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Journal articles on the topic 'Isogenes'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Schiaffino, S., and C. Reggiani. "Molecular diversity of myofibrillar proteins: gene regulation and functional significance." Physiological Reviews 76, no. 2 (April 1, 1996): 371–423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1996.76.2.371.

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Myofibrillar proteins exist as multiple isoforms that derive from multigene (isogene) families. Additional isoforms, including products of tropomyosin, myosin light chain 1 fast, troponin T, titin, and nebulin genes, can be generated from the same gene through alternative splicing or use of alternative promoters. Myofibrillar protein isogenes are differentially expressed in various muscle types and fiber types but can be coexpressed within the same fiber. Isogenes are regulated by transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms; however, specific regulatory sequences and transcriptional factors have not yet been identified. The pattern of isogene expression varies during muscle development in relation to the different origin of myogenic cells and primary/secondary fiber generations and is affected by neural and hormonal influences. The variable expression of myofibrillar protein isoforms is a major determinant of the contractile properties of skeletal muscle fibers. The diversity among isomyosins is related to the differences in the parameters of chemomechanical transduction as ATP hydrolysis rate and shortening velocity. Troponin and tropomyosin isoforms determine the variable sensitivity to calcium, whereas titin isoforms dictate the elastic properties of muscle fibers at rest. Both myosin and troponin isoforms contribute to the differences in the resistance to fatigue of muscle fibers.

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2

Tang, Dandan, Zixin Jiao, Qunfeng Zhang, Mei-Ya Liu, and Jianyun Ruan. "Glutamate dehydrogenase isogenes CsGDHs cooperate with glutamine synthetase isogenes CsGSs to assimilate ammonium in tea plant (Camellia sinensis L.)." Plant Science 312 (November 2021): 111031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111031.

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3

Gehrig, Hans H., Joshua A. Wood, Mary Ann Cushman, Aurelio Virgo, John C. Cushman, and Klaus Winter. "Research note: Large gene family of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in the crassulacean acid metabolism plant Kalanchoe pinnata (Crassulaceae) characterised by partial cDNA sequence analysis." Functional Plant Biology 32, no. 5 (2005): 467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp05079.

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Clones coding for a 1100-bp cDNA sequence of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) of the constitutive crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plant Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers., were isolated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) and characterised by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and DNA sequencing. Seven distinct PEPC isogenes were recovered, four in leaves and three in roots (EMBL accession numbers: AJ344052–AJ344058). Sequence similarity comparisons and distance neighbour-joining calculations separate the seven PEPC isoforms into two clades, one of which contains the three PEPCs found in roots. The second clade contains the four isoforms found in leaves and is divided into two branches, one of which contains two PEPCs most similar with described previously CAM isoforms. Of these two isoforms, however, only one exhibited abundant expression in CAM-performing leaves, but not in very young leaves, which do not exhibit CAM, suggesting this isoform encodes a CAM-specific PEPC. Protein sequence calculations suggest that all isogenes are likely derived from a common ancestor gene, presumably by serial gene duplication events. To our knowledge, this is the most comprehensive identification of a PEPC gene family from a CAM plant, and the greatest number of PEPC isogenes reported for any vascular plant to date.

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4

SIMPSON, P. "Transcription of early developmental isogenes in cardiac myocyte hypertrophy." Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 21 (December 1989): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2828(89)90774-8.

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5

Yang, Li, Yu-Xi Feng, and Xiao-Zhang Yu. "Comparative response of SOD at molecular level in different plants against cadmium and drought stress." Applied Environmental Biotechnology 5, no. 1 (2020): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26789/aeb.2020.01.003.

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Abiotic stress like drought and heavy metal imposes a negative impact on exposed plants’ growth and development, commences over production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) inside plant cells resulting in oxidative stress at the cellular level. After that, plants activate multiple defense mechanisms, within which the superoxide dismutase (SOD) family acts as the first line of defense to eliminate ROS. From the literature, it is evident that fewer studies have been carried out in combination with molecular evolution and phylogenetics, and expression profile of the SOD genes amidst dicot and the monocot at subcellular level against drought stress and cadmium (Cd) metal exposure. In the present study, SOD isogenes are identified in purposely elected two dicot plants i.e. Arabidopsis thaliana (9 genes), Solanum lycopersicum (8 genes) and two monocot plants namely Triticum aestivum (11 genes), and Oryza sativa (7 genes), respectively. Based on the amino acids sequence similarities, the identified proteins are classified into three subfamilies in accordance to their phylogenetic relationships, namely Cu/ZnSOD, FeSOD, and MnSOD. High variability observed between Cu/ZnSOD with other two groups i.e. FeSOD and MnSOD which showed lesser variation within them by using secondary structure predication. Subcellular localization suggested that genes encoding FeSOD, MnSOD and Cu/ZnSOD are predominant in chloroplasts, mitochondria, and cytoplasm, respectively in studied plants. The expression profiling through microarray analysis showed varied strategies of SOD isogenes against drought stress and Cd exposure individually. From the perspective of evolution, this study would expand our knowledge for vividly understanding the role of distinctive SOD isogenes in detoxifying ROS in different plants under various abiotic stresses.

