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1
INEICH, IVAN. "The terrestrial herpetofauna of Torres and Banks Groups (northern Vanuatu), with report of a new species for Vanuatu." Zootaxa 2198, no. 1 (August 14, 2009): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2198.1.1.
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A recent herpetological field trip to the Torres Group, an island group located at the northernmost border of Vanuatu, about 150 km from the southernmost Solomon Islands, allowed the collection of about 300 reptile specimens. Among these, Lepidodactylus guppyi is a new species record for Vanuatu. I also provide many new species records for the Torres Group, including two recently introduced species. The terrestrial herpetofauna of the islands of the Torres Group is reviewed for the first time and compared (1) to that of the Solomon Islands and particularly the southern Solomon island groups (Santa Cruz Group) bordering the Torres Group in the north, (2) to the remainder of Vanuatu and particularly Espiritu Santo Island which I recently surveyed, and (3) to a neighbouring group of islands in northern Vanuatu, the Banks Group. The Banks and Torres Groups share the same herpetofauna and their affinities are much stronger to the remainder of Vanuatu than to the southern Solomon Islands, thus suggesting their similar paleopositions during Melanesian arc movements.
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Mesak, Marinus, Yanyan Mochamad Yani, and Windy Dermawan. "CHINESE INVOLVEMENT IN VANUATU AND SOLOMON ISLAND FOREIGN POLICY AGAINST THE PAPUA ISSUE." Sociae Polites 21, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 95–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.33541/sp.v20i2.1931.
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The influence of China in the Pacific region increases due to the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) program that focuses its assistance and soft loans on the development of basic infrastructure and other supporting infrastructure. Increased economic influence has an impact on changes in regional geopolitical maps. China appears to be increasingly dominant in influencing the foreign policy of the region’s countries, including China’s involvement in controlling Vanuatu and Solomon Island’s foreign policy. At present, the issue of Papua is on the main agenda of Vanuatu and Solomon Island’s foreign policy. Significant funds are needed to finance the process of advocating for the issue of Papua in the Pacific region and the international community. One source of funding comes from Chinese aid. This article will review China’s position as a source of the financing for the Papuan separatist movement based in Vanuatu and Solomon Islands, by using a power approach and economic diplomacy.
Keywords: China, Belt, and Road Initiative, economic, diplomacy, Power, Vanuatu, Solomon Island, and Internationalization of Papuan Issues.
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Shine, Richard, Terri Shine, and Claire Goiran. "A new record of the Dwarf Sea Krait (Laticauda frontalis) from the Loyalty Islands, New Caledonia." Australian Zoologist 40, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/az.2019.006.
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ABSTRACT Common in Vanuatu, the Dwarf Sea Krait Laticauda frontalis also is known from five old records (in the 1880s and 1890s) from the Loyalty Islands, between Vanuatu and the main island of New Caledonia. Those records have been interpreted by some authorities as errors, or as reflecting occasional waifs rather than breeding populations. We now report an additional specimen of L. frontalis from the Loyalty Islands island of Maré, and we review distributional data for this species and for the closely allied L. saintgironsi. Sympatry on the western coast of Maré confirms that these two taxa warrant separate species status despite their minimal genetic divergence.
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Falvey, D. A., J. B. Colwell, P. J. Coleman, H. G. Greene, J. G. Vedder, and T. R. Bruns. "PETROLEUM PROSPECTIVITY OF PACIFIC ISLAND ARCS: SOLOMON ISLANDS AND VANUATU." APPEA Journal 31, no. 1 (1991): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj90015.
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The limited petroleum search which has taken place in Pacific island arc areas has focused mainly on deep forearc or intra-arc basins, so far without success. Very few exploration wells have been drilled. The interpretation of the results of marine geophysical and geological surveys and research carried out in the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu, southwestern Pacific, suggests that the thick volcaniclastic depocentres probably lack major petroleum potential. However, the margins of the basins are likely to be much more prospective. Marginal marine environments bordering the basins may generate immense quantities of organic material favourable to petroleum generation, and this material can be fed into deep basins adjacent to reefal reservoirs. In the Solomons and Vanuatu, where no exploration wells have been drilled, this marginal marine play greatly enhances prospectivity - and, by extrapolation, also that of other arc systems. In particular, source beds may be present. Promising target areas in the Solomons and Vanuatu include Iron Bottom Basin adjacent to Guadalcanal, the southwestern flank of the Solomon High from Choiseul through Santa Isabel - Florida Islands - northern Guadalcanal (especially the Manning Strait area), the area between the Shortland Islands and western Choiseul, Vanikolo Basin, the western margins of the North and South Aoba Basins, and possibly the Malekula and Mbokokimbo Basins.
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Singh, Shailendra. "Investigative journalism: Challenges, perils, rewards in seven Pacific Island countries." Pacific Journalism Review 18, no. 1 (May 31, 2012): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v18i1.291.
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This article appraises the general state of investigative journalism in seven Pacific Island countries—Cook Islands, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga and Vanuatu—and asserts that the trend is not encouraging. Journalism in general, and investigative journalism in particular, has struggled due to harsher legislation as in military-ruled Fiji; beatings and harassment of journalists as in Vanuatu; and false charges and lawsuits targeting journalists and the major newspaper company in the Cook Islands. Corruption, tied to all the major political upheavals in the region since independence, is also discussed. Threats to investigative journalism, like the ‘backfiring effect’ and ‘anti-whistleblower’ law are examined, along with some investigative journalism success case studies.
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SMIT, HARRY. "Water mites from Pacific Islands (Acari: Hydrachnidia)." Zootaxa 588, no. 1 (July 30, 2004): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.588.1.1.
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The results are given of water mite collections from Hawaii, Western Samoa, Fiji and Vanuatu. Four new species are described, viz. Aspidiobates vanuaticus, A. pacificus, Unionicola pacifica and Arrenurus nausoriensis. New records are given for Limnochares australica Lundblad from Fiji, Oxus orientalis Walter from Vanuatu and Arrenurus multicornutus from Western Samoa.
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Ingleby, S., and D. Colgan. "Electrophoretic studies of the systematic and biogeographic relationships of the Fijian bat genera Pteropus, Pteralopex, Chaerephon and Notopteris." Australian Mammalogy 25, no. 1 (2003): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am03013.
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Allozyme variation at 24 - 29 presumptive loci was used to examine the systematic relationships between Fijian bats and those from neighbouring areas such as Vanuatu, Solomon Islands, New Caledonia, New Guinea and Australia. Genetic data indicate that the Fijian bat fauna contains highly divergent taxa as well as some populations that are virtually indistinguishable electrophoretically from conspecifics in neighbouring islands groups, particularly species shared with Vanuatu. The endemic Fijian monkey-faced bat Pteralopex acrodonta, had a level of distinctiveness from two of its congeners in the Solomon Islands comparable to that between different genera. There was also considerable electrophoretic variation within what is generally considered a single species, the northern freetail-bat Chaerephon jobensis. The Australian form, C. j. colonicus, shows levels of divergence from the Fiji/Vanuatu subspecies, C. j. bregullae, consistent with that of a distinct species. C. j. solomonis from the Solomon Islands appears to represent a third species within this group. Moderate levels of divergence were found within the one subspecies of long-tailed flying-fox Notopteris macdonaldii sampled from Fiji and Vanuatu. In contrast to Pteralopex and Chaerephon, close affinities were found between and within several other southwest Pacific bat species, in particular, the two different subspecies of insular flying-fox Pteropus tonganus from Fiji, Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands. Low levels of genetic divergence were also found between P. tonganus and the morphologially similar spectacled flying-fox P. conspicillatus from Australia and New Guinea. The Samoan flying-fox Pteropus samoensis appeared to be most closely allied to the Temotu flying-fox Pteropus nitendiensis, from the Solomon Islands.
