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1
Institution, British Standards. Quality management: Guidelines for quality plans : implementation of ISO 10005:1995. London: BSI, 1996.
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2
Nihon Kokusai Shitchi Hozen Rengō. Jūyō seitaikei kanshi chiiki monitaringu suishin jigyō (monitaringu saito 1000) enganʼiki chōsa gyōmu hōkokusho: Iso, higata, amamo-ba, moba : Heisei 20-nendo. Fujiyoshida-shi: Kankyōshō Shizen Kankyōkyoku Seibutsu Tayōsei Sentā, 2010.
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3
Blokdyk, Gerardus. ISO 10005 a Complete Guide - 2020 Edition. Emereo Pty Limited, 2020.
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4
Coleman, Janet. Medieval Political Theory c.1000–1500. Edited by George Klosko. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199238804.003.0012.
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This article focuses on a selection of Christian political theorists who have been considered by scholars over many generations, indeed centuries, to have contributed to a variety of distinctive discourses about the relationships between individuals and authority. There is a sense in which what political theorizing “is” during the Middle Ages is a set of positions and justificatory explanations about “sovereign power.” The attempt to fix the boundary between sacred and temporal authority during the eleventh-century pontificate of Gregory VII is normally seen to have spawned the major and long-enduring debates in medieval political theory (and beyond) over the relation between temporal and spiritual powers. This article highlights the emergence of legal experts in canon law and civil law, to whom the name “political theorists” should not seem anachronistic. It also considers how political theory was generated as a “civil science.” Finally, it looks at some themes at the heart of medieval political theory, particularly property and poverty, the Dominican political theory of Thomas Aquinas, and Franciscans' political theory.
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Bhole, Malini, Mas Chaponda, and Nick Beeching. Human immunodeficiency virus infection. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0296.
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Since its discovery in the 1980s, infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has rapidly spread across the world, especially to large parts of the African continent. By the end of 2013, an estimated 35 million people were living with HIV worldwide. In the UK, this figure was close to 108 000 (a prevalence of 2.8 per 1 000 population aged 15–59 years (1.9 per 1000 women and 3.7 per 1000 men)). Significant progress has been made in diagnosis, and current treatments are life-saving. However, there is still no cure and no vaccine. This chapter addresses the clinical features and management of HIV infection.
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Kennett, Douglas J., and David A. Hodell. AD 750–1100 Climate Change and Critical Transitions in Classic Maya Sociopolitical Networks. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199329199.003.0007.
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Multiple palaeoclimatic reconstructions point to a succession of major droughts in the Maya Lowlands between AD 750 and 1100 superimposed on a regional drying trend that itself was marked by considerable spatial and temporal variability. The longest and most severe regional droughts occurred between AD 800 and 900 and again between AD 1000 and 1100. Well-dated historical records carved on stone monuments from forty Classic Period civic-ceremonial centers reflect a dynamic sociopolitical landscape between AD 250 and 800 marked by a complex of antagonistic, diplomatic, lineage-based, and subordinate networks. Warfare between Maya polities increased between AD 600 and 800 within the context of population expansion and long-term environmental degradation exacerbated by increasing drought. Nevertheless, in spite of the clear effects of drought on network collapse during the Classic Period, one lingering question is why polities in the northern lowlands persisted and even flourished between AD 800 and 1000 (Puuc Maya and Chichén Itzá) before they too fragmented during an extended and severe regional drought between AD 1000 and 1100. Here we review available regional climate records during this critical transition and consider the different sociopolitical trajectories in the South/Central versus Northern Maya lowlands.
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Dyson, Tim. From Ancient Times to the Year 1000. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829058.003.0003.
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This chapter addresses the period from the end of the Mauryan Empire to c.1000 CE. There is very little evidence for the period. Nevertheless, people probably continued to migrate into river valleys and exploit new land. As a result, populations in different parts of the subcontinent increased—albeit usually very slowly and irregularly. In the north, Indo-Aryan influences continued to grow. Further south, kingdoms like those of the Pallavas and Cholas were crucial to the process of ‘Indianization’ which, from about the second century CE, affected areas of south-east Asia. It seems unlikely that India’s people were badly affected by the so-called ‘Plague of Justinian’ which affected parts of the Middle East and southern Europe during the sixth century. The chapter considers evidence collected around 640 CE by the Chinese visitor Hsuan Tsang and suggests that it is consistent with a total population of anywhere between 30 and 85 million.
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Archer, Nick, and Nicky Manning. Indications for fetal echocardiography. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199230709.003.0003.
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Introduction 36Indications for a detailed cardiac scan 38• The incidence of structural CHD is 8:1000 live births, in practical counselling the figure often used is 1%.• This figure is higher in the prenatal population and cardiac diagnoses are biased towards:• More complicated lesions....
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Beattie, R. Mark, Anil Dhawan, and John W.L. Puntis. Pyloric stenosis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569862.003.0028.
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Pyloric stenosis 204Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is a common cause of vomiting in infancy with an incidence of 2 to 3 per 1000 live births. Males are more commonly affected than females and there is a genetic predisposition. First-born males are more commonly affected....
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Ta-Shma, Israel. Rabbinic Literature in the Middle Ages 1000–1492. Edited by Martin Goodman. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199280322.013.0010.
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This article deals with rabbinic literature, considering what rabbis wrote in the context of performing their rabbinic functions: halachic literature in all its aspects — talmudic commentary, books of legal decisions, responsa, halachic monographs, works on prayer and liturgy, the holidays, and customs. The corpus of medieval rabbinic texts, which is today witnessing a renaissance, constitutes the basis of what is called mishpat ivri (Jewish law). It is possible to describe this literature according to four different categories: geography, chronology, content, and literary genre. The description here is related to content and literary genre, while taking note of geographical and chronological divisions. The books were mostly from European countries — Germany, France, Spain, Italy, and Provence. Rabbinic literature began to be produced in all the European regions more or less at the beginning of the eleventh century.