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6

Engels, Peter, Katharina Fichtel, and Hermann Lübbert. "Expression and regulation of human and rat phosphodiesterase type IV isogenes." FEBS Letters 350, no. 2-3 (August 22, 1994): 291–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(94)00788-8.

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7

Lazar, Gabor, Hong Zhang, and Howard M. Goodman. "The origin of the bifunctional dihydrofolate reductasethymidylate synthase isogenes ofArabidopsis thaliana." Plant Journal 3, no. 5 (May 1993): 657–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313x.1993.00657.x.

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8

Orr, Martin. "On compatibility between isogenies and polarizations of abelian varieties." International Journal of Number Theory 13, no. 03 (February 9, 2017): 673–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793042117500348.

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We discuss the notion of polarized isogenies of abelian varieties, that is, isogenies which are compatible with given principal polarizations. This is motivated by problems of unlikely intersections in Shimura varieties. Our aim is to show that certain questions about polarized isogenies can be reduced to questions about unpolarized isogenies or vice versa. Our main theorem concerns abelian varieties [Formula: see text] which are isogenous to a fixed abelian variety [Formula: see text]. It establishes the existence of a polarized isogeny [Formula: see text] whose degree is polynomially bounded in [Formula: see text], if there exist both an unpolarized isogeny [Formula: see text] of degree [Formula: see text] and a polarized isogeny [Formula: see text] of unknown degree. As a further result, we prove that given any two principally polarized abelian varieties related by an unpolarized isogeny, there exists a polarized isogeny between their fourth powers. The proofs of both theorems involve calculations in the endomorphism algebras of the abelian varieties, using the Albert classification of these endomorphism algebras and the classification of Hermitian forms over division algebras.

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9

Boheler, K. R., L. Carrier, C. Chassagne, D. de la Bastie, J. J. Mercadier, and K. Schwartz. "Regulation of myosin heavy chain and actin isogenes expression during cardiac growth." Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 104, no. 1-2 (May 1991): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00229809.

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10

Lazar, Gabor, Hong Zhang, and Howard M. Goodman. "The origin of the bifunctional dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase isogenes of Arabidopsis thaliana." Plant Journal 3, no. 5 (May 1993): 657–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-313x.1993.03050657.x.

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11

Šabová, L', G. Gavurníková, and J. Kolarov. "Regulation of AAC isogenes encoding mitochondrial ADP/ATP translocator in the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae." Folia Microbiologica 41, no. 1 (February 1996): 124–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02816370.

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12

Maghdooni Bagheri, Pegah, Mohammad Tariqur Rahman, Sofie Van Soest, and Marc De Ley. "Differential quantitative zinc-induced expression of human metallothionein isogenes in haematopoietic precursor cell lines." Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 23, no. 2 (April 2009): 124–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2009.02.003.

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13

Kimura, Keitarou, Lam-Son Phan Tran, and Yoshifumi Itoh. "Roles and regulation of the glutamate racemase isogenes, racE and yrpC, in Bacillus subtilis." Microbiology 150, no. 9 (September 1, 2004): 2911–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.27045-0.

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Many bacteria, including Escherichia coli, have a unique gene that encodes glutamate racemase. This enzyme catalyses the formation of d-glutamate, which is necessary for cell wall peptidoglycan synthesis. However, Bacillus subtilis has two glutamate racemase genes, named racE and yrpC. Since racE appears to be indispensable for growth in rich medium, the role of yrpC in d-amino acid synthesis is vague. Experiments with racE- and yrpC-knockout mutants confirmed that racE is essential for growth in rich medium but showed that this gene was dispensable for growth in minimal medium, where yrpC executes the anaplerotic role of racE. LacZ fusion assays demonstrated that racE was expressed in both types of media but yrpC was expressed only in minimal medium, which accounted for the absence of yrpC function in rich medium. Neither racE nor yrpC was required for B. subtilis cells to synthesize poly-γ-dl-glutamate (γ-PGA), a capsule polypeptide of d- and l-glutamate linked through a γ-carboxylamide bond. Wild-type cells degraded the capsule during the late stationary phase without accumulating the degradation products, d-glutamate and l-glutamate, in the medium. In contrast, racE or yrpC mutant cells accumulated significant amounts of d- but not l-glutamate. Exogenous d-glutamate utilization was somewhat defective in the mutants and the double mutation of race and yrpc severely impaired d-amino acid utilization. Thus, both racemase genes appear necessary to complete the catabolism of exogenous d-glutamate generated from γ-PGA.

