Apium sp. at both Inaccessible and Nightingale Islands. The total number of vascular plant species recorded at Inaccessible and Nightingale Islands now stands at 98 and 43, respectively, of which 26 (28%) and seven (16%) are introduced species. Only Airiplex plebeja and two species of Cotula occur at Nightingale Island but are absent from Inaccessible Island.

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10

Helle, Knut. "Bergen’s role in the medieval North Atlantic trade." AmS-Skrifter, no. 27 (January 6, 2020): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/ams-skrifter.v0i27.254.

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North Atlantic trade in the high Middle Ages was centred on Bergen. The Bergen connection was important to the North Atlantic islanders and townsmen who specialized in trading with them, but up to the early fourteenth century did not count for much in Bergen’s total trade. This changed when larger assignments of Icelandic stockfish were sent to Bergen from the 1340s and reexported via the town’s Hanseatic settlement, the later Kontor. During the fifteenth century fish exports from the North Atlantic to Bergen declined sharply as the English increasingly fetched their fish directly from Iceland, and Hanseatic merchants from Hamburg and Lübeck followed in their wake to Iceland and the more southerly islands. Yet, in the author’s opinion, Hanseatic trade with the North Atlantic from Bergen was not reduced to the degree that has often been assumed. And it should not be overlooked that Bergen had economic relations with the North Atlantic islands outside the Hanse.

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RIBERA, IGNACIO, DAVID T. BILTON, and ANABELA CARDOSO. "The Meladema Laporte, 1835 (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae) of the Sahara Desert." Zootaxa 4399, no. 1 (March 20, 2018): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4399.1.7.

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Meladema Laporte, 1835 is a genus of large diving beetles, found in the Western Palaearctic, from the Canary Islands and Madeira to western Turkey (Bilton & Ribera 2017). The genus currently contains four species: the widespread M. coriacea Laporte, 1835, distributed from the Canary Islands to Turkey and ranging from southern France and the central Balkans south to the central Sahara, two Atlantic Island endemics, M. imbricata (Wollaston, 1871) from the western Canary Islands and M. lanio (Fabricius, 1775) from the main island of Madeira, and a fourth, recently described species, M. lepidoptera Bilton & Ribera, 2017 from the Tyrrhenian Islands (Corsica, Sardinia, Elba, Montecristo) and parts of the Italian mainland (Bilton & Ribera 2017).

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Hartmann-Schröder, Gesa. "Die Polychaeten der Amsterdam-Expedition nach der Insel Ascension (Zentral-Atlantik)." Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde 61, no. 4 (1992): 219–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26660644-06104003.

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During the Amsterdam Expedition to Ascension Island in 1989 eighteen species of polychaetes were collected, fifteen of which were already known to science. One could not be identified to species level and two were new to science: Aricidea (Aedicira) ascensionensis n. sp. and Notodasus arenicola n. sp. Four of the known species are widely distributed, three are circumtropicalsubtropical and one has a tropical-subtropical distribution in the Pacific and in the Atlantic Ocean. Another species is recorded from different regions in the Atlantic Ocean. The rest of the species were –.until now –.only known from their type localities, viz. West Indies, Angola, Persian Gulf, Galapagos Islands, and South Shetland Islands.

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13

Kreiter, Serge, Martial Douin, and Marie Stephane Tixier. "New records of phytoseiid mites (Acari: Mesostigmata) from Madeira Island." Acarologia 61, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 217–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24349/acarologia/20214428.

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Madeira is the largest of the four islands constituting Madeira Archipelago in the North Atlantic Ocean. It is located at 400 km from the Northern Canary Islands, at 500 km from Morocco and between 900 and 1000 km from South Portugal and Spain. So far, nineteen species of the mite family Phytoseiidae had been reported from this island. We report in this paper the results of a survey conducted in May 2019 in Madeira Island, in which 15 species have been found, six being new for the Island fauna.

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Cooney, Gabriel. "The Role of Stone in Island Societies in Neolithic Atlantic Europe: Creating Places and Cultural Landscapes." ARCTIC 69, no. 5 (September 6, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14430/arctic4666.

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The focus of the paper is an engagement with the significance of the exploitation of stone sources to make objects, particularly stone axe heads on islands in northwest Europe during the Neolithic period (4000 – 2500 BC). Case studies of Lambay Island in the Irish Sea, Rathlin Island off the northeast coast of Ireland, and the Shetland Islands explore the use of these three stone sources through the archaeological record, examining the biographies of objects (from quarries, through use, to discard or deposition) and applying a range of approaches to understanding material culture. What emerges is an understanding of the central role these three lithic sources played in how people engaged with and created their island places and landscapes. Through their daily engagement with different stone sources (including the ones focused on here) at a range of scales, people created and sustained social relationships and conventions. Hence it is argued that stone artefacts from local sources played a special role in shaping identities on the three islands.

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Martins, Luciana, Camilla Souto, Joel Braga, and Marcos Tavares. "Echinoidea and Holothuroidea (Echinodermata) of the Trindade and Martin Vaz Archipelago, off Brazil, with new records and remarks on taxonomy and species composition." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 98, no. 3 (November 22, 2016): 521–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315416001569.