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Coss, Peter. The Aristocracy in England and Tuscany, 1000 - 1250. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198846963.001.0001.
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Part I of this book is an in-depth examination of the characteristics of the Tuscan aristocracy across the first two and a half centuries of the second millennium, as studied by Italian historians and others working within the Italian tradition: their origins, interests, strategies for survival and exercise of power; the structure and the several levels of aristocracy and how these interrelated; the internal dynamics and perceptions that governed aristocratic life; and the relationship to non-aristocratic sectors of society. It will look at how aristocratic society changed across this period and how far changes were internally generated as opposed to responses from external stimuli. The relationship between the aristocracy and public authority will also be examined. Part II of the book deals with England. The aim here is not a comparative study but to bring insights drawn from Tuscan history and Tuscan historiography into play in understanding the evolution of English society from around the year 1000 to around 1250. This part of the book draws on the breadth of English historiography but is also guided by the Italian experience. The book challenges the interpretative framework within which much English history of this period tends to be written—that is to say the grand narrative which revolves around Magna Carta and English exceptionalism—and seeks to avoid dangers of teleology, of idealism, and of essentialism. By offering a study of the aristocracy across a wide time-frame and with themes drawn from Italian historiography, I hope to obviate these tendencies and to appreciate the aristocracy firmly within its own contexts.
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1000 Home Remedies Tried Trusted Tested Remedies For Everyday Ailments. Collins & Brown, 2011.
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13
Dyson, Tim. Medieval to Mughal Times c.1000 to c.1707. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829058.003.0004.
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This chapter considers the period from the onset of major Muslim military advance to Aurangzeb’s death. In general, the population continued to grow slowly and fitfully. We can only speculate about variation in the rate of population growth. The fourteenth-century Black Death perhaps touched parts of the north-west. But there is no evidence of a major demographic collapse. The seventeenth century, the peak period of Mughal rule, was very challenging—for example, in terms of famines and plague. Nevertheless, the population seems to have grown. Analysts have used deficient data, for example on the cultivated land area, to try to estimate the size of India’s population c.1595. Considering previous work, a figure of 125 million seems a reasonable compromise. However, given the inadequate nature of the data, this number is very far from firm. Previous research appears to have overstated the size of Mughal cities and the accompanying level of urbanization.
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Archer, Nick, and Nicky Manning. Aetiology of structural congenital heart disease. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199230709.003.0002.
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Introduction 18Environmental factors 20Genetic factors 26Risk of associated non-cardiac anomalies 32Prevention of congential heart disease 34• The incidence of congenital heart disease (CHD) is approximately 8:1000 lives births but is higher in the prenatal population.• The aetiology of CHD has been considered to be multifactorial—a combination of environmental factors and a genetic predisposition but increasing numbers of specific genetic causes are being identified....
15
Pluckhahn, Thomas J., and Victor D. Thompson. New Histories of Village Life at Crystal River. University Press of Florida, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9781683400356.001.0001.
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The tension between competition and cooperation has emerged as a major topic of concern in the understanding of human societies. The dynamic is epitomized by societies undergoing the transition to larger and more permanent villages, referred to as “early village” societies. This study describes archaeological research directed toward the understanding of early village formation at the Crystal River and Roberts Island sites in west-central Florida. Crystal River has long recognized as one of the preeminent sites of the Woodland period (ca. 1000 B.C. to A.D. 1000) in the American Southeast; Roberts Island has remained comparatively little known. New field investigations, combined with the reanalysis of previous work at the site, permit a fine-grained understanding of the growth and dissolution of early villages at the sites. The understandings that are gained from this case study can be contextualized to contemporaneous societies of the Gulf Coast, and to early village societies elsewhere in the world. The lessons that early villages contribute regarding cooperation and competition, in turn, contribute to contemporary debates regarding: first, individual versus collective action responsible for social welfare; and, second, the human role in and response to environmental change.
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Sivaramakrishnan, Muthu. Drug-induced skin disease. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0261.
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Drug-induced skin disease is one of the commonest dermatological presentations in both hospitalized and ambulatory patients. It affects 2%–3% of hospitalized patients, and it is estimated that 1 in 1000 hospitalized patients has a serious cutaneous drug reaction. The clinical presentation can mimic any skin disease and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any acute-onset symmetrical skin eruption. It is important to make a correct diagnosis, as removal of the offending drug results in clinical resolution in most instances.
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Trestman, Robert L. Aggression. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0048.
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Managing aggression is a challenge for psychiatry in all settings. Recognizing opportunities for appropriate assessment and intervention in correctional settings is an important component of correctional psychiatry. Studies reflect significant risks of violence for both correctional officers and inmates. Although prison homicides occur at rates below estimated community homicide rates, the rate of non-lethal violence is substantial. The data for assault are less clear, as definitions of what constitutes assault vary. Inmate-on-inmate assault has been estimated to range from 2 per 1000 inmates to as high as 200 per 1000 inmates. However assault is defined, correctional officers who have been the target of offender violence have elevated risk of emotional exhaustion and burnout. Effectively addressing aggression requires a thoughtful and comprehensive approach that may incorporate elements of environmental management, evaluation of potential motivating factors, differential diagnosis, and a coordinated intervention. This always involves includes effective communication among stakeholders including the patient. Recommended milieu changes and psychotherapeutic and / or pharmacologic interventions need to be explicitly defined; available data are described in this chapter. Consistent oversight and follow up to measure the effects of each component of the intervention(s) is critical, as aggressive behavior may be both habitual and episodic. This chapter reviews the factors that contribute to the broad range of assaultive behavior observed in correctional settings, and some of the pragmatic issues and opportunities for assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of aggressive behaviors, both impulsive and predatory.
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Trestman, Robert L. Aggression. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0048_update_001.