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14

Huang, Ju-Wei, Jen-Tao Chen, Wei-Ping Yu, Lie-Fen Shyur, Ai-Yu Wang, Hsien-Yi Sung, Ping-Du Lee, and Jong-Ching Su. "Complete Structures of Three Rice Sucrose Synthase Isogenes and Differential Regulation of Their Expressions." Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 60, no. 2 (January 1996): 233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/bbb.60.233.

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15

Carrier, L., K. R. Boheler, C. Chassagne, D. de la Bastie, C. Wisnewsky, E. G. Lakatta, and K. Schwartz. "Expression of the sarcomeric actin isogenes in the rat heart with development and senescence." Circulation Research 70, no. 5 (May 1992): 999–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.res.70.5.999.

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16

Inatsugi, Rie, Masanobu Nakamura, and Ikuo Nishida. "Phosphatidylcholine Biosynthesis at Low Temperature: Differential Expression of CTP:Phosphorylcholine Cytidylyltransferase Isogenes in Arabidopsis thaliana." Plant and Cell Physiology 43, no. 11 (November 15, 2002): 1342–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcf169.

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17

Köcher, Saskia, Michaela Tausendschön, Melanie Thompson, Stephan H. Saum, and Volker Müller. "Proline metabolism in the moderately halophilic bacterium Halobacillus halophilus: differential regulation of isogenes in proline utilization." Environmental Microbiology Reports 3, no. 4 (September 30, 2010): 443–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-2229.2010.00214.x.

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18

Iwata, Hisashi, Daiki Mizushima, Yosuke Kobayashi, Tetsuya Ookura, Jun Ogihara, Jun Kato, and Takafumi Kasumi. "Two transaldolase isogenes from Moniliella megachiliensis behave in a different way depending on the stress class." Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 119, no. 2 (February 2015): 148–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.07.002.

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19

Seyama, Kuniaki, Toshihiro Nukiwa, Kazuhisa Takahashi, Hideki Takahashi, and Shiro Kira. "Amylase mRNA transcripts in normal tissues and neoplasms: the implication of different expressions of amylase isogenes." Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology 120, no. 4 (February 1994): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01372559.

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20

Walter, Michael H., Daniela S. Floß, Joachim Hans, Thomas Fester, and Dieter Strack. "Apocarotenoid biosynthesis in arbuscular mycorrhizal roots: Contributions from methylerythritol phosphate pathway isogenes and tools for its manipulation." Phytochemistry 68, no. 1 (January 2007): 130–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.09.032.

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21

Williams-Hill, D. M., R. F. Duncan, P. J. Nielsen, and S. M. Tahara. "Differential Expression of the Murine Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor Isogenes eIF4AIand eIF4AIIIs Dependent upon Cellular Growth Status." Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 338, no. 1 (February 1997): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/abbi.1996.9804.

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22

He, Yikun, and Jiayang Li. "Differential expression of triplicate phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase isogenes in the tryptophan biosynthetic pathway of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh." Planta 212, no. 5-6 (April 12, 2001): 641–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004250000452.

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23

Curtis, Mark D., Anne L. Rae, Anca G. Rusu, Stuart J. Harrison, and John M. Manners. "A Peroxidase Gene Promoter Induced by Phytopathogens and Methyl Jasmonate in Transgenic Plants." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 10, no. 3 (April 1997): 326–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.1997.10.3.326.

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The expression of two closely related peroxidase isogenes, Shpx6a and Shpx6b, of the legume Stylosanthes humilis was studied using isogene-specific reverse transcriptase PCR techniques. Results indicated that transcripts of both genes were rapidly induced following inoculation with the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, wounding and treatment with the defense regulator methyl jasmonate (MeJA). In contrast, treatment of leaves of S. humilis with abscisic acid (ABA) and salicylic acid (SA) did not induce transcripts of either isogene. A genomic clone containing the Shpx6b gene was isolated and 594 bp of 5′ sequence upstream of the translation start was fused in frame to the coding region of the uidA reporter gene and introduced into tobacco. Expression from the Shpx6b promoter in transgenic plants was determined by histochemical staining and quantitative assays of β-glucuronidase (GUS). In transgenic tobacco, GUS expression was detected in cotyledons, vascular cells of young leaves, anthers, pollen, and the stigma and style. Wounding of the tobacco plants produced very localized GUS staining. Much more extensive staining for GUS was observed following inoculation of tobacco leaves with conidia of the fungal pathogen Cercospora nicotianae and the inoculation of wound sites with mycelium of the Oomycete pathogen Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae. Treatment of mature leaves with methyl jasmonate induced GUS activity while treatment with ABA, SA, and H2O2 had no effect. A similar strong induction of GUS activity was measured in young transgenic seedlings germinated on MeJA while some, but much weaker, induction of GUS activity was observed in seedlings treated with SA. The sequence of the promoter contained motifs homologous to putative cis elements in other plant genes responsive to MeJA. The Shpx6b gene is the first plant peroxidase gene shown to be induced by both microbial pathogens and MeJA and its promoter will be useful for investigations of signaling processes during fungal infection and for the expression of foreign gene products at infection sites.