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Field, Ashley Raymond. "Phlegmariurus vanuatuensis (Huperzioideae, Lycopodiaceae) a new species from Vanuatu, re-circumscription of P. nummulariifolius and new combinations in Phlegmariurus." PhytoKeys 109 (October 8, 2018): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.109.29359.
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Phlegmariurusvanuatuensis A.R.Field is described as a new species for plants endemic to the islands of Vanuatu that were previously identified with P.nummulariifolius (Blume) Ching. The Vanuatuan species differs from the widespread Asian-Oceanian species in several characteristics, most notably its acutely divergent leaf arrangement and thicker less branched fertile spikes. Phlegmariurusnummulariifolius is here re-circumscribed as plants occurring in Asia and into Oceania as far east as the Solomon Islands, being replaced eastwards by P.vanuatuensis. In addition, new nomenclatural combinations are made for Phlegmariurusaustralis, a species from Polynesia and for Phlegmariuruscopelandianus, a species from Malesia.
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SAXTON, NATALIE A., GARETH S. POWELL, GAVIN J. MARTIN, and SETH M. BYBEE. "Two new species of coastal Atyphella Olliff (Lampyridae: Luciolinae)." Zootaxa 4722, no. 3 (January 14, 2020): 270–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4722.3.4.
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Additional work on the islands of Vanuatu has improved our understanding of the actual diversity of South Pacific coastal fireflies. Prior to recent fieldwork in Vanuatu, the only known lampyrid from Vanuatu was Atyphella aphrogeneia (Ballantyne), a coastal species also found in Papua New Guinea. After further examination, we determined that specimens from Vanuatu formerly classified as Atyphella aphrogeneia actually belong to an undescribed species. New species, Atyphella maritimus Saxton and Powell and Atyphella marigenous Saxton and Bybee, are described from specimens collected in Vanuatu. An updated key for coastal Atyphella in the South Pacific is provided.
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Wilson, M. R. "The genus Myndus (Hemiptera: Cixiidae) in the solomon islands and Vanuatu and its relation to foliar decay of coconut palms in Vanuatu." Bulletin of Entomological Research 78, no. 3 (September 1988): 519–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300013262.
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AbstractThe species of the cixiid genus Myndus occurring in the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu are reviewed. M. macfarlanei sp. n. is described from Santa Cruz Islands. It is distinguished from M. mavors Fennah and M. taffini Bonfils, both of which are redescribed and illustrated. All species have been collected from coconut palms, and M. macfarlanei also from areca palm (Areca catechu). M. taffini has been previously confirmed as the vector of foliar decay of coconut palms in Vanuatu.
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Holland, Elisabeth. "Tropical Cyclone Harold meets the Novel Coronavirus." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 26, no. 1 (July 31, 2020): 243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v26i1.1099.
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Abstract: COVID-19 began to manifest in the Pacific Islands by early March 2020, starting in the US and French territories, spreading slowly to the independent countries of Fiji, Papua New Guinea and Timor-Leste. All of the independent Pacific countries responded with aggressive measures, closing borders and establishing curfews. Against this background, Tropical Cyclone Harold, formed on April Fool's Day, began its devastating path through four Pacific countries: Solomon Islands with 27 dead in a ferry accident; Vanuatu whose northern islands, including Santo and Malekula were devastated by the cyclone with wind speeds greater than 200 km/h. The devastation continued in Fiji, with two tornadoes and devastation particularly in Kadavu and the southern Lau group. Tropical Cyclone Harold struck Tonga at the height of the king tide. COVID-19 continues to complicate relief efforts, particularly in Vanuatu. As of May 3, 2020, sixteen Pacific countries and territories had yet to report their first confirmed case of COVID-19: American Samoa, Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Kiribati, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Pitcairn, Republic of the Marshall Islands, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu and Wallis and Futuna. The Pacific continues to lead by example motivated by collective stewardship with actions and policies based on science. Pacific leaders continue to work with the World Health Organisation (WHO) to implement COVID-19 management recommendations.
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Gâteblé, Gildas, Laurence Ramon, and Jean-François Butaud. "A new coastal species of Pseuderanthemum (Acanthaceae) from Loyalty Islands (New Caledonia) and Vanuatu with notes on P. carruthersii." PhytoKeys 128 (July 29, 2019): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.128.36325.
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When dealing with the taxonomy of Pacific coastal species within the region of New Caledonia and Vanuatu, one should examine all names published in Australasia and other Pacific islands. When the putative new species is also closely related to a highly praised ornamental species with many cultigens and with many old horticultural names, the task becomes more arduous. This is the case for the new species we describe as Pseuderanthemummelanesicum Gâteblé, Ramon & Butaud, which is closely related to the now pantropical cultivated species P.carruthersii (Seem.) Guillaumin s.l. Compared to P.carruthersii, P.melanesicum has carnose and shiny leaves, pedicels and sepals covered with glandular hairs, a short and enlarged corolla tube and can produce fertile capsules. The new species is a coastal taxon occurring naturally in the Melanesian archipelagos of New Caledonia and Vanuatu. This species seems uncommon in the Loyalty Islands but more common in the archipelago of Vanuatu and we propose it as Critically Endangered in New Caledonia, Vulnerable in Vanuatu and Least Concern when the IUCN evaluation is done globally.
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Singh, Gurmit. "Literacy impact studies in Solomon Islands and Vanuatu." International Journal of Educational Research 35, no. 2 (January 2001): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0883-0355(01)00019-2.
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Graham, Jennifer A., David Haverson, and John Bacon. "Modelling pollution dispersal around Solomon Islands and Vanuatu." Marine Pollution Bulletin 150 (January 2020): 110589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110589.
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Ganachaud, Alexandre, Lionel Gourdeau, and William Kessler. "Bifurcation of the Subtropical South Equatorial Current against New Caledonia in December 2004 from a Hydrographic Inverse Box Model*." Journal of Physical Oceanography 38, no. 9 (September 1, 2008): 2072–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jpo3901.1.
