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Lachance, Geneviève. "Was Plato an Eristic according to Isocrates?" Apeiron 53, no. 1 (January 28, 2020): 81–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/apeiron-2018-0090.
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AbstractThe article examines the passages in Isocrates’ Corpus containing a description and a critique of a new type of sophistic called “eristic”. Based on the chronology of Isocrates’ discourses and the description he gave, the author shows that the majority of these passages could not have aimed at Plato as its sole or principal target. However, it should not be excluded that Isocrates’ criticism of eristics was directed against various members of the Socratic circle, a heterogeneous group in which Plato was comprised. The article shows that although a feud between Plato and Isocrates is not an acceptable premise, a possible rivalry between both men may have been possible. Nonetheless, such a rivalry does not allow one to assimilate Plato with an eristic.
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Marsh, Charles. "Millennia of discord: The controversial educational program of Isocrates." Theory and Research in Education 8, no. 3 (November 2010): 289–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477878510381629.
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Five years ago in Theory and Research in Education, James R. Muir fired a new salvo in the debate regarding the merits of Isocrates’ educational program, a controversy that has endured for more than two millennia. Was the Isocratean program misguided and lowbrow, as in the estimations of Plato and Aristotle — or was it the most successful program of classical education, as in the later estimations of Cicero and Quintilian? Was Isocrates himself a middling intellect, as Marrou claims, or, worse, a progenitor of Hitler’s Third Reich, as Vitanza maintains — or was he the founder of modern liberal arts education, as Corbett and Welch believe? To date, the debate has dealt more with the reputation than the details of Isocrates’ program. In hopes of shedding additional light on the controversy, this article draws upon Isocrates’ own essays to present the goals, curriculum, and methods of his educational program.
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Benoit, William L. "Isocrates and Plato on rhetoric and rhetorical education." Rhetoric Society Quarterly 21, no. 1 (January 1991): 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02773949109390909.
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Han, Gicheol. "Two Knowledges and Two Educations: Plato and Isocrates." Korean Journal of Philosophy of Education 40, no. 3 (September 30, 2018): 171–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.15754/jkpe.2018.40.3.009.
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Dušanić, Slobodan. "Isocrates, the Chian intellectuals, and the political context of the Euthydemus." Journal of Hellenic Studies 119 (November 1999): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/632309.
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In a brief digression near the end of the Euthydemus (305 b ff.), Socrates describes one of his anonymous critics, who rejects philosophy in general but imagines himself to be both an accomplished thinker and a successful politikos. Clearly, the portrait is that of Isocrates. The similarity between Isocrates' real character and Plato's stylization is so pronounced that we are tempted to describe 305 b ff. as one of Plato's intentional anachronisms (the dramatic date of the dialogue is earlier than the death of Alcibiades, 275 b). The portrait includes several noteworthy points. First, 305 b-c refers to Socrates' opponent as a writer of forensic speeches. To judge from the tone of the entire passage, which is not markedly hostile to the anonymous person (cf. 306 c 6 ff.), that would be an unfair description of Isocrates if written after the publication of the Panegyricus c. 380 BC. Second, Plato defines the unnamed person as both a speechwriter and a practical politician (306 b: ή πολιτικὴ πρᾶξις ‘the statesman's business’). The latter part of the definition does not square with Isocrates' career as schoolmaster and political adviser or, later on, as the author of political pamphlets. Unless it is assumed that 305 b ff. aims at Isocrates' dealing with Realpolitik, he would not have deserved Socrates' criticism that he ‘partakes’ of two different things. In that case, the same reproof for being ‘the border-ground between philosopher and politician’ might have been addressed to Plato himself as a dialectician and, concerning his other activities, as the head of the Academy and the author of such political dialogues as the Gorgias.
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McCoy, Marina Berzins. "Alcidamas, Isocrates, and Plato on Speech, Writing, and Philosophical Rhetoric." Ancient Philosophy 29, no. 1 (2009): 45–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/ancientphil20092913.
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Marsh, Charles. "Public Relations Ethics: Contrasting Models from the Rhetorics of Plato, Aristotle, and Isocrates." Journal of Mass Media Ethics 16, no. 2 (September 1, 2001): 78–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327728jmme1602&3_2.
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Marsh Jr., Charles W. "Public Relations Ethics: Contrasting Models from the Rhetorics of Plato, Aristotle, and Isocrates." Journal of Mass Media Ethics 16, no. 2-3 (September 2001): 78–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08900523.2001.9679606.
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Costa, Robson Régis Silva. "The nature of the true speech from a convergent approach in Plato and Isocrates." Revista Archai, no. 2 (2009): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1984-249x_2_11.
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Haskins, Ekaterina V. "Mimesisbetween poetics and rhetoric: Performance culture and civic education in Plato, Isocrates, and Aristotle." Rhetoric Society Quarterly 30, no. 3 (June 2000): 7–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02773940009391180.
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Afonasin, Evgeny. "Plato and the Academy (Philodemus’ “History of the Academic Philosophers”)." Institutionalization of science and the scientific community 1, no. 2020.1.1 (October 20, 2020): 7–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.47850/rl.2020.1.1.7_24.
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The paper offers a Russian translation of the portion of the “History of the philosophers” by Philodemus, available in two Herculaneum papyri (PHerc. 1021 and PHerc. 164), which deals with the history of the foundation of the Athenian Academy and the biography of its founder. This important source, introduced and extensively commented in the article, allows highlighting the most interesting details of Plato’s life and political pursuits both in Athens and in Sicily. The biographical details discussed are reconstructed on the basis of the earliest evidence, including the Platonic letters, the works of the students of Aristotle Aristoxenus and Dicaearchus, the platonic philosopher Heraclides of Pontus, the Hellenistic historian Neanthes (who’s information ultimately comes back to Isocrates), and some others. This gives the biography of Plato and the earliest history of Academy more credence.