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24

BOUTIN, Y., R. LABOURDETTE, J. BOULANGER, and J. HEBERT. "958 Cloning and analysis of different isogenes encoding Bet v 1 isolated from pollen of North American birch." Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 97, no. 1 (January 1996): 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0091-6749(96)81176-6.

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25

Tatsuki, M., and H. Mori. "Rapid and Transient Expression of 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate Synthase Isogenes by Touch and Wound Stimuli in Tomato." Plant and Cell Physiology 40, no. 7 (January 1, 1999): 709–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a029597.

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26

Parádi, István, Diederik van Tuinen, Dominique Morandi, Sergio Ochatt, Franck Robert, Louis Jacas, and Eliane Dumas-Gaudot. "Transcription of Two Blue Copper-Binding Protein Isogenes Is Highly Correlated with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Development in Medicago truncatula." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 23, no. 9 (September 2010): 1175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-23-9-1175.

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Expression profiling of two paralogous arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM)-specific blue copper-binding gene (MtBcp1a and MtBcp1b) isoforms was performed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction in wild-type Medicago truncatula Jemalong 5 (J5) during the mycorrhizal development with Glomus intraradices for up to 7 weeks. Time-course analysis in J5 showed that expression of both MtBcp1 genes increased continuously and correlated strongly with the colonization intensity and arbuscule content. MtPT4, selected as a reference gene of the functional plant-fungus association, showed a weaker correlation to mycorrhizal development. In a second experiment, a range of mycorrhizal mutants of the wild-type J5 was assessed. Strictly AM-penetration-defective TRV25-C and TRV25-D (dmi3, Mtsym13), hypomycorrhizal TR25 and TR89 (dmi2, Mtsym2) mutants, and a hypermycorrhizal mutant TRV17 (sunn, Mtsym12) were compared with J5 3 and 7 weeks after inoculation. No MtBcp1 transcripts were detected in the mutants blocked at the appressoria stage. Conversely, TR25, TR89, and J5 showed a gradual increase of the expression of both MtBcp1 genes in 3- and 7-week-old plants, similar to the increase in colonization intensity and arbuscule abundance. The strong correlation between the expression level of AM-specific blue copper-binding protein-encoding genes and AM colonization may imply a basic role in symbiotic functioning for these genes, which may serve as new molecular markers of arbuscule development in M. truncatula.

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27

Harrison, Stuart J. "Differential Expression of Peroxidase Isogenes During the Early Stages of Infection of the Tropical Forage LegumeStylosanthes humilisbyColletotrichum gloeosporioides." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 8, no. 3 (1995): 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-8-0398.

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28

Zhang, Man, Kai Li, Jianyu Liu, and Deyue Yu. "Identification and differential expression of two isogenes encoding 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase in Glycine max." Plant Biotechnology Reports 6, no. 4 (June 8, 2012): 363–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11816-012-0233-4.

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29

Bruin, Peter, and Filip Najman. "Hyperelliptic modular curves and isogenies of elliptic curves over quadratic fields." LMS Journal of Computation and Mathematics 18, no. 1 (2015): 578–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1112/s1461157015000157.

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We study elliptic curves over quadratic fields with isogenies of certain degrees. Let $n$ be a positive integer such that the modular curve $X_{0}(n)$ is hyperelliptic of genus ${\geqslant}2$ and such that its Jacobian has rank $0$ over $\mathbb{Q}$. We determine all points of $X_{0}(n)$ defined over quadratic fields, and we give a moduli interpretation of these points. We show that, with a finite number of exceptions up to $\overline{\mathbb{Q}}$-isomorphism, every elliptic curve over a quadratic field $K$ admitting an $n$-isogeny is $d$-isogenous, for some $d\mid n$, to the twist of its Galois conjugate by a quadratic extension $L$ of $K$. We determine $d$ and $L$ explicitly, and we list all exceptions. As a consequence, again with a finite number of exceptions up to $\overline{\mathbb{Q}}$-isomorphism, all elliptic curves with $n$-isogenies over quadratic fields are in fact $\mathbb{Q}$-curves.

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30

Ageorges, Agnès, Lucie Fernandez, Sandrine Vialet, Didier Merdinoglu, Nancy Terrier, and Charles Romieu. "Four specific isogenes of the anthocyanin metabolic pathway are systematically co-expressed with the red colour of grape berries." Plant Science 170, no. 2 (February 2006): 372–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2005.09.007.

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31

Zhang, Zhen-Zhen, Xiao-Xi Li, Bao-Qing Zhu, Ya-Qin Wen, Chang-Qing Duan, and Qiu-Hong Pan. "Molecular characterization and expression analysis on two isogenes encoding 3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase in grapes." Molecular Biology Reports 38, no. 7 (December 4, 2010): 4739–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11033-010-0611-3.