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Abstract The South Equatorial Current (SEC), the westward branch of the South Pacific subtropical gyre, extends from the equator to 30°S at depth. Linear ocean dynamics predict that the SEC forms boundary currents on the eastern coasts of the South Pacific islands it encounters. Those currents would then detach at the northern and southern tips of the islands, and cross the Coral Sea in the form of jets. The Fiji Islands, the Vanuatu archipelago, and New Caledonia are the major topographic obstacles on the SEC pathway to the Australian coast. Large-scale numerical studies, as well as climatologies, suggest the formation of three jets in their lee: the north Vanuatu jet (NVJ), the north Caledonian jet (NCJ), and the south Caledonian jet (SCJ), implying a bifurcation against the east coast of each island. The flow observed during the SECALIS-2 cruise in December 2004 between Vanuatu and New Caledonia is presented herein. An inverse box model is used to provide quantitative transport estimates with uncertainties and to infer the pathways and boundary current formation. For that particular month, the 0–2000-m SEC inflow was found to be 20 ± 4 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) between Vanuatu and New Caledonia. Of that, 6 ± 2 Sv bifurcated to the south in a boundary current against the New Caledonia coast (the Vauban Current), and the remainder exited north of New Caledonia, feeding the NCJ. The flow is comparable both above and below the thermocline, while complex topography, associated with oceanic eddy generation, introduces several recirculation features. To the north, the NCJ, which extends down to 1500 m, was fed not only by the SEC inflow, but also by waters coming from the north, which have possibly been recirculated. To the south, a westward current rounds the tip of New Caledonia. A numerical simulation suggests a partial continuity with the deep extension of the Vauban Current (this current would then be the SCJ) while the hydrographic sections are too distant to confirm such continuity.
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Robie, David. "Voice of the Voiceless." Pacific Journalism Monographs : Te Koakoa: Ngā Rangahau, no. 7 (November 30, 2017): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjm.v0i7.17.
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'The Pacific Islands have long been a refuge,’ wrote celebrated Vanuatu-based investigative photojournalist Ben Bohane in the introduction to his extraordinary 2013 collection The Black Islands, ‘for eccentricforeigners and castaways too, who often fell into one (or several) of these categories: mercenary, missionary or misfit.’...
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Foster, Tim, Juliet Willetts, and Krishna Kumar Kotra. "Faecal contamination of groundwater in rural Vanuatu: prevalence and predictors." Journal of Water and Health 17, no. 5 (July 3, 2019): 737–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2019.016.
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Abstract Groundwater is an important source of water for coastal communities in Pacific Island Countries. This study assessed the prevalence and predictors of faecal contamination in groundwater sources across 11 islands in Vanuatu. Escherichia coli was detected in 49% of sources and E. coli concentration exceeded 10 MPN (most probable number)/100 mL for 23% of sources. When adjusting for other variables, the detection of E. coli was significantly associated with severe pump stand corrosion, suggestive of contaminated run-off directly entering boreholes. E. coli concentration >10 MPN/100 mL was also significantly associated with: (i) hand-dug wells (as compared to drilled boreholes); (ii) severe pump stand corrosion; (iii) water points underlain by volcanic rocks (as compared to coral limestone); and (iv) rainfall in the previous 24 h. Encasing pump stands in concrete – as some communities had done – was found to have a significant protective effect. While baseline statistics for Sustainable Development Goal target 6.1 suggest that 87% of Vanuatu's rural population have access to at least a basic (improved) water source, the results from this study point to extensive microbial water quality concerns linked to degraded water supply infrastructure in need of rehabilitation.
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Dancause, Kelsey N., Miguel Vilar, Chim Chan, Christa DeHuff, Michelle Wilson, Laura E. Soloway, Len Tarivonda, et al. "Patterns of childhood and adolescent overweight and obesity during health transition in Vanuatu." Public Health Nutrition 15, no. 1 (August 11, 2011): 158–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980011001662.
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AbstractObjectiveRapid economic development and subsequent changes in lifestyle and disease burdens (‘health transition’) is associated with increasing prevalence of obesity among both adults and children. However, because of continued infectious diseases and undernutrition during the early stages of transition, monitoring childhood obesity has not been prioritized in many countries and the scope of the problem is unknown. Therefore we sought to characterize patterns of childhood overweight and obesity in an early transitional area, the South Pacific archipelago of Vanuatu.DesignWe completed an anthropometric survey among children from three islands with varying levels of economic development, from rural areas (where adult obesity prevalence is low) to urban areas (where adult obesity prevalence is high).SettingThe islands of Ambae (rural), Aneityum (rural with tourism) and Efate (urban).SubjectsBoys and girls (n 513) aged 6–17 years.ResultsHeight-, weight- and BMI-for-age did not vary among islands, and prevalence of overweight/obesity based on BMI was low. However, girls from Aneityum – a rural island where the tourism industry increased rapidly after malaria eradication – had increased central adiposity compared with girls from the other islands. This is contrary to adult patterns, which indicate higher obesity prevalence in urban areas. Multiple factors might contribute, including stunting, biological responses after malaria control, sleeping patterns, diet and physical activity levels.ConclusionsMeasures of central adiposity highlight an emerging obesity risk among girls in Vanuatu. The data highlight the synergistic relationship among infectious diseases, undernutrition and obesity during the early stages of health transition.
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Dickinson, William R. "Control of paleoshorelines by trench forebulge uplift, Loyalty Islands." Quaternary Research 80, no. 1 (July 2013): 125–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2013.04.007.
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Unlike most tropical Pacific islands, which lie along island arcs or hotspot chains, the Loyalty Islands between New Caledonia and Vanuatu owe their existence and morphology to the uplift of pre-existing atolls on the flexural forebulge of the New Hebrides Trench. The configuration and topography of each island is a function of distance from the crest of the uplifted forebulge. Both Maré and Lifou are fully emergent paleoatolls upon which ancient barrier reefs form highstanding annular ridges that enclose interior plateaus representing paleolagoon floors, whereas the partially emergent Ouveapaleoatoll rim flanks a drowned remnant lagoon. Emergent paleoshoreline features exposed by island uplift include paleoreef flats constructed as ancient fringing reefs built to past low tide levels and emergent tidal notches incised at past high tide levels. Present paleoshoreline elevations record uplift rates of the islands since last-interglacial and mid-Holocene highstands in global and regional sea levels, respectively, and paleoreef stratigraphy reflects net Quaternary island emergence. The empirical uplift rates vary in harmony with theoretical uplift rates inferred from the different positions of the islands in transit across the trench forebulge at the trench subduction rate. The Loyalty Islands provide a case study of island environments controlled primarily by neotectonics.
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REEPMEYER, CHRISTIAN. "Characterising volcanic glass sources in the Banks Islands, Vanuatu." Archaeology in Oceania 43, no. 3 (October 2008): 120–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1834-4453.2009.tb00038.x.
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Mace, E. S., P. N. Mathur, L. Izquierdo, D. Hunter, M. B. Taylor, D. Singh, I. H. DeLacy, G. V. H. Jackson, and I. D. Godwin. "Rationalization of taro germplasm collections in the Pacific Island region using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers." Plant Genetic Resources 4, no. 3 (December 2006): 210–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pgr2006125.
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AbstractA regional (Oceania) core collection for taro germplasm has been developed based on phenotypic and molecular characterization. In total, 2199 accessions of taro germplasm have been collected by TaroGen (Taro Genetic Resources: Conservation and Utilisation) from 10 countries in Oceania: Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Fiji, Palau, Niue, Tonga, Cook Islands and Samoa. Our objective was to select 10% from each country to contribute to a regional core. The larger collections from Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu and New Caledonia were analysed based on phenotypic characters, and a diverse subset representing 20% of these collections was fingerprinted. A diverse 20% subsample was also taken from the Solomon Islands. All accessions from the other six countries were fingerprinted. In total, 515 accessions were genotyped (23.4% overall) using taro specific simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. DNA fingerprint data showed that great allelic diversity existed in Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. Interestingly, rare alleles were identified in taros from the Solomon Islands province of Choiseul which were not observed in any of the other collections. Overall, 211 accessions were recommended for inclusion in the final regional core collection based on the phenotypic and molecular characterization.
