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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Isobutene polymere

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Academic literature on the topic 'Isobutene polymere'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Isobutene polymere"

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Rezvova, M. A., and E. A. Ovcharenko. "POLYMERIC HEART VALVE PROSTHESES: CONDITION AND PERSPECTIVES." Russian Journal of Transplantology and Artificial Organs 20, no. 2 (June 27, 2018): 100–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.15825/1995-1191-2018-2-100-111.

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The idea of creating a polymer heart valve, which has high strength and biocompatibility, occurs in the 60’s. Since then, many polymer compounds have been investigated, but no solution has been found for this problem. In recent years, in connection with the development of technologies for the synthesis of high-molecular compounds, new polymers have appeared that can solve this problem, as evidenced by a number of publications describing experimental and clinical data. Nevertheless, the search for a polymer for the valve stem of the valvular valve body does not lose its relevance due to the deﬁ ciencies studied and the lack of evidence conﬁ rming the long-term safety of such products. This review presents the ﬁ rst results of a study of polymer heart valves prostheses based on a nanocomposite polymer from polyhedral oligomeric nanoparticles of silicosioxane and polycarbonate urethane polymer POSS-PCU, polystyrene block-isobutylene-block-styrene SIBS, PTFE polytetraﬂ uoroethylene, copolymers and composites based on oleﬁ n polymers series and polyesters, the idea of creating a material with a given three-dimensional microarchitecture that determines the anisotropy and the necessary mechanical properties.

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Shakun, A. N., M. L. Fedorova, T. V. Karpenko, and E. V. Demidova. "Isomalk-3 and Isomalk-3R Technologies for Production of Individual Light Paraffins as the Feed for Petrochemical Facilities." World of Oil products the Oil Companies Bulletin 02 (2021): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.32758/2071-5951-2021-0-2-8-12.

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The article discusses the new environmentally friendly catalytic technologies for processing butane cut, developed by SIE Neftehim LLC, giving wide opportunities for involving LPG in production of commercial value-added products. Development of petrochemical industry has created a demand for technologies and catalysts that enhance the economic efficiency of petrochemical products’ manufacturing and expand the feed base of petrochemical facilities without involving primary processing feeds. As the environmentally safe and economically effective solution, SIE Neftehim, LLC offers Isomalk-3 technology to produce maximum amount of isobutane, and Isomalk-3R technology to produce maximum amount of n-butane from isobutane cut. Application of Isomalk-3R technology expands the feed base for ethylene production due to isomerization of isobutane by-product to n-butane. N-butane is a valuable feed for pyrolysis units, providing high yields of ethylene, propylene, and n-butene used for polymer production. In turn, obtaining additional amounts of isobutane is possible due to application of n-butane to isobutane catalytic isomerization technology Isomalk-3. Isobutane cut produced in Isomalk-3 technology is notable for its high purity: the isobutane content may exceed 99 wt.%, it has no sulfur, nitrogen, chlorine, and oxygen impurities. Isobutane is in demand as the feed for production of alkylate, butyl rubber, oxygenates (MTBE and ETBE), isooctane. Isomalk-3 and Isomalk-3R processes do not require injection of chlorinating reagents, and the highly active catalytic system is resistant to poisons and impurities. Isomalk-3 and Isomalk-3R process designs are very similar, which allows integrating two units into one for alternate production of n-butane and isobutane.

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Rokkonen, Teijo, Pia Willberg-Keyriläinen, Jarmo Ropponen, and Tero Malm. "Foamability of Cellulose Palmitate Using Various Physical Blowing Agents in the Extrusion Process." Polymers 13, no. 15 (July 23, 2021): 2416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13152416.

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Polymer foams are widely used in several fields such as thermal insulation, acoustics, automotive, and packaging. The most widely used polymer foams are made of polyurethane, polystyrene, and polyethylene but environmental awareness is boosting interest towards alternative bio-based materials. In this study, the suitability of bio-based thermoplastic cellulose palmitate for extrusion foaming was studied. Isobutane, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogen (N2) were tested as blowing agents in different concentrations. Each of them enabled cellulose palmitate foam formation. Isobutane foams exhibited the lowest density with the largest average cell size and nitrogen foams indicated most uniform cell morphology. The effect of die temperature on foamability was further studied with isobutane (3 wt%) as a blowing agent. Die temperature had a relatively low impact on foam density and the differences were mainly encountered with regard to surface quality and cell size distribution. This study demonstrates that cellulose palmitate can be foamed but to produce foams with greater quality, the material homogeneity needs to be improved and researched further.