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Managing aggression is a challenge for psychiatry in all settings. Recognizing opportunities for appropriate assessment and intervention in correctional settings is an important component of correctional psychiatry. Studies reflect significant risks of violence for both correctional officers and inmates. Although prison homicides occur at rates below estimated community homicide rates, the rate of non-lethal violence is substantial. The data for assault are less clear, as definitions of what constitutes assault vary. Inmate-on-inmate assault has been estimated to range from 2 per 1000 inmates to as high as 200 per 1000 inmates. However assault is defined, correctional officers who have been the target of offender violence have elevated risk of emotional exhaustion and burnout. Effectively addressing aggression requires a thoughtful and comprehensive approach that may incorporate elements of environmental management, evaluation of potential motivating factors, differential diagnosis, and a coordinated intervention. This always involves includes effective communication among stakeholders including the patient. Recommended milieu changes and psychotherapeutic and / or pharmacologic interventions need to be explicitly defined; available data are described in this chapter. Consistent oversight and follow up to measure the effects of each component of the intervention(s) is critical, as aggressive behavior may be both habitual and episodic. This chapter reviews the factors that contribute to the broad range of assaultive behavior observed in correctional settings, and some of the pragmatic issues and opportunities for assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of aggressive behaviors, both impulsive and predatory.
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Barclay, Philip, and Helen Scholefield. High dependency and intensive care. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713333.003.0030.
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The development of maternal critical care is essential in reducing morbidity and mortality due to a substandard level of care. The level of critical care should depend upon the patient’s severity of illness, not their physical location. Escalation to level 3 (intensive) care is uncommon in pregnancy, with a median admission rate of 2.7 per 1000 births, mainly due to hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and haemorrhage. Maternal ‘near misses’ occur more frequently, with 6.5 per 1000 births meeting Mantel’s criteria, of which 85% is due to major obstetric haemorrhage. The admission rate to maternal high dependency units (level 2 care) varies from 1% to 5%. Acute physiological scoring systems have been found to be reliable when applied to parturients receiving level 3 care but overestimate mortality. Maternal early warning scores have been derived from simplified versions of these systems, with allowance made for physiological changes seen in pregnancy. There are many different maternity scoring systems in use throughout England and Wales. All share the same principle that parameters should be recorded regularly during the hospital stay, with deviations from normal quantified, recorded, and acted upon. A chain of response is then required to ensure that suitably qualified staff, possessing appropriate critical care competencies, attend in a timely fashion. Appropriate resources must be available with equipment readily to hand and suitably trained staff so that invasive monitoring can be used. Clear admission criteria are required for level 2 care within the delivery suite and escalation to level 3, with suitable arrangements for transfer.
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Gottlieb, Isaac B. Rabbinic Reception of the Prophets. Edited by Carolyn J. Sharp. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199859559.013.22.
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The Rabbinic reception of prophets covers thousands of individual statements made by named or unnamed rabbis, recorded within a vast literature (Mishnah, Midrash, Talmud) that spans over 750 years (225–1000 C.E.). It deals with questions and issues such as the following: who is a prophet, what did prophets see, prophetic use of metaphor, the prophet as messenger, prophecy among the Gentiles, the chronology of the prophets, rebuke and consolation, criticism of the prophets, the place of repentance in prophecy, and the end of prophecy. Besides a survey of general statements, rabbinic remarks about nine out of fifteen individual prophets from Isaiah through Malachi are also cited.
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Yazdani, Shahram, Audrey Kamzan, Deepa Kulkarni, Carlos Lerner, and Charles A. Newcomer, eds. General Pediatrics Board Review. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190848712.001.0001.
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General Pediatrics Board Review is a comprehensive guide for recent residency graduates and re-certifiers preparing for the American Board of Pediatrics (ABP) board exam. The text consists of over 1000 multiple-choice questions, organized into 25 chapters covering pediatrics topics such as fetal and neonatal care, adolescent and young adult medicine, genetics, child maltreatment, pediatric infectious diseases, gastrointestinal disorders, and more. Chapters include questions, answers with detailed explanations, and references to primary or landmark articles to help better navigate a standardized exam. Questions are written in a case-based format that emulates the ABP board exam, and are supplemented by figures, tables, and boxes. A Quick Facts section helps to emphasize important and frequently tested information.
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Tse, Raymond, and Angelo B. Lipira. Neonatal Brachial Plexus Palsy. Edited by Meghan E. Lark, Nasa Fujihara, and Kevin C. Chung. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190617127.003.0023.
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Neonatal brachial plexus palsy occurs in approximately 1 in 1000 live births. The extent of involvement and severity of injury are variable. The chapter discusses assessment, nonsurgical treatment, and surgical treatment of neonatal brachial plexus palsy. The approach to surgical exploration is detailed and a number of scenarios are presented so that the principles of primary nerve reconstruction (including nerve graft and nerve transfers) can be illustrated. The scenarios include upper plexus injury, pan-plexus injury, multiple root avulsions, isolated deficits, delayed presentation, and failed reconstruction. Technical details of nerve grafting and nerve transfers are described. Secondary musculoskeletal consequences of brachial plexus palsy are also discussed, including strategies for prevention and options for secondary surgical reconstruction.
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Lemons, Don S. Drawing Physics. The MIT Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262035903.001.0001.
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Drawing Physics is a collection of 51 essays each one organized around a simple, informative, line drawing that conveys a key idea in the history of physics. The essays, each approximately 1000 words long, are chronologically ordered from Thales, who around 600 BCE explained and used the principles of triangulation, to Peter Higgs, who received the Nobel Prize in 2012 for his prediction of the Higgs boson. The essays expand on the science conveyed in each drawing and place that science in a broader cultural context. The essays are grouped into five sections: Antiquity, Middle Ages, Early Modern Period, Nineteenth Century, and Twentieth Century and Beyond. Each essay stands alone and requires no background in physics or mathematics.