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Westoby, Ross, Rachel Clissold, and Karen E. McNamara. "Alternative Entry Points for Adaptation: Examples from Vanuatu." Weather, Climate, and Society 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-20-0064.1.
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AbstractAs climate change accelerates, effective adaptation is an urgent and unavoidable priority. Bottom-up approaches such as community-based adaptation have been portrayed as the panacea. Recent studies are, however, highlighting the ongoing and inherent issues with normative “community” conceptualizations that assume a geographically bound, temporally fixed, and harmonious unit. Despite documentation on the negative impact these problematic assumptions can have on adaptation outcomes, adaptation at the community scale remains the preferred option for project delivery in highly exposed places such as the Pacific Islands region. More creative entry points that are less charged with problematic assumptions are needed at the local scale. This paper draws from three examples in Vanuatu to offer compelling alternative entry points for adaptation: 1) a rural technical college embedded within an Anglican mission village, 2) a whole-of-island approach, and 3) the “collective of vendors” at marketplaces. We offer hope by identifying ways to expand on and complement existing, restricted notions of community and, through this, to improve adaptation outcomes.
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BAMBER, ROGER N. "The male of Ascorhynchus constrictus Stock, 1997 (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida), with further new records of deep-sea pycnogonids from New Caledonia, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu." Zootaxa 2787, no. 1 (March 10, 2011): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2787.1.4.
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Deep-sea pycnogonid material collected during the N/O Alis Campagnes Norfolk 2 to New Caledonia in 2003 and Salomon 2 to the Solomon Islands in 2004, together with two samples from the BOA0 and BOA1 Campagnes to Vanuatu in 2004–2005, has been analyzed. This includes only the second collection of deep-sea pycnogonids from the Solomon Islands. The material includes 22 specimens from seven species from New Caledonia, taken at depths from 265 to 1150 m, 95 specimens from 14 species from the Solomon islands, at depths from 336 to 1218 m, and two specimens of one species from Vanuatu (864–927 m depth). The first male of Ascorhynchus constrictus is described, including the first description of the anterior legs. A new species of Ascorhynchus is partially described, but not named owing to its incompleteness. Seven of the species are new to the Melanesia region, including a notable range-extension for Colossendeis tasmanica. The local zoogeography of these deep-water species is discussed.
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Benson, Jill, Dimity Pond, Michelle Funk, Frances Hughes, Xiangdong Wang, and Len Tarivonda. "A New Era in Mental Health Care in Vanuatu." International Journal of Family Medicine 2011 (April 5, 2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/590492.
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Inequity in health-care delivery for those with mental illness is widespread throughout low- and middle-income countries. In the Pacific Island countries there are many barriers to addressing the growing mental health burden. In an effort to address this problem, the WHO is coordinating the Pacific Islands Mental Health Network involving 18 countries in the Pacific region with the financial support of New Zealand Aid (NZAid). JB and DP have developed and presented mental health training to health professionals, community leaders, and social service personnel in an environment in Vanuatu that is very different from that of their usual Australian-based general practices. They discuss evidence for their work, an outline of the programme, some difficulties working across different cultures, and the enthusiasm with which the training has been greeted. Vanuatu is now well on its way to addressing the inequity of access to mental health care with a culturally appropriate and self-sustaining mental health workforce.
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Swenson, Ulf, J. Christopher Havran, Jérôme Munzinger, Stephen Mcloughlin, and Stephan Nylinder. "Metapopulation Vicariance, Age of Island Taxa and Dispersal: A Case Study Using the Pacific Plant Genus Planchonella (Sapotaceae)." Systematic Biology 68, no. 6 (April 23, 2019): 1020–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syz025.
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Abstract Oceanic islands originate from volcanism or tectonic activity without connections to continental landmasses, are colonized by organisms, and eventually vanish due to erosion and subsidence. Colonization of oceanic islands occurs through long-distance dispersals (LDDs) or metapopulation vicariance, the latter resulting in lineages being older than the islands they inhabit. If metapopulation vicariance is valid, island ages cannot be reliably used to provide maximum age constraints for molecular dating. We explore the relationships between the ages of members of a widespread plant genus (Planchonella, Sapotaceae) and their host islands across the Pacific to test various assumptions of dispersal and metapopulation vicariance. We sampled three nuclear DNA markers from 156 accessions representing some 100 Sapotaceae taxa, and analyzed these in BEAST with a relaxed clock to estimate divergence times and with a phylogeographic diffusion model to estimate range expansions over time. The phylogeny was calibrated with a secondary point (the root) and fossils from New Zealand. The dated phylogeny reveals that the ages of Planchonella species are, in most cases, consistent with the ages of the islands they inhabit. Planchonella is inferred to have originated in the Sahul Shelf region, to which it back-dispersed multiple times. Fiji has been an important source for range expansion in the Pacific for the past 23 myr. Our analyses reject metapopulation vicariance in all cases tested, including between oceanic islands, evolution of an endemic Fiji–Vanuatu flora, and westward rollback vicariance between Vanuatu and the Loyalty Islands. Repeated dispersal is the only mechanism able to explain the empirical data. The longest (8900 km) identified dispersal is between Palau in the Pacific and the Seychelles in the Indian Ocean, estimated at 2.2 Ma (0.4–4.8 Ma). The first split in a Hawaiian lineage (P. sandwicensis) matches the age of Necker Island (11.0 Ma), when its ancestor diverged into two species that are distinguished by purple and yellow fruits. Subsequent establishment across the Hawaiian archipelago supports, in part, progression rule colonization. In summary, we found no explanatory power in metapopulation vicariance and conclude that Planchonella has expanded its range across the Pacific by LDD. We contend that this will be seen in many other groups when analyzed in detail.
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Barker, Gary M., Gilianne Brodie, Lia Bogitini, and Helen Pippard. "Diversity and current conservation status of Melanesian–New Zealand placostyline land snails (Gastropoda : Bothriembryontidae), with discussion of conservation imperatives, priorities and methodology issues." Pacific Conservation Biology 22, no. 3 (2016): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc14929.
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We review the diversity and conservation status of Placostylinae, land snails endemic to the western Pacific. Their narrow-range endemism, large size and associated vulnerability, consumptive exploitation by people, and habitat loss and degradation (inclusive of invasive predators) threaten their survival. There has been considerable attention from conservation biologists in New Caledonia, Lord Howe Island and New Zealand aimed at species recovery. Nonetheless, only on uninhabited, pest-free islands do these native snails persist in high numbers, and these remaining ‘sanctuaries’ are dependent on biosecurity vigilance. For other populations in New Caledonia, Lord Howe Island and New Zealand, the benefits of control of invasive mesopredators have been demonstrated, but it remains unclear if long-term persistence of Placostylinae can be achieved in degraded landscapes that continue to be subject to anthropogenic pressures. For species in Fiji, Vanuatu, and the Solomon Islands – the centre of Placostylinae diversity – their conservation status is not known with any certainty due to lack of basic data on range and population trends. Recent IUCN Red List assessments indicate a high level of extinction risk among Fijian species due to narrow geographic range coupled with decline in habitat extent and quality. Further inventory and ecological work is urgently needed in the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to enable assessment of extinction risk and identify threatening processes. We identify four priority areas for advancing the conservation of Placostylinae, especially in Melanesia, and discuss the most pressing methodological issues. Molecular phylogenetic analyses are needed to provide an evolutionary framework for taxonomic revision and to underpin development of both conservation policy and species recovery plans.