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The degree of isolation of oceanic islands makes these environments an excellent model for evolutionary studies. Proper knowledge of the species composition of oceanic islands, however, is required to better understand evolutionary processes (e.g. speciation events). A 3-year survey in the shallow waters (up to 30 m) of the Trindade and Martin Vaz oceanic insular complex, and a literature review on the data published for these islands and for Fernando de Noronha and São Pedro and São Paulo oceanic archipelagos have been conducted to document the biodiversity of echinoids and holothuroids from these isolated Brazilian oceanic islands. Sixteen species were collected and characterized morphologically, including two first records for the South Atlantic and one for Brazil. Comparison with conspecific specimens from the Brazilian coast and congeners was also done. Species richness increased from six to 18; the richness in Trindade Island being the highest among the South Atlantic oceanic islands. However, these islands remain undersampled beyond 30-m depth. Endemism was very low, suggesting the potential role of oceanic currents and seamounts as stepping-stones in transoceanic dispersal of species to remote islands. The Brazilian oceanic islands are impoverished oceanic outposts of the Brazilian Province; nevertheless, endemic species and intraspecific morphological variations compared with the mainland suggest they may also be regions of speciation. Documenting their biodiversity is critical for effective management and conservation of their marine ecosystems.

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Bester, M. N. "Status of pinnipeds on mid-Atlantic ridge islands, South Atlantic Ocean." Polar Biology 44, no. 4 (March 9, 2021): 865–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00300-021-02838-z.

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Jędrusik, Maciej. "Nature and Tourism on Tropical and Subtropical Islands." Miscellanea Geographica 11, no. 1 (December 1, 2004): 271–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2004-0030.

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Abstract Tropical and subtropical islands have become an important tourist destination. The islands are concentrated in eight areas of the world. Evaluating the natural tourist potential of these areas, it seems that the most attractive are the islands of Mid and West Indian Ocean and the Polynesia. Yet, these locations are less popular then the theoretically less naturally attractive Caribbean, Mediterranean and East Atlantic islands. This leads to the conclusion that nature is not the most important decisive factor in choosing tourist destinations, and “tourist paradises” are formed on islands regardless of their natural attributes. Tourists are mainly attracted by the “myth” of a tropical island, and the most important criterion is the distance from home and travel time.

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Power, Dennis M., and David G. Ainley. "Seabird Geographic Variation: Similarity Among Populations of Leach's Storm-Petrel." Auk 103, no. 3 (July 1, 1986): 575–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/103.3.575.

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Abstract We assessed geographic variation in 13 locality samples of Leach's Storm-Petrel (Oceanodroma leucorhoa), 12 from the Pacific coast and 1 from the Atlantic coast of North America. Nine phenetic characters were used with canonical variates analysis to determine similarity among samples. Regression of phenetic distance on geographic distance measured the relation between similarity and interisland distance. We found a clinal pattern of population similarity from the Aleutian Islands in the north to the Farallon Islands in the south. Populations from Los Coronados and San Benitos islands make up a distinct subset when rump color and wing and tail shape indices are included in the analysis, but these populations were part of a dominant clinal trend when only five size characters were used. On Guadalupe Island separate populations breed in summer and winter; these are strongly differentiated from the others and from each other. The North Atlantic sample was aligned closely with that from the Aleutians. The degree of geographic variation was roughly similar to that in certain migratory land birds on the North American continent, but is less than what is found for certain nonmigratory land birds on islands. Our results suggest recognizing four subspecies of Leach's Storm-Petrel in the study area, including two on Guadalupe Island isolated by time of breeding.

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LIMA, DANIEL, MARCOS TAVARES, and JOEL BRAGA JR DE MENDONÇA. "Paguroids (Decapoda: Anomura: Diogenidae and Paguridae) of the remote oceanic Archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz, off southeast Brazil, with new records, description of three new species and zoogeographical notes." Zootaxa 4694, no. 1 (November 5, 2019): 1–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4694.1.1.

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Trindade and Martin Vaz (TMV) is a highly isolated, oceanic volcanic archipelago located some 1200 km off the Brazilian coast and about 4200 km away from the nearest African coast. For almost 100 years Calcinus tibicen (Herbst, 1791) was the only hermit crab species known from TMV. From 2012 to 2018, 263 daytime SCUBA diving and intertidal samplings conducted at TMV yielded 1075 paguroid specimens in 10 species, three of which are established herein as new species: Iridopagurus martinvaz sp. nov., Nematopagurus micheleae sp. nov., and Pagurus carmineus sp. nov. Iridopagurus margaritensis García-Gómez, 1983, and Phimochirus leurocarpus McLaughlin, 1981, both only known from the northern hemisphere, are recorded for the first time from the southwestern Atlantic. Opportunity was taken herein to include hitherto unreported or little known specimens from along the Vitória-Trindade Seamount Chain, namely, Dardanus venosus H. Milne Edwards, 1848, Nematopaguroides pusillus Forest & de Saint Laurent, 1968, Pagurus provenzanoi Forest & de Saint Laurent, 1968, and Phimochirus holthuisi (Provenzano, 1961). The lectotype of Pagurus venosus H. Milne Edwards, 1848 is designated as the neotype for the obscure Pagurus arrosor divergens Moreira, 1905, which thus becomes an objective junior synonym of the former. A list of all paguroid species known from the tropical southern-central Atlantic oceanic archipelagoes and islands (Ascension, Cape Verde, Fernando de Noronha, Gulf of Guinea, Rocas Atoll, Saint Helena, Trindade and Martin Vaz) with their gross distribution in the Atlantic Ocean is provided. Investigation on the existence of patterns of geographic distribution for the paguroid fauna of the tropical southern-central Atlantic oceanic islands showed that 70% percent of the paguroids from TMV are western Atlantic in origin and 30% endemic. No amphi-Atlantic paguroid species are known from TMV. Conversely, the affinity of Ascension’s (33%) and Saint Helena’s (50%) paguroids is with the eastern Atlantic; no western Atlantic paguroids have been reported from these two islands so far. Exploration on the existence of trends of correlation between islands area and species richness through the Spearman’s coefficient of correlation showed that the patterns in the number of paguroid species cannot be explained by variation in island area alone (rs = 0.4728; p = 0.28571).