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Qiu, Liangwei, Xiaoyang Chen, and Fakai Dong. "Effects of polymers concentration on EHL film-forming in point contacts." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 73, no. 3 (February 17, 2021): 436–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-07-2020-0263.

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Purpose This paper aims to experimentally investigate the film-forming capability of base oils containing poly-methacrylate (PMA) and poly-isobutene (PIB), in a point contact under pure rolling. Design/methodology/approach By using the relative light intensity method, the film thickness is calculated from the interferometer images which are captured by multiple-contact optical elastohydrodynamic lubricated test rig. Findings The test results reveal that polymers, both PMA and PIB, have a significant contribution to the film-forming capability of base oils and the film thickness increases with concentration. The forming-film capabilities for PMA and PIB in base oils are similar at low concentration, while PIB gives a higher film thickness than PMA at high concentration. Shear-thinning phenomenon are observed in all polymer-based oils. Originality/value The polymer usually as an additive is added into the low viscosity base oils to improve the properties of lubricant oil. This paper reports the lubricated properties of PMA and PIB with different concentrations in base oils and to evaluate their functional mechanism in a point contact. Peer review The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-07-2020-0263/

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Kresge, Edward N. "SCIENCE AND SERENDIPITY IN POLYOLEFIN ELASTOMER DEVELOPMENT." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 83, no. 3 (September 1, 2010): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3525682.

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Abstract Polyolefin elastomers based on ethylene, propylene, and isobutylene plus other monomers are now widely used in many diverse applications. Major research and development efforts have led to thermoplastic polyolefin soft automobile bumpers, modifiers for lubricating oils, and fast extrusion grades of ethylene–propylene–diene terpolymers. These and other successful commercial innovations depend on the tools of the basic science of structure–property relationships, proper needs assessments, sound engineering, and good management. These tools have been largely provided by my colleagues at ExxonMobil Chemical, customers, and universities and I thank them profoundly. Several historical commercial developments are discussed, including thermoplastic polyolefin elastomers based on ethylene–propylene copolymer–isotactic–polypropylene blends, shear stable viscosity modifiers based on ethylene–propylene copolymers, bimodal molecular weight and compositional distribution EPDM to control rheological characteristics, and diene structure and interchain distribution. In addition, the ongoing research on nanocomposites for tire innerliners based on isobutylene polymers and clay is reviewed. The roles of polymer science, serendipity, and lost opportunity costs on innovation are also discussed.

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Dias, Anthony J., and Alan A. Galuska. "Curative Migration in Rubber Compounds Containing Brominated Poly(Isobutylene-co-4-Methylstyrene)." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 69, no. 4 (September 1, 1996): 615–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538389.

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Abstract Blends of elastomers are widely used throughout the rubber industry. Blends are frequently used to get a balance of properties which cannot be achieved through the use of a single elastomer. For example, poly(isobutylene-co-4-bromomethylstyrene) can be blended with highly unsaturated general purpose rubbers to impart unique barrier or dynamic properties and enhanced oxidative stability. The final properties of such a blend are the result of a complex series of compounding, mixing and curing stages. These stages profoundly impact the homogeneity of the mixed components which include: the polymers, the filler, and the curatives. It is important to develop tools to monitor the changes which occur during compounding. This paper details the application of static secondary ion time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (ToF-SSIMS) imaging to simultaneously map polymer phase information with specific chemical information. The paper will highlight the utility of ToF-SSIMS for the study of the chemical and physical changes occurring during elastomer compounding. Blends of poly(isobutylene-co-4-bromomethylstyrene) and general purpose rubbers were compounded with typical cure systems and studied under a variety of mixing conditions.

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BULYCHEV, Nikolay A., and Lev N. RABINSKIY. "SURFACE MODIFICATION OF TITANIUM DIOXIDE NANOPARTICLES WITH ACRYLIC ACID/ISOBUTYLENE COPOLYMER UNDER ULTRASONIC TREATMENT." Periódico Tchê Química 16, no. 32 (August 20, 2019): 338–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v16.n32.2019.356_periodico32_pgs_338_344.pdf.