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Lohwasser, Nelo, and Rainer Schreg, eds. Kleine Funde, große Geschichten - Archäologische Funde aus dem Bamberger Dom. University of Bamberg Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20378/irb-50035.
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Der Bamberger Dom, das bedeutendste Bauwerk der Stadt, besteht seit gut 1000 Jahren. Prof. Dr. Walter Sage, nachmalig erster Inhaber des Lehrstuhls für Archäologie des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit (AMANZ) an der Universität Bamberg, führte dort von 1969-72 großangelegte Ausgrabungen durch. Er ließ nahezu das gesamte Hauptschiff öffnen, dazu große Bereiche der Seitenschiffe. Man traf Fundamente aller Bauphasen an, dazu viele Bestattungen und eine große Zahl von Kleinfunden. Diese Funde stammen zum Teil von der Innenausstattung des ersten Doms, dessen grundsätzliche Boden- und Wandgestaltung somit gut rekonstruierbar ist. Die wissenschaftliche Aufarbeitung der Funde – 50 Jahre nach ihrer Bergung – war Anlass und Inhalt einer Sonderausstellung im Historischen Museum, bewerkstelligt vom Lehrstuhl AMANZ in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Historischen Verein und dem Historischen Museum Bamberg, den Eigentümern der Funde und unterstützt vom Erzbistum Bamberg. Mit dieser Ausstellung und dem Begleitheft, beides hauptsächlich von Studierenden erarbeitet, feiert der Lehrstuhl AMANZ zudem sein 40-jähriges Bestehen. Bamberg Cathedral, the most important building in the city, was built more than 1000 years ago. Prof. Dr. Walter Sage, who later became the first professor of medieval and postmedieval archaeology at the University of Bamberg, carried out large-scale excavations from 1969-72. He researched almost the entire nave as well as large areas of the aisles. Foundations of all construction phases were found, as well as many burials and a large number of small finds. Many finds were part of the interior of the first cathedral, allowing a reconstruction of the floor and the wall design. 50 years after the excavations the analysis of these finds is part of a new scientific project. Together with the 40th anniversary of the chair of medieval and postmedieval archaeology this is the occasion for a special exhibition in the Historical Museum Bamberg. The exhibition and this booklet were realized in cooperation with the Bamberg Historical Association, who owns the finds today, and with the support of the Archdiocese of Bamberg. Conception, exhibition texts as well as most of the article were prepared by students of the chair of medieval and postmedieval archaeology.
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Slipinski, Adam, and John Lawrence, eds. Australian Beetles Volume 2. CSIRO Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643097315.
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This three-volume series represents a comprehensive treatment of the beetles of Australia, a relatively under-studied fauna that includes many unusual and unique lineages found nowhere else on Earth.
Volume 2 contains 36 chapters, providing critical information and identification keys to the genera of the Australian beetle families included in suborders Archostemata, Myxophaga, Adephaga and several groups of Polyphaga (Scirtoidea, Hydrophiloidea, Scarabaeoidea, Buprestoidea and Tenebrionidae). Each chapter is richly illustrated in black and white drawings and photographs. The book also includes colour habitus figures for about 1000 Australian beetle genera and subgenera belonging to the families treated in this volume.
This volume is a truly international collaborative effort, as the chapters have been written by 23 contributors from Australia, China, Czech Republic, Germany, Italy, Poland and USA.
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Dillenz, Walter, Daniel Gutmann, Clemens Thiele, and Peter Burgstaller. UrhG Urheberrechtsgesetz. 3rd ed. Verlag Österreich, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33196/9783704687906.
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Klar und durchgehend strukturiert - so werden die Paragrafen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes (UrhG) hier kommentiert. Maßgebliche Richtschnur ist die gelebte Praxis des Urheberrechts, wie sie durch mehr als 1000 höchstgerichtliche Entscheidungen von OGH, BGH und EuGH dokumentiert ist. Das Werk zeichnet sich durch ein einheitliches Gliederungsschema aus, das jeder einzelnen kommentierten Norm zugrunde liegt. Dieses besteht aus den (unionsrechtlichen) Grundlagen (Normzweck, Regelungsgehalt), dem Tatbestand (Begriffsklärungen), der Rechtsfolge (Ansprüche) und den verfahrensrechtlichen Besonderheiten. Für die praktische Handhabung sorgen außerdem kurze Zusammenfassungen, die jedem kommentiertem Paragrafen voranstehen. Damit wird Leserinnen und Lesern ein Einblick in den Inhalt der Vorschrift in wenigen Worten ermöglicht. Marginalrubriken bieten den Rechtsanwender*innen eine verfeinerte Gliederung und erleichtern das Auffinden von Praxisbeispielen. Eine aktuelle Rechtsprechungsübersicht und ein gesondertes Entscheidungsverzeichnis (bis 2021) machen das Werk komplett. Der Anhang bietet darüber hinaus zugleich Ausblick und Erläuterungen zum aktuellen Entwurf der Urheberrechtsnovelle 2021.
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Camm, A. John, Thomas F. Lüscher, Gerald Maurer, and Patrick W. Serruys, eds. ESC CardioMed. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.001.0001.
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ESC CardioMed is a ground-breaking initiative from European Society of Cardiology together with Oxford University Press that transforms reference publishing in cardiovascular medicine in order to better serve the needs of this rapidly advancing specialty. ESC CardioMed is an encyclopedic online resource covering more than 60 disciplines within cardiology. It will be updated online 3 times a year by the world’s leading clinicians, scientists, and researchers to reflect the latest in global cardiology. More than 1000 of the world’s leading specialists, ranging from researchers to clinicians, have contributed to this vast publication, ensuring a comprehensive and authoritative treatment of the field. ESC CardioMed is highly illustrated, with over 350 videos, helping readers to visualise key concepts. The publication is also linked to the ESC Clinical Practice Guidelines in the European Heart Journal, providing the background information behind clinical practice.