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Slaveva-Griffin, Svetla. "Exhortations to Philosophy: The Protreptics of Plato, Isocrates, and Aristotle by James Henderson Collins II." Classical World 109, no. 3 (2016): 433–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/clw.2016.0036.
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Sims, Thomas. "SOME THOUGHTS ON THEODECTAS’ MAVSOLVS." Classical Quarterly 70, no. 1 (May 2020): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838820000245.
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The Suda tells us the following about the elder Theodectas, the Phaselian orator and tragedian: Θεοδέκτης, Ἀριστάνδρου, Φασηλίτης ἐκ Λυκίας, ῥήτωρ, τραπεὶς δὲ ἐπὶ τραγῳδίας, μαθητὴς Πλάτωνος καὶ Ἰσοκράτους καὶ Ἀριστοτέλους. οὗτος καὶ ὁ Ἐρυθραῖος Ναυκράτης καὶ Ἰσοκράτης ὁ ῥήτωρ, ὁ Ἀπολλωνιάτης, καὶ Θεόπομπος, ἐπὶ τῆς ρϛ́ ὀλυμπιάδος εἶπον ἐπιτάφιον ἐπὶ Μαυσώλῳ, Ἀρτεμισίας τῆς γυναικὸς αὐτοῦ προτρεψαμένης. καὶ ἐνίκησε μάλιστα εὐδοκιμήσας ἐν ᾗ εἶπε τραγῳδίᾳ. ἄλλοι δέ φασι Θεόπομπον ἔχειν τὰ πρωτεῖα. δράματα δὲ ἐδίδαξε ν́. τελευτᾷ δὲ ἐν Ἀθήναις ἐτῶν ἑνὸς καὶ μ́, ἔτι τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ περιόντος. ἔγραψε δὲ καὶ τέχνην ῥητορικὴν ἐν μέτρωι, καὶ ἄλλα τινα καταλογάδην.Theodectas, son of Aristander, from Phaselis in Lycia, an orator, then he turned to tragedy, a pupil of Plato, Isocrates and Aristotle. This man [that is, Theodectas] and Naucrates from Erythrae and Isocrates the orator from Apollonia and Theopompus, in the 106th Olympiad [356/5–353/2 b.c.], gave funeral speeches for Mausolus, at the instigation of his widow Artemisia. And [Theodectas] won, gaining great honour in the tragedy which he spoke. Others, however, say that Theopompus won first prize. He [that is, Theodectas] produced fifty plays. He died in Athens at the age of 41, being survived by his father. He also wrote an Art of Rhetoric in verse, and some other works in prose.
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Heath, Malcolm. "Greek Literature." Greece and Rome 68, no. 1 (March 5, 2021): 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017383520000285.
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I begin with a warm welcome for Evangelos Alexiou's Greek Rhetoric of the 4th Century bc, a ‘revised and slightly abbreviated’ version of the modern Greek edition published in 2016 (ix). Though the volume's title points to a primary focus on the fourth century, sufficient attention is given to the late fifth and early third centuries to provide context. As ‘rhetoric’ in the title indicates, the book's scope is not limited to oratory: Chapter 1 outlines the development of a rhetorical culture; Chapter 2 introduces theoretical debates about rhetoric (Plato, Isocrates, Alcidamas); and Chapter 3 deals with rhetorical handbooks (Anaximenes, Aristotle, and the theoretical precepts embedded in Isocrates). Oratory comes to the fore in Chapter 4, which introduces the ‘canon’ of ten Attic orators: in keeping with the fourth-century focus, Antiphon, Andocides, and Lysias receive no more than sporadic attention; conversely, extra-canonical fourth-century orators (Apollodorus, the author of Against Neaera, Hegesippus, and Demades) receive limited coverage. The remaining chapters deal with the seven major canonical orators: Isocrates, Demosthenes, Aeschines, Isaeus, Lycurgus, Hyperides, and Dinarchus. Each chapter follows the same basic pattern: life, work, speeches, style, transmission of text and reception. Isocrates and Demosthenes have additional sections on research trends and on, respectively, Isocratean ideology and issues of authenticity in the Demosthenic corpus. In the case of Isaeus, there is a brief discussion of contract oratory; Lycurgus is introduced as ‘the relentless prosecutor’. Generous extracts from primary sources are provided, in Greek and in English translation; small-type sections signal a level of detail that some readers may wish to pass over. The footnotes provide extensive references to older as well as more recent scholarship. The thirty-page bibliography is organized by chapter (a helpful arrangement in a book of this kind, despite the resulting repetition); the footnotes supply some additional references. Bibliographical supplements to the original edition have been supplied ‘only in isolated cases’ (ix). In short, this volume is a thorough, well-conceived, and organized synthesis that will be recognized, without doubt, as a landmark contribution. There are, inevitably, potential points of contention. The volume's subtitle, ‘the elixir of democracy and individuality’, ties rhetoric more closely to democracy and to Athens than is warranted: the precarious balancing act which acknowledges that rhetoric ‘has never been divorced from human activity’ while insisting that ‘its vital political space was the democracy of city-states’ (ix–x) seems to me untenable. Alexiou acknowledges that ‘the gift of speaking well, natural eloquence, was considered a virtue already by Homer's era’ (ix), and that ‘the natural gift of speaking well was considered a virtue’ (1). But the repeated insistence on natural eloquence is perplexing. Phoenix, in the embassy scene in Iliad 9, makes it clear that his remit included the teaching of eloquence (Il. 9.442, διδασκέμεναι): Alexiou only quotes the following line, which he mistakenly assigns to Book 10. (The only other typo that I noticed was ‘Aritsotle’ [97]. I, too, have a tendency to mistype the Stagirite's name, though my own automatic transposition is, alas, embarrassingly scatological.) Alexiou provides examples of later Greek assessments of fourth-century orators, including (for example) Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Hermogenes, and the author of On Sublimity (the reluctance to commit to the ‘pseudo’ prefix is my, not Alexiou's, reservation). He observes cryptically that ‘we are aware of Didymus’ commentary’ (245); but the extensive late ancient scholia, which contain material from Menander's Demosthenic commentaries, disappointingly evoke no sign of awareness.