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McCOSKER, JOHN E. "Deepwater Indo-Pacific species of the snake-eel genus Ophichthus (Anguilliformes: Ophichthidae), with the description of nine new species." Zootaxa 2505, no. 1 (June 14, 2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2505.1.1.
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The 19 Indo-Pacific species of the snake-eel genus Ophichthus (family Ophichthidae, subfamily Ophichthinae) that live at or below 200 m are reviewed. Included are: Ophichthus aphotistos, O. brachynotopterus, O. echeloides, O. exourus, O. genie, O. kunaloa, O. megalops, O. mystacinus, O. serpentinus, O. urolophus, and nine new species which are described: O. alleni from 115–200 m off eastern Australia; O. aniptocheilos from 391–421 m off Tonga; O. congroides from 300 m off the Tuamotu Islands; O. hirritus from 600 m off the Seychelle Islands; O. humanni from 254–300 m off Vanuatu; O. ishiyamorum from 258–400 m off the Gulf of Aden, Somalia; O. lentiginosus from 400 m off Vanuatu and New Caledonia; O. microstictus from 362–450 m off Tonga, Fiji, and possibly New Caledonia; and O. tomioi from 300– 423 m off the Philippines, Marquesas, Fiji, and the Seychelle Islands. The range and depth distributions of the following are expanded to include: O. brachynotopterus to New Caledonia and Vanuatu between 541–580 m; O. mystacinus to Tonga, Fiji, and the Philippines between 371–824 m; and O. urolophus to Western Australia and Indonesia between 40– 420 m. An identification key is provided. Characteristics and the behavior of species of the subgenus Coecilophis, to which all treated species except O. aphotistos belong, is discussed. Ophichthys madagascariensis Fourmanoir (1961) is proposed to be a junior synonym of Pisodonophis cancrivorus (Richardson 1848).
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Kaneko, Akira, Luis F. Chaves, George Taleo, Morris Kalkoa, Rie Isozumi, Renu Wickremasinghe, Hedvig Perlmann, et al. "Characteristic Age Distribution of Plasmodium vivax Infections after Malaria Elimination on Aneityum Island, Vanuatu." Infection and Immunity 82, no. 1 (October 28, 2013): 243–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00931-13.
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ABSTRACTResurgence is a major concern after malaria elimination. After the initiation of the elimination program on Aneityum Island in 1991, microscopy showed thatPlasmodium falciparumdisappeared immediately, whereasP. vivaxdisappeared from 1996 onward, untilP. vivaxcases were reported in January 2002. By conducting malariometric surveys of the entire population of Aneityum, we investigated the age distribution of individuals with parasites during this epidemic in the context of antimalarial antibody levels and parasite antigen diversity. In July 2002,P. vivaxinfections were detected by microscopy in 22/759 individuals: 20/298 born after the beginning of the elimination program in 1991, 2/126 born between 1982 and 1991, and none of 335 born before 1982. PCR increased the number of infections detected to 77, distributed among all age groups. Prevalences were 12.1%, 16.7%, and 6.0%, respectively (P< 0.001). In November, a similar age pattern was found, but with fewer infections: 6/746 and 39/741 individuals were found to be infected by microscopy and PCR, respectively. The frequencies of antibody responses toP. vivaxwere significantly higher in individuals born before 1991 than in younger age groups and were similar to those on Malakula Island, an area of endemicity. Remarkably low antigen diversity (h, 0.15) ofP. vivaxinfections was observed on Aneityum compared with the other islands (h, 0.89 to 1.0). AP. vivaxresurgence was observed among children and teenagers on Aneityum, an age distribution similar to those before elimination and on islands whereP. vivaxis endemic, suggesting that in the absence of significant exposure, immunity may persist, limiting infection levels in adults. The limited parasite gene pool on islands may contribute to this protection.
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Read, Tyffen C., Nancy N. FitzSimmons, Laurent Wantiez, Michael P. Jensen, Florent Keller, Olivier Chateau, Richard Farman, et al. "Mixed stock analysis of a resident green turtle, Chelonia mydas, population in New Caledonia links rookeries in the South Pacific." Wildlife Research 42, no. 6 (2015): 488. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr15064.
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Context Migratory species are known to pose a challenge for conservation because it is essential to understand their complex life history in order to implement efficient conservation actions. Aims In New Caledonia, large seagrass habitats in the Grand Lagon Sud (GLS) are home to resident green turtles (Chelonia mydas) of unknown origins. To assess the stock composition in the GLS, 164 foraging turtles were sampled for genetic analysis of ~770 base pairs of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region. Methods Foraging turtles ranging in size from 48.0 to 108.4 cm curved carapace length were captured at five different sites within the GLS between September 2012 and December 2013. To provide baseline data for mixed stock analysis, published data from rookeries were used in addition to 105 samples collected at rookeries in the d’Entrecasteaux Islands and Chesterfield Islands in New Caledonia and at Malekula Island in Vanuatu. Exact tests of population differentiation and pairwise FST estimates were used to test for differences in mtDNA haplotype frequencies. Key results These analyses indicated that rookeries in the d’Entrecasteaux Islands and Vanuatu form unique management units and that the Chesterfield Islands rookeries are linked to the Coral Sea management unit. Mixed stock analysis indicated the highest proportion (mean = 0.63) of foraging turtles originate from the d’Entrecasteaux stock. Conclusions The larger contribution is estimated to be from a large rookery from New Caledonia, but smaller contributions are suggested from other rookeries in the South Pacific. Implications Marine conservation policies in New Caledonia need to consider the links between the foraging and nesting populations of C. mydas in New Caledonia and other rookeries and foraging grounds in the Coral Sea.
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Kowalenko, Nick, Odille Chang, Monica Hagali, Myrielle Allen, Jimmy Obed, Alistair Bush, and Paul Robertson. "Child and Adolescent Psychiatry International Relations (CAPIR): building bridges for psychiatry workforce capacity with Pacific Island nations." Australasian Psychiatry 28, no. 1 (September 17, 2019): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1039856219875058.
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Objective: To describe the span of work of child and adolescent psychiatrists in Australia and New Zealand in recent years aimed at collaborative efforts to build mental health capacity in the Pacific Island nations of Fiji, Samoa, Cook Islands, Tonga, Kiribati, Vanuatu, Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea. Method: Steps taken to coordinate resourcing, networking, delivery of appropriate initiatives, establishing and maintaining key relationships with partners are described. Results: Engagement with Pacific nations mental health professionals, ministries of health, NGOs, universities, multilateral agencies and professional and international organisations has expanded and strengthened since 2013. Conclusions: Planned and staged implementation of initiatives can harness RANZCP (and its faculties and interest groups) goodwill to effectively contribute to psychiatry and mental health capacity building in partnerships with Pacific Island nations to address mental health needs over the life-span.