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Levin, Frank S. The Nature of Light. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808275.003.0003.
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Chapter 2 reviews answers to the question of what is light, starting with the ancient Greeks and ending in 1900 with the wave concept of Maxwell’s electrodynamics. For some ancient Greeks, light consisted of atoms emitted from surface of the object, whereas for others it was fire that either entered into or was emitted by eyes, although the latter possibility was effectively eliminated around the year 1000. Competing proposals well after then were that light is either a wave phenomenon or consists of particles, with Isaac Newton’s corpuscular (particle) theory prevailing by the end of the 1600s over the wave concept championed by Christiaan Huygens, who published the first estimate of the speed of light. In the early 1800s, Thomas Young’s two-slit experiment proved that light was a wave, a concept codified and firmly grounded through Maxwell’s theory of electromagnetic waves.
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Slevin, Terry, ed. Sun, Skin and Health. CSIRO Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486301164.
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Skin cancer is Australia’s ‘national cancer’. At least two in three Australians are diagnosed with skin cancer by the age of 70 and over 1000 Australians are treated for skin cancer every day. The good news is that skin cancer is one of the most preventable forms of cancer. This book brings together leading experts in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of skin cancer, providing practical information about the sun and health.
The book begins with an explanation of what skin cancer is and how it forms, then discusses ultraviolet radiation and how to protect yourself, the effects of tanning, myths and truths about sunscreen, getting enough Vitamin D, the impact of the sun on your eyes, early detection and treatment of skin cancer, and life after skin cancer. It is a must-read for anyone living under the Australian and New Zealand sun.
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Schreuder, Michiel F. Duplex, ectopic, and horseshoe kidneys. Edited by Adrian Woolf. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0352.
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A duplex urinary tract, irrespective of the degree of duplication, is present in 0.8% at autopsy, of which about 20–35% is bilateral. The majority of duplex systems are incomplete, indicating that the ipsilateral ureters fuse before entering the bladder. A complete duplex system shows anomalies of the upper moiety, with associated ureterocele or ectopic ureter, and of the lower moiety, frequently associated with vesicoureteral reflux. Renal ectopia is a rare (1/1000) congenital defect where the kidney is not located in the renal fossa, and is associated with a high rate of hydronephrosis, vesicoureteral reflux, and abnormal contralateral kidney. In a horseshoe kidney (present in 1/400 to 1/1800), fusion of the two kidneys takes place, but the two renal moieties are still located on both sides of the midline. As the lower poles are fused in the midline, a horseshoe kidney is usually located lower than normal and orientation of the renal axis is shifted, which may guide diagnosis during abdominal ultrasound.
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Land.Technik AgEng 2017. VDI Verlag, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.51202/9783181023006.
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This book summarises the proceedings of the 75th conference “LAND.TECHNIK – AgEng 2017”, which took place in Hannover on November 10th and 11th following the tradition of odd years. Therefore it is a well established prelude to AGRITECHNICA, the world’s most important fair for agricultural machinery, which started on November 12th with the preview days. The conference was successfully organized in cooperation with the “Max Eyth Society for Agricultural Engineering” (VDI-MEG), a technical division of the Association of German Engineers (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure, VDI) and the European Society of Agricultural Engineers (EurAgEng). This collaboration has been accepted both by academia and industry at national and international levels. During recent years the number of participants has increased to about 1000 from more than 15 nations. The conference offered 75 presentations about the latest innovations, machine developments, and technical concepts and methods as a foretaste ...
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Ong, Albert C. M., and Richard Sandford. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0306_update_001.
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Based on an estimated population prevalence of between 1 in 400 and 1 in 1000, there are over 60,000 individuals with or at risk of developing complications associated with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) in the United Kingdom. This equates to over 300,000 people in the United States and 7 million worldwide. Once diagnosed, an individual with ADPKD will require long-term medical follow-up and treatment with an unknown cost to national health care systems. A major proportion, probably two-thirds, will develop end-stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring renal replacement therapy—dialysis or transplantation. ADPKD is therefore the commonest genetic cause of ESRD. Most centres worldwide report that approximately one in ten patients receiving dialysis therapy have a diagnosis of ADPKD. Improvements in healthcare for individuals with ADPKD will therefore impact directly on patients, their families, and healthcare resources.
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Cochrane, Ethan E. Ancient Fiji. Edited by Ethan E. Cochrane and Terry L. Hunt. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199925070.013.016.
Full textAbstract:
Like the other archipelagos of Remote Oceania, Fiji was colonized by Lapita voyagers approximately 1000 b.c. Over the subsequent three millennia, Fijian populations underwent considerable change, resulting in the unique cultural, biological, and linguistic characteristics that differentiate Fiji from populations in both Polynesia to the east and Melanesia to the west. This essay summarizes the Lapita archaeology of the archipelago and later culture history including change in ceramic horizons, the spatial scale of interaction within the archipelago, and potential migrations into Fiji from other island groups. The rise of Fijian chiefdoms is also examined with these polities closely linked to increasing competition, fortifications, and defendable agricultural resources. Finally, artifactual, linguistic, and biological data characterizing Fijian populations are examined, and it is concluded that the generalization of Fiji as “not quite Melanesian, not quite Polynesian” can best be explained within a cultural transmission framework that separates analogous and homologous similarity.
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Byrne, Maria, and Timothy O'Hara, eds. Australian Echinoderms. CSIRO Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486307630.
Full textAbstract:
Echinoderms, including feather stars, seastars, brittle stars, sea urchins and sea cucumbers, are some of the most beautiful and interesting animals in the sea. They play an important ecological role and several species of sea urchins and sea cucumbers form the basis of important fisheries. Over 1000 species live in Australian waters, from the shoreline to the depths of the abyssal plain and the tropics to Antarctic waters.