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32

Lee, Hyoung Yool, Kyungjin Lee, and Kyoungwhan Back. "Knockout of Arabidopsis Serotonin N-Acetyltransferase-2 Reduces Melatonin Levels and Delays Flowering." Biomolecules 9, no. 11 (November 6, 2019): 712. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom9110712.

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Melatonin plays roles in both plant growth and defense. Serotonin N-acetyltransferase (SNAT) catalyzes formation of N-acetylserotonin (NAS) from serotonin. Plants contain two SNAT isogenes, which exhibit low-level amino acid homology. We studied the Arabidopsis thaliana SNAT2 (AtSNAT2) gene; we prepared recombinant SNAT2 protein and characterized a snat2 knockout mutant. The SNAT2 protein exhibited 27% amino acid homology with SNAT1; the Km was 232 μM and the Vmax was 2160 pmol/min/mg protein. Melatonin inhibited SNAT enzyme activity in vitro. SNAT2 mRNA was abundantly expressed in flowers; the melatonin content of flowers of the snat2 mutant was significantly less than that of wild-type flowers. The mutant exhibited delayed flowering and reductions in leaf area and biomass compared to the wild type. Delayed flowering was attributable to reductions in the expression levels of the gibberellin biosynthetic genes ent-kaurene synthase (KS) and FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT).

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Hwang, Ok Jin, and Kyoungwhan Back. "Simultaneous Suppression of Two Distinct Serotonin N-Acetyltransferase Isogenes by RNA Interference Leads to Severe Decreases in Melatonin and Accelerated Seed Deterioration in Rice." Biomolecules 10, no. 1 (January 15, 2020): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10010141.

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Serotonin N-acetyltransferase (SNAT) is the penultimate enzyme in the melatonin biosynthetic pathway, in which serotonin is converted into N-acetylserotonin (NAS) in plants. To date, two SNAT isogenes with low amino acid sequence homologies have been identified. Their single suppression in rice has been reported, but their double suppression in rice has not yet been attempted. Here, we generated double-suppression transgenic rice (snat1+2) using the RNA interference technique. The snat1+2 exhibited retarded seedling growths in conjunction with severe decreases in melatonin compared to wild-types and single-suppression rice plants (snat1 or snat2). The laminar angle was decreased in the snat1+2 rice compared to that of the wild-types and snat1, but was comparable to that of snat2. The reduced germination speed in the snat1+2 was comparable to that of snat2. Seed-aging testing revealed that snat1 was the most severely deteriorated, followed by snat1+2 and snat2, suggesting that melatonin is positively involved in seed longevity.

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34

Van Bochaute, Pieter, Alexandre Novoa, Steven Ballet, Sven Erik Rognes, and Geert Angenon. "Regulatory mechanisms after short- and long-term perturbed lysine biosynthesis in the aspartate pathway: the need for isogenes inArabidopsis thaliana." Physiologia Plantarum 149, no. 4 (April 15, 2013): 449–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ppl.12053.

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35

Larsen, Jørgen Nedergaard, Per Strøman, and Henrik Ipsen. "PCR based cloning and sequencing of isogenes encoding the tree pollen major allergen Car b I from Carpinus betulus, hornbeam." Molecular Immunology 29, no. 6 (June 1992): 703–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0161-5890(92)90180-6.

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36

Fournier-Level, Alexandre, Loïc Le Cunff, Camila Gomez, Agnès Doligez, Agnès Ageorges, Catherine Roux, Yves Bertrand, Jean-Marc Souquet, Véronique Cheynier, and Patrice This. "Quantitative Genetic Bases of Anthocyanin Variation in Grape (Vitis vinifera L. ssp. sativa) Berry: A Quantitative Trait Locus to Quantitative Trait Nucleotide Integrated Study." Genetics 183, no. 3 (August 31, 2009): 1127–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.109.103929.