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The influence of the ultrasonic treatment of block copolymer solution on its solid-liquid interface behavior was investigated in detail. The surface modification of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in aqueous dispersions of specially tailor-made periodic acrylic acid/isobutylene copolymer by ultrasonic treatment was studied in order to get new approaches for the creation of hybrid composite materials or polymer coatings. The pigment surface modification by the above copolymer was comparatively investigated regarding conventional adsorption as contrasted to an ultrasonic treatment assisted procedure. The course and efficiency of the polymer adsorption onto the pigment surface were quantified by electrokinetic sonic amplitude measurements. The higher efficiency of the pigment surface coating by the copolymer as achieved by ultrasonic treatment in comparison to conventional adsorption is a consequence of ultrasonically induced pigment surface activation. Two perspective avenues of the utilization of the discovered effects for creation of organic-inorganic composite materials are anticipated: the nanoparticles could first be treated by ultrasound in the presence of polymers and so create a surface modifying coating and the second option is an entrainment of the nanoparticles into the monomer matrix which can be polymerized afterward yielding a polymer with immobilized nanoparticles.

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Heublein, G., H. H. Rottmayer, D. Stadermann, and J. Vogel. "Synthese von Poly(isobuten-b-styren-b-isobuten)." Acta Polymerica 38, no. 10 (October 1987): 559–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/actp.1987.010381003.

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Garratt, Shaun, Andrew G. Carr, Gerhard Langstein, and Manfred Bochmann. "Isobutene Polymerization and Isobutene-Isoprene Copolymerization Catalyzed by Cationic Zirconocene Hydride Complexes." Macromolecules 36, no. 12 (June 2003): 4276–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma034320p.

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Hejtmánková, Alena, Karel Jeřábek, and Karel Setínek. "Kinetics of methyl tert. butyl ether synthesis in gaseous phase." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 55, no. 4 (1990): 1033–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19901033.

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Kinetics of methyl tert.butyl ether synthesis from methanol and isobutene was measured in gaseous phase at 85 °C and atmospheric pressure on macroreticular ion exchanger catalyst containing strongly acidic functional groups SO3H and on the same catalyst partially neutralized by sodium and iron ions. The form of the best Langmuir-Hinshelwood type kinetic equation suggests absorption of the reactants in the polymer mass causing ìswellingî of it and influencing the accessibility of active sites by the reactants. Neutralization of the catalyst by metal ions suppresses this effect.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Isobutene polymere"

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Habimana, Jean de la Croix. "Fonctionnalisation directe en polymérisation cationique : synthèse d'oligoisobutène azido-téléchélique." Grenoble INPG, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989INPG0016.

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Veissier, Valérie. "Etude de la dynamique locale dans les polymeres en masse par declin d'anisotropie de fluorescence." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066063.

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La fonction d'autocorrelation orientationnelle a ete ajutee au modele de diffusion et perte generalisee (gdl). La signification physique des temps de correlation relatifs aux modeles conformationels a ete precisee et l'influence de la structure du polymere sur ces parametres a ete demontree. Etude de l'interaction entre la sonde fluorescente et le polymere et etude theorique de son influence sur la dynamique de chaine

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Pham, Van Cang Christian. "Etude de la dynamique locale dans les polymeres en masse par l'analyse de la fluorescence de sondes excimeres." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066195.

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Les molecules de meso di(n-carbazolyl)-2,4 pentane et oxyde de bis(phenyl-10 anthryl-9 methyl) servent de sondes fluorescentes pour l'analyse de la mobilite des chaines macromoleculaires de: polyoxydes de propene, polysiloxane, polybutadiene, polyisopropene et polyisobutene. Influence de la nature du polymere sur le mouvement de la sonde

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Vautrin-Ul, Christine. "Polymérisation cationique du penta-1,3-diène et copolymérisation avec l'isobutène : contribution à la synthèse de nouveaux copolymères triblocs." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPL082N.

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Cette étude est consacrée à la polymérisation cationique du penta-1,3-diène ou pipérylène (PD) et à sa copolymérisation avec l'isobutène (IB), l'objectif principal étant la préparation de copolymères triblocs constitués d'une séquence centrale élastomère polyisobutène et de deux segments rigides de type poly(penta-1,3-diène) partiellement cyclisé. La première partie de ce travail traite de la polymérisation cationique de chacun des isomères cis et trans du penta-1,3-diène et d'un pipérylène technique (mélange cis/trans: 45/55) contenant 10% d'impuretés (hydrocarbures en C5). Une analyse complète de la microstructure complexe de ces matériaux est effectuée ainsi que l'étude de l'influence de différents paramètres expérimentaux. Il est montré que la nature du monomère utilisé (isomère pur ou mélange technique) n'a pas d'influence notable sur sa polymérisation par voie électrophile. La seconde partie décrit la copolymérisation du pipérylène technique avec l'isobutène. D’une part, la préparation de copolymères statistiques montre que l'incorporation des deux monomères PD et IB dans la chaine correspond à un schéma cinétique à effet terminal. Les valeurs des rapports de réactivité rib=1,1 et rpd=1,3 révèlent un comportement quasi aléatoire avec une faible propension à la formation de séquences homogènes. D’autre part, trois échantillons de copolymères triblocs sont synthétisés par addition séquentielle des monomères. Ils sont composés d'un bloc central polyisobutène dont la masse molaire moyenne en nombre (Mn) a été ajustée entre 5 000 et 25 000 g. Mol-1 et de deux segments polydiéniques caractérisés par une masse molaire globale (Mn) proche de 7 000 g. Mol-1 et un taux de cyclisation compris entre 35 et 50%