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Penwill, J. L. "Evolution of An Assassin: The Letters of Chion of Heraclea." Ramus 39, no. 1 (2010): 24–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0048671x00000527.
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In 364 BCE Clearchus, a former student of Isocrates and Plato, staged a coup d'état in his native city of Heraclea Pontica and made himself tyrant. Twelve years later in 352 Clearchus fell victim to a conspiracy led by another former student of Plato and native Heraclean, by the name of Chion. Some centuries later an author whose name we do not know and about whose date and place of residence we can only speculate fixed on this event as the basis of a historical epistolary novel, which comprises a sequence of seventeen letters purportedly written by Chion himself. The novel survives in a number of manuscripts, the majority of which give it the title Letters of Chion. It is with this text that this article is concerned.The sequence tracks Chion's progress from the time he leaves home in order to pursue his studies at the Academy to two days before the assassination. Most of the letters are addressed to Chion's father Matris, and so fall into the category of ‘letters home’ in which Chion narrates and reflects on his encounters and thoughts at various stages of his sojourn abroad. The final one however is written from Heraclea back to Athens; it is addressed to Plato, and from its tone and content Chion clearly expects of his master that he regard the upcoming assassination as his student's graduation summa cum laude in the field of political ethics. Critical opinion on the Letters is largely unanimous in maintaining that the author shares this view; that the whole sequence is designed to show Chion developing the philosophical acumen needed to make the right decision on the on the ethical issues that confront him and the emotional maturity needed to take decisive political action at the appropriate time.
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Ipiranga Júnior, Pedro. "Luciano e a experimentação biográfica: filosofia e religião." Nuntius Antiquus 9, no. 1 (June 30, 2013): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.17851/1983-3636.9.1.161-182.
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The purpose of this work is based on the following issues: how the religious aspect is focused on biographical works and what constitutes its function; how religious discourse interferes with conception of the genre of biographical and literary prose from the perspective of Lucian of Samosata. For that we will use as a benchmark for our analysis some conceptions about the religious phenomenon in works with biographical tone of Isocrates, Plato and Xenophon, in order to check how Lucian resumes and refigure issues there proposed. In a kind of biographical account and in epistolary form, Lucian somehow promotes a mimesis (here in the sense of a critical refiguring) of reports of Bios, in which he enacts a moral action figure, syncretizes or juxtaposes philosophical adhesion and religious belief. In the biographical works of Lucian: <em>The passing of Peregrinus</em>, <em>Alexander the false prophet</em>, <em>Demonax </em>and somehow <em>Nigrinus</em>, ‘conversion to a current philosophical’ concerns a pathos in the discourse, which is staged so explicitly dramatized and therefore undergo a treatment critical. Thus, we treat this work in order to delineate the constitution of pathos of biographical discourse and status of a distinctive literary biographical prose linked to religious and philosophical questions.
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Žilionis, Juozas. "ANTIKOS PAIDEIA: POŽIŪRIS Į ASMENYBĖS UGDYMĄ." Problemos 67 (January 1, 2005): 118–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/problemos.2005..4086.
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Straipsnyje aptariama antikinio pasaulio paideia’os samprata, analizuojamos jos atsiradimo prielaidos ir pagrindiniai formavimosi etapai. Paideia’os ištakas aptinkame Hipokrato, Isokrato, Platono, Aristotelio darbuose. Jie kėlė harmoningą asmenybės ugdymą, kai žmogus tampa ne tik kultūrinių vertybių vartotoju, bet ir jų kūrėju. Svarbi vieta klasikinėje paideia’oje tenka mokymui apie sveikatos saugojimą arba gydymo meną. Pirmą kartą antikinė paideia žmogaus ugdomąjį procesą veda į saviauklą kaip aukščiausią savo būties suvokimą ir jos tobulinimą. Pati paideia’os sąvoka transformavosi jau antikoje, įgaudama platesnį tikslą, gilesnį turinį ir naujas technologijas.Prasminiai žodžiai: paideia, asmenybė, ugdymas, retorika, gydymo menas.
ANCIENT PAIDEIA: THE THEORY OF EDUCATION OF THE PERSONALITYJuozas Žilionis
Summary The article discusses the historical development of ancient concept of paideia. This concept is used in the writings of Hippocrates, Isocrates, Plato and Aristotle. It signifies the system of harmonious education directed at upbringing a person not only as a consumer of cultural values but also as their creator. The constitutive part of paideia is the doctrine of health preservation, healing and healthy way of life. It is very important and interesting fact that paideia encourages self-education as a highest form of personal awareness and the best method of self-perfecting. In its historical development the concept was gradually widened and enriched.Keywords: paideia, personality, education, rhetoric, art of healing.