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Gaudreau, Christine, Bernard LaRue, Valérie Charbonneau, Guy Charpentier, and Douglas A. Craig. "Recent origins and genetic fragmentation of Simulium (Hebridosimulium) laciniatum (Diptera), the endemic Fijian simuliid." Invertebrate Systematics 22, no. 5 (2008): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is08024.
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Simulium laciniatum Edwards, 1924 is endemic to Fiji and is also the only known black fly species in the Fiji archipelago, a most unusual situation since neighbouring Vanuatu harbours fourteen precinctive species from the same subgenus, Hebridosimulium Grenier & Rageau, 1961. Morphology indicates that S. (H.) laciniatum is monospecific throughout the Fiji archipelago, so the species was further scrutinised from a molecular standpoint. Samples taken from five islands of Fiji show a major lack of heterogeneity in the mitochondrial COII gene and a probable date around 105 years has been inferred for the S. (H.) laciniatum ancestor, a likely migrant from Vanuatu. COII homogeneity may also reflect the dispersal abilities of blood-seeking females of this species, abetted possibly by shortened distances between islands during ice ages concurrent with depressed sea levels. However, the ITS1 spacer between the 18S and 5.8S rDNA genes exhibits six haplotypes, with the two predominant ones clearly arrayed in a north–south distribution. This suggests sufficient distance between suites of islands in recent times to allow precinctive population development.
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CHAN, TIN-YAM. "New records of the rare pandalid shrimp Plesionika exigua (Rathbun, 1906 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea) in the western Pacific." Zootaxa 4205, no. 1 (December 4, 2016): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4205.1.11.
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The rare species Plesionka exigua (Rathbun, 1906) is recorded for the first time from three western Pacific localities New Caledonia, Vanuatu and Ryukyu Islands of Japan. Redescription, illustrations on distinguishing characters and color photograph are provided for this poorly known species.
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JIANG, RI-XIN, ALBERTO BALLERIO, HAO-YI LIU, and SHUO WANG. "Description of the male of Pterorthochaetes yunnanensis Ballerio, 2014 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Hybosoridae: Ceratocanthinae)." Zootaxa 4950, no. 1 (March 29, 2021): 196–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4950.1.12.
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The ceratocanthine genus Pterorthochaetes Gestro, 1898 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Hybosoridae) includes about 26 valid species and occurs from the eastern Himalaya (Nepal and India) and southern China to northern Australia (Queensland) and Vanuatu Islands (Paulian 1978, 1987; Ballerio 1999, 2006, 2013, 2014).
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Liebherr, James K. "Platynini (Coleoptera:Carabidae) of Vanuatu: Miocene diversification on the Melanesian Arc." Invertebrate Systematics 19, no. 4 (2005): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is04032.
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Vanuatu supports 11 resident species of the carabid beetle tribe Platynini: five indigenous species shared with other Pacific islands and Australia and six newly described precinctive species. Notagonum delaruei, sp. nov. represents a single descendant species of one colonisation event. Helluocolpodes, gen. nov. (type species Colpodes helluo Darlington of New Guinea) is proposed to accommodate a monophylum comprising the type species plus Helluocolpodes discicollis, sp. nov., H. mucronis, sp. nov., H. multipunctatus, sp. nov., H. sinister, sp. nov. and H. vanemdeni, sp. nov., all from Vanuatu. Generic assignments are informed by cladistic analysis of anatomical characters for a variety of Pacific platynine taxa. Metacolpodes Jeannel is redefined cladistically to include seven Pacific and Asian species. Biogeographic relationships among island areas housing platynine taxa on the Australian and Pacific Plates are investigated using a chrono–area cladogram, i.e. a taxon–area cladogram for which terminals are dated based on geological evidence and internal nodes based on non-reversible temporal optimisation. Conclusions reached by constraining the ages of areas within the context of phylogenetic relationships of their resident taxa include: (1) Vanuatu has supported resident platynine taxa since the Middle to Late Miocene; (2) the Hawaiian Blackburnia first colonised that archipelago in the Miocene, long before the present oldest high island, Kauai, came into existence; (3) the New Zealand Ctenognathus most likely arose from Miocene colonisation of New Zealand via Fiji; and (4) the low diversity of the Tahitian platynine fauna is due to relatively recent, Pliocene or later, colonisation of the Society Island chain by this group, also from a Fijian source.
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Choong, Alex. "Melanesia irks Malaysia." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 3, no. 2 (November 1, 1996): 133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v3i2.597.
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Malaysia's Primary Industries Minister Datuk Seti Dr Lim Keng Yaik, disturbed by attacks by environmentalists on companies from his country for overlogging, led a two-week forestry mission to PNG, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu in early 1996 to have a first-hand look.
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PILLON, YOHAN, and VANESSA HEQUET. "Two new species of Quintinia (Paracryphiaceae) with notes on the species from New Caledonia and Vanuatu." Phytotaxa 397, no. 1 (March 14, 2019): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.397.1.4.
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The taxonomy of Quintinia (Paracryphiaceae) in New Caledonia and Vanuatu is reviewed. All names validly published in Quintinia in the two archipelagos are discussed and lectotypified where necessary. Two new species are described: Q. hyehenensis and Q. sessiliflora. Six species are thus recognized in New Caledonia: Q. hyehenensis, Q. major, Q. minor, Q. oreophila, Q. sessiliflora, and Q. media; the latter also extends to Vanuatu. Sexual systems are discussed and it seems that contrary to previous reports, Quintinia is almost entirely dioecious on these islands. The moderately high manganese concentration in the leaves of Q. sessiliflora is discussed.
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Farran, Sue. "Sand, Fish and Sea: A Legal Reflection on Islands—From Orkney to Vanuatu." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 21, no. 4 (2006): 389–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180806779441084.
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AbstractIt might be thought that the Orkney and Shetland Islands to the north of Scotland have little in common with the tropical islands in the South Pacific region. This article demonstrates that islands across time and space can share many similar concerns by reflecting on a number of legal issues which either have been or are pertinent to islands in both hemispheres, taking into account the role and relevance of customary or traditional law, the influence of introduced or colonial law, and the legal consequences of political domination of one group by another. In particular the article looks at the challenges presented where there is more than one system of law or set of rules applicable to questions of ownership of the sea, the seashore and fishing, and the consequences this can have for management and control of marine resources.
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Callum, Jack, Duin McDiarmid, Yu Gao, Mark Armstrong, Edna Iavro, and Andrew Steer. "Prevalence of scabies in Sanma Province, Vanuatu." Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 113, no. 8 (June 11, 2019): 500–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/trz045.
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Abstract Background Scabies is a common, under-reported condition in the Pacific with acute and chronic complications. In this study we explored the prevalence of scabies in Sanma Province, Vanuatu. Methods We randomly selected 30 villages from nine government zones across three islands and examined residents present within these villages for scabies. Bivariate analysis and multilevel models were conducted to investigate associated demographic and household factors. Results Of 1879 participants examined, 563 had scabies (30%, 95% CI 27.9 to 32.1) with the highest prevalence in children aged 6–10 y (38.8%, 95% CI 33.9 to 44). Conclusions Scabies is a significant issue in Sanma with very high prevalence in children.