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Gergely, Attila Levente. "Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(Alloocimene-b-Isobutylene) Thermoplastic Elastomers." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1404212407.

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Shiman, Dmitriy I., Vladimir Sayevich, Christian Meerbach, Pavel A. Nikishau, Irina V. Vasilenko, Nikolai Gaponik, Sergei V. Kostjuk, and Vladimir Lesnyak. "Robust Polymer Matrix Based on Isobutylene (Co)polymers for Efficient Encapsulation of Colloidal Semiconductor Nanocrystals." American Chemical Association, 2019. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A74322.

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We introduce new oxygen- and moisture-proof polymer matrixes based on polyisobutylene (PIB) and its block copolymer with styrene [poly(styrene-block-isobutylene-blockstyrene), PSt-b-PIB-b-PSt] for the encapsulation of colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals. In order to prepare transparent and processable composites, we developed a special procedure of nanocrystal surface engineering including ligand exchange of parental organic ligands to inorganic species followed by the attachment of specially designed short-chain PIB functionalized with an amino group. The latter provides excellent compatibility of the particles with the polymer matrixes. As colloidal nanocrystals, we chose CdSe nanoplatelets (NPLs) because they possess a large surface and thus are very sensitive to the environment, in particular in terms of their limited photostability. The encapsulation strategy is quite general and can be applied to a wide variety of semiconductor nanocrystals, as demonstrated on the example of PbS quantum dots. All obtained composites exhibited excellent photostability, being tested in a focus of a powerful white-light source, as well as exceptional chemical stability in a strongly acidic media. We compared these properties of the new composites with those of widely used polyacrylate-based materials, demonstrating the superiority of the former. The developed composites are of particular interest for application in optoelectronic devices, such as color-conversion light-emitting diodes, laser diodes, luminescent solar concentrators, etc.

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Dejean, de La Batie Rémi. "Etude des mouvements moléculaires dans les polymères en masse par résonance magnétique nucléaire du 13c et simulation de Monte-Carlo." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066284.

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Etude des mouvements locaux dans le polyvinylmethylether, le polybutadiene-1,4cis et le polyisoprene-1,4cis, le polyisobutène, les polyéthers en masse; polyoxypropylène et réseaux de polyoxyéthylène, influence de la microstructure sur les mouvements moléculaires locaux. Etude de la transition vitreuse dans les polymères en masse par simulation de Monte-Carlo dynamique; simulation de systemes de polymères places dans le réseau tétraédrique et simulation de systemes de sphères libres et de systemes de polymères en milieu continu.

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Fan, Chengkai. "A New Crosslinking Method of Isobutylene-isoprene Copolymer." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1555686149937045.

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Shen, Naifu. "Macromolecular Engineering and Additive Manufacturing of Poly(styrene-b-isobutylene-b-styrene) (SIBS)." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1626879104460335.

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Perevosnik, Kathleen A. "Investigation of the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Poly(styrene-block-isobutylene-styrene) (SIBS) and its Blends with Thymine-Functionalized Polystyrene." Akron, OH : University of Akron, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=akron1226647131.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Akron, Dept. of Polymer Science, 2008.
"December, 2008." Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed 01/13/2010) Advisor, Judit E. Puskas; Faculty Reader, Gary R. Hamed; Department Chair, Ali Dhinojwala; Dean of the College, Stephen Z. D. Cheng; Dean of the Graduate School, George R. Newkome. Includes bibliographical references.

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Books on the topic "Isobutene polymere"

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A, Sangalov I͡U. Polymers derived from isobutylene: Synthesis, properties, application. Utrecht: VSP, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Isobutene polymere"

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Gooch, Jan W. "Isobutane." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 399. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_6494.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Isobutylene." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 399. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_6497.