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The combination of QTL mapping studies of synthetic lines and association mapping studies of natural diversity represents an opportunity to throw light on the genetically based variation of quantitative traits. With the positional information provided through quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping, which often leads to wide intervals encompassing numerous genes, it is now feasible to directly target candidate genes that are likely to be responsible for the observed variation in completely sequenced genomes and to test their effects through association genetics. This approach was performed in grape, a newly sequenced genome, to decipher the genetic architecture of anthocyanin content. Grapes may be either white or colored, ranging from the lightest pink to the darkest purple tones according to the amount of anthocyanin accumulated in the berry skin, which is a crucial trait for both wine quality and human nutrition. Although the determinism of the white phenotype has been fully identified, the genetic bases of the quantitative variation of anthocyanin content in berry skin remain unclear. A single QTL responsible for up to 62% of the variation in the anthocyanin content was mapped on a Syrah × Grenache F1 pseudo-testcross. Among the 68 unigenes identified in the grape genome within the QTL interval, a cluster of four Myb-type genes was selected on the basis of physiological evidence (VvMybA1, VvMybA2, VvMybA3, and VvMybA4). From a core collection of natural resources (141 individuals), 32 polymorphisms revealed significant association, and extended linkage disequilibrium was observed. Using a multivariate regression method, we demonstrated that five polymorphisms in VvMybA genes except VvMybA4 (one retrotransposon, three single nucleotide polymorphisms and one 2-bp insertion/deletion) accounted for 84% of the observed variation. All these polymorphisms led to either structural changes in the MYB proteins or differences in the VvMybAs promoters. We concluded that the continuous variation in anthocyanin content in grape was explained mainly by a single gene cluster of three VvMybA genes. The use of natural diversity helped to reduce one QTL to a set of five quantitative trait nucleotides and gave a clear picture of how isogenes combined their effects to shape grape color. Such analysis also illustrates how isogenes combine their effect to shape a complex quantitative trait and enables the definition of markers directly targeted for upcoming breeding programs.

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37

Mizushima, Daiki, Hisashi Iwata, Yuki Ishimaki, Jun Ogihara, Jun Kato, and Takafumi Kasumi. "Two glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase isogenes from Candida versatilis SN-18 play an important role in glycerol biosynthesis under osmotic stress." Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 121, no. 5 (May 2016): 523–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiosc.2015.10.002.

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38

Neuhaus, Christina, Christoph-Martin Geilfus, Christian Zörb, and Karl H. Mühling. "Transcript expression of Mg-chelatase and H+-ATPase isogenes in Vicia faba leaves as influenced by root and foliar magnesium supply." Plant and Soil 368, no. 1-2 (April 17, 2013): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-013-1711-3.

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Kim, Suhri, Kisoon Yoon, Jihoon Kwon, Seokhie Hong, and Young-Ho Park. "Efficient Isogeny Computations on Twisted Edwards Curves." Security and Communication Networks 2018 (July 15, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5747642.

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The isogeny-based cryptosystem is the most recent category in the field of postquantum cryptography. However, it is widely studied due to short key sizes and compatibility with the current elliptic curve primitives. The main building blocks when implementing the isogeny-based cryptosystem are isogeny computations and point operations. From isogeny construction perspective, since the cryptosystem moves along the isogeny graph, isogeny formula cannot be optimized for specific coefficients of elliptic curves. Therefore, Montgomery curves are used in the literature, due to the efficient point operation on an arbitrary elliptic curve. In this paper, we propose formulas for computing 3 and 4 isogenies on twisted Edwards curves. Additionally, we further optimize our isogeny formulas on Edwards curves and compare the computational cost of Montgomery curves. We also present the implementation results of our isogeny computations and demonstrate that isogenies on Edwards curves are as efficient as those on Montgomery curves.

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40

Wright, Lyndon C., Joachim Seybold, Annette Robichaud, Ian M. Adcock, and Peter J. Barnes. "Phosphodiesterase expression in human epithelial cells." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 275, no. 4 (October 1, 1998): L694—L700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.1998.275.4.l694.

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Epithelial cells play a critical role in airway inflammation and have the capacity to produce many inflammatory mediators, including bioactive lipids and proinflammatory cytokines. Intracellular levels of cAMP and cGMP are important in the control of inflammatory cell function. These cyclic nucleotides are inactivated via a family of phosphodiesterase (PDE) enzymes, providing a possible site for drug intervention in chronic inflammatory conditions. We studied the expression of PDE activity in an epithelial cell line (A549) and in primary human airway epithelial cells (HAECs). We measured PDE function using specific inhibitors to identify the PDE families present and used RT-PCR to elucidate the expression of PDE isogenes. Both A549 cells and HAECs predominantly expressed PDE4 activity, with lesser PDE1, PDE3, and PDE5 activity. RT-PCR identified HSPDE4A5 and HSPDE4D3 together with HSPDE7. Inhibition of PDE4 and PDE3 reduced secretion by these cells. Epithelial PDE may be an important target for PDE4 inhibitors in the development of the control of asthmatic inflammation, particularly when delivered via the inhaled route.

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41

Goldspink, G. "Gene expression in skeletal muscle." Biochemical Society Transactions 30, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0300285.

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Muscle has an intrinsic ability to change its mass and phenotype in response to activity. This process involves quantitative and qualitative changes in gene expression, including that of the myosin heavy chain isogenes that encode different types of molecular motors. This, and the differential expression of metabolic genes, results in altered fatigue resistance and power output. The regulation of muscle mass involves autocrine as well as systemic factors. We have cloned the cDNAs of local and systemic isoforms of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) from exercised muscle. Although different isoforms are derived from the IGF-I gene by alternative splicing, the RNA transcript of one of them is only detectable following injury and/or mechanical activity. Thus this protein has been called mechano growth factor (MGF). Because of a reading-frame shift, MGF has a different 3′ sequence and a different mode of action compared with systemic or liver IGF-I. Although MGF has been called a growth factor, it may be regulated as a local repair factor.