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Bertacchi, André. "O Panatenaico de Isócrates e a crítica platônica à escrita no Fedro." CODEX – Revista de Estudos Clássicos 4, no. 1 (June 19, 2016): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.25187/codex.v4i1.3321.
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<p>A passagem final do <em>Panatenaico</em> (§§ 200-73) apresenta uma cena de uma conversa entre Isócrates e um dos seus discípulos, situação que teria precedido a publicação do texto, consistindo na única ocorrência de diálogo dentro do <em>corpus</em> dos oradores áticos. Este artigo propõe um exame dessa passagem final a partir de sua forma, tentando mostrar quais são as consequências do emprego do diálogo em um texto que se apresenta como a fala de um orador. Para tanto, proceder-se-á a uma comparação do discurso com obra daquele que foi o principal do cultor do diálogo em prosa na Grécia antiga – Platão. Para se estabelecer a comparação, escolheu-se o <em>Fedro</em>, não somente por ele conter excurso discutindo o valor da escrita quando comparada à dialética, mas também porque Isócrates é especialmente visado por esse texto, que termina com o elogio de Sócrates ao autor.</p><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="section"><div class="section"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span><strong>Abstract</strong></span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>The final passage of the </span><span>Panathenaicus </span><span>(§§ 200-73) consists in a dialogue scene between Isocrates and one of his former pupils, a situation that supposedly preceded the speech’s publication. The passage, being the only example of dialogue found in the </span><span>corpus </span><span>of the Attic orators, has attracted some attention from the commentators. This article examines the passage according to its form, trying to show the consequences of the introduction of a dialogue in a text that presents itself as the deliverance of an orator. To achieve this goal, I shall compare the speech with the work of the one who surely is the most representative composer of prose dialogue – Plato. More specifically, the comparison will be made with the </span><span>Phaedrus</span><span>, a text important not only because of its contraposition of writing text against spoken dialogue, but also because it contains the only nominal reference to Isocrates in the entire Platonic </span><span>corpus</span><span>.</span></p></div></div><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><strong>Keywords: </strong><span>dialogue; writing; ancient rhetoric</span></p></div></div></div>
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Polański, Tomasz. "Walka Wschodu i Zachodu w literaturze greckiej od Herodota do Prokopiusza z Gazy." Vox Patrum 44 (March 30, 2003): 329–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/vp.8082.
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Herodotus presented the conflicts between Europe and Asia on both the mythological and historical level and made them one of the main structural and ideological components of his work. The idea of war against the Achaemenids interpreted as central to the Greek historical destiny returned time and again in the Greek letters, always blended with the symptomatic feeling of superiority and simplified standard view of the Orientals. (Euripides, Xenophon of Athens, Plato, Isocrates). The efforts to unite the Greeks and Macedonians with the Orientals which were undertaken by Alexander the Great, found little understanding among the Greeks (Plutarch). His myth as a conqueror of Asia became an ideological trap of the Hellenic as well as Roman historical thinking (Cassius Dio). Renewed and unsuccessful efforts to follow Aiexander's steps brought interesting literary testimonies shaped by collective experiences of the insuperable climate, the fear of the epidemics, and confrontation with cunning, cruel and elusive adversaries (Plutarch, Procopius of Caesarea). The Greek literary testimonies had their alter ego in the Eastern prophetic writings, which expressed hostility towards the Greeks and Romans and predicted a final victory for the East over the West (Oracula Sibyllina, The Oracle of the Potter, The Oracle of Hystaspes). In the Wars of Procopius of Caesarea a pessimistic, purely militarist view came to the surface. It said that the loyalty of the Orientals could be secured only through the use of military power. In that period we also observe a factor of religious inspiration in the war propaganda on both sides (Procopius of Caesarea, Georgios Pisides).
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Blank, Thomas G. M. "ADVERTISING PHILOSOPHICAL CONVERSION - (J.H.) CollinsII Exhortations to Philosophy. The Protreptics of Plato, Isocrates, and Aristotle. Pp. xiv + 300. New York: Oxford University Press, 2015. Cased, £47.99, US$74. ISBN: 978-0-19-935859-5." Classical Review 67, no. 2 (May 23, 2017): 361–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009840x17000877.
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Demont, Paul. "Isocrate et le Gorgias de Platon." L'information littéraire Vol. 60, no. 2 (June 1, 2008): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/inli.602.0003.
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Leyendecker, Dietger, Dagmar Leyendecker, F. P. Schmitz, and E. Klesper. "Isocratic networks in supercritical fluid chromatography II: Selectivities and effective plate numbers." Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 10, no. 3 (March 1987): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240100307.
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Agrawal, Deeksha, Meenakshi Dahiya, Sharad Wakode, Gaurav P. Singh, and Jai Shiv. "Method Development and Validation of Stability Indicating HPLC Assay for the Determination of Tenofovir Alafenamide Fumarate in Tablet Formulation." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology 13, no. 6 (November 16, 2020): 5226–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2020.13.6.7.