Australian Echinoderms is an authoritative account of Australia’s 110 families of echinoderms. It brings together in a single volume comprehensive information on the identification, biology, evolution, ecology and management of these animals for the first time. Richly illustrated with beautiful photographs and written in an accessible style, Australian Echinoderms suits the needs of marine enthusiasts, academics and fisheries managers both in Australia and other geographical areas where echinoderms are studied.
Winner of the 2018 Whitley Medal
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Tollefson, Trenton, and Lynn Liu. Pregnancy and Epilepsy. Edited by Emma Ciafaloni, Cheryl Bushnell, and Loralei L. Thornburg. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190667351.003.0020.
Full textAbstract:
Epilepsy is the fourth most common neurologic disorder behind migraine, stroke, and Alzheimer’s disease. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) data estimates about 3.4 million people in the United States have active epilepsy. Approximately 1 million women of childbearing age in the United States have epilepsy, and about 2 to 5 infants of 1000 pregnancies are born to mothers with epilepsy. Therefore, providers should consider additional aspects of epilepsy care unique to women with epilepsy (WWE) of childbearing age such as planning for and care during pregnancy; concern how epilepsy may affect pregnancy and how pregnancy may impact seizure control. Fortunately, more than 90% of pregnant WWE will give birth to healthy infants. Providers should maintain these important items in mind when caring for a WWE of child-bearing age. This chapter focuses on the effects of pregnancy on seizures and the effects of seizures on pregnancy in pregnant WWE.
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Delcourt, Candice, and Craig Anderson. Diagnosis and assessment of stroke. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0235.
Full textAbstract:
Approximately 20 million strokes occur in the world each year and over one-quarter of these are fatal. This makes stroke the second most common cause of death, after ischaemic heart disease, and strokes are responsible for 6 million deaths (almost 10% of all deaths) annually. Stroke has major consequences in terms of residual physical disability, depression, dementia, epilepsy, and carer burden. Moreover, around 20% of survivors experience a further stroke or serious vascular event within a few years of the index event. Ischaemic stroke contributes the greatest share of the impact of stroke, with a rate of approximately 1 in 1000 person-years and accounting for between 60% (in Asia) and 90% (in Western ‘white’ populations) of all strokes around the world. Diagnosis and assessment are essentially clinical and confirmed by CT or MRI scanning. Prognostication is difficult in the early phase of haemorrhagic stroke and in ischaemic stroke is affected by the availability and timely use of treatments to recanalize the occluded vessel.
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Kirch, Patrick V. The Prehistory of Hawai‘i. Edited by Ethan E. Cochrane and Terry L. Hunt. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199925070.013.027.
Full textAbstract:
The Hawaiian Islands are the most isolated inhabited archipelago in the world. Initially colonized around A.D. 1000, the environmental gradients of rainfall and island-age have influenced subsequent cultural variation and differentiation in the islands. Settlements are typically dispersed hamlets and integrated within agricultural facilities such as irrigated pondfields and dryland field systems. Populations were politically organized in idealized pie-shaped units or ahupua`a that typically encompass a cross-section of island resources. Material culture , including fishhooks, stone tools, and religious temples, is broadly similar within these units, but there is also much evidence for elite control of specialized production in some areas. The Hawaiian Islands are the archetypal chiefdom society, although based on changes in demography, monumental architecture (heiau) and royal centers, intensive agriculture, and divine kingship, the population had likely crossed the threshold of sociopolitical complexity to that of an archaic state prior to the arrival of Europeans in 1778.
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Nelson, Margaret C., and Patricia A. Gilman. Mimbres Archaeology. Edited by Barbara Mills and Severin Fowles. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199978427.013.14.
Full textAbstract:
The Mimbres cultural tradition once dominated southwestern New Mexico and adjacent areas, and is best known for intricate and beautiful pottery with black designs painted on a white background. The apex of population and tradition—1000–1130 ce—is labeled the Mimbres Classic period. Several major changes distinguish this period from earlier Pithouse periods, including the appearance of the first pueblos in the southern Southwest, increased population, change from enclosed to open ritual spaces, elaboration of black-on-white pottery, and a shift in pan-regional connections from west with the people of the Hohokam region to south into Mesoamerica. This chapter describes these trends and their implications. It then explores three research themes that have contributed to this cultural tradition and to broader understandings of society, ecology, and worldview: human-environment interactions; organizational variation of large pueblos, room layouts, ritual practices, and ceramic production; and the representational and geometric black-on-white pottery.
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Wilsey, Brian J. Grasslands of the World. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198744511.003.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Grasslands are herbaceous dominated areas with very low abundance of trees and shrubs. They are found in areas with intermediate precipitation amounts (250–1000 mm) characterized by occasional droughts and are usually the most extensive in the interior of continents. Grasslands began to form 11–24 million years ago (MYA) when grasses invaded woodlands. Grasses initially all had C3 photosynthesis and were found in shaded conditions. However, grasses with C4 photosynthesis require full sun, and they increased in abundance during this time to achieve between 20–40 percent of the local vegetation. By around 6–8 MYA before present, C4 grasses were widespread on most continents that now have extensive grasslands. Grasslands can be classified by soil type or based on gradients of humidity-aridity and human impact (wild grasslands to improved pastures). African savanna grasslands are important because it is where Homo sapiens (humans) speciated and eventually spread to other continents.
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Rouzer, Paul. “Chinese Poetry”. Edited by Wiebke Denecke, Wai-Yee Li, and Xiaofei Tian. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199356591.013.16.