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CRONK, Q. C. B. "Relict floras of Atlantic islands: patterns assessed." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 46, no. 1-2 (May 1992): 91–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1992.tb00852.x.

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Valente, Luis, Juan Carlos Illera, Katja Havenstein, Tamara Pallien, Rampal S. Etienne, and Ralph Tiedemann. "Equilibrium Bird Species Diversity in Atlantic Islands." Current Biology 27, no. 11 (June 2017): 1660–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.04.053.

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22

Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio, Fabio Suárez-Trujillo, Valentín Ruiz-del-Valle, Adrián López-Nares, and Felipe Jorge Pais-Pais. "The Iberian-Guanche rock inscriptions at La Palma Is.: all seven Canary Islands (Spain) harbour these scripts." International Journal of Modern Anthropology 2, no. 14 (December 1, 2020): 318–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijma.v2i14.5.

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Rock Iberian-Guanche inscriptions have been found in all Canary Islands including La Palma: they consist of incise (with few exceptions) lineal scripts which have been done by using the Iberian semi-syllabary that was used in Iberia and France during the 1st millennium BC until few centuries AD .This confirms First Canarian Inhabitants navigation among Islands. In this paper we analyze three of these rock inscriptions found in westernmost La Palma Island: hypotheses of transcription and translation show that they are short funerary and religious text, like of those found widespread through easternmost Lanzarote, Fuerteventura and also Tenerife Islands. They frequently name “Aka” (dead), “Ama” (mother godness) and “Bake” (peace), and methodology is mostly based in phonology and semantics similarities between Basque language and prehistoric Iberian-Tartessian semi-syllabary transcriptions. These Iberian-Guanche scripts are widespread in La Palma usually together with spiral and circular typical Atlantic motifs which are similar to these of Megalithic British Isles, Brittany (France) and Western Iberia. Sometimes linear incise Iberian-Guanche inscriptions are above the circular ones (more recent) but they are also found underneath (less recent). The idea that this prehistoric Iberian semi-syllabary was originated in Africa and/or Canary Islands is not discarded. It is discussed in the frame of Saharian people migration to Mediterranean, Atlantic (i.e.: Canary Islands) and other areas, when hyperarid climate rapidly established. On the other hand, an Atlantic gene and possibly linguistic and cultural pool is shared among people from British Isles, Brittany (France), Iberia (Spain, Portugal), North Africa and Canary Islands. Keywords: La Palma, Iberian-Guanche, Latin, Inscriptions, Iberian, Celts, Sahara, Africa, Garafia, Santo Domingo, Canary Islands, Lybic British, Brittons, Basque, Irish, Lybic Canarian, Palmeses, Benahoaritas, Awaritas, Tricias, Prehistory, Guache, Tartessian.

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Cumberlidge, Neil. "Insular species of Afrotropical freshwater crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Potamonautidae and Potamidae) with special reference to Madagascar and the Seychelles." Contributions to Zoology 77, no. 2 (2008): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18759866-07702003.

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The evolutionary relationships between island and mainland faunas of the 24 species of insular freshwater crabs in the Afrotropical region are reviewed in the light of phylogenetic studies. Twenty insular species of freshwater crabs are endemic, and four are also found on the neighboring mainland of Africa. The Atlantic Ocean islands of Sherbro, Bioko, Principe, and São Tomé support five species of Potamonautidae, while the Western Indian Ocean islands of the Seychelles, Zanzibar, Pemba, Mafia, and Madagascar together have 16 species of Potamonautidae, and Socotra has three species of Potamidae. Disjunct distributions of non-endemic insular species of Afrotropical freshwater crabs with conspecifics on the mainland are the result of past lower sea levels that once united islands with the coast. The presence of endemic species of freshwater crabs on oceanic volcanic islands (such as Príncipe and São Tomé) separated from the mainland by deep seas is probably the result of transoceanic dispersal. Endemic genera of freshwater crabs found on oceanic ‘Gondwanan’ islands are derived from ancestral populations on the Eurasian (Socotra) or African (The Seychelles and Madagascar) mainlands that probably reached there by transoceanic dispersal, rather than their being the vicariant descendents of Gondwanan ancestors. Species of freshwater crabs found on islands in the Afrotropical region are either not unique, or are endemic at the species or genus level. The degree of endemism depends on the island’s geological history: whether it is part of the continental shelf, an oceanic island of volcanic origin, or a former part of the ancient continent of Gondwana.

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Hammill, M. O., J. F. Gosselin, and G. B. Stenson. "Abundance of Northwest Atlantic grey seals in Canadian waters." NAMMCO Scientific Publications 6 (January 1, 2007): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/3.2726.

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Northwest Atlantic grey seals form a single stock, but for management purposes are often considered as 2 groups. The largest group whelps on Sable Island, 290 km east of Halifax, Nova Scotia. The second group referred to as ‘non-Sable Island’ or ‘Gulf’ animals whelps primarily on the pack ice in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence, with other smaller groups pupping on small islands in the southern Gulf and along the eastern shore of Nova Scotia. Estimates of pup production in this latter group have been determined using mark-recapture and aerial survey techniques. The most recent visual aerial surveys flown during January-February 1996, 1997 and 2000 in the southern Gulf of St Lawrence and along the Eastern Shore resulted in pup production estimates of 11,100 (SE = 1,300), 7,300 (SE = 800) and 6,100 (SE = 900) in 1996, 1997 and 2000 respectively after correcting for births and including counts of pups on small islands. Incorporating information on pup production, reproduction rates and removals into a population model indicates that the Gulf component increased from 15,500 (95% CI = 14,600-16,300) animals in 1970 to 62,700 (95% CI = 49,800-67,800) animals by 1996 and then declined to 22,300 (95% CI = 17,200-28,300) animals in 2000. On Sable Island the population has increased from 4,800 (95% CI = 4,700-4,900) animals in 1970 to 212,500 (95% CI = 159,600-276,200) in 2000. The total Northwest Atlantic grey seal population is estimated to number around 234,800 animals in 2000.