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Cushman, John C., Gabriele Meyer, Christine B. Michalowski, Jurgen M. Schmitt, and Hans J. Bohnert. "Salt Stress Leads to Differential Expression of Two Isogenes of Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase during Crassulacean Acid Metabolism Induction in the Common Ice Plant." Plant Cell 1, no. 7 (July 1989): 715. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3868962.

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Cushman, J. C., G. Meyer, C. B. Michalowski, J. M. Schmitt, and H. J. Bohnert. "Salt stress leads to differential expression of two isogenes of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase during Crassulacean acid metabolism induction in the common ice plant." Plant Cell 1, no. 7 (July 1989): 715–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.1.7.715.

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Ansell, Ricky, and Lennart Adler. "The effect of iron limitation on glycerol production and expression of the isogenes for NAD+ -dependent glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." FEBS Letters 461, no. 3 (November 15, 1999): 173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0014-5793(99)01456-8.

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Brunharo, Caio A. C. G., Hudson K. Takano, Carol A. Mallory-Smith, Franck E. Dayan, and Bradley D. Hanson. "Role of Glutamine Synthetase Isogenes and Herbicide Metabolism in the Mechanism of Resistance to Glufosinate in Lolium perenne L. spp. multiflorum Biotypes from Oregon." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 67, no. 31 (May 8, 2019): 8431–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01392.

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Supply, P., A. de Kerchove d'Exaerde, T. Roganti, A. Goffeau, and F. Foury. "In-frame recombination between the yeast H(+)-ATPase isogenes PMA1 and PMA2: insights into the mechanism of recombination initiated by a double-strand break." Molecular and Cellular Biology 15, no. 10 (October 1995): 5389–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.15.10.5389.

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Chimeric PMA1::PMA2 sequences, placed under the control of the PMA1 promoter, were constructed by in vivo recombination between a gapped linearized plasmid containing the PMA2 gene and four different fragments of the PMA1 gene. Correct in-frame assembly of the PMA sequences was screened by the expression of the lacZ reporter gene fused to the PMA2 coding region. Restriction and sequencing analysis of 35 chimeras showed that in all cases, the hybrid sequences was obtained as fusions between continuous sequences specific to PMA1 and PMA2, separated by a region of identity. In all but three cases, the junction sequences were not located at regions of greatest identity. Strikingly, depending on the PMA1 fragment used, junction distribution fell into two categories. In the first, the junctions were scattered over several hundreds of nucleotides upstream of the extremity of the PMA1 fragment, while in the second, they were concentrated at this extremity. Analysis of the alignment of the PMA1 and PMA2 sequences suggests that the distribution is not related to the size of the region of identity at the PMA1-PMA2 boundary but depends on the degree of identity of the PMA genes upstream of the region of identity, the accumulation of successive mismatches leading to a clustered distribution of the junctions. Moreover, the introduction of seven closely spaced mismatches near the end of a PMA1 segment with an otherwise-high level of identity with PMA2 led to a significantly increased concentration of the junctions near this end. These data show that a low level of identity in the vicinity of the common boundary stretch is a strong barrier to recombination. In contrast, consecutive mismatches or regions of overall moderate identity which are located several hundreds of nucleotides upstream from the PMA1 end do not necessarily block recombination.

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Timpner, Christian, Susanna A. Braus-Stromeyer, Van Tuan Tran, and Gerhard H. Braus. "The Cpc1 Regulator of the Cross-Pathway Control of Amino Acid Biosynthesis Is Required for Pathogenicity of the Vascular Pathogen Verticillium longisporum." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 26, no. 11 (November 2013): 1312–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-06-13-0181-r.

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The plant-pathogenic fungus Verticillium longisporum is a causal agent of early senescence and ripening in cruciferous crops like Brassica napus. Verticillium wilts have become serious agricultural threats in recent decades. Verticillium species infect host plants through the roots and colonize xylem vessels of the host plant. The xylem fluid provides an environment with limited carbon sources and unbalanced amino acid supply, which requires V. longisporum to induce the cross-pathway control of amino acid biosynthesis. RNA-mediated gene silencing reduced the expression of the two CPC1 isogenes (VlCPC1-1 and VlCPC1-2) of the allodiploid V. longisporum up to 85%. VlCPC1 encodes the conserved transcription factor of the cross-pathway control. The silenced mutants were highly sensitive to amino-acid starvation, and the infected plants showed significantly fewer symptoms such as stunting or early senescence in oilseed rape plant infection assays. Consistently, deletion of single CPC1 of the haploid V. dahliae resulted in strains that are sensitive to amino-acid starvation and cause strongly reduced symptoms in the plant-host tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). The allodiploid V. longisporum and the haploid V. dahliae are the first phytopathogenic fungi that were shown to require CPC1 for infection and colonization of their respective host plants, oilseed rape and tomato.