Full textAbstract:
The chapter seeks to give a historical overview of elite shi, popular shi, fu, and Chuci forms up until 1000 ce, emphasizing the role of traditional theoretical perspectives in shaping or problematizing modern views. In the case of shi, these perspectives include the Mao school’s interpretation of the Shijing; the retroactive creation of a shi tradition by pre-Tang court anthologists and critics in an attempt to privilege elite participation; the explosion of shi composition among the literate classes from the eighth century on due to its significant role in social exchange and in civil service examinations, and the concomitant decline of court aesthetics; the gradual triumph of a self-expressive and autobiographical model for shi composition; and the elite tradition’s general disregard for forms of verse production that did not fit its ideals. In discussing fu and Chuci, it is important to note its changing social roles as well as continuing existence.
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Lyamuya, Eligius Francis, and Omary Chillo, eds. Abstracts of Tanzania Health Summit 2020. AIJR Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/abstracts.116.
Full textAbstract:
This book contains the abstracts of the papers/posters presented at the Tanzania Health Summit 2020 (THS-2020) Organized by the Ministry of Health Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children (MoHCDGEC); President Office Regional Administration and Local Government (PORALG); Ministry of Health, Social Welfare, Elderly, Gender, and Children Zanzibar; Association of Private Health Facilities in Tanzania (APHFTA); National Muslim Council of Tanzania (BAKWATA); Christian Social Services Commission (CSSC); & Tindwa Medical and Health Services (TMHS) held on 25–26 November 2020. The Tanzania Health Summit is the annual largest healthcare platform in Tanzania that attracts more than 1000 participants, national and international experts, from policymakers, health researchers, public health professionals, health insurers, medical doctors, nurses, pharmacists, private health investors, supply chain experts, and the civil society. During the three-day summit, stakeholders and decision-makers from every field in healthcare work together to find solutions to the country’s and regional health challenges and set the agenda for a healthier future.
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Poore, Gary CB. Marine Decapod Crustacea of Southern Australia. CSIRO Publishing, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643092129.
Full textAbstract:
This book is a comprehensive guide to the identification of 800 species of decapod and stomatopod crustaceans from southern Australian marine waters. It is liberally illustrated with more than 1000 line drawings giving good views of many species as well as diagnostic illustrations. Details for each species include the authority, year of description, sometimes a common name, diagnosis, size, geographical distribution, and ecological and depth distribution. The chapter on the Stomatopoda is by Shane Ahyong.
Sections within each chapter are hierarchical, species within genera, within families (often with subfamilies as well). Identification is achieved through the use of dichotomous keys adapted from many originally published in the primary literature, or developed from scratch. Some keys are to all Australian taxa but most are to southern Australian taxa only.
The information in this book derives from over 200 years of collecting in southern Australian environments, from the intertidal to the deep sea, and publications in numerous journals in several languages. More than 800 of these papers and books are cited.
Winner of the 2005 Whitley Award for Systematics.
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Cogger, Harold. Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia. CSIRO Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486309702.
Full textAbstract:
Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia is a complete guide to Australia’s rich and varied herpetofauna, including frogs, crocodiles, turtles, tortoises, lizards and snakes. For each of the 1218 species there is a description of its appearance, distribution and habits. These descriptions are also accompanied by distribution maps and, in many cases, one of the book's more than 1000 colour photographs of living animals.
The book also includes 130 simple-to-use dichotomous keys, accompanied by hundreds of explanatory drawings, that in most cases allow a specimen in hand to be identified. In addition, it has a comprehensive list of scientific references for those wishing to conduct more in-depth research, an extensive glossary, and basic guides to the collection, preservation and captive care of specimens.
This classic work was originally published in 1975. The updated seventh edition contains a new Appendix that discusses recent changes and lists over 80 new or resurrected species and genera that have been added to the Australian frog and reptile fauna since the 2014 edition.
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Jong, Mayke de. The Two Republics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777601.003.0036.
Full textAbstract:
According to Chris Wickham, a culture of the public was the strongest inheritance of Rome, and it existed until c.1000. Even in the early medieval West, with its relatively weak states, the notion of a domain that was publicus remained a pervasive one; it was primarily associated with royal property, law courts, royal officials, and assemblies, both great and small (Wickham, The Inheritance of Rome, p. 562). I could not agree more, but I would also include bishops and abbots, episcopal synods, and royal monasteries. This contribution argues that in any conceptualization of public authority in the early medieval West the church cannot be left out. With a focus on narrative and administrative sources from the West Frankish kingdom (c.840–880) the chapter investigates the semantic field of publicus and its derivatives, especially in the increasingly acrimonious debates about church property that emerged during the reign of Charles the Bald. It is in this context that new notions of a public domain and its ensuing obligations were most clearly and actively articulated.
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Hince, Bernadette. Antarctic Dictionary. CSIRO Publishing, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643100619.
Full textAbstract:
The world’s most isolated continent has spawned some of the most unusual words in the English language. In the space of a mere century, a remarkable vocabulary has evolved to deal with the extraordinary environment and living organisms of the Antarctic and subantarctic.
Here, for the first time, is a complete guide to the origin and definitions of Antarctic words. Like other historical dictionaries, The Antarctic Dictionary gives the reader quotations for each word. These quotations are the life-blood of the dictionary — more than 15 000 quotations from about 1000 different sources give the reader a unique insight into the way the language of Antarctica has evolved. The reader will find out what it means to be slotted, the shortcomings of homers, the joys of a donga and the hazards of a growler.
The Antarctic Dictionary has been meticulously researched, and will appeal to all those who have been to the frozen continent or have ever dreamed of going there. It will also appeal to those fascinated by the development of language.
With a forward by Sir Ranulph Fiennes.
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Poore, Gary CB, Shane T. Ahyong, and Joanne Taylor, eds. Biology of Squat Lobsters. CSIRO Publishing, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643104341.
Full textAbstract:
Squat lobsters of the superfamilies Chirostyloidea and Galatheoidea are highly visible crustaceans on seamounts, continental margins, shelf environments, hydrothermal vents and coral reefs. About 1000 species are known. They frequently feature in deep-sea images taken by submersibles and are caught in large numbers by benthic dredges. Some species are so locally abundant that they form ‘red tides’. Others support a variety of important fisheries.