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Brett-Crowther, Michael. "New Island, Falkland Islands: a South Atlantic wildlife sanctuary for conservation management." International Journal of Environmental Studies 70, no. 2 (April 2013): 341–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2013.789618.

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ROBSON, BRAD, TREVOR GLASS, NORMAN GLASS, JAMES GLASS, JERRY GREEN, CLIFTON REPETTO, GRAHAM RODGERS, et al. "Revised population estimate and trends for the Endangered Northern Rockhopper Penguin Eudyptes moseleyi at Tristan da Cunha." Bird Conservation International 21, no. 4 (May 6, 2011): 454–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270911000013.

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AbstractAround 80% of the world population of Northern Rockhopper Penguin Eudyptes moseleyi is found at Tristan da Cunha and Gough Island in the South Atlantic Ocean, where populations appear to be declining. However, numbers of birds at Middle Island, a small satellite island of Nightingale Island at Tristan Cunha, have not been counted since 1973 when an estimated 100,000 pairs were recorded. Updated population counts were obtained for all four islands at Tristan da Cunha (Tristan, Inaccessible, Nightingale and Middle islands) in 2009 providing a census of the whole island group and the first repeat count of Middle Island. Estimated breeding numbers at these four islands were Tristan 6,700 pairs, Inaccessible 54,000 pairs, Nightingale 25,000 pairs and 83,000 pairs at Middle Island. These counts confirm that Tristan da Cunha is a vitally important site for this ?Endangered? species holding over 65% of the global population and that breeding number have been relatively stable over the last 30 years.

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Le Pera, Emilia, Consuele Morrone, José Arribas, M. Eugenia Arribas, Eumenio Ancochea, and M. José Huertas. "Petrography and provenance of beach sands from volcanic oceanic islands: Cabo Verde, Atlantic Ocean." Journal of Sedimentary Research 91, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 92–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2020.096.

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ABSTRACT Volcaniclastic deposits have been extensively analyzed in several settings in the Pacific and circum-Pacific area. Recent volcaniclastic products from Atlantic oceanic islands offer another opportunity to add new data and be an important key to a better understanding of volcanic imprints on the sedimentary record. The Cabo Verde archipelago is an Atlantic Oceanic plateau with late Oligocene to Holocene volcanism. Outcrops consist mainly of mafic and strongly alkaline and ultra-alkaline volcanic (pyroclastic and lava flows) and less abundant intrusive rocks with minor carbonatites and carbonate sedimentary rocks, constituting a multiple-provenance assemblage for the sandy beaches surrounding the islands. Currently, climate is semiarid to hyperarid with ephemeral and intermittent streams. Thirty-six samples of beach sand from six principal Cabo Verde Islands were selected for petrographic inspection. On average, beach sands constitute a volcanolithic petrofacies. A relative increase in carbonate limeclasts and bioclasts dilutes the pure volcaniclastic contribution mainly on the older island beaches (Sao Vicente, Sal, and Boa Vista). The major components of Cabo Verde beach sands are highly variable; in general, composition is a function of island morphological evolution and age. Thus, beaches of the younger islands (Sao Nicolau, Santiago, and Fogo) consist mainly of volcanic lithic fragments, and monomineralic grains of dense minerals such as olivine, pyroxene, and amphibole, and single grains of plagioclase and anorthoclase. By contrast, beaches of older eastern islands (Sal, Boa Vista, and Sao Vicente) contain more calcareous bioclasts, micritic and/or sparitic sedimentary lithic grains. The presence of carbonate grains suggests provenance from shallow carbonate platforms developed during periods of volcanic quiescence. Cabo Verde volcanic sandy fractions are composed mostly of black, brown, and orange glassy volcanic particles exhibiting microlitic, lathwork, and vitric textures. Volcanic particles with lathwork textures are linked to mafic provenance assemblages (nephelinites, basanites, and tephrites). The content of glassy particles is nearly constant in all beaches, and both hydroclastic and epiclastic processes are reflected in these populations of glassy grains. Boa Vista, Sao Vicente, and Santiago beaches contain higher proportions of sideromelane, linked to recent coastal volcanism, and lower proportions of orange and black glassy particles. The concentration of orange glass particles in the beaches of Santiago Island is higher than in the other island beaches. These orange glassy textures have been preserved even if they were sourced from the intensely altered Ancient Eruptive Complex, representing the pre-Miocene seamount stage of Santiago Island. A very small percentage of altered labile monocrystalline grains such as olivine and the paucity of altered volcanic components reflect the weathering-limited erosion regime of the islands. The exposed phonolitic lava flows that occupy only a minor surface part of the inland source produce particles with microlitic texture in sand beaches. Thus, this texture is not exclusive to andesitic, basaltic, and basaltic andesites sources, suggesting the need for a review of these particles as source-sensitive provenance signals.

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Rando, Juan Carlos, Harald Pieper, and Josep Antoni Alcover. "Radiocarbon evidence for the presence of mice on Madeira Island (North Atlantic) one millennium ago." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1780 (April 7, 2014): 20133126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.3126.