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OLIVER, PAUL M., JONATHAN R. CLEGG, ROBERT N. FISHER, STEPHEN J. RICHARDS, PETER N. TAYLOR, and MERLIJN M. T. JOCQUE. "A new biogeographically disjunct giant gecko (Gehyra: Gekkonidae: Reptilia) from the East Melanesian Islands." Zootaxa 4208, no. 1 (December 14, 2016): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4208.1.3.
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The East Melanesian Islands have been a focal area for research into island biogeography and community ecology. However, previously undescribed and biogeographically significant new species endemic to this region continue to be discovered. Here we describe a phylogenetically distinct (~20% divergence at the mitochondrial ND2 gene) and biogeographically disjunct new species of gecko in the genus Gehyra, from the Admiralty and St Matthias Islands. Gehyra rohan sp. nov. can be distinguished from all congeners by the combination of its very large size, ring of bright orange scales around the eye, moderate degree of lateral folding on the limbs and body, and aspects of head, body and tail scalation. Molecular data indicate mid to late Miocene divergence of the new species from nearest relatives occurring nearly 2000 kilometres away in Vanuatu and Fiji. Large Gehyra have not been recorded on the intervening large islands of the Bismark Archipelago (New Britain and New Ireland) and the Solomon Islands, suggesting this dispersal pre-dated the current configuration of these islands, extinction in intervening regions, or potentially elements of both. Conversely, low genetic divergence between disjunct samples on Manus and Mussau implies recent overseas dispersal via either natural or anthropogenic means.
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Meagher, David, Andi Cairns, and Ray Tangney. "Camptochaete monolina sp. nov. and Camptochaete subporotrichoides (Bryophyta: Lembophyllaceae) from the Australian Wet Tropics." Telopea 23 (2020): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.7751/telopea14718.
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Camptochaete monolina sp. nov. is described from three collections in the Australian Wet Tropics bioregion. Camptochaete subporotrichoides (Broth. & Geh.) Broth. (Bryophyta: Lembophyllaceae), previously known from Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu, Solomon Islands and Fiji, is reported as new to Australia from several collections in the same bioregion.
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Sharma, Parmendra, Neelesh Gounder, and Dong Xiang. "Level and Determinants of Foreign Bank Efficiency in a Pacific Island Country." Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies 18, no. 01 (March 2015): 1550005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219091515500058.
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This study fills a huge gap in literature by providing some evidence on the level and determinants of bank efficiency in a Pacific island context. DEA results show that overall efficiency levels may be lower than in Australia, the home country of major banks. Dynamic GMM and panel data results show that personnel expenses and bank credit matter for efficiency, but not other bank-specific and macroeconomic factors. These insights substantially improve policy-making capacities for Fiji and other Pacific economies, including Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Tonga, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu where banking and regulatory systems and structures are highly comparable.
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DE GRAVE, SAMMY, TIN-YAM CHAN, Y. FUJITA, and JUNJI OKUNO. "Hippolytidae and Barbouriidae (Decapoda: Caridea) collected during the Ryukyu “KUMEJIMA 2009” expedition." Zootaxa 3367, no. 1 (July 4, 2012): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3367.1.9.
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The present report deals with caridean shrimps from the families Hippolytidae (7 species) and Barbouriidae (1 species)collected during the KUMEJIMA 2009 expedition in the Ryukyu Islands. The deep-water hippolytid Gelastreutescrosnieri Bruce, 1990 is recorded from Kumejima based on a single female specimen, representing a considerable rangeextension of this species from New Caledonia to Japan. The opportunity is also taken to record and illustrate the firstknown male specimen of G. crosnieri, collected during the SANTO 2006 expedition off West Mavéa Island, Vanuatu. Thecolour pattern of G. crosnieri is shown for the first time. The Kumejima and Vanuatu specimens present noticeabledifferences in both morphology and colouration, but appear to be conspecific based on comparison of the barcoding geneCOI sequences. The recently described Lysmata lipkei Okuno & Fielder, 2010 is recorded for the second time, however,not representing a significant range extension of this species. The other species reported are Saron marmoratus (Olivier,1811), Saron neglectus De Man, 1902, Thinora maldivensis (Borradaile, 1915), Thor amboinensis (De Man, 1888), Tozeuma armatum Paul’son, 1875 (Hippolytidae), and Parhippolyte misticia (Clark, 1989) (Barbouriidae).
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Tabarev, A. V., A. E. Patrusheva, and N. Cuevas. "Burials in Anthropomorphic Jars in the Philippines." Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 47, no. 2 (June 26, 2019): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2019.47.2.040-047.
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The fi rst joint study by Russian and Philippine archaeologists addresses an unusual variant of a burial tradition distributed in Island Southeast Asia – burials in anthropomorphic clay jars, found in Ayub Cave (southern Mindanao Island, Philippines), excavated by specialists from the National Museum of the Philippines in 1991–1992, and tentatively dated to 500 BC to 500 AD. Of special interest are lids of jars shaped as painted human heads with individualized facial features and expressions. The fi nds suggest that Ayub Cave was a necropolis of the tribe elite, and that vessels were produced by a special group of potters using elaborate “prestige technologies”. The Ayub ceramic collection has various parallels relating to clay fi gurines and decoration including painting, among Late Neolithic and Early Metal Age assemblages from the Philippines (Luzon, Palawan, and Negros Islands), Indonesia (Sumba, Flores, and Bali Islands), and other regions of the Pacifi c Basin from Japan (Jomon) and Korea (Early Iron Age burials) to Vanuatu Islands (Lapita culture). These parallels suggest that the source of the anthropomorphic symbolism was the Austronesian migration with one of its routes passing from southern China via Taiwan, the northern Philippines, Mariana Islands, and further south to Melanesia and Polynesia.
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Brown, Peter R., Ken P. Aplin, Lyn A. Hinds, Jens Jacob, Sarah E. Thomas, and Barbara J. Ritchie. "Rodent management issues in South Pacific islands: a review with case studies from Papua New Guinea and Vanuatu." Wildlife Research 44, no. 8 (2017): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr17104.
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Rodents are a key pest to agricultural and rural island communities of the South Pacific, but there is limited information of their impact on the crops and livelihoods of small-scale farmers. The rodent pest community is known, but the type and scales of damage to different crops on different islands are unknown. Knowledge about rodent pest management in other geographical regions may not be directly transferable to the Pacific region. Many studies on islands have largely focussed on the eradication of rodents from uninhabited islands for conservation benefits. These broadscale eradication efforts are unlikely to translate to inhabited islands because of complex social and agricultural issues. The livelihoods, culture and customs of poor small-scale farmers in the South Pacific have a large bearing on the current management of rodents. The aim of the present review was to describe the rodent problems, impacts and management of rodents on South Pacific islands, and identify gaps for further research. We compared and contrasted two case studies. The situation in Papua New Guinea is emergent as several introduced rodent species are actively invading new areas with wide-ranging implications for human livelihoods and conservation. In Vanuatu, we show how rodent damage on cocoa plantations can be reduced by good orchard hygiene through pruning and weeding, which also has benefits for the management of black pod disease. We conclude that (1) damage levels are unknown and unreported, (2) the impacts on human health are unknown, (3) the relationships between the pest species and their food sources, breeding and movements are not known, and (4) the situation in Papua New Guinea may represent an emergent crisis that warrants further investigation. In addition, there is a need for greater understanding of the invasive history of pest rodents, so as to integrate biological information with management strategies. Ecologically based rodent management can be achieved on Pacific Islands, but only after significant well funded large-scale projects are established and rodent ecologists are trained. We can learn from experiences from other locations such as Southeast Asia to guide the way.