The taxonomy of squat lobsters has been intensively studied over the past few decades, making them one of the best known deepwater crustacean groups. As a result, they have attracted the attention of deep-sea ecologists who use them as proxies to test hypotheses about deepwater ecological processes and biogeography. Interest in squat lobsters now extends much more widely than the taxonomic research community and this work is a timely synthesis of what is known about these animals. The Biology of Squat Lobsters provides keys for identification and reviews the current state of knowledge of the taxonomy, evolution, life history, distribution, ecology and fisheries of squat lobsters.
A striking feature of squat lobsters is their vivid coloration, which is revealed in a selection of spectacular images of different species.
2012 Whitley Award Commendation for Invertebrate Natural History.
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Sider, Theodore. The Tools of Metaphysics and the Metaphysics of Science. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198811565.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Metaphysics is sensitive to the conceptual tools we choose to articulate metaphysical problems. Those tools are a lens through which we view metaphysical problems; the same problems look different when we change the lens. There has recently been a shift to "postmodal" conceptual tools: concepts of ground, essence, and fundamentality. This shift transforms the debate over structuralism, in many ways. For instance: structuralist theses say that "patterns" are prior to the "nodes" in the patterns. In modal terms it is clear what this means: the nodes cannot vary independently of the pattern. But it's far less clear what its postmodal meaning is. One expects it to mean that the pattern is fundamental, the entities in the pattern, derivative. But what would a fundamental account of reality that speaks only of patterns and not objects in the patterns look like? I examine three structuralist positions through a postmodal lens. First, nomic essentialism, which says that scientific properties are secondary and lawlike relationships among them are primary. Second, structuralism about individuals, a general position of which mathematical structuralism and structural realism are instances, which says that scientific and mathematical objects are secondary and the pattern of relations among them is primary. Third, comparativism about quantities, which says that particular values of scientific quantities, such as having exactly 1000g mass, are secondary, and quantitative relations, such as being-twice-as-massive-as, are primary. Finally, I take a step back and examine the meta-question of when theories are equivalent, and how that impacts the debate over structuralism.
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Neidorf, Leonard. The Transmission of "Beowulf". Cornell University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501705113.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Beowulf is a foundational work of Western literature that originated in mysterious circumstances. This book addresses philological questions that are fundamental to the study of the poem. Is Beowulf the product of unitary or composite authorship? How substantially did scribes alter the text during its transmission, and how much time elapsed between composition and preservation? The book answers these questions by distinguishing linguistic and metrical regularities, which originate with the Beowulf poet, from patterns of textual corruption, which descend from copyists involved in the poem’s transmission. It argues, on the basis of archaic features that pervade Beowulf and set it apart from other Old English poems, that the text preserved in the sole extant manuscript (ca. 1000) is essentially the work of one poet who composed it ca. 700. Of course, during the poem’s written transmission, several hundred scribal errors crept into its text. These errors are interpreted in the central chapters of the book as valuable evidence for language history, cultural change, and scribal practice. The book reveals that the scribes earnestly attempted to standardize and modernize the text’s orthography, but their unfamiliarity with obsolete words and ancient heroes resulted in frequent errors. The Beowulf manuscript thus emerges from his study as an indispensible witness to processes of linguistic and cultural change that took place in England between the eighth and eleventh centuries.
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Ashe, Laura. The Oxford English Literary History. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199575381.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This book is a new literary and cultural history of the period 1000–1350, documenting its transformative, foundational importance. These centuries have never before received a comprehensive interdisciplinary treatment, long being perceived not as a discernable period but rather as a series of ruptures and discontinuities—Danish and Norman Conquest, language contact and change, immigrant rule and foreign wars. It was these conditions, however, that engendered and nurtured astonishing multilingual literary creativity and cultural vitality, during a period that saw profound and formative developments in English literature, history, and society. The purpose of this monograph is to provide a complete revisioning of the High Middle Ages in these terms: not only to document developments in literature, but to explore, and seek to explain, some of the vast ideological shifts of the period, which have foundational importance in the emergence of later English culture. These great cultural transformations include the development of literary interiority, affective spirituality, and individuality; the emergence of a public sphere and the notion of kingship and government by consent; new secular ideologies of knighthood, chivalry, and romantic love; new theologies of the incarnation, and man’s relationship with God; and the invention of fiction, and its influence on the ethical and social imagination. Medieval England’s French, Latin, and English writings together form this interwoven narrative of social, cultural, and political change.
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Halder, Suni, and Steve Yentis. Maternal mortality and morbidity. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713333.003.0031.
Full textAbstract:
The risk to women’s health is increased during pregnancy, and maternal mortality is used as an indicator of general healthcare provision as well as a target for improving women’s health worldwide. Morbidity is more difficult to define than mortality but may also be used to monitor and improve women’s care during and after pregnancy. Despite international efforts to reduce maternal mortality, there remains a wide disparity between the rate of deaths in developed (maternal mortality ratio less than 10–20 per 100,000 live births) and developing (maternal mortality ratio as high as 1000 or more per 100,000 live births in some countries) areas of the world. Similarly, treatable conditions that cause considerable morbidity in developed countries but uncommonly result in maternal death (e.g. pre-eclampsia (pre-eclamptic toxaemia), haemorrhage, and sepsis) continue to be major causes of mortality in developing countries, where appropriate care is hampered by a lack of resources, skilled staff, education, and infrastructure. Surveillance systems that identify and analyse maternal deaths aim to monitor and improve maternal healthcare through education of staff and politicians; the longest-running and most comprehensive of these, the Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom, was halted temporarily after the 2006–2008 report but is now active again. Surveillance of maternal morbidity is more difficult but systems also exist for this. The lessons learnt from such programmes are thought to be important drivers for improved maternal outcomes across the world.