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Owing to the catastrophic extinction events that occurred following the Holocene arrival of alien species, extant oceanic island biotas are a mixture of recently incorporated alien fauna and remnants of the original fauna. Knowledge of the Late Quaternary pristine island faunas and a reliable chronology of the earliest presence of alien species on each archipelago are critical in understanding the magnitude and tempo of Quaternary island extinctions. Until now, two successive waves of human arrivals have been identified in the North Atlantic Macaronesian archipelagos (Azores, Madeira, Selvagens, Canary and Cape Verde Islands): ‘aboriginal’, which is limited to the Canary Islands around two millennia ago, and ‘colonial’, from the fourteenth century onwards. New surveys in Ponta de São Lourenço (Madeira Island) have allowed us to obtain and date ancient bones of mice. The date obtained (1033 ± 28 BP) documents the earliest evidence for the presence of mice on the island. This date extends the time frame in which the most significant ecological changes occurred on the island. It also suggests that humans could have reached Madeira before 1036 cal AD, around four centuries before Portugal officially took possession of the island.

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Smith, Doug. "The progress and problems of the ‘Endemic Section’ of St Helena Island." Oryx 31, no. 3 (July 1997): 218–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.1997.d01-14.x.

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St Helena is a small Atlantic island with an unusual and remarkable flora and fauna but with a legacy of ecological destruction typical of oceanic islands. The efforts of the island's governmental Endemic Section in the conservation of the flora and fauna is examined alongside the objectives of the section as listed in its current business plan. The worthy level of progress that is evident (including the rediscovery of species, habitat restoration and a high level of environmental awareness) is attributed to local ownership, an emphasis on education, and pragmatism and flexibility. The problems that limit the section's long-term effectiveness are funding, limited baseline ecological information and limited technical understanding.

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Castro, J. J., J. A. Santiago, and V. Hernández-García. "Fish associated with fish aggregation devices off the Canary Islands (Central-East Atlantic)." Scientia Marina 63, no. 3-4 (December 30, 1999): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/scimar.1999.63n3-4191.

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Morais, R. A., J. Brown, S. Bedard, C. E. L. Ferreira, S. R. Floeter, J. P. Quimbayo, L. A. Rocha, and I. Sazima. "Mob rulers and part-time cleaners: two reef fish associations at the isolated Ascension Island." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 97, no. 4 (August 8, 2016): 799–811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315416001041.

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Isolated oceanic islands may give rise not only to new and endemic species, but also to unique behaviours and species interactions. Multi-species fish interactions, such as cleaning, following, mob-feeding and others are understudied in these ecosystems. Here we present qualitative and quantitative observations on cleaning and mob-feeding reef fish associations at the isolated Ascension Island, South Atlantic Ocean. Cleaning interactions were dominated by juveniles of the facultative fish cleanersBodianus insularisandPomacanthus paru, with lesser contributions ofChaetodon sanctaehelenae, Thalassoma ascensionisand the cleaner shrimpLysmata grabhami. Two types of feeding mobs were consistently identified: less mobile mobs led by the surgeonfishAcanthurus bahianusandA. coeruleusand the more mobile mobs led by the African sergeantAbudefduf hoefleri. This is the first record ofA. hoeflerifrom outside of the Eastern Atlantic and also the first report of this species displaying mob-feeding behaviour. The principal follower of both mob types was the extremely abundantMelichthys niger, but the main aggressor differed:Stegastes lubbocki, a highly territorial herbivore, was the main aggressor ofAcanthurusmobs; andChromis multilineataa territorial fish while engaged in egg parental care, was the principal aggressor towardsAbudefdufmobs. Our study enhances the scarce information on reef fish feeding associations at the isolated Ascension Island and at oceanic islands in the Atlantic in general.

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Duelli, Peter, Charles S. Henry, and Atsushi Mochizuki. "The endemicAtlantochrysa atlantica(McLachlan) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) on Atlantic Islands: African or American origin?" Journal of Natural History 48, no. 41-42 (May 12, 2014): 2595–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2014.917211.

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Mc Shine, Nkese D., Ricardo M. Clarke, Silvio Gualdi, Antonio Navarra, and Xsitaaz T. Chadee. "Influences of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans on Rainy Season Precipitation for the Southernmost Caribbean Small Island State, Trinidad." Atmosphere 10, no. 11 (November 13, 2019): 707. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10110707.

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Seasonal rainfall in the Caribbean Basin is known to be modulated by sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, and particularly those in the Equatorial Pacific and Atlantic and the Tropical North Atlantic. However, little is known about how these major oceans influence the seasonal precipitation of individual small island states within the region as climate variability at the island-scale may differ from the Caribbean as a whole. Correlation and composite analyses were determined using monthly rainfall data for the southernmost island of the Caribbean, Trinidad, and an extended area of global SSTAs. In addition to the subregions that are known to modulate Caribbean rainfall, our analyses show that sea surface temperatures (SSTs) located in the subtropical South Pacific, the South Atlantic, and the Gulf of Mexico also have weak (r2 < 0.5) yet significant influences on the islands’ early rainy season (ERS) and late rainy season (LRS) precipitation. Composite maps confirm that the South Pacific, South Atlantic, and the Gulf of Mexico show significant SSTAs in December–January–February (DJF) and March–April–May (MAM) prior to the ERS and the LRS. Statistical models for seasonal forecasting of rainfall at the island scale could be improved by using the SSTAs of the Pacific and Atlantic subregions identified in this study.

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Guillemaud, Thomas, Maria L. Cancela, Pedro Afonso, Telmo Morato, Ricardo S. Santos, and Peter Wirtz. "Molecular insights into the taxonomic status of Coris atlantica (Pisces: Labridae)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 80, no. 5 (October 2000): 929–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400002915.

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A molecular genetic analysis of Coris julis from different sites in the Mediterranean and the Atlantic and C. atlantica from the Cabo Verde Islands was applied to infer phylogenetic relationships between the taxa. More precisely, partial 12S mitochondrial rDNA sequence data were used in maximum parsimony, neighbour-joining, and maximum likelihood analysis to generate phylogenetic trees. The polymorphism observed indicated an important differentiation between the C. atlantica and C. julis specimens and supported the existence of two different species.