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Keppel, Gunnar. "Morphological variation, an expanded description and ethnobotanical evaluation of Cycas seemannii A.Braun (Cycadaceae)." South Pacific Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences 27, no. 1 (2009): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sp09004.
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Cycas seemannii (Cycadaceae) is a widespread and highly variable species. This study investigates morphological variability and ethnobotanical uses throughout the entire range (Torres Strait Islands, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Fiji and Tonga) of the species. The morphological characters studied are highly variable among populations and unrelated to genetic differences. Characters are also more variable than previously assumed and because of this we provide an updated, detailed taxonomic description of Cycas seemannii based on extensive morphometric data, fieldwork and herbarium specimens. The plant is of great cultural importance in Vanuatu, its seeds are utilised as a source of starch and it is a widely cultivated ornamental. Possible consequences of the plant's decreasing cultural importance are discussed.
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Renzaho, Andre MN. "Food insecurity, malnutrition and mortality in Maewo and Ambae islands, Vanuatu." Public Health Nutrition 9, no. 6 (September 2006): 798–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2005902.
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AbstractContextThis paper reports on findings from the ex-post evaluation of the Maewo Capacity Building project in Maewo Island, Vanuatu, which was funded by World Vision Australia.ObjectivesTo examine the extent to which the infrastructure and systems left behind by the project contributed to the improvement of household food security and health and nutritional outcomes in Maewo Island, using Ambae Island as a comparator.SettingTwo-stage cluster survey conducted from 6 to 20 July 2004, which included anthropometric measures and 4.5-year retrospective mortality data collection.ParticipantsA total of 406 households in Maewo comprising 1623 people and 411 households in Ambae comprising 1799 people.Main outcome measuresHousehold food insecurity, crude mortality rate (CMR), under-five mortality rate (U5MR) and malnutrition prevalence among children.ResultsThe prevalence of food insecurity without hunger was estimated at 15.3% (95% confidence interval (CI): 12.1, 19.2%) in Maewo versus 38.2% (95% CI: 33.6, 43.0%) in Ambae, while food insecurity with hunger in children did not vary by location. After controlling for the child's age and gender, children in Maewo had higher weight-for-age and height-for-age Z-scores than children of the same age in Ambae. The CMR was lower in Maewo (CMR=0.47/10 000 per day, 95% CI: 0.39, 0.55) than in Ambae (CMR=0.59/10 000 per day, 95% CI: 0.51, 0.67) but no difference existed in U5MR. The major causes of death were similar in both locations, with frequently reported causes being malaria, acute respiratory infection and diarrhoeal disease.ConclusionsProject initiatives in Maewo Island have reduced the risks of mortality and malnutrition. Using a cross-sectional 'external control group' design, this paper demonstrates that it is possible to draw conclusions about project effectiveness where baseline data are incomplete or absent. Shifting from donor-driven evaluations to impact evaluations has greater learning value for the organisation, and greater value when reporting back to the beneficiaries about project impact and transformational development in their community. Public health nutritionists working in the field are well versed in the collection and interpretation of anthropometric data for evaluation of nutritional interventions such as emergency feeding programmes. These same skills can be used to conduct impact evaluations, even some time after project completion, and elucidate lessons to be learned and shared. These skills can also be applied more widely to projects which impact on the longer-term nutritional status of communities and their food security.
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Nunn, Patrick D., Mary Baniala, Morris Harrison, and Paul Geraghty. "Vanished Islands in Vanuatu: New research and a preliminary geohazard assessment." Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 36, no. 1 (March 2006): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2006.9517798.
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Fletcher, Stephanie M., Jodi Thiessen, Anna Gero, Michele Rumsey, Natasha Kuruppu, and Juliet Willetts. "Traditional Coping Strategies and Disaster Response: Examples from the South Pacific Region." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/264503.
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The Pacific Islands are vulnerable to climate change and increased risk of disasters not only because of their isolated and often low lying geographical setting but because of their economic status which renders them reliant on donor support. In a qualitative study exploring the adaptive capacity of Pacific Island Countries (PICs) across four countries, Cook Islands, Fiji, Samoa, and Vanuatu, it was clear that traditional coping strategies are consistently being applied as part of response to disasters and climate changes. This paper describes five common strategies employed in PICs as understood through this research: recognition of traditional methods; faith and religious beliefs; traditional governance and leadership; family and community involvement; and agriculture and food security. While this study does not trial the efficacy of these methods, it provides an indication of what methods are being used and therefore a starting point for further research into which of these traditional strategies are beneficial. These findings also provide important impetus for Pacific Island governments to recognise traditional approaches in their disaster preparedness and response processes.
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Keppel, Gunnar. "Low genetic variation in a Pacific cycad: conservation concerns for Cycas seemannii (Cycadaceae)." Oryx 36, no. 1 (January 2002): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605302000078.
Full textAbstract:
The conservation status of Cycas seemannii, native to Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Fiji and Tonga, is assessed based on isozyme analysis, abundance estimates and factors affecting the survival of the species. Genetic variation in the species is low and genetic differentiation between populations is high, as compared to plants in general and to other cycads. Lower genetic variation was detected in a fragmented population as compared to less disturbed populations. Low gene flow was also detected, implying little contact between the various populations. A conservative estimate of 17,000 individuals remaining in the wild was obtained, with more than half of these located on the islands of Vanuatu. Accounts of past abundance suggest declining population sizes, most likely the result of repeated burning. Other factors that may be contributing to the decline are decreasing importance to and protection by humans, habitat alteration for agricultural and developmental purposes, and poor dispersal and recolonisation potential. An assessment based on the present estimated abundance and what is known of recent declines in numbers, indicates that the species should be categorised as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. On some of the densely populated islands, such as Viti Levu in Fiji and Nukualofa in Tonga, the species is locally Endangered or Critically Endangered. Possible conservation measures are suggested, and it is emphasised that populations on different islands must be considered separately because of their genetic differentiation.
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Singh, Shailendra. "Six Oceania microstates: The genesis of media accountability." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 11, no. 2 (September 1, 2005): 42–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v11i2.839.
Full textAbstract:
Media accountability systems (M*A*S) have been slow to take root in Oceania. Apart from Papua New Guinea, Fiji is the trend-setter in the region. Following the establishment of the Fiji Media Council in the mid-1990s, several other South Pacific island countries were keen to the follow the lead. Tonga now has a similar body with a code of ethics and which includes public members empowered to receive and adjudicate on complaints against the media. In Samoa, a study has been carried out in order to establish a media council-type body. The Solomons Islands Media Council (SIMC) is an industry organisation that does not yet have a complaints procedure. It is considering including this mechanism in line with the Papua New Guinea Media Council with which it shares a website and has a cooperative agreement. This article examines the debate in six South Pacific island countries that have adopted, or are in the process of adopting, self-regulatory M*A*S mechanisms following government pressure. They are the Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga and Vanuatu. The article also argues that there are other M*A*S that regional media can adopt besides media councils and this action would make it harder for governments to intervene and introduce regulation.