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Singh, Seema, Susanna A. Braus-Stromeyer, Christian Timpner, Oliver Valerius, Andreas von Tiedemann, Petr Karlovsky, Christine Druebert, Andrea Polle, and Gerhard H. Braus. "The Plant Host Brassica napus Induces in the Pathogen Verticillium longisporum the Expression of Functional Catalase Peroxidase Which Is Required for the Late Phase of Disease." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 25, no. 4 (April 2012): 569–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-08-11-0217.

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The devastating soilborne fungal pathogen Verticillium longisporum is host specific to members of the family Brassicaceae, including oilseed rape (Brassica napus) as the economically most important crop. The fungus infects through the roots and causes stunting and early senescence of susceptible host plants and a marked decrease in crop yield. We show here that V. longisporum reacts to the presence of B. napus xylem sap with the production of six distinct upregulated and eight downregulated proteins visualized by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Identification of 10 proteins by mass spectrometry revealed that all upregulated proteins are involved in oxidative stress response. The V. longisporum catalase peroxidase (VlCPEA) was the most upregulated protein and is encoded by two isogenes, VlcpeA-1 and VlcpeA-2. Both genes are 98% identical, corroborating the diploid or “amphihaploid” status of the fungus. Knock downs of both VlcpeA genes reduced protein expression by 80% and resulted in sensitivity against reactive oxygen species. Whereas saprophytic growth and the initial phase of the plant infection were phenotypically unaffected, the mutants were not able to perform the late phases of disease. We propose that the catalase peroxidase plays a role in protecting the fungus from the oxidative stress generated by the host plant at an advanced phase of the disease.

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Heo, Donghoe, Suhri Kim, Kisoon Yoon, Young-Ho Park, and Seokhie Hong. "Optimized CSIDH Implementation Using a 2-Torsion Point." Cryptography 4, no. 3 (July 29, 2020): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryptography4030020.

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The implementation of isogeny-based cryptography mainly use Montgomery curves, as they offer fast elliptic curve arithmetic and isogeny computation. However, although Montgomery curves have efficient 3- and 4-isogeny formula, it becomes inefficient when recovering the coefficient of the image curve for large degree isogenies. Because the Commutative Supersingular Isogeny Diffie-Hellman (CSIDH) requires odd-degree isogenies up to at least 587, this inefficiency is the main bottleneck of using a Montgomery curve for CSIDH. In this paper, we present a new optimization method for faster CSIDH protocols entirely on Montgomery curves. To this end, we present a new parameter for CSIDH, in which the three rational two-torsion points exist. By using the proposed parameters, the CSIDH moves around the surface. The curve coefficient of the image curve can be recovered by a two-torsion point. We also proved that the CSIDH while using the proposed parameter guarantees a free and transitive group action. Additionally, we present the implementation result using our method. We demonstrated that our method is 6.4% faster than the original CSIDH. Our works show that quite higher performance of CSIDH is achieved while only using Montgomery curves.

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Broadbent, Jeffery R., Mary Barnes, Charlotte Brennand, Marie Strickland, Kristen Houck, Mark E. Johnson, and James L. Steele. "Contribution of Lactococcus lactis Cell Envelope Proteinase Specificity to Peptide Accumulation and Bitterness in Reduced-Fat Cheddar Cheese." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, no. 4 (April 2002): 1778–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.4.1778-1785.2002.

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ABSTRACT Bitterness is a flavor defect in Cheddar cheese that limits consumer acceptance, and specificity of the Lactococcus lactis extracellular proteinase (lactocepin) is widely believed to be a key factor in the development of bitter cheese. To better define the contribution of this enzyme to bitterness, we investigated peptide accumulation and bitterness in 50% reduced-fat Cheddar cheese manufactured with single isogenic strains of Lactococcus lactis as the only starter. Four isogens were developed for the study; one was lactocepin negative, and the others produced a lactocepin with group a, e, or h specificity. Analysis of cheese aqueous extracts by reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography confirmed that accumulation of αS1-casein (f 1-23)-derived peptides f 1-9, f 1-13, f 1-16, and f 1-17 in cheese was directly influenced by lactocepin specificity. Trained sensory panelists demonstrated that Cheddar cheese made with isogenic starters that produced group a, e, or h lactocepin was significantly more bitter than cheese made with a proteinase-negative isogen and that propensity for bitterness was highest in cells that produced group h lactocepin. These results confirm the role of starter proteinase in bitterness and suggest that the propensity of some industrial strains for production of the bitter flavor defect in cheese could be altered by proteinase gene exchange or gene replacement.

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