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Brown, Daniel P., John L. Beven, James L. Franklin, and Eric S. Blake. "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2008*." Monthly Weather Review 138, no. 5 (May 1, 2010): 1975–2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009mwr3174.1.

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Abstract The 2008 Atlantic hurricane season is summarized and the year’s tropical cyclones are described. Sixteen named storms formed in 2008. Of these, eight became hurricanes with five of them strengthening into major hurricanes (category 3 or higher on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale). There was also one tropical depression that did not attain tropical storm strength. These totals are above the long-term means of 11 named storms, 6 hurricanes, and 2 major hurricanes. The 2008 Atlantic basin tropical cyclones produced significant impacts from the Greater Antilles to the Turks and Caicos Islands as well as along portions of the U.S. Gulf Coast. Hurricanes Gustav, Ike, and Paloma hit Cuba, as did Tropical Storm Fay. Haiti was hit by Gustav and adversely affected by heavy rains from Fay, Ike, and Hanna. Paloma struck the Cayman Islands as a major hurricane, while Omar was a major hurricane when it passed near the northern Leeward Islands. Six consecutive cyclones hit the United States, including Hurricanes Dolly, Gustav, and Ike. The death toll from the Atlantic tropical cyclones is approximately 750. A verification of National Hurricane Center official forecasts during 2008 is also presented. Official track forecasts set records for accuracy at all lead times from 12 to 120 h, and forecast skill was also at record levels for all lead times. Official intensity forecast errors in 2008 were below the previous 5-yr mean errors and set records at 72–120 h.

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Santana-Pérez, Juan Manuel. "The African Atlantic islands in maritime history during the Ancien Régime." International Journal of Maritime History 30, no. 4 (November 2018): 634–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871418803301.

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This paper aims at describing and explaining certain common characteristics that have endured in the African Atlantic islands by virtue of the fact that these islands depend on centres of authority located at considerable distances away. Their location on linking routes to three continents led to the first globalization since the world economic shifts of the 16th century. The islands have sometimes been described metaphorically as a bridge, but we prefer to speak of maritime doors. These islands have been an entrance and exit for goods, people, culture, and ideas, opened or closed, depending on your point of view, through the modern age as European penetration spread. It includes the archipelagos of the Middle Atlantic, the cases of Madeira, the Canaries, Cape Verde, São Tomé, and Principe, and the Guinea Islands of Bioko, Corisco, and Annobon.

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Monteiro, Raqueline C. P., Juliana A. Ivar do Sul, and Monica F. Costa. "Plastic pollution in islands of the Atlantic Ocean." Environmental Pollution 238 (July 2018): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.096.

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Micael, Joana, Manuela I. Parente, and Ana C. Costa. "Tracking macroalgae introductions in North Atlantic oceanic islands." Helgoland Marine Research 68, no. 2 (February 7, 2014): 209–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10152-014-0382-7.

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Halikowski Smith, Stefan. "The Mid-Atlantic Islands: A Theatre of Early Modern Ecocide?" International Review of Social History 55, S18 (December 2010): 51–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859010000490.

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SummaryThe Iberian rediscovery of the mid-Atlantic islands in the late Middle Ages was accompanied by all kinds of utopian projections. However, within a hundred years, both human and animal populations were made extinct, and the rich forest cover was rapidly depleted for cash-cropping industries, primarily sugar. Historians view the migration of the international sugar industry from the mid-Atlantic islands to Brazil as an example of expanding economies of scale, but contemporary accounts indicate what now might be called widespread ecocide as a major contributing factor. This essay looks at the environmental ramifications of the sugar industry as well as other cultures, and assesses whether it is indeed appropriate to speak of ecocide in the context of the mid-Atlantic islands in the early modern period.

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González, José A., Raül Triay-Portella, Aitor Escribano, and José A. Cuesta. "Northernmost record of the pantropical portunid crab Cronius ruber in the eastern Atlantic (Canary Islands): natural range extension or human-mediated introduction?" Scientia Marina 81, no. 1 (March 27, 2017): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/scimar.04551.17b.

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The pantropical crab Cronius ruber (Lamarck, 1818) (Brachyura: Portunidae) is recorded for the first time from the Canary Islands. Previously known from off Cape Verde Islands and Senegal, this is the northernmost record of the species in the eastern Atlantic Ocean. Crabs have been caught by means of a collecting small trap for sampling in shallow waters, and then identified by both morphological characters and DNA barcoding (16S). Cytochrome c oxidase I partial sequence has been obtained for this species for the first time. This relatively large and very aggressive crab species seems to be rapidly occupying both hard substrates (sublittoral caves) and soft substrates (sand with seagrass meadow) adjacent to shallow rocky bottoms, at depths between 2 and 10 m, in the warm southern waters of Gran Canaria Island. The reasons for this species’ occurrence are discussed herein. Among them, natural range extension may be a consequence of tropicalization in the eastern Atlantic. Also, a human-mediated introduction could be based on the heavy traffic of ships (ballast waters or oil platforms) arriving at the Canary Islands from African countries and from Brazil in the last decade.

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Martín-Carrillo, Natalia, Carlos Feliu, Néstor Abreu-Acosta, Elena Izquierdo-Rodriguez, Roberto Dorta-Guerra, Jordi Miquel, Estefanía Abreu-Yanes, et al. "A Peculiar Distribution of the Emerging Nematode Angiostrongylus cantonensis in the Canary Islands (Spain): Recent Introduction or Isolation Effect?" Animals 11, no. 5 (April 28, 2021): 1267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11051267.