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his manuscript describes the development and validation of a simple, isocratic, precise and accurate HPLC method for the assay of Tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (TAF) in tablet formulations. The previous reported methods were costly, less efficient, utilized temperature and pH conditions for method development, making it more complex while this method utilizes lower quantity of mobile phase, an C18 column to improve efficiency, retention and reproducibility of the method without using the conditions of temperature and pH. The mixture of buffer (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid): ACN (65:35 v/v) was used as a mobile phase with isocratic elution. C18 column (Syncronis C18 250 x 4.6 mm) having particle size 5µm was used at a flow rate of 1mL/min. The suggested method described a linearity range of 30-80 µg/mL and the correlation coefficient equals to 0.997 that determines the linearity between the concentration and absorbance. The tailing factor and plate count were found to be 1.03 and 12110 under the acceptable limits. According to ICH Q2 (R1) guidelines, all parameters were validated except LOD and LOQ. The drug was forcefully degraded by acid, alkali and oxidation. Validated result showed that the method was precise, cheap, isocratic, definite, less time consuming, robust and was degraded within the acceptable limits. No interference was observed in the placebo and blank injections hence the method proved to be specific. The optimum RT (retention time) value was found to be 5.8 min. A simple, efficient and economic method was developed with no use of temperature and pH. The suggested method can be applied as a market analysis of TAF in the tablet form.
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Mincsovics, Emil, Márta Garami, László Kecskés, Barnabás Tapa, Zoltán Végh, György Kátay, and Ernó Tyihák. "Personal Overpressured-Layer Chromatography (OPLC) Basic System 50, Flexible Tool in Analytical and Semipreparative Work." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 82, no. 3 (May 1, 1999): 587–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/82.3.587.
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Abstract A new automated overpressured-layer chromatographic (OPLC) system called the Personal OPLC Basic System 50 is suitable for analytical and semi preparative separations. The automatic microprocessor-controlled system ensures rapid and reproducible off-line isocratic and stepwise gradientseparations. High external pressure (5 MPa) makes the sorbent layer more homogeneous, yielding more efficient off-line separation compared with those by early Chrompres chambers. A theoretical plate height of 10–30 μm can be achieved on an analytical high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) layer made of irregular silica gel with an average particle size of 5 μm if an optimal linear velocity (20–40 mm/min) and a nonviscous solvent system are used. On an analytical layer of 3 μm spherical silica gel, a theoretical plate height of 6–15 μm can be reached. Rapid analytical separations of resveratrol (1555 s) and xanthine by one-(498s) and two-directional (274 s) off-line developments were accomplished. On-line separation and detection combined with off-line sample application and fully on-line processing (including on-line sample application, separation, and detection) were fulfilled with a TLC plate for xanthine separation. Semi preparative isolation of xanthines was achieved through a fully on-line OPLC operating mode and scaled-up chromatography.
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Baeza-Baeza, Juan, and María García-Álvarez-Coque. "General Solution of the Extended Plate Model Including Diffusion, Slow Transfer Kinetics and Extra-Column Effects for Isocratic Chromatographic Elution." Separations 3, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations3020011.
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Kaur, Anupreet, Jaspreet Kaur, and Ranju Bansal. "Microwave Mediated Synthesis and Analytical Method Development for the Estimation of Novel 1,4-Dihydropyridines in Bulk by RP-HPLC." Drug Research 68, no. 05 (November 3, 2017): 296–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-120663.
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AbstractThe present work describes a rapid and green microwave mediated method for the synthesis and a simple and precise isocratic reverse phase HPLC method for the estimation of the biologically significant dihydropyridines. The conventional synthesis of these dihydropyridines has been previously reported from our lab. The analysis of a standard solution (1 mg/ml) was accomplished on a symmetry (4.6 mm I.D x 250 mm) C-18 column using mobile phase acetonitrile:water:triethylamine (TEA) (70:30:0.1 v/v/v) at a flow rate of 0.7 ml/min. Detection was monitored at 354 nm. The retention time for all the compounds was accomplished as less than 10 min. The compounds showed the linear response over the concentration range 10–100 µg/ml. The study is aimed to develop a rapid method for the quantification of these potent molecules. Various parameters like linearity (10–100 µg/ml), USP tailing and plate count were found to be satisfactory. The investigated parameters were studied with the freshly prepared solutions.
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Matysik, Elżbieta, Anna Woźniak, Roman Paduch, Robert Rejdak, Beata Polak, and Helena Donica. "The New TLC Method for Separation and Determination of Multicomponent Mixtures of Plant Extracts." Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1813581.
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The new mode of two-dimensional gradient thin layer chromatography (MGD-2D TLC) has been presented. Short distance development of sample in the first dimension leads to formation of the preconcentrated narrow zones. They are consecutively separated in the second dimension with the mobile phase gradient in several steps of development until the eluent reaches the further end of the chromatographic plate. The use of the above-mentioned technique allows isolating and then identifying the compounds of various polarity from the multicomponent mixture. The practical application of two-dimensional gradient thin layer chromatography has been performed for isolation of the two plant (JuniperusandThymus) oils components as the examples of test mixtures. The experiments have been carried out with the use of silica gel plates as well as a normal phase condition. The results of solute separation with isocratic one-dimensional thin layer chromatography system have been compared with those of two-dimensional gradient system. It has been observed that application of the latter mode leads to almost triplicated number of zones in comparison with the former one. It is purposeful to apply the proposed mode to control the purity of the dominant component or components of the mixture.
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Raeni, Septi Fajar, Unsania Haresmawati, Ani Mulyasuryani, and Akhmad Sabarudin. "Evaluasi Pemisahan Alkilbenzena Menggunakan Kolom Monolith Berbasis Polimer Organik secara Kromatografi Cair Kinerja Tinggi." ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia 14, no. 1 (February 15, 2018): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/alchemy.14.1.11266.37-50.