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Wohlfarth, Ch. "Solubility parameter of poly(isobutylene)." In Polymer Solutions, 1596. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02890-8_947.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Poly(isobutylene co isoprene)." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 562. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_9109.

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Wohlfarth, Ch. "Partial specific volume of poly(isobutylene)." In Polymer Solutions, 475. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02890-8_253.

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Wohlfarth, Ch. "Second virial coefficient of poly(isobutylene)." In Polymer Solutions, 920. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02890-8_567.

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Wohlfarth, Ch. "pVT data of poly(isobutylene) in benzene." In Polymer Solutions, 138. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02890-8_94.

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Wohlfarth, Ch. "Solubility parameter of poly(isobutylene-co-isoprene)." In Polymer Solutions, 1597. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02890-8_948.

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Wohlfarth, Ch. "pVT data of poly(isobutylene) in cyclohexane." In Polymer Solutions, 139–42. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02890-8_95.

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Wohlfarth, Ch. "pVT data of poly(isobutylene) in n-octane." In Polymer Solutions, 150–51. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02890-8_100.

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Conference papers on the topic "Isobutene polymere"

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Fittipaldi, Mauro, Carla Garcia, Luis A. Rodriguez, and Landon R. Grace. "Optimization of injection molding parameters for poly(styrene-isobutylene-styrene) block copolymer." In PROCEEDINGS OF PPS-31: The 31st International Conference of the Polymer Processing Society – Conference Papers. AIP Publishing LLC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4942269.

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Gallocher, Siobhain L., Amit Datye, Kuang-Hsi Wu, Leonard Pinchuk, and Richard T. Schoephoerster. "Effect of Leaflet Anisotropy, Coaptation Curvature, and Stent Flexibility on the Stress Concentrations and In Vitro Function of Polymer Trileaflet Heart Valves." In ASME 2008 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2008-192860.

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Polymer trileaflet valves have been under investigation for the past 40–50 years in an attempt to produce a valve alternative that is both durable and non-thrombogenic. Most have met with limited success due to oxidative reactions and high dynamic stresses borne by the material [1]. With this knowledge, an oxidatively stable polyolefin, poly(styrene-b-isobutylene-b-styrene) (SIBS), was selected for the design of a fiber-reinforced polymer trileaflet heart valve. The hydrodynamic properties of prototype SIBS valves have been encouraging, but some valves failed prematurely as a result of insufficient durability during in vivo implantation in a sheep model or during accelerated in vitro fatigue.

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Fittipaldi, Mauro, Luis A. Rodriguez, and Landon R. Grace. "The effect of water absorption on the viscoelastic properties of poly(styrene-block-isobutylene-block-styrene) for use in biomedical applications." In PROCEEDINGS OF PPS-30: The 30th International Conference of the Polymer Processing Society – Conference Papers. AIP Publishing LLC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4918393.

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Damley-Strnad, Alexandra, Mauro Fittipaldi, Brigitte Morales, and Landon R. Grace. "The effect of lipid absorption on the mechanical properties of poly(styrene-block-isobutylene-block-styrene) for use in biomedical applications." In PROCEEDINGS OF PPS-32: The 32nd International Conference of the Polymer Processing Society - Conference Papers. Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5016760.

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Panwar, Pawan, Michelle Len, Ninaad Gajghate, Paul Michael, and Ashlie Martini. "Fluid Effects on Mechanical Efficiency of Hydraulic Pumps: Dynamometer Measurements and Molecular Simulations." In ASME/BATH 2019 Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fpmc2019-1712.

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Abstract The mechanical efficiency of hydraulic pumps is affected by the viscosity of the hydraulic fluid. Viscosity modifiers that thicken the fluid, therefore, play an important role in efficiency. Viscosity modifiers are believed to improve the mechanical efficiency of hydraulic systems partially by enabling formulation with lower molecular weight base oils. Here, this concept was directly tested in a pump dynamometer using mixtures of low traction synthetic poly(alphaolefin) base oils, bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate ester, and poly(isobutylene). Lower viscosity fluids directly correlated to better mechanical efficiency but decreasing the viscosity of the synthetic base oil by adding viscosity modifier did not have the same effect. However, molecular dynamics simulations showed that solution viscosity was directly correlated to elongation of the polymer under shear which, together with calculations of the critical shear rate range in a pump, suggested ways of designing viscosity modifiers to achieve a specific viscosity profile that maximizes mechanical efficiency.

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