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Angiostrongylus cantonensis is an emerging zoonotic nematode recognized as the leading cause of eosinophilic meningitis in the word. After its discovery in China, it was recorded in 30 countries worldwide. Recently, it has expanded to new areas such as South America and it has been recently found in the Atlantic island of Tenerife (Canary Islands). In order to characterize the distribution of A. cantonensis in the Canary Islands, the lungs of 1462 rodents were sampled in eight islands of the archipelago over 13 years and were then analyzed for A. cantonensis. Remarkably, the parasite was detected only in Tenerife, in Rattus rattus (19.7%) and Rattus norvegicus (7.14%). They were concretely in the northern part of the island, which had a warmer and more humid climate than the south and main cities. The absence of this nematode in other islands with similar environmental conditions could be explained by an isolation effect or by a recent introduction of the parasite in the islands. Besides, the presence in Tenerife of the most invasive lineage of A. cantonensis reinforced the hypothesis of a recent introduction on this island. This study highlights the need to implement control measures to prevent the expansion to other areas in order to avoid the transmission to humans and other animals.

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RÍOS, PILAR, and JAVIER CRISTOBO. "Abyssocladia vaceleti (Porifera, Cladorhizidae): a new deep-sea carnivorous sponge from Patagonia." Zootaxa 4466, no. 1 (August 31, 2018): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4466.1.13.

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This study describes a new species of carnivorous sponge (Family Cladorhizidae) collected in Patagonia, SW Atlantic, off Argentinean waters and the North of the Falkland Islands (Malvinas). The species described here, belongs to the genus Abyssocladia and was collected by dredging and trawling during IEO (Spanish Institute of Oceanography) cruises in the South West Atlantic Ocean from 2007 to 2010 under the Atlantis Project. Abyssocladia vaceleti sp. nov. is characterised by the possession of a long peduncle and flat body with bilaterally symmetrical and apical filaments with a skeleton of tornotes (often polytylotes), styles, abyssochelae, arcuate chelae, sigmancistras and acanthotylostrongyles. This species lives at depths of 901–1547 m.

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Wace, N. M. "The rat problem on oceanic islands—research is needed." Oryx 20, no. 2 (April 1986): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300026296.

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In October 1983 a rat was reported to have been seen on Gough Island, an outlier of the Tristan da Cunha Group in the South Atlantic. Gough Island has no permanently resident human inhabitants, but supports one of the largest and most diverse assemblages of breeding seabirds now remaining anywhere in the temperate zones. The author was a member of a small team of biologists that spent three weeks on Gough Island, in October-November 1984, to try to confirm whether there were any rats on the island, and if so to make recommendations for their control and extermination. The following proposals result from experience in carrying out this survey, and from writing World Conservation Strategy proposals for Oceanic Islands for the IUCN.

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Vieira, Bianca Pinto, Dayse Dias, Hellen José Florez Rocha, and Patricia Pereira Serafini. "Birds of the Arvoredo Marine Biological Reserve, southern Brazil." Check List 11, no. 1 (January 5, 2015): 1532. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/11.1.1532.

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The Arvoredo Marine Biological Reserve (RBMA) is a protected area in southern Brazil created in 1990 to safeguard the marine biodiversity of the Arvoredo Archipelago. There are only few studies about bird assemblage in most of the Brazilian coastal islands, including this protected area. Therefore, this paper presents the first complete list of birds for RBMA based on data from literature and surveys between 1986 and 2012 on islands and surrounding waters. Birds were recorded during captures using mist-nets and opportunistic observations on land in January 2012, as well as in monthly strip-transects and sectors on sea between 2010 and 2012. The present list includes 84 species (15 captured) from primary data and 22 species from other sources, totaling 106 species from 37 families. Bird assemblage in the RBMA is composed by 44 aquatic birds and 62 landbirds, whereas 13 are endemic to the Atlantic Forest and 12 are threatened. As expected due to the diversity of habitats, Arvoredo and Galé Islands supported the richest assemblages in the RBMA. The number of species in the whole RBMA is smaller than bigger islands elsewhere in the Atlantic Forest domain, but similar to same-sized and same-habitat ones. Our results highlight the importance of this reserve as a suitable and isolated habitat to forest species. Deserta Island is an important site for nesting, resting, and foraging seabirds.

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Muhs, Daniel R., Charles A. Bush, Kathleen C. Stewart, Tracy R. Rowland, and Russell C. Crittenden. "Geochemical Evidence of Saharan Dust Parent Material for Soils Developed on Quaternary Limestones of Caribbean and Western Atlantic Islands." Quaternary Research 33, no. 2 (March 1990): 157–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(90)90016-e.

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AbstractMost previous workers have regarded the insoluble residues of high-purity Quaternary limestones (coral reefs and oolites) as the most important parent material for well-developed, clay-rich soils on Caribbean and western Atlantic islands, but this genetic mechanism requires unreasonable amounts of limestone solution in Quaternary time. Other possible parent materials from external sources are volcanic ash from the Lesser Antilles island arc and Saharan dust carried across the Atlantic Ocean on the northeast trade winds. Soils on Quaternary coral terraces and carbonate eolianites on Barbados, Jamaica, the Florida Keys (United States), and New Providence Island (Bahamas) were studied to determine which, if either, external source was important. Caribbean volcanic ashes and Saharan dust can be clearly distinguished using ratios of relatively immobile elements (Al2O3/TiO2, Ti/Y, Ti/Zr, and Ti/Th). Comparison of these ratios in 25 soils, where estimated ages range from 125,000 to about 870,000 yr, shows that Saharan dust is the most important parent material for soils on all islands. These results indicate that the northeast trade winds have been an important component of the regional climatology for much of the Quaterary. Saharan dust may also be an important parent material for Caribbean island bauxites of much greater age.

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Kress, Stephen W., Paula Shannon, and Christopher O’Neal. "Recent changes in the diet and survival of Atlantic puffin chicks in the face of climate change and commercial fishing in midcoast Maine, USA." FACETS 1, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 27–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/facets-2015-0009.

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We examined the diet of Atlantic puffin ( Fratercula arctica) chicks at three midcoast Maine, USA, colonies during the years 2005–2014 and found that the puffins at each island have a distinct diet that has changed in recent years. White hake ( Urophycis tenuis) is by far the most frequently delivered prey at each island. Atlantic herring ( Clupea harengus) is the second most frequently delivered food, but has declined in recent years on two islands. In contrast, butterfish ( Poronotus triacanthus), haddock ( Melanogrammus aeglefinus), and redfish ( Sebastes spp.) have increased in the puffin diet on all islands. Chick condition declined significantly from 1993 to 2009. We demonstrate that puffin chicks with greater body weight experience a higher chance of postfledging survival as compared to chicks with lower body weight. The years 2012–2013 were a period of extreme sea surface warming, in which puffin hatching success and productivity sharply declined. This study provides new insight into changes in marine communities, examining changes in chick diet. We discuss our findings in relation to warming sea surface temperatures, recent climate-related decline in puffin productivity in the Gulf of Maine, and the impact of commercial fisheries on forage fish.

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Hannesson, Rögnvaldur. "Sharing the Northeast Atlantic mackerel." ICES Journal of Marine Science 70, no. 2 (December 13, 2012): 259–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fss134.

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Abstract The sharing of the Northeast Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) stock is analysed as a game between four parties: the European Union, Norway, the Faroe Islands, and Iceland. Consideration is given to how the outcome depends on the nature of the stock's migrations. Two types of migrations are considered: (i) density-dependent, where the mackerel migrates into the Icelandic economic zone only if it exceeds 3.5 million t, and (ii) stochastic migrations, where the said migrations are stochastic. It is determined that the Faroe Islands would never accept a cooperative solution wherein they can only fish with the globally optimal fishing mortality within their own zone. This is also true for Iceland when the migrations into her zone are stochastic, but not if they are density-dependent. In the latter case, the other players have incentives to retaliate to Icelandic overfishing by fishing harder, which greatly reduces the number of years when mackerel are available in the Icelandic zone. It is assumed that the objective is maximization of the catch volume over a time-horizon of 50 years.

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González Campo, Mariano. "The Norn Hildina Ballad from the Shetland Islands: Scandinavian parallels and attempts at reconstruction/translation." SELIM. Journal of the Spanish Society for Medieval English Language and Literature. 25, no. 1 (September 29, 2020): 61–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.17811/selim.25.2020.61-119.

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The Shetland Islands, together with the Orkney Islands, were until the nineteenth century a remarkable reservoir of the so-called Norn language, an extinct insular variety of Old Norse closely related to Icelandic and, specially, Faroese. Norn was preserved in these North-Atlantic British islands in form of single words, proverbs, or prayers. However, the longest and most complete text in Norn is the Shetlandic Hildina Ballad, collected on the small island of Foula in 1774 by George Low and consisting of thirtyfive stanzas. In this article I intend to offer a comparative approach to this Norn oral text refering to its Scandinavian parallels and the attempts at reconstruction and translation carried out by several scholars such as Marius Hægstad, Sophus Bugge, William G. Collinwood, Norah Kershaw, or Eigil Lehmann.

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Grehan, John R. "Biogeographic relationships between Macaronesia and the Americas." Australian Systematic Botany 29, no. 6 (2016): 447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb16051.

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A vicariance model is presented for the origin of Macaronesian endemics and their allopatric American relatives. Trans-Atlantic relationships are identified for 21 taxa in which an endemicMacaronesian clade either has a sister group in the New World or is part of a larger monophyletic group that includes representatives in the New World. Historical implications of this pattern are discussed in relation to current tectonic and geological models for the Central Atlantic and theMacaronesian Islands. The proposed vicariance model identifies a local origin for theMacaronesian endemics from ancestral distributions that already encompassed ancestralMacaronesia and parts of the New and Old World before formation of the Atlantic. The present-day existence of Macaronesian endemics is attributed to sequential colonisation of newly formed islands within the Atlantic from Mesozoic time.

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Lynch, Alejandro, and Allan J. Baker. "Congruence of morphometric and cultural evolution in Atlantic island chaffinch populations." Canadian Journal of Zoology 64, no. 7 (July 1, 1986): 1576–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z86-236.

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Cultural and morphometric evolution of populations of chaffinches from the Azores, Madeira, and Canary Islands were compared using songs and external measurements from seven populations. Cultural evolution was assessed by computing distances among island syllable pools, based on presence or absence coding of syllables. Morphometric differentiation was assessed by computing average taxonomic distances among populations using data from Grant (P. R. Grant. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 11: 301–332. 1979). Separate analyses of the syllable pool and morphometric distances using cluster and principal coordinates analysis revealed that populations within archipelagos are more similar to one another than they are to populations in different archipelagos. The Madeira population occupies an intermediate position, consistent with its geographic location between the Azores and Canaries archipelagos. Congruence of the patterns of morphometric and cultural evolution in these islands suggests to us that the differentiation has been influenced by a colonization history involving restricted gene and meme flow between archipelagos, subsequent drift, and possibly founder effects. Although directional selection has been implicated in the morphometric differentiation (Grant 1979), cultural evolution (like neutral gene evolution) does not seem to have been subject to selective forces.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Islands of the Atlantic'

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