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<p>Kolom monolith berbasis polimer organik poli-(lauril metakrilat-co-etilen dimetakrilat) disintesis secara in situ kopolimerisasi dalam kolom <em>silicosteel </em>dengan ukuran panjang 10 cm dan diameter dalam 1,02 mm. Kolom monolith ini digunakan untuk pemisahan alkilbenzena secara Kromatografi Cair Kinerja Tinggi (KCKT) fasa terbalik. Pada penelitian ini, efisiensi pemisahan ditingkatkan dengan menggunakan kolom monolith poli-(LMA-co-EDMA) untuk memisahkan senyawa alkilbenzena melalui tiga parameter, yakni temperatur kolom, pemisahan secara isokratik dan pemisahan secara gradien. Temperatur kolom yang digunakan berkisar antara 27–50 °C. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa temperatur optimum untuk pemisahan alkilbenzena secara isokratik yaitu 27 °C yang setara dengan temperatur ruang dengan fasa gerak asetonitril-air (50:50 w/w). Pemisahan alkilbenzena yang lebih efisien ditunjukkan dari penggunaan mode gradien ditandai dengan nilai <em>peak capacity</em>, faktor retensi dan jumlah plat teoritis yang lebih baik. Fasa gerak yang digunakan pada pemisahan secara gradien yaitu pelarut A yang terdiri atas asetonitril-air (40:60 w/w) dan pelarut B yang terdiri atas asetonitril-air (60:40 w/w) dengan waktu gradien 20–40 menit 0–100% B. Perubahan waktu gradien berpengaruh terhadap faktor retensi dan <em>peak capacity</em>.</p><p><strong>Evaluation of Organic Polymer-Based Monolithic Column by High Performance Liquid Chromatography for The Separation of Alkyl Benzenes</strong><strong>. </strong>Organic polymer-based monolithic column of poly(lauryl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) has been prepared by in- situ copolymerization inside of <em>silicosteel</em> column with the size of 100 mm long x 1.02 mm i.d. This kind of monolith column used for separation of alkylbenzenes using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The efficiency separation on this research is improved by using poly-(LMA-co-EDMA) monolithic column for separation of alkyl benzene compounds using three strategies involving optimization column temperature, isocratic elution mode, and gradient elution mode. The applied column temperatures were varied in the range of 27–50 °C. It was found that room temperature in isocratic mode with the mobile phase of acetonitrile-water (50:50 w/w) showed the excellent efficiency indicated by baseline-resolved of each peak of alkyl benzenes. The resulted separation efficiency by employing gradient elution mode exceeded its counterpart (isocratic mode), which is indicated by better in peak capacity, retention factor, and number theoritical plate. Two different mobile phases for gradient elution mode, composed of A that contain of acetonitrile-water (40/60 w/w) and B that contain of acetonitrile-water (60/40 w/w) were utilized in the range of 20-40 min for 0-100% B. It was found that increasing gradient time strongly affect to the retention factor and peak capacity.<strong></strong></p>
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Beg, Sarwar, Ankit K. Malik, Obaid Afzal, Abdulmalik Saleh Alfawaz Altamimi, Imran Kazmi, Fahad A. Al-Abbasi, Waleed H. Almalki, et al. "Systematic Development and Validation of a RP-HPLC Method for Estimation of Abiraterone Acetate and its Degradation Products." Journal of Chromatographic Science 59, no. 1 (November 10, 2020): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/bmaa080.
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Abstract The present study described the development of a reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method for the estimation of abiraterone acetate by Quality by Design (QbD) approach. Using an isocratic solvent system for the mobile phase, the chromatographic estimation of analyte was performed on a Hypersil BDS C18 column using mobile phase mixture containing acetonitrile and water with pH adjusted with 0.1% v/v orthophosphoric acid (15:85%v/v ratio), flow rate 1.0 mL.min−1 and detection at 250 nm using photodiode array detector. Systematic development of the chromatographic method was carried out by factor screening using a half-factorial design which suggested organic modifier (%), flow rate (mL.min−1) and autosampler temperature (°C) as influential variables. Further, the method was optimized by Box–Behnken design and trials performed were evaluated for the area under peak, retention time, theoretical plate count and tailing factor as the responses. Validation of the developed method showed good linearity, accuracy, precision and sensitivity. Evaluation of the stability-indicating profile of the method using forced degradation studies revealed the formation of a possible degradation product under acidic and alkaline conditions, while no such degradation product peaks were observed under the oxidative environment. Overall, the study construed the successful development of HPLC assay method for pharmaceutical applications.
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Stawny, Maciej, Aleksandra Gostyńska, Katarzyna Dettlaff, Anna Jelińska, Marta Kościelniak, and Magdalena Ogrodowczyk. "Development, Validation, and Stability Assessment Application of RP-HPLC-DAD Method for Quantification of Ampicillin in Total Parenteral Nutrition Admixtures." Antibiotics 8, no. 4 (December 15, 2019): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics8040268.
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Background: The administration of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is a common procedure in intensive care units, where the concomitant use of other intravenous medication is frequently needed. One of the particularly dangerous complications for neurosurgical patients is meningitis, for which high doses of ampicillin (AMP) are used. In such cases, the addition of AMP to TPN admixtures would be a desirable procedure. Thus, the AMP determination method in TPN admixture was developed and validated. Methods: An isocratic HPLC analysis was performed on a LiChrospher C18 end-capped column (250 mm, 4.6 mm, 5 µm) with a C18 pre-column (LiChrospher 100, 4 mm, 5 µm). The flow rate was 1.0 mL min−1 and the detection wavelength was 230 nm. System suitability parameters, such as capacity factor, numbers of the theoretical plate, asymmetry factor, as well as validation parameters, including method precision, accuracy, linearity, selectivity, and robustness, were set up. Results: The method was shown to be linear, precise, accurate, specific, and robust, and it can be used for the quantitative analysis of AMP in TPN admixtures. Conclusions: The degradation of AMP in the TPN admixtures occurred according to first order kinetics. The degradation rate was high and dependent on the composition of the mixture and the storage conditions (t0.5 varied from 142.44 h to 300.45 h).
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Dhandapani, B., N. Thirumoorthy, and D. Jose Prakash. "Development and Validation for the Simultaneous Quantification of Nebivolol Hydrochloride and Hydrochlorothiazide by UV Spectroscopy, RP-HPLC and HPTLC in Tablets." E-Journal of Chemistry 7, no. 2 (2010): 341–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/483495.
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Simultaneous quantification of nebivolol hydrochloride (NEB-H) and hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) in tablets by UV spectroscopy, RP-HPLC and HPTLC methods were developed. In UV spectrophotometric determination NEB-H and HCT was quantified by simultaneous equation method and absorbance ratio method. In simultaneous equation method absorbance measurements at 282.5 nm (λmaxNEB-H) and 271.5 nm (λmaxHCT), in absorbance ratio method absorbance measurements at 282.5 nm and 275 nm (iso absorptive point) in methanol. In RP-HPLC method, the drugs were resolved using a mobile phase of 30 mM phosphate buffer (K2HPO4), acetonitrile and triethylamine (50:50:0.1 % v/v) with pH 5.5 using orthophosphoric acid on a C18-ODS- Phenomenex (5 μm, 250 mm x 4.6 mm) column in isocratic mode, Atorvastatin (ATR) used as a internal standard. The retention time of HCT, NEB-H and ATR was 3.31, 4.30 and 6.93 min respectively. In the HPTLC method, the chromatograms were developed using a mobile phase of ethyl acetate: methanol: ammonia (8.5:1:0.5 v/v) on precoated plate of silica gel 60 F254and quantified by densitometric absorbance mode at 285 nm. The Rf of HCT and NEB-H were 0.21 and 0.41 respectively. Recovery studies of 98.88-102.41%, percentage relative std deviation of not more than 0.8 and correlation coefficient (linearity range) of 0.9954-0.9999 shows that developed methods were accurate and precise. These methods can be employed for the routine analysis of tablets containing NEB-H and HCT.
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Dhanabalan Kamalakannan and Subramaniam AnandaThangadurai. "Development and Validation of Stability-Indicating UPLC-TUV Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Darunavir and Ritonavir in Bulk and Tablet Dosage Form." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 12, no. 1 (January 6, 2021): 611–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4127.
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A straightforward, explicit, accurate and monetary ultra-performance liquid chromatographic with tunable ultraviolet indicator (UPLC-TUV) strategy was produced for the simultaneous estimation of Darunavir and Ritonavir in bulk and tablet dosage form. The Separation was accomplished on a BEH C18 section (4.6 mm X 50 mm, 5 µm) at a frequency of 270 nm, utilizing a mobile phase acetonitrile and water (50:50 V/V) in an isocratic elution mode at a stream pace of 0.3 mL/min. The maintenance time for Darunavir and Ritonavir was discovered to be 0.739 min and 0.401 min, individually. The proposed strategy was validated for precision, linearity range, accuracy, roughness, and constrained degradation concentrates according to ICH rules. The adjustment bends of Darunavir and Ritonavir were linear over the scope of 100-600 µg/mL and 12.5 to 75 µg/mL. The LOD's were discovered to be 1.93 and 0.03 for Darunavir and Ritonavir, separately. The LOQ's were discovered to be 5.84 for Darunavir and 0.08 for Ritonavir. The strategy was discovered to be precise and stability-showing has no meddling pinnacles of debases and excipient were noticed. The created technique was appropriate for quality-control labs for quantitative examination of both in bulk and joined dose structure. The created strategy is new and better in innovation when contrasted than the announced techniques and less maintenance time, high theoretical plate check and structure of the mobile phase with great division, precise and stability-showing has no meddling pinnacles of debases and excipient were noticed. The technique was appropriate for quality-control research centers for quantitative examination of both in bulk and consolidated measurements structure.
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Afonasin, Evgeniy. "PLATO AND THE ACADEMY (PHILODEMUS’ “HISTORY OF THE ACADEMIC PHILOSOPHERS”)." Respublica literaria, October 20, 2020, 7–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.47850/rl.2020.1.1.7-24.
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The paper offers a Russian translation of the portion of the “History of the philosophers” by Philodemus, available in two Herculaneum papyri (PHerc. 1021 and PHerc. 164), which deals with the history of the foundation of the Athenian Academy and the biography of its founder. This important source, introduced and extensively commented in the article, allows highlighting the most interesting details of Plato’s life and political pursuits both in Athens and in Sicily. The biographical details discussed are reconstructed on the basis of the earliest evidence, including the Platonic letters, the works of the students of Aristotle Aristoxenus and Dicaearchus, the platonic philosopher Heraclides of Pontus, the Hellenistic historian Neanthes (who’s information ultimately comes back to Isocrates), and some others. This gives the biography of Plato and the earliest history of Academy more credence.
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Ipiranga Júnior, Pedro. "Luciano e a experimentação biográfica: filosofia e religião." Nuntius Antiquus, June 30, 2013, 161–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17851/1983-3636...161-182.
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The purpose of this work is based on the following issues: how the religious aspect is focused on biographical works and what constitutes its function; how religious discourse interferes with conception of the genre of biographical and literary prose from the perspective of Lucian of Samosata. For that we will use as a benchmark for our analysis some conceptions about the religious phenomenon in works with biographical tone of Isocrates, Plato and Xenophon, in order to check how Lucian resumes and refigure issues there proposed. In a kind of biographical account and in epistolary form, Lucian somehow promotes a mimesis (here in the sense of a critical refiguring) of reports of Bios, in which he enacts a moral action figure, syncretizes or juxtaposes philosophical adhesion and religious belief. In the biographical works of Lucian: The passing of Peregrinus, Alexander the false prophet, Demonax and somehow Nigrinus, ‘conversion to a current philosophical’ concerns a pathos in the discourse, which is staged so explicitly dramatized and therefore undergo a treatment critical. Thus, we treat this work in order to delineate the constitution of pathos of biographical discourse and status of a distinctive literary biographical prose linked to religious and philosophical questions.
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Raut, Prabhakar V., Sudhakar L. Padwal, Madhusudhan T. Bachute, and Satish A. Polshettiwar. "Development and Validation of RP-HPLC Chromatographic Dissolution Method for the Simultaneous Estimation of Ramipril and Hydrochlorothiazide from Solid Dosage Formulation." Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, September 1, 2021, 203–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i42b32440.
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The present study describes the dissolution method development and validation of Ramipril and Hydrochlorothiazide in tablet dosage form by HPLC Method.
A simple, rapid, selective, reproducible and isocratic reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method has been developed and validated as per ICH guidelines.
Analysis was performed on a Thermo, Sunniest C8 (150 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 µm) with the mobile phase consisting of mixing 500 mL of buffer solution and 500 mL of acetonitrile at a flow rate of 1.0mL/min. UV detection was performed at 210nm and the Run time for Ramipril and Hydrochlorothiazide were 10 minutes. The calibration curve was linear (correlation coefficient = 1.000) in the selected range for both analytes.
The optimized dissolution conditions include the USP Type 1 (Basket) rotation rate of 100 rpm and 750 mL of 0.1 N Hydrochloric acid as dissolution medium, at 37.0 ± 0.5°C. The method was validated for precision, linearity, specificity, accuracy, limit of quantitation and ruggedness. The system suitability parameters, such as theoretical plate, tailing factor and relative standard deviation (RSD) between six standard replicates were well within the limits. The stability result shows that the drug is stable in the prescribed dissolution medium.
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Gurrala, Sunitha, Shiva Raj, Subrahmanyam CVS, and Panikumar Durga Anumolu. "Quality-by-Design Approach for Chromatographic Analysis of Metformin, Empagliflozin and Linagliptin." Journal of Chromatographic Science, April 5, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/bmab030.
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Abstract New analytical quality by design-oriented HPLC method with multiple response optimization (Derringer’s desirability function) was demonstrated for simultaneous analysis of three antidiabetic drugs (metformin hydrochloride/empagliflozin/linagliptin) in a fixed-dose combination. Central composite design was employed for systematic optimization of critical method parameters, namely, % organic phase (X1), aqueous phase pH (X2) and flow rate (X3) while resolution, capacity factor and theoretical plate number as critical analytical attributes. Effective chromatographic separation of title analytes was accomplished on Std. Discovery C18 column at 30°C with mobile phase comprising acetonitrile: phosphate buffer pH 5 (38:62% v/v), pumped at a flow rate of 1 mL/min by isocratic elution pattern and UV detection at 222 nm. The model is rectilinear in the range of 1.0–200, 0.2–40 and 0.1–20 μg/mL at retention times of 3.04, 3.93 and 5.99 min for metformin, empagliflozin and linagliptin, respectively. The method obeyed all validation parameters of ICH Q2(R1) guidelines. The proposed HPLC method was highly robust for method transfer, regulatory flexibility within design space and can be used for assay of pharmaceutical dosage forms comprising these analytes. The proposed method was applied for stability studies of drugs under various stress conditions.
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Khalil, Nasr Y., Ibrahim A. Darwish, Mamdouh Alanazi, and Mohammed A. Hamidaddin. "Development of 96-microwell plate assay with Fluorescence Reader and HPLC method with Fluorescence Detection for High-throughput Analysis of Linifanib in its Bulk and Dosage Forms." Current Pharmaceutical Analysis 17 (September 25, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573412917999200925204910.
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Background: Linifanib (LFB) is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor with antineoplastic activity. The existing methods for analysis of LFB in bulk and dosage forms do not meet the requirements of quality control (QC) analysis. Objective: The present study was devoted to the development of two methods with high throughputs for determination of LFB. These methods are 96-microwell plate assay with microplate fluorescence reader (MWP-FR) and high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FD). Methods: The MWP-FR assay was carried out in white opaque 96-well assay plates and the native fluorescence signals of LFB were measured at 360 nm for excitation and 500 nm for emission. In the HPLC-FD, the chromatographic separation of LFB and quinine sulphate (QS) as internal standard (IS) was performed on μ-Bondapack CN HPLC column using a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile:water (60:40, v/v) pumped at a flow rate of 1 ml/min in an isocratic mode. The fluorescence detector was set at 350 nm for excitation and 454 nm for emission. Results: The linear ranges of the MWP-FR and HPLC-FD were 1 – 12 μg/well and 10 – 500 ng/ml, respectively. The limits of quantitation were 0.85 μg/well and 8.24 ng/ml for MWP-FR and HPLC-FD, respectively. Both MWP-FR and HPLC-FL methods were successfully applied for the determination of LFB in both bulk and tablets. Conclusion: Both methods have high analytical throughputs, they are suitable for use in QC laboratories for analysis of large numbers of LFB samples, and are environmentally friendly as they consume low volumes of chemicals